Explore motifs from specific historical objects and texts. Origins, dates and the limits of the evidence stay visible for every entry – a starting point for designing together in the studio.
1361 research entries1325 historical image sources · 62 contour templates · research drafts
A historical symbol is not automatically evidence that it was worn as an amulet. Dates refer to the particular source. Historical ideas of protection and healing describe beliefs held at the time.
1361 research entries
World traditions
Letter of Abgar as a written amulet
CBL Arm 609: the newly consulted native institutional catalogue PDF confirms the precise role and recipient, Khodja Ovanes, but gives the 18th century rather than the 16th century stated in the online object. The dating is now expressly unresolved. The available online view is only a detail with copyright; there is no freely usable complete scroll and no glyph sequence invented from descriptions.
Text amulet
Armenian Christian Abgar-letter tradition Armenia · Conflicting dates: 16th century (online object), 18th century (manuscript catalogue)
Phylactery CBL Arm609 with prayers and an explanation of the apocryphal Abgar-letter formula. Manuscript catalogue: 450 × 7 cm, thin paper on linen, Notrgir script, for Khodja Ovanes. The online object and catalogue disagree on the 16th versus 18th century.
Research draftSpecific model required
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Armenian Christian Abgar-letter tradition
Region
Armenia
Date of the evidence
Conflicting dates: 16th century (online object), 18th century (manuscript catalogue)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Description
Phylactery CBL Arm609 with prayers and an explanation of the apocryphal Abgar-letter formula. Manuscript catalogue: 450 × 7 cm, thin paper on linen, Notrgir script, for Khodja Ovanes. The online object and catalogue disagree on the 16th versus 18th century.
Historically recorded use
Inscribed amulet with an explanation of Christ’s apocryphal letter to Abgar.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
CBL Arm609, Armenia: the institutional online object page gives the 16th century and possibly Khocha Ovannes. By contrast, the detailed manuscript catalogue, pp. 172–173, gives the 18th century for the same shelfmark and Khodja Ovanes; the dating conflict is explicitly unresolved. The person named there may have been a scribe, initially a recipient/owner. The Abgar letter is not an authenticated letter from the historical Jesus.
Before designing
CBL Arm609 securely identified; dating remains unresolved and depends on the source. No freely available complete image scroll is evidenced. The detailed description of the text/image sequence is no substitute for the original image or an exact transcription.
Research draft. CBL Arm 609: the newly consulted native institutional catalogue PDF confirms the precise role and recipient, Khodja Ovanes, but gives the 18th century rather than the 16th century stated in the online object. The dating is now expressly unresolved. The available online view is only a detail with copyright; there is no freely usable complete scroll and no glyph sequence invented from descriptions. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Source location: Section A is for amulet; Phylactery (1500)
Museum presentation on Google Arts & Culture; inscribed amulet with the Letter of Abgar. Provenance and language are not specified in the exhibition text as opened. Some other amulets there date only to the 19th century.
Source location: A Catalogue of the Armenian Manuscripts, Vol.I, pp. 172–173, no. 609
Exact entry 609 describes a 450 × 7 cm long scroll, 18th century, for Khodja Ovanes, possibly also a scribe. It names the Abgar formula, prayers and image sequence. The same shelfmark and name as on the online object page, but a conflicting date compared with the 16th century given there. Neither account is silently given precedence, and no replacement image of other scrolls is used.
Abracadabra as a stepped table in Agrippa’s original print
Original image · source evidence
Text amulet
Latin fever amulets in Agrippa’s Renaissance reception Cologne, Germany · Original printing 1533; reception of the text attributed to Serenus
Eleven lines of Abracadabra, each with one fewer letter; the printed form contains rectangular cells and a stepped right-hand edge.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Latin fever amulets in Agrippa’s Renaissance reception
Region
Cologne, Germany
Date of the evidence
Original printing 1533; reception of the text attributed to Serenus
Type of evidence
Textual evidence
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Eleven lines of Abracadabra, each with one fewer letter; the printed form contains rectangular cells and a stepped right-hand edge.
Historically recorded use
Agrippa describes the descending sequence of letters as a fever amulet worn around the neck and refers to Serenus Sammonicus. A historical intention of protection and healing is documented.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
An independent print variant compared with the manuscript Mich. Ms. 291, already recorded. The grid is specifically depicted in 1533; the age of the textual tradition and the date of this image source are treated separately. No claim of efficacy.
Before designing
Unchanged historical printed image as a source-based image reference. The SVG contains original JPEG bytes in documented pixel views, with no traced or newly invented glyphs. Not an approved engraving path; manufacture and legibility must be checked separately.
Research draft. An independent printed variant of the already catalogued manuscript Mich. Ms. 291. The grid is specifically depicted in 1533; the age of the textual tradition and the date of this image source are treated separately. No claim of efficacy. Unaltered native JPEG bytes; only documented pixel views, with no raster re-encoding or added glyphs. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: An independent printed variant of the already catalogued manuscript Mich. Ms. 291. The grid is specifically depicted in 1533; the age of the textual tradition and the date of this image source are treated separately. No claim of efficacy. Unaltered native JPEG bytes; only documented pixel views, with no raster re-encoding or added glyphs.
Source location: Liber III, chapter XI, printed p. CCXXX; complete descending Abracadabra step-table
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa von Nettesheim, De occulta philosophia libri tres, Köln 1533; Stiftung der Werke von C.G. Jung, Zürich / e-rara; DOI 10.3931/e-rara-4309.
Source location: VD16 ZV 269; Liber III, Chapter XI, printed pp. CCXXIX–CCXXXI; DOI 10.3931/e-rara-4309
Original print of 1533 and its completely preserved illustrations. Three distinct print variants; the front and reverse of a sign together each form one entry. No identification with a surviving Jewish metal amulet.
Source location: licence: Public Domain Mark; Canvases 1343445–1343448
The current institutional manifest and title page explain PDM. The unchanged Full/Full-JPEG bytes from the institutional IIIF image server are used; no locally re-encoded raster images.
Latin medical-magical textual tradition South-east Germany or Austria · Manuscript from around 1500; late antique text traditionally attributed to Serenus
Abracadabra is repeated, with one final letter removed each time.
Manuscript from around 1500; late antique text traditionally attributed to Serenus
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Abracadabra is repeated, with one final letter removed each time.
Historically recorded use
Instruction for a fever amulet in the Liber medicinalis.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Traditional attribution of authorship is not a secure biography; do not equate the date of the evidence for the copy with the composition of the text.
Before designing
Check Mich. Ms. 291; form the line sequence according to the documented instruction.
Research draft. The documented instruction is carried out: ABRACADABRA down to A, with one fewer final letter on each line. The centring and Latin capital forms are editorial, font-free typography; this is not a manuscript facsimile and makes no empirical claim of healing. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Vector template: The documented instruction is carried out: ABRACADABRA down to A, with one fewer final letter on each line. The centring and Latin capital forms are editorial, font-free typography; this is not a manuscript facsimile and makes no empirical claim of healing.
Source location: Mich. Ms.291, c. 1500; paragraph on the instruction in the Liber medicinalis, diminishing Abracadabra
The documented instruction is carried out: ABRACADABRA down to A, with one fewer final letter on each line. The centring and Latin capital forms are editorial, font-free typography; this is not a manuscript facsimile and makes no empirical claim of healing.
Liber-medicinalis passage with the diminishing word Abracadabra.
Historically recorded use
Instruction for a fever amulet worn around the neck.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
A historical instruction is attested; the manuscript itself is not classified as a worn amulet.
Before designing
Check fol. 19v–20r; keep the manuscript image and the letter triangle derived from it separate.
Research draft. The actual Royal12 variant shortens the initial letter at each step: ABRACADABRA, BRACADABRA, RACADABRA, ACADABRA, CADABRA, ADABRA, DABRA, ABRA, BRA, RA, A. Uppercase letters, line weight and centring are editorial, font-free transcription. This is not a claimed photograph of the object and is not a copy of the historical red border ornaments. The library photograph rights are limited to Public Domain in most countries except the UK; therefore no photograph pixels are used. No healing efficacy is claimed. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Vector template: The actual Royal12 variant shortens the initial letter at each step: ABRACADABRA, BRACADABRA, RACADABRA, ACADABRA, CADABRA, ADABRA, DABRA, ABRA, BRA, RA, A. Uppercase letters, line weight and centring are editorial, font-free transcription. This is not a claimed photograph of the object and is not a copy of the historical red border ornaments. The library photograph rights are limited to Public Domain in most countries except the UK; therefore no photograph pixels are used. No healing efficacy is claimed.
Source location: Royal MS12E XXIII, fol.20r; right-margin drawing in the passage designated ff.19v–20r in the institutional viewer; original image visually checked.
The actual Royal12 variant shortens the initial letter at each step: ABRACADABRA, BRACADABRA, RACADABRA, ACADABRA, CADABRA, ADABRA, DABRA, ABRA, BRA, RA, A. Uppercase letters, line weight and centring are editorial, font-free transcription. This is not a claimed photograph of the object and is not a copy of the historical red border ornaments. The library photograph rights are limited to Public Domain in most countries except the UK; therefore no photograph pixels are used. No healing efficacy is claimed.
Abraham Elijah – jaundice amulet with parchment case
Original image · source evidence
Historical protective amulet
Jewish Hebrew amulet tradition Place of manufacture not stated in the catalogue; current location London · c. 18th century; institutional dating
Elongated, partly broken parchment with lines of Hebrew script, a circular textual figure and a separate parchment cover. Missing areas are neither outlined nor filled in.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Jewish Hebrew amulet tradition
Region
Place of manufacture not stated in the catalogue; current location London
Date of the evidence
c. 18th century; institutional dating
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Elongated, partly broken parchment with lines of Hebrew script, a circular textual figure and a separate parchment cover. Missing areas are neither outlined nor filled in.
Historically recorded use
Made for the healing of Abraham Elijah, son of Bela, from jaundice; historical purpose according to the catalogue.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Recipient and function information comes from the institutional catalogue. No Hebrew readings or letters have been invented or added. Different digital images of the same amulet result in just one entry here.
Before designing
Complete native original capture as a source facsimile; no reconstruction, modernised reading or automatic engraving approval.
Research draft. Complete native original capture as a source facsimile; no reconstruction, modernised reading or automatic engraving approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete native original capture as a source facsimile; no reconstruction, modernised reading or automatic engraving approval.
The current museum page contains no available photograph. Bonner1950 p281/171 and PlateVIII/171 are precisely matched, but the native plate photograph708×998 shows the stone only about80×60 pixels in size. The head, whip, letter field and vowel pyramid cannot be read individually with confidence; enlarged previews provide no additional evidence. No similar Abraxas gem is used.
Magical gem
Ancient Mediterranean gem magic Roman cultural sphere; precise provenance not stated · Evidence from the 1st–4th centuries AD; Roman imperial period
Cock-headed, snake-legged figure with a whip.
Research draftSpecific model required
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Ancient Mediterranean gem magic
Region
Roman cultural sphere; precise provenance not stated
Date of the evidence
Evidence from the 1st–4th centuries AD; Roman imperial period
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Description
Cock-headed, snake-legged figure with a whip.
Historically recorded use
Magical gem with vowel groups and name components; no specific individual protective intention is stated.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Walters 42.871, made of green jasper; vowels in an inverted pyramid. No blanket proof of affiliation with a particular Gnostic school. 2026-10-09: The current museum page has no available photograph. Bonner1950 p281/171 and PlateVIII/171 are precisely matched, but the native plate photograph, 708×998, shows the stone only about 80×60 pixels in size. The head, whip, letter field and vowel pyramid cannot be read individually with confidence; enlarged previews provide no additional evidence. No similar Abraxas gem is substituted.
Before designing
The current museum page contains no available photograph. Bonner1950 p281/171 and PlateVIII/171 are precisely matched, but the native plate photograph708×998 shows the stone only about80×60 pixels in size. The head, whip, letter field and vowel pyramid cannot be read individually with confidence; enlarged previews provide no additional evidence. No similar Abraxas gem is used.
Research draft. The current museum page contains no available photograph. Bonner1950 p281/171 and PlateVIII/171 are precisely matched, but the native plate photograph708×998 shows the stone only about80×60 pixels in size. The head, whip, letter field and vowel pyramid cannot be read individually with confidence; enlarged previews provide no additional evidence. No similar Abraxas gem is used. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Abrasax with Ablanathan formula – Getty 83.AN.437.47
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Roman Imperial period; Egyptian and Mediterranean image-making/magical glyptics Mediterranean region; the precise place of manufacture of this piece is not established · A.D. 100–250
Armoured figure with a rooster’s head and serpent legs, raised scourge and round shield. The museum record documents encircling names and a stepped text on the reverse.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Roman Imperial period; Egyptian and Mediterranean image-making/magical glyptics
Region
Mediterranean region; the precise place of manufacture of this piece is not established
Date of the evidence
A.D. 100–250
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Armoured figure with a rooster’s head and serpent legs, raised scourge and round shield. The museum record documents encircling names and a stepped text on the reverse.
Historically recorded use
Specific Roman magical gem with divine names and an incantation; no individually evidenced owner biography or specific effect.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The museum’s reading of the names brings together several religious traditions; the piece is not assigned to a single unified Gnostic sect. The reverse remains evidence of a text unless it is visible in the selected image.
Before designing
Native institutional museum photograph as a historical reference; no invented glyph additions, isolated vector outline or manufacturing approval. The visible photographed side and the reverse documented only in text remain distinct.
Research draft. The museum’s reading of the names brings together several religious traditions; the object is not assigned to a single Gnostic sect. The reverse remains textual evidence unless it is visible in the selected image. Complete original JPEG bytes; losses of writing and material have not been filled in. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The museum’s reading of the names brings together several religious traditions; the object is not assigned to a single Gnostic sect. The reverse remains textual evidence unless it is visible in the selected image. Complete original JPEG bytes; losses of writing and material have not been filled in.
Source location: 83.AN.437.47; complete actually photographed main image view
Source location: 83.AN.437.47; JSON-LD: description, date, material and individual CC0 image credit
Current institutional object metadata from byte-identical archived HTML/JSON-LD; native IIIF Max JPEG checked separately against info.json and actual pixel dimensions. No claim of a complete JavaScript page render.
Source location: Specific image/metadata permission additionally checked for each object
The general institutional CC0 rule can be used only together with an individual object/image relation; the failed image retrieval remains visible in the retrieval report.
Octagonal Buddhist monument with figures and family memorial texts for the deceased; dharani are associated with healing power in the religious tradition. Monumental textual and pictorial witness, not a wearable amulet. The photograph shows several front faces, not all eight sides; unseen texts and figures are not reconstructed.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
China, Tang dynasty (618–907)
Region
China
Date of the evidence
618–907
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Octagonal Buddhist monument with figures and family memorial texts for the deceased; dharani are associated with healing power in the religious tradition. Monumental textual and pictorial witness, not a wearable amulet. The photograph shows several front faces, not all eight sides; unseen texts and figures are not reconstructed.
Historically recorded use
Octagonal Buddhist monument with figures and family memorial texts for the deceased; dhāraṇī are associated with healing power in the religious tradition.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Monumental witness in writing and images, not a wearable amulet. The photograph shows several front surfaces, not all eight sides; unseen texts and figures are not reconstructed.
Before designing
Stone octagonal column section with a central seated figure, flanking figures and animals, and lines of writing along the upper edge. Original photograph as a complete facsimile; not approved for manufacture and no outlines added.
Research draft. Monumental textual and pictorial witness, not a portable amulet. The photograph shows several front faces, not all eight sides; unseen texts and figures are not reconstructed. All native JPEG bytes and the full image frame remain unchanged. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Monumental textual and pictorial witness, not a portable amulet. The photograph shows several front faces, not all eight sides; unseen texts and figures are not reconstructed. All native JPEG bytes and the full image frame remain unchanged.
Source location: 1929.983; complete main image view actually photographed
Source location: Individual inventory 1929.983; object ID 111505; title, dating, culture, material and image link
Monumental witness in writing and images, not a wearable amulet. The photograph shows several front surfaces, not all eight sides; unseen texts and figures are not reconstructed.
Agate intaglio with Theodor Teron and a plea to Christ on the reverse
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Byzantine Christianity; veneration of military saints Byzantine cultural sphere; precise place of manufacture unknown · 1300 or later; API 1300–1600
Oval agate with a deeply engraved image of Theodor Teron fighting a many-headed dragon. The original reverse bears a multi-line inscription. The two photographs show the front and back of the same stone; they have not been mirrored or traced.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Byzantine Christianity; veneration of military saints
Region
Byzantine cultural sphere; precise place of manufacture unknown
Date of the evidence
1300 or later; API 1300–1600
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Oval agate with a deeply engraved image of Theodor Teron fighting a many-headed dragon. The original reverse bears a multi-line inscription. The two photographs show the front and back of the same stone; they have not been mirrored or traced.
Historically recorded use
The Met essay classifies the dragon-combat image as a protective image. The 2001 Bulletin mentions a Greek appeal to Christ on the reverse and considers possible the use of the mirror-reversed image side as a seal.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The open-ended textual dating of 1300 or later is retained alongside the API catalogue interval 1300–1600. Suspension or actual wearing is not evidenced. No independent diplomatic transcription. A separately checked moulding photograph remains outside the symbol graphic.
Before designing
Unaltered native museum photographs as reference; no sign reconstruction, no engraving-ready outline.
Research draft. Oval agate with an intaglio of Theodor Teron fighting a multi-headed dragon. The original reverse bears a multi-line inscription. The two photographs show the front and reverse of the same stone; they are neither mirrored nor traced. The open-ended dating, 1300 or later, is retained alongside the API catalogue interval of 1300–1600. Suspension or actual wearing is not evidenced. No independent diplomatic transcription. A separately checked impression photograph remains outside the symbol graphic. Native raster files unchanged, no manufacturing outlines. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Oval agate with an intaglio of Theodor Teron fighting a multi-headed dragon. The original reverse bears a multi-line inscription. The two photographs show the front and reverse of the same stone; they are neither mirrored nor traced. The open-ended dating, 1300 or later, is retained alongside the API catalogue interval of 1300–1600. Suspension or actual wearing is not evidenced. No independent diplomatic transcription. A separately checked impression photograph remains outside the symbol graphic. Native raster files unchanged, no manufacturing outlines.
Source location: 1999.325.227; 2 complete native museum photograph(s)
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Intaglio with Saint Theodore Teron Slaying a Many-Headed Dragon, 1999.325.227. Gift of Nanette B. Kelekian, in memory of Charles Dikran and Beatrice Kelekian, 1999
Source location: p. 60, Intaglio with Saint Theodore Teron, 1999.325.227
Institutional publication excerpt from the current search index. Full PDF text not available locally; direct PDF requests returned HTML instead of PDF, and full web retrieval failed because of the size limit.
Search index evidence – complete source page not yet checked · Checked on:
15th century: Rubin C2004.4.2 and named Ming view Met 2001.471
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Description
Dharma wheel, conch shell, canopy, lotus, fish, vase, parasol and endless knot. The usable named view shows Met 2001.471: parasol/fish, vase/lotus, conch shell/endless knot and canopy/wheel.
Historically recorded use
Auspicious symbols as a historical ensemble in Chinese Buddhist art.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Two separate historical ensemble attestations: Rubin C2004.4.2 and Ming textile Met 2001.471. The new image model explicitly shows the Met example. No evidence of eight amulets worn individually; image rights for Rubin remain unresolved.
Before designing
Explicitly named overall view of the Ming textile Met 2001.471 with all eight auspicious signs in four pairs. The previously recorded Rubin painting C2004.4.2 remains an additional historical ensemble reference; this image shows exclusively the other, openly licensed Met example. Unmodified photograph DP158225, no invented composite glyph or Seattle substitute photograph.
Research draft. Explicitly named overall view of the Ming textile Met 2001.471 with all eight auspicious signs in four pairs. The previously recorded Rubin painting C2004.4.2 remains an additional historical ensemble reference; this image shows exclusively the other, openly licensed Met example. Unmodified photograph DP158225, no invented composite glyph or Seattle substitute photograph. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Explicitly named overall view of the Ming textile Met 2001.471 with all eight auspicious signs in four pairs. The previously recorded Rubin painting C2004.4.2 remains an additional historical ensemble reference; this image shows exclusively the other, openly licensed Met example. Unmodified photograph DP158225, no invented composite glyph or Seattle substitute photograph.
Source location: Named ensemble view: Met 2001.471 /62477, 15th century; additional example to the original Rubin C2004.4.2 evidence
Source location: 2001.471 / Object62477; original photograph DP158225; object description and APIisPublicDomain=true
Independent Chinese object from the 15th century. The museum text names the eight characters in four pairs; the original image and the specific API CC0 release have been visually and institutionally checked.
Four phoenixes and four lotus flowers, each with two symbols: parasol/fish, vase/lotus, conch/endless knot and banner/Dharma wheel.
Historically recorded use
Buddhist auspicious signs in the brocade of a textile panel; design by the imperial workshop.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Separate object variant Met2001.471, not the Rubin painting C2004.4.2 and not the eight Seattle textiles. No evidence of use as a neck amulet.
Before designing
Unchanged authorised full capture DP158225; textile ornamental form and object context retained, with no claim that individual glyphs have been isolated.
Research draft. Complete surviving textile view with all four historical pairs of signs on lotus flowers. This Ming variant replaces neither the Rubin source nor the Seattle objects. Unaltered JPEG bytes; documented SVG viewport only. Raster facsimile, not CNC or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete surviving textile view with all four historical pairs of signs on lotus flowers. This Ming variant replaces neither the Rubin source nor the Seattle objects. Unaltered JPEG bytes; documented SVG viewport only. Raster facsimile, not CNC or manufacturing approval.
Source location: 2001.471 / Object62477; original photograph DP158225; object description and APIisPublicDomain=true
Source location: 2001.471 / Object62477; original photograph DP158225; object description and APIisPublicDomain=true
Independent Chinese object from the 15th century. The museum text names the eight characters in four pairs; the original image and the specific API CC0 release have been visually and institutionally checked.
Indian Buddhism of the Pala period India, Bihar · 10th century
Stone eight-armed goddess on a lotus and lion throne, with a kneeling donor and a sculpted frame.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Indian Buddhism of the Pala period
Region
India, Bihar
Date of the evidence
10th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Stone eight-armed goddess on a lotus and lion throne, with a kneeling donor and a sculpted frame.
Historically recorded use
The museum describes a Buddhist protective goddess with weapons, a vajra, a rosary and a manuscript; the formula on the reverse is only tentatively interpreted as a dharani.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The front view evidences the figure, not a complete, legible inscription on the reverse. The probability of the dharani interpretation is retained. A cult relief 58.4 cm high is not an evidenced neck pendant.
Before designing
Native institutional original photograph embedded unchanged; complete view or precisely localised component of a scroll. No new isolated signs, no local upscaling and no missing strokes added. A raster facsimile is not an engraving-ready outline.
Research draft. The front view attests to the figure, not to a complete legible inscription on the reverse. The probability of the Dharani interpretation is retained. A 58.4cm-high cult relief is not an attested neck pendant. Unchanged original JPEG bytes and documented pixel viewport. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The front view attests to the figure, not to a complete legible inscription on the reverse. The probability of the Dharani interpretation is retained. A 58.4cm-high cult relief is not an attested neck pendant. Unchanged original JPEG bytes and documented pixel viewport.
Source location: Met 1991.108; complete current primary view
Source location: Met 1991.108; object 38138; current object description and specific native original photograph
The current object page was read via web access, the Met object API was fully archived, and the individual original photograph was visually checked. Unattested ways of wearing the object or private protective effects have not been added. Text and API dating remain separate where they differ.
Source location: Open Access images under CC0; the specific isPublicDomain status is given in the individual object metadata
For each image, the release is combined with the current object API and the Public-Domain designation on the specific object page. Open metadata alone does not imply rights to third-party photographs.
Octagonal medallion with the blessings of Zacharias and Benedict
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Catholic devotional and blessing culture Vienna, Karlsgasse 3; find 1938 · AD 1600–1800 (museum catalogue)
Octagonal devotional object with two openings. One side contains the Zacharias blessing as a sequence of letters and IHS; the other combines the Benedictine cross, cross letters and a surrounding protective formula.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Catholic devotional and blessing culture
Region
Vienna, Karlsgasse 3; find 1938
Date of the evidence
AD 1600–1800 (museum catalogue)
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Octagonal devotional object with two openings. One side contains the Zacharias blessing as a sequence of letters and IHS; the other combines the Benedictine cross, cross letters and a surrounding protective formula.
Historically recorded use
Catholic blessing and protective formulae on a historical devotional medal.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
According to the museum, one part of the figurative scene cannot be identified more closely. Both surviving sides remain visible as separate photographs; missing surface details have not been traced.
Before designing
Unaltered, complete museum photographs of two sides, shown separately. No reconstructed writing, engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. According to the museum, part of the figurative scene cannot be identified more precisely. Both surviving sides remain visible as separate photographs; missing surface details have not been redrawn. Both complete institutionally supplied Full-JPEGs remain unchanged in their native bytes. No local cropping, deskewing or additions. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: According to the museum, part of the figurative scene cannot be identified more precisely. Both surviving sides remain visible as separate photographs; missing surface details have not been redrawn. Both complete institutionally supplied Full-JPEGs remain unchanged in their native bytes. No local cropping, deskewing or additions.
Source location: Wien Museum MV 46934; two original photographs
Unbekannt, Medaille mit Zacharias- und Benediktussegen, 1600–1800, Wien Museum Inv.-Nr. MV 46934, CC BY 4.0, Foto: TimTom, Wien Museum (https://sammlung.wienmuseum.at/objekt/2507636/)
Own concise description of a specific historical object. Date of manufacture, year of discovery and present-day photography remain distinct. Individual CC-BY-4.0 image rights, including the institution’s suggested citation, archived.
China, Jin dynasty (1115–1234) China · early 1100s–mid-1200s
Mirror with Chinese lunar mythology; the museum explains Chang E, the Moon Palace and the pine as a motif of longevity. The museum description refers to the ritual burial and mirror uses of this class of object. This does not establish individually attested use as a worn amulet. Worn relief details remain as they are.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
China, Jin dynasty (1115–1234)
Region
China
Date of the evidence
early 1100s–mid-1200s
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Mirror with Chinese lunar mythology; the museum explains Chang E, the Moon Palace and the pine as a motif of longevity. The museum description refers to the ritual burial and mirror uses of this class of object. This does not establish individually attested use as a worn amulet. Worn relief details remain as they are.
Historically recorded use
Mirror with Chinese lunar mythology; the museum explains Chang E, the Moon Palace and the pine as a motif of longevity.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The museum description names ritual funerary and mirror uses of the type. This does not establish an individually attested use as a worn amulet. Abraded relief details are retained.
Before designing
Eight-lobed bronze rim and heavily worn, shallow interior relief with tree, building and animal forms; no restoration of missing outlines. Original image included as a complete facsimile; no manufacturing approval and no outlines added.
Research draft. The museum description mentions ritual use of the type in burials and as mirrors. This does not establish an individually evidenced use as a worn amulet. Abraded relief details are retained. All native JPEG bytes and the full image frame remain unchanged. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The museum description mentions ritual use of the type in burials and as mirrors. This does not establish an individually evidenced use as a worn amulet. Abraded relief details are retained. All native JPEG bytes and the full image frame remain unchanged.
Source location: 1995.375; complete actually photographed main image view
Source location: Individual inventory 1995.375; object ID 159189; title, dating, culture, material and image link
The museum description names ritual funerary and mirror uses of the type. This does not establish an individually attested use as a worn amulet. Abraded relief details are retained.
Japanese esoteric Buddhism; Zuzō-shō image tradition Japan · 12th century
Round disc with eight radial lines, an ornamented centre and lateral extensions, in the lower part of the second digitised scroll section.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Japanese esoteric Buddhism; Zuzō-shō image tradition
Region
Japan
Date of the evidence
12th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Round disc with eight radial lines, an ornamented centre and lateral extensions, in the lower part of the second digitised scroll section.
Historically recorded use
Schematic eight-spoked teaching wheel in the attribute group of the sage kings as described by the museum.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
This is a specific manuscript variant, not an isolated, factory-ready standard symbol. The eight spokes are named by the museum; damaged details are not redrawn.
Before designing
Native institutional original photograph embedded unchanged; complete view or precisely localised component of a scroll. No new isolated signs, no local upscaling and no missing strokes added. A raster facsimile is not an engraving-ready outline.
Research draft. This is a specific manuscript variant, not an isolated, factory-ready standard symbol. The eight spokes are named by the museum; damaged details are not redrawn. Original JPEG bytes unchanged and pixel viewport documented. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: This is a specific manuscript variant, not an isolated, factory-ready standard symbol. The eight spokes are named by the museum; damaged details are not redrawn. Original JPEG bytes unchanged and pixel viewport documented.
Source location: Met 1975.268.6; second digital roll section DP234965_CRD; myoo-eight-spoked-wheel
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Iconographic Drawings of the Five Kings of Wisdom (Myōō-bu shoson), 1975.268.6; The Harry G. C. Packard Collection of Asian Art, Gift of Harry G. C. Packard, and Purchase, Fletcher, Rogers, Harris Brisbane Dick, and Louis V. Bell Funds, Joseph Pulitzer Bequest, and The Annenberg Fund Inc. Gift, 1975; Open Access.
Source location: Met 1975.268.6; object 44911; current object description and specific native original image
The current object page was read via web access, the Met object API was fully archived, and the individual original photograph was visually checked. Unattested ways of wearing the object or private protective effects have not been added. Text and API dating remain separate where they differ.
Source location: Open Access images under CC0; the specific isPublicDomain status is given in the individual object metadata
For each image, the release is combined with the current object API and the Public-Domain designation on the specific object page. Open metadata alone does not imply rights to third-party photographs.
Jewish birth amulets Amsterdam, Netherlands · Circa 1695–1720
Adam and Eve, angel names against Lilith and Psalm 121 in the engraving by Abraham bar Jacob. Available image source: a reproduction published in 1917, not a documented photograph of the present-day JTS impression.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Jewish birth amulets
Region
Amsterdam, Netherlands
Date of the evidence
Circa 1695–1720
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Description
Adam and Eve, angel names against Lilith and Psalm 121 in the engraving by Abraham bar Jacob. Available image source: a reproduction published in 1917, not a documented photograph of the present-day JTS impression.
Historically recorded use
Intended protection for mother and child during childbirth.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
A specific early modern image-text composition; its protective concept is not evidence of medical efficacy. New image witness: the illustration published in 1917 after the same engraving motif. It provides evidence of the historical image composition, but not of the identity of the present-day JTS impression.
Before designing
Historical printed image from 1917 after Abraham bar Jacob available as an unchanged facsimile. The original Amsterdam engraving circa. 1695–1720 and the later reproduction1917 are distinguished. No photograph of the JTS impression is claimed; because of the low resolution, no Hebrew glyphs or complete engraving outline have been added.
Research draft. Historical printed transmission from 1917 of the copperplate engraving composition after Abraham bar Jacob, Amsterdam circa. 1695–1720. Not a verified photograph of the JTS impression alma990004717170107706. The low-resolution historical reproduction is shown in full, without added lines or lettering. PDM is based on the old print and DBNL's individual-work rule; DBNL does not declare the entire volume PDM. Native GIF bytes embedded unchanged; not an engraving outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historical printed transmission from 1917 of the copperplate engraving composition after Abraham bar Jacob, Amsterdam circa. 1695–1720. Not a verified photograph of the JTS impression alma990004717170107706. The low-resolution historical reproduction is shown in full, without added lines or lettering. PDM is based on the old print and DBNL's individual-work rule; DBNL does not declare the entire volume PDM. Native GIF bytes embedded unchanged; not an engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: Elseviers Geïllustreerd Maandschrift, vol. 27, 1917, p. 119, ill0341; complete illustration at 400 × 360 pixels
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Abraham bar Jacob, historische Gravur; publizierte Reproduktion in J. M. Hillesum, Elseviers Geïllustreerd Maandschrift27 (1917), S. 119; abgerufen über DBNL (KB, nationale bibliotheek).
Source location: Elseviers Geïllustreerd Maandschrift, vol. 27 (1917), J. M. Hillesum, p. 119, illustration ill0341
The contemporary published caption identifies the engraving composition as after Abraham bar Jacob. The complete native GIF image shows Adam and Eve with the tree, upper scene medallions, side groups of trees/figures and Hebrew text panels. Another published image witness of the print motif, explicitly not a proven photograph of the present-day JTS copy. Low resolution; do not complete the writing.
Source location: Sections Gedeeltelijk auteursrechtelijk beschermd and Toestemming rechthebbenden
The complete annual volume is described as partly protected; there is no blanket release of the entire volume. DBNL permits free reuse of individual works whose protection has expired and describes parts not attributed by name as free of copyright. The isolated 1917 image is attributed only to Abraham bar Jacobs’s old engraving, with no modern photographer or illustrator. PDM is our reasoned designation for this old image, not a PDM licence declared by DBNL for the volume as a whole.
Source location: Author J. M. Hillesum, born 1863, died 23 July 1943; 1917 contribution linked
Confirms the identity and year of death of the article’s author; supports verification of the individual work, but does not replace permission from other authors or for photographs in the same annual volume.
Confirms the historical period of authorship. The old engravings are to be distinguished from CJA’s contemporary photographs, which are reserved. No permission is granted for those photographs.
Search index evidence – complete source page not yet checked · Checked on:
Adonis, Venus and the hunt – Atalanta fugiens 1618, Emblem 41
Original image · source evidence
Alchemical-theosophical symbolic image
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art Oppenheim, Germany; place of printing · 1618; specific copy used
A wounded, armoured man lies in the foreground. A woman appears behind a tree; further back, a boar hunt is under way.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art
Region
Oppenheim, Germany; place of printing
Date of the evidence
1618; specific copy used
Type of evidence
Textual evidence
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A wounded, armoured man lies in the foreground. A woman appears behind a tree; further back, a boar hunt is under way.
Historically recorded use
The motto names Adonis, Venus, blood and roses; the historical mythological comparison image remains distinct from the monochrome state of the print. Historical book illustration; actual use as a neck pendant is not attested.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Individually located historical printed component from the specific 1618 copy, not a new independent historical text and not an attested worn amulet. Effect and suitability for manufacture are not established. Work first published in 1617; the print used here is from 1618.
Before designing
Complete unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view 2880×3442px. The separately offered larger master 4291×5129px was not supplied as a downloaded file. Image, writing, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view 2880×3442px. The separately offered larger master 4291×5129px was not supplied as a downloaded file. Image, writing, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view 2880×3442px. The separately offered larger master 4291×5129px was not supplied as a downloaded file. Image, writing, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: QD25 .M354 1618; Emblem 41, printed p. 173; individual inventory 8k71nj19m; Large JPG 2880×3442
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Courtesy of Science History Institute; Atalanta fugiens, used edition 1618; QD25 .M354 1618; Emblem 41, gedruckte S. 173; Einzelinventar 8k71nj19m; Public Domain Mark 1.0.
The same specifically identified copy as for the 30 emblems already included; this batch adds only the remaining 20 individual sheets. First publication in 1617 and the edition used, 1618, are distinguished.
The motto names Adonis, Venus, blood and roses; the historical mythological comparison image remains distinct from the monochrome state of the print. Checked against the institution’s own individual metadata with PDM.
Motif family – individual symbols and variants must be reviewed separately.
Description
Fifteen individually labelled signs on a printed plate.
Historically recorded use
Tradition of astral-magical signs.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Printed illustration; no evidence that every figure was worn as jewellery.
Before designing
Check the source drawing and inscription in full before creating a motif drawing; an image link is not a finished engraving template.
Research draft. 15 labelled figures from the original printed page CXCVII of 1533 linked correctly. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Stiftung der Werke von C. G. Jung, Zürich / e-rara
Source location: VD 16 ZV 269; DOI 10.3931/e-rara-4309; Liber II, printed p. CXCVII
The catalogue dates the specific print to 1533. The plate with 15 labelled fixed-star signs was considered an original page. Signs and historical names are recorded, not modern astronomical identifications or claims of efficacy.
Source location: Manifest 1343192; Canvas 1343413; printed p. CXCVII
Manifest retained directly. Original image 1343413 viewed in browser; 15 distinct, individually labelled figures. Canvas position 219 is not a printed page number. Shared source references apply to all 15 children.
Japanese esoteric Buddhism Japan · 14th century; Nanbokuchō period 1336–1392
Red seated Aizen with six arms, bow and arrow, lion’s head above the face, flame aureole and multi-tiered lotus pedestal; numerous coloured jewels in the lower picture field.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Japanese esoteric Buddhism
Region
Japan
Date of the evidence
14th century; Nanbokuchō period 1336–1392
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Red seated Aizen with six arms, bow and arrow, lion’s head above the face, flame aureole and multi-tiered lotus pedestal; numerous coloured jewels in the lower picture field.
Historically recorded use
The museum text describes Aizen as a wrathful deity to whom practitioners turn for the ritual transformation of human desires. Bow and arrow, lion crown and wish-fulfilling jewels belong to the distinctive iconography of this six-armed king of wisdom.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 66.90, Met object 44910. Hanging scroll with ink, colour, gold and cut gold leaf on silk. The evidence concerns a religious ritual image; no love-amulet ritual for this individual object and no modern guarantee of success. API index 1300–1392 and the more narrowly named period remain separate.
Before designing
Complete, unaltered native museum photograph; no restoration of historical damage and no manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete native museum photograph; no raster transformation, drawing additions or manufacturing approval. Hanging scroll with ink, colour, gold and cut gold leaf on silk. The evidence concerns a religious ritual image; there is no evidence of a love-amulet ritual for this individual example and no modern guarantee of efficacy. The API index 1300–1392 and the more narrowly named period remain distinct. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete native museum photograph; no raster transformation, drawing additions or manufacturing approval. Hanging scroll with ink, colour, gold and cut gold leaf on silk. The evidence concerns a religious ritual image; there is no evidence of a love-amulet ritual for this individual example and no modern guarantee of efficacy. The API index 1300–1392 and the more narrowly named period remain distinct.
Source location: The Metropolitan Museum of Art; 66.90; complete individual image
Akṣobhya with earth-touching gesture and lotus mandorla
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Esoteric Buddhist Akṣobhya image tradition Nepal · 16th–17th century
Seated Buddha with right hand on the ground, left hand in the lap and a mandorla richly articulated with lotus forms. Remains of light-coloured paint, losses to the base and the terracotta surface remain visible.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Esoteric Buddhist Akṣobhya image tradition
Region
Nepal
Date of the evidence
16th–17th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Seated Buddha with right hand on the ground, left hand in the lap and a mandorla richly articulated with lotus forms. Remains of light-coloured paint, losses to the base and the terracotta surface remain visible.
Historically recorded use
The museum identifies the terracotta figure as Akṣobhya, the cosmic Buddha of the East. The earth-touching gesture links it with Śākyamuni’s image of enlightenment. It may have been installed in a stupa or shrine as part of a series of directional Buddhas, but this is not certain; no body amulet is claimed.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 62.207, Met object 38439. The possible association with a stupa/shrine and the interpretation of the lotus decoration remain museum hypotheses. The 50.8 cm-high figure is not presented as a small neck pendant or as a complete ensemble of all the directional Buddhas.
Before designing
Unchanged complete native museum image; no reconstruction of damaged details. No manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete native museum photograph, with no raster transformation or reconstruction of old forms. Historical religious image evidence; not approved for manufacture. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete native museum photograph, with no raster transformation or reconstruction of old forms. Historical religious image evidence; not approved for manufacture.
Source location: The Metropolitan Museum of Art; 62.207; complete selected individual photograph
Alchemical wedding – attribution to Basilius, key 6, Musaeum 1678
Original image · source evidence
Alchemical-theosophical symbolic image
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art Frankfurt am Main, Germany; place of printing · 1678; specific copy used
A cleric wearing a tall headdress joins the hands of a crowned couple. The sun and moon appear above them; two other figures and incense burners flank the group.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art
Region
Frankfurt am Main, Germany; place of printing
Date of the evidence
1678; specific copy used
Type of evidence
Textual evidence
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A cleric wearing a tall headdress joins the hands of a crowned couple. The sun and moon appear above them; two other figures and incense burners flank the group.
Historically recorded use
Located as Key 6 in the printed sequence of the Twelve Keys, under the attribution to Basilius Valentinus. Image and text form an alchemical book allegory; no further interpretations of substances are added without basis. Historical book illustration; actual use as a neck pendant is not attested.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
A historically located printed component of the specific 1678 example; not a new independent historical text and not an evidenced worn amulet. Efficacy and suitability for manufacture are not evidenced. The transmitted author’s name is given as a title attribution; no identity as a medieval monk or dating of this image to the 15th century is confirmed.
Before designing
Complete, unaltered institutional full-page JPEG view, 2880×3151px. The separately offered larger master, 4701×5143px, was not provided as the downloaded file. Image, writing, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile, not a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete, unaltered institutional full-page JPEG view, 2880×3151px. The separately offered larger master, 4701×5143px, was not provided as the downloaded file. Image, writing, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile, not a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete, unaltered institutional full-page JPEG view, 2880×3151px. The separately offered larger master, 4701×5143px, was not provided as the downloaded file. Image, writing, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile, not a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: QD25 .M87315 1678; attribution to Basilius, Clavis 6, printed p. 405; viewer index 50, individual inventory j3860799h; Large JPG 2880×3151
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Courtesy of Science History Institute; Musaeum Hermeticum Reformatum et Amplificatum, used edition 1678; QD25 .M87315 1678; Basilius-Zuschreibung, Clavis 6, gedruckte S. 405; Viewerindex 50, Einzelinventar j3860799h; Public Domain Mark 1.0.
Source location: QD25 .M87315 1678; Frankfurt am Main, Hermann à Sande
Specific complete volume with 70 institutional digital images. Main title and catalogue date 1678; several bound component titles bear 1677. The 30 images captured are components of this single volume. The transmitted author names are attributions in the printed work; no confirmed biography of a medieval monk.
Source location: QD25 .M87315 1678; attribution to Basilius, Clavis 6, printed p. 405; viewer index 50, individual inventory j3860799h
Located as key 6 in the printed sequence of twelve keys under the attribution to Basilius Valentinus. Image and text form an alchemical book allegory; interpretations of materials beyond this are not added freely. Checked against the institution’s own individual metadata with PDM.
Alchemical amulet coin with sun and seven minerals – Rijksmuseum
Original image · source evidence
Amulet
European historical material, protective and devotional culture Germany (museum title) · 1600–1700
Perforated tin medallion, diameter 4.9 cm, weight 27.15 g. One side shows the sun in a circle of alchemical signs; the reverse bears lines of text above a small helmeted coat of arms.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
European historical material, protective and devotional culture
Region
Germany (museum title)
Date of the evidence
1600–1700
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Perforated tin medallion, diameter 4.9 cm, weight 27.15 g. One side shows the sun in a circle of alchemical signs; the reverse bears lines of text above a small helmeted coat of arms.
Historically recorded use
The transmitted German inscription attributes help against ailments to the worn object and names seven minerals as well as mineral and mercurial matter. This documents the historical claim, not medical efficacy.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The catalogue transcription takes precedence over the worn photograph. Not every letter in the museum’s reading is independently legible in the presentation photograph used; no reconstructed writing is drawn onto the image.
Before designing
Actually inspected: institutional combined photograph of both sides, suspension hole at the top of each, sun face and ring of signs on the left, abraded multi-line inscription and shield on the right. Wear and losses remain unchanged. Complete institutional photograph in unaltered native JPEG bytes; no isolated engraving outline and no manufacturing approval.
Research draft. The catalogue transcription is authoritative in addition to the worn photograph. Not every letter in the museum’s reading is independently legible in the presentation photograph used; no reconstructed writing is drawn onto the image. Individual VisualItem image licence PDM; metadata licence separately CC0. Complete photograph, no local raster modifications. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The catalogue transcription is authoritative in addition to the worn photograph. Not every letter in the museum’s reading is independently legible in the presentation photograph used; no reconstructed writing is drawn onto the image. Individual VisualItem image licence PDM; metadata licence separately CC0. Complete photograph, no local raster modifications.
Institutional object metadata. Attributions of manufacture and uncertainties are retained. CC0 for the metadata is not the image licence; this is checked separately for each associated VisualItem.
Germanic runic script Reference: Gotland · Elder Futhark; check model dating separately
Symbol z.
Research draftSource-based vector template
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Germanic runic script
Region
Reference: Gotland
Date of the evidence
Elder Futhark; check model dating separately
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Description
Symbol z.
Historically recorded use
Written signs
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Historical letter; the normalised older form of the name is reconstructed. No individual amulet effect is inferred from the name. Treat the name reconstruction or phonetic value with particular caution.
Before designing
Unicode shows a normalised letter form. For manufacture, select a specific historical character variant and check it against the find.
Research draft. Normalised editorial letter form ᛉ (U+16C9); hand-set, font-free line geometry, not taken from a font file. Do not present it as an object-faithful Kylver facsimile or as an individually attested amulet sign. Names are reconstructed; no individual magical effect is inferred. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Vector template: Normalised editorial letter form ᛉ (U+16C9); hand-set, font-free line geometry, not taken from a font file. Do not present it as an object-faithful Kylver facsimile or as an individually attested amulet sign. Names are reconstructed; no individual magical effect is inferred.
Source location: G 88 / Kylver; sequence A I, sign 15; normalised Unicode character U+16C9
Normalised editorial letter form ᛉ (U+16C9); hand-set, font-free line geometry, not taken from a font file. Do not present it as an object-faithful Kylver facsimile or as an individually attested amulet sign. Names are reconstructed; no individual magical effect is inferred.
Niedersächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, RuneS
Source location: Signs 11458–11482; sequence A I
Scholarly names and transliterations; the names are catalogue designations, not recorded explanations of the names in the ancient incision. Kylver places p before ï and d before o.
Allelev: reliquary cross with separately riveted Christ figure
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Christian relic and image traditions Allelev By, Djursland, Denmark · Late 11th to mid-12th century; iconographic dating according to the museum
Front half of a gilt bronze cross with a separately cast figure of Christ and three silver nails. Rounded arms with side knobs, palmette finial and lower hinge; the top tip and back half are missing.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Christian relic and image traditions
Region
Allelev By, Djursland, Denmark
Date of the evidence
Late 11th to mid-12th century; iconographic dating according to the museum
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Front half of a gilt bronze cross with a separately cast figure of Christ and three silver nails. Rounded arms with side knobs, palmette finial and lower hinge; the top tip and back half are missing.
Historically recorded use
Cross-shaped reliquary. The institutional genre context describes reliquary crosses as protective objects; no individual relic or specific protective ritual associated with this piece has been evidenced.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The museum derives the dating from form and iconography. The relics on the reverse and the individual use are not preserved; the lost cross tip is not supplemented.
Before designing
Unaltered historical museum views with surviving damage, corrosion and any scales. No retouching, and no additions to missing writing or lines. The facsimile provides a source reference and requires a separate manufacturing outline.
Research draft. Front half of a gilded bronze cross with a separately cast figure of Christ and three silver nails. Rounded arms with side knobs, a palmette finial and a lower hinge; the uppermost point and rear half are missing. The museum derives the dating from form and iconography. The reliquaries at the back and the individual use have not survived; the lost cross tip is not supplied. The named object views are shown side by side; this does not claim a historical arrangement of the signs. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Front half of a gilded bronze cross with a separately cast figure of Christ and three silver nails. Rounded arms with side knobs, a palmette finial and a lower hinge; the uppermost point and rear half are missing. The museum derives the dating from form and iconography. The reliquaries at the back and the individual use have not survived; the lost cross tip is not supplied. The named object views are shown side by side; this does not claim a historical arrangement of the signs.
Source location: D 718/2025; DMR-262807, DMR-262806
The museum derives the dating from form and iconography. The relics on the reverse and individual use have not survived; the lost cross tip is not reconstructed. Individual object classification, material, find circumstances and images are taken from the museum raw data block.
The individual ImageObject in the museum's JSON-LD identifies this JPEG URL and CC BY-SA 4.0. Image credit: Liv Rosendal Nielsen / Nationalmuseet, Danmark. The actual JPEG pixel dimensions are checked; larger TIFF catalogue dimensions are not applied to the JPEG used.
The individual ImageObject in the museum's JSON-LD identifies this JPEG URL and CC BY-SA 4.0. Image credit: Liv Rosendal Nielsen / Nationalmuseet, Danmark. The actual JPEG pixel dimensions are checked; larger TIFF catalogue dimensions are not applied to the JPEG used.
Source location: Section Reliviekors; genre context only
Institutional explanation of reliquary crosses and the protective belief associated with them at the time. No claim that the three cross objects included here are the Dagmar Cross or contain the same relics.
Early Nordic visual and written tradition Allmungs, Havdhem, Gotland, Sweden · Approx. 400–550 CE according to SHM; RuneS 440–560 CE.
Golden C-bracteate with a large head above a stylised animal and short, indistinct runes. The source is the individual SHM object G 45.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early Nordic visual and written tradition
Region
Allmungs, Havdhem, Gotland, Sweden
Date of the evidence
Approx. 400–550 CE according to SHM; RuneS 440–560 CE.
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Golden C-bracteate with a large head above a stylised animal and short, indistinct runes. The source is the individual SHM object G 45.
Historically recorded use
Historically documented gold pendant with a stamped image field. A specific protective effect or particular ritual is not demonstrated for this individual piece by the cited object records.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
RuneS records an uncertain sequence with elil and several other finds of the same model. Only the photographed Allmungs specimen is used here. Neither an ELIL protective effect nor a universal deity attribution is established; SHM 400–550, RuneS 440–560.
Before designing
The model is the surviving museum photograph, including wear and damage. No modern addition of missing lines, and no conversion of unclear runes or letter imitations into an invented readable formula.
Research draft. Unaltered museum JPEG bytes are embedded in an SVG image crop. Photograph of the surviving object; neither a drawn reconstruction nor an AI-generated symbol. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Unaltered museum JPEG bytes are embedded in an SVG image crop. Photograph of the surviving object; neither a drawn reconstruction nor an AI-generated symbol.
Source location: Individual media capture A0DFEFBF-D1CD-49EF-BDCD-EE2147FE081B; complete surviving object
RuneS / Niedersächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen
Source location: IK 365,2 / G 45; RuneS 440–560
Object, find region, rune type and dating limits. The differing historical catalogue intervals are explicitly set out alongside one another. The RuneS data licence CC BY-SA 4.0 does not replace an image licence; the museum image used is the one separately checked for each case.
Statens historiska museer / Historiska museet, Sverige
Source location: 109602_HST; acquisition number 4945; IK 365,2 / G 45; dating 400–550
Institutional object catalogue with find region, inventory number and historical dating. Text metadata CC0; the photographs independently carry CC BY 4.0.
Statens historiska museer / Historiska museet, Sverige
Source location: Media A0DFEFBF-D1CD-49EF-BDCD-EE2147FE081B; 109602_HST; acquisition number 4945
Photographer Ulf Bruxe / Historiska museet/SHM; explicitly CC BY 4.0 International. The photo date is a date of capture and is not treated as the historical date of creation.
Jewish material amulet culture; historical printed witness Venice according to The Jewish Museum; publication in Danzig · probably 18th century; historical reproduction in print [1933]
Rendered historical book illustration [1933]: triangularly framed silver pendant with a small sacrificial altar and upper ornament, reproduced completely from the historical printed figure positioned to the side.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Jewish material amulet culture; historical printed witness
Region
Venice according to The Jewish Museum; publication in Danzig
Date of the evidence
probably 18th century; historical reproduction in print [1933]
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Rendered historical book illustration [1933]: triangularly framed silver pendant with a small sacrificial altar and upper ornament, reproduced completely from the historical printed figure positioned to the side.
Historically recorded use
The historical print describes a silver amulet with an altar of sacrifice and names of God; the museum names Shaddai twice on the frame. This institutional reading is not a separately deciphered text or evidence of efficacy.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
PDM is our catalogue attribution of the institution’s public-domain designation Domena publiczna, not a CC-PDM licence stated by the provider. Historical book illustration in a print catalogued as [1933], not a present-day JM museum photograph. The JM inventory D 4 is explicitly linked in the current museum text to 1933 no. 4 / plate 1. The native DjVu source is archived unchanged; a lossless local document conversion and a complete figure crop have been made, without reading the writing, completing damage or drawing forms. The additional modern bibliographic reference 1904 no. 32 conflicts with the actual old catalogue (Jad/Thorazeiger); it is not used as an image concordance.
Before designing
Historical photographic print witness used as a reference. The print's sideways orientation is retained; this is neither a drawn design nor manufacturing approval.
Research draft. PDM is our catalogue attribution of the institution’s public-domain designation Domena publiczna, not a CC-PDM licence stated by the provider. Historical book illustration in a print catalogued as [1933], not a present-day JM museum photograph. The JM inventory D 4 is explicitly linked in the current museum text to 1933 no. 4 / plate 1. The native DjVu source is archived unchanged; a lossless local document conversion and a complete figure crop have been made, without reading the writing, completing damage or drawing forms. The additional modern bibliographic reference 1904 no. 32 conflicts with the actual old catalogue (Jad/Thorazeiger); it is not used as an image concordance. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: PDM is our catalogue attribution of the institution’s public-domain designation Domena publiczna, not a CC-PDM licence stated by the provider. Historical book illustration in a print catalogued as [1933], not a present-day JM museum photograph. The JM inventory D 4 is explicitly linked in the current museum text to 1933 no. 4 / plate 1. The native DjVu source is archived unchanged; a lossless local document conversion and a complete figure crop have been made, without reading the writing, completing damage or drawing forms. The additional modern bibliographic reference 1904 no. 32 conflicts with the actual old catalogue (Jad/Thorazeiger); it is not used as an image concordance.
Source location: PBC edition 31170; Plate 1, Figure 4; Scan 35; historical JM inventory D 4
Source location: Accession Number and pub_references: [1933], no. 4, plate 1
Current object identity and explicit historical print reference; contemporary museum photographs are not reused or licensed under the PBC book permission.
Source location: Copyright/Permissions and conditional Public-Domain rule
No blanket clearance for current JM photographs; the new asset comes exclusively from the historical PBC print individually declared to be in the public domain.
Instytut Badań Literackich Polskiej Akademii Nauk / RCIN
Source location: Printed 6 / PDF 6: no. 32 Jad/Thor pointer; printed 11 / PDF 11: nos. 90/91/92 amulets
Actually read negative textual evidence for the JM-D4 bibliographic reference 1904 no. 32. No. 92 is only a plausible comparison number; no automatic inventory correction. No 1904 image is adopted and no current RCIN HTML is presented as a successful rights inventory.
Old Babylonian cylinder seal with two deities – Met X.304.13
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Old Babylonian Mesopotamia; exact findspot and acquisition history not stated · c. 18th–16th century BC; institutional search interval 1800–1500 BC
Two complete photographs show the same ancient cylinder seal in different rotations, each alongside a modern impression. The image field contains a seated and a standing deity.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Old Babylonian
Region
Mesopotamia; exact findspot and acquisition history not stated
Date of the evidence
c. 18th–16th century BC; institutional search interval 1800–1500 BC
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Two complete photographs show the same ancient cylinder seal in different rotations, each alongside a modern impression. The image field contains a seated and a standing deity.
Historically recorded use
Cylinder seals served to identify ownership or identity and could have amuletic functions. The museum considers an interpretation of identity or protection for this piece.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The museum identifies the standing deity only tentatively as Amurru; the protective function remains hypothetical. The modern impression is not a second ancient object. No inscription reading, specific manner of wearing or individual effect is evidenced.
Before designing
Both native original photographs are embedded in full and each is labelled as an ancient seal with a modern impression. Source reference without a reconstructed outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Both photographs unaltered. Modern impressions are for showing the rolled image field; not an outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Both photographs unaltered. Modern impressions are for showing the rolled image field; not an outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: X.304.13; two complete native museum photographs, each showing the ancient seal and modern impression
Early Germanic tradition Bjørnerud, Norway · AD 500–600
Three alu runes on an A-bracteate.
Research draftSource-based vector template
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early Germanic tradition
Region
Bjørnerud, Norway
Date of the evidence
AD 500–600
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Description
Three alu runes on an A-bracteate.
Historically recorded use
Formula on a worn gold bracteate; amulet interpretation debated.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Object IK 24 is attested. Protective, magical and beverage-related interpretations of alu are alternatives, not a fixed translation.
Before designing
Check the left-facing object variant, image motif and bearer together; Unicode ALU alone is not an identical facsimile.
Research draft. Font-free editorial letter transcription of only the three attested runes a-l-u. The left-to-right reading direction is preserved: a begins on the right, l is in the middle, and u is on the left; the letterforms are normalised and mirrored. No tracing of the complete bracteate, no freehand completion of the figure and no universal meaning of alu. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Vector template: Font-free editorial letter transcription of only the three attested runes a-l-u. The left-to-right reading direction is preserved: a begins on the right, l is in the middle, and u is on the left; the letterforms are normalised and mirrored. No tracing of the complete bracteate, no freehand completion of the figure and no universal meaning of alu.
Source location: IK24; C17955; RuneS Fund271: left-facing alu on SideA; original photo1884 visually checked.
Font-free editorial letter transcription of only the three attested runes a-l-u. The left-to-right reading direction is preserved: a begins on the right, l is in the middle, and u is on the left; the letterforms are normalised and mirrored. No tracing of the complete bracteate, no freehand completion of the figure and no universal meaning of alu.
Ancient Egyptian Egyptian cultural attribution; exact place of manufacture and findspot not stated · 26th–30th Dynasty, 664–334 BCE according to the museum catalogue
Red stone disc between two raised side sections above a flat base; ribbed projection at the top. Native front view with preserved surface texture and missing areas.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Ancient Egyptian
Region
Egyptian cultural attribution; exact place of manufacture and findspot not stated
Date of the evidence
26th–30th Dynasty, 664–334 BCE according to the museum catalogue
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Red stone disc between two raised side sections above a flat base; ribbed projection at the top. Native front view with preserved surface texture and missing areas.
Historically recorded use
The museum identifies the object as an amulet of the sun rising on the horizon. It belongs to the Cesnola Collection, but is explicitly catalogued as Egyptian.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The collection history alone does not establish an exact findspot. No Cypriot origin is inferred from the collection name. No specific way of wearing, deity or effect is claimed without additional evidence from the object. The existing private reference remains linked unchanged.
Before designing
Complete native museum view as source evidence; not an isolated or production-ready engraving outline.
Research draft. Unaltered complete original JPEG; one view, not a view from all sides. No addition of lost forms, outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Unaltered complete original JPEG; one view, not a view from all sides. No addition of lost forms, outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: 74.51.4449; complete native primary view from the museum
Chinese historical amulet culture China · Song period, 960–1279
Circular cast disc with figural motifs around the central opening, 5.4 cm in diameter.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Chinese historical amulet culture
Region
China
Date of the evidence
Song period, 960–1279
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Circular cast disc with figural motifs around the central opening, 5.4 cm in diameter.
Historically recorded use
Catalogue designation Amulette du Destin fondamental; no more specific personal-use instruction is evidenced.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Only one native view is offered. No reverse, translation or completion of the corroded areas has been invented.
Before designing
Unchanged complete museum photographs in separate views; no drawn additions, normalisation or approval for manufacture.
Research draft. Only a native view is offered. No invented reverse, translation or completion of corroded areas. The 4k JPEG renditions offered by the museum remain fully intact in their native bytes; no local image editing and no claimed camera master. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Only a native view is offered. No invented reverse, translation or completion of corroded areas. The 4k JPEG renditions offered by the museum remain fully intact in their native bytes; no local image editing and no claimed camera master.
Jewish practical Kabbalah Turkey · 18th century; the original manuscripts may have been bound into a composite codex around 1800
A historical page ensemble with Hebrew text panels, curved and combed rows of signs, and a star shape.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Jewish practical Kabbalah
Region
Turkey
Date of the evidence
18th century; the original manuscripts may have been bound into a composite codex around 1800
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A historical page ensemble with Hebrew text panels, curved and combed rows of signs, and a star shape.
Historically recorded use
Making amulets and amuletic texts.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
CAJS Rar Ms 658, formerly Gross Family Collection OT.011.021. The current institutional catalogue assigns the stated content to this specific folio. The date of manufacture of the older manuscript and its later binding remain distinct; no independent new translation of the formulas or names of the signs.
Before designing
A specific, complete digital page witness, not a universally standardised sign. For manufacture, legibility, areas of loss and transfer to material must be assessed separately.
Research draft. Unaltered native institutional web JPEG file in an SVG viewport; no new interpretation of the writing, addition of lost ink or modern replacement form. The larger TIFF masters offered separately are not archived locally for these Penn pages. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Unaltered native institutional web JPEG file in an SVG viewport; no new interpretation of the writing, addition of lost ink or modern replacement form. The larger TIFF masters offered separately are not archived locally for these Penn pages.
Source location: CAJS Rar Ms 658, OPenn 29v, 14209_0061_web.jpg
French early modern grimoire tradition; Traitté des Esprits du petit payzan Reformée French-speaking; place of manufacture unknown; current location London · Mid-18th century; dating of the specific Wellcome manuscript
A short sequence of small circles and loops, a triangular-circular combination and an oval-enclosed sign. The French sun section explicitly assigns this sequence of signs, described as a character, to a named spirit and a ritual practitioner. Such attributions are historical usage texts, not confirmed effects.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French early modern grimoire tradition; Traitté des Esprits du petit payzan Reformée
Region
French-speaking; place of manufacture unknown; current location London
Date of the evidence
Mid-18th century; dating of the specific Wellcome manuscript
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A short sequence of small circles and loops, a triangular-circular combination and an oval-enclosed sign. The French sun section explicitly assigns this sequence of signs, described as a character, to a named spirit and a ritual practitioner. Such attributions are historical usage texts, not confirmed effects.
Historically recorded use
The French Sun section assigns this string, explicitly described as a character, to a named spirit and a ritual carrier. Such attributions are historical use-texts, not confirmed effects.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Anael begins below the dividing line on p. 285. Son Caractere est tel at the top of p. 286 continues this individual section; the following shared materials line names Raphael and Anael. The anonymous French manuscript is institutionally dated to the middle of the 18th century. Pseudo-Solomon indicates an attribution, not authorship by the ancient Solomon. The sequence of signs attests to a historical ritual instruction; actual efficacy or use as a worn neck amulet is not attested.
Before designing
Unaltered native full-page JPEG embedded in its entirety in the SVG; only the verified figure viewport is visible. Paper, show-through of writing on the reverse and ink traces are retained. No tracing, restored ink losses or engraving approval.
Research draft. Anael begins below the dividing line on p. 285. Son Caractere est tel at the top of p. 286 continues this individual section; the following shared materials line names Raphael and Anael. Unaltered native full-page JPEG embedded in its entirety in the SVG; only the checked figure viewport is visible. Paper, show-through from the reverse, and ink traces are retained. No tracing, added ink-loss repairs or engraving approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Anael begins below the dividing line on p. 285. Son Caractere est tel at the top of p. 286 continues this individual section; the following shared materials line names Raphael and Anael. Unaltered native full-page JPEG embedded in its entirety in the SVG; only the checked figure viewport is visible. Paper, show-through from the reverse, and ink traces are retained. No tracing, added ink-loss repairs or engraving approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.4667, Traitté des Esprits du petit payzan Reformée, manuscript p. 286; Canvas position 302/465; Anael – Sun section; Sun section
Source location: MS.4667; current work cs5fybkx; Sierra b19145111; second treatise pp. 272–295
Current API record with shelfmark, dating, 21 sigils and PDM link successfully archived with HTTP 200. The old identifier kdp43rqm returned HTTP 404 and is archived only as a failure finding.
The twelve figures used are individually linked to their Canvas, image service and native full-page JPEG. The small presentation preview, 1024 pixels high, is not the full/full image file used here.
Source location: MS.4667; handwritten p. 272; Canvas position 288; image suffix 0288
The complete native original page was actually viewed visually; the handwritten page number and individual name/figure attribution were read from the image.
Source location: MS.4667; manuscript p. 274; Canvas position 290; image suffix 0290
The complete native original page was actually viewed visually; the handwritten page number and individual name/figure attribution were read from the image.
Source location: MS.4667; handwritten p. 286; canvas position 302; image suffix 0302
The complete native original page was actually viewed visually; the handwritten page number and individual name/figure attribution were read from the image.
Source location: MS.4667; handwritten p. 285; canvas position 301; image suffix 0301
The complete native original page was actually viewed visually; the handwritten page number and individual name/figure attribution were read from the image.
Anguipes with inscribed oval shield – print 1657, II 9
Original image · source evidence
Historical gemstone depiction
Early modern transmission of Greek-Egyptian gem images Antwerp; current collection at Museum Plantin-Moretus · 1657 (printing date of the image witness)
A cock-headed figure with a large oval shield, its surface bearing several lines of letters and signs. Its raised arm holds a straight object; individual points surround the head. The CBd qualifies the interpretation of the object as a staff and of the points as rays with question marks. This uncertainty is retained; the shield signs are not freely translated.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern transmission of Greek-Egyptian gem images
Region
Antwerp; current collection at Museum Plantin-Moretus
Date of the evidence
1657 (printing date of the image witness)
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A cock-headed figure with a large oval shield, its surface bearing several lines of letters and signs. Its raised arm holds a straight object; individual points surround the head. The CBd qualifies the interpretation of the object as a staff and of the points as rays with question marks. This uncertainty is retained; the shield signs are not freely translated.
Historically recorded use
Antiquarian documentation of a figure transmitted as a magical gem. No evidence that this sheet of paper served as a worn amulet.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Historical printed witness from 1657. The CBd records the figure in question as a drawing of a magical gem whose present whereabouts are unknown. The date applies to the print; the age, authenticity and personal use of the stone depicted are not separately confirmed here. The print and the surviving ancient object remain distinct forms of evidence.
Before designing
Unaltered native museum JPEG in SVG, with a documented crop of the complete numbered figure. No added lines or replacement letters; a historical image reference without vector transcription and without manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Historical printed witness from 1657. The CBd records the figure in question as a drawing of a magical gem whose present whereabouts are unknown. The dating applies to the print; the age, authenticity and personal use of the depicted stone are not separately confirmed here. The print and the surviving ancient object remain distinct forms of evidence. Unaltered native museum JPEG in SVG with a documented crop of the complete numbered figure. No lines or replacement letters added; historical image reference without vector transcription and without manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historical printed witness from 1657. The CBd records the figure in question as a drawing of a magical gem whose present whereabouts are unknown. The dating applies to the print; the age, authenticity and personal use of the depicted stone are not separately confirmed here. The print and the surviving ancient object remain distinct forms of evidence. Unaltered native museum JPEG in SVG with a documented crop of the complete numbered figure. No lines or replacement letters added; historical image reference without vector transcription and without manufacturing approval.
Source location: Museum Plantin-Moretus, PK.OP.21048; Tabula II, Figure 9; CBd-2739
Anguipes with a three-line shield sign – print 1657, II 11
Original image · source evidence
Historical gemstone depiction
Early modern transmission of Greek-Egyptian gem images Antwerp; current collection at Museum Plantin-Moretus · 1657 (printing date of the image witness)
Cock-headed figure with round shield and whip; the shield bears three short lines of signs. A scaled lower body transitions into two symmetrically curved serpent legs. The CBd assigns the shield letters to a variant of Iao. This scholarly reading does not replace the visible historical spelling.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern transmission of Greek-Egyptian gem images
Region
Antwerp; current collection at Museum Plantin-Moretus
Date of the evidence
1657 (printing date of the image witness)
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Cock-headed figure with round shield and whip; the shield bears three short lines of signs. A scaled lower body transitions into two symmetrically curved serpent legs. The CBd assigns the shield letters to a variant of Iao. This scholarly reading does not replace the visible historical spelling.
Historically recorded use
Antiquarian documentation of a figure transmitted as a magical gem. No evidence that this sheet of paper served as a worn amulet.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Historical printed witness from 1657. The CBd records the figure in question as a drawing of a magical gem whose present whereabouts are unknown. The date applies to the print; the age, authenticity and personal use of the stone depicted are not separately confirmed here. The print and the surviving ancient object remain distinct forms of evidence.
Before designing
Unaltered native museum JPEG in SVG, with a documented crop of the complete numbered figure. No added lines or replacement letters; a historical image reference without vector transcription and without manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Historical printed witness from 1657. The CBd records the figure in question as a drawing of a magical gem whose present whereabouts are unknown. The dating applies to the print; the age, authenticity and personal use of the depicted stone are not separately confirmed here. The print and the surviving ancient object remain distinct forms of evidence. Unaltered native museum JPEG in SVG with a documented crop of the complete numbered figure. No lines or replacement letters added; historical image reference without vector transcription and without manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historical printed witness from 1657. The CBd records the figure in question as a drawing of a magical gem whose present whereabouts are unknown. The dating applies to the print; the age, authenticity and personal use of the depicted stone are not separately confirmed here. The print and the surviving ancient object remain distinct forms of evidence. Unaltered native museum JPEG in SVG with a documented crop of the complete numbered figure. No lines or replacement letters added; historical image reference without vector transcription and without manufacturing approval.
Source location: Museum Plantin-Moretus, PK.OP.21048; Tabula II, Figure 11; CBd-2735
Early modern transmission of magical gem images Antwerp; current collection at Museum Plantin-Moretus · 1657 (printing date of the image witness)
Snake-legged figure with a shield and raised whip; seven lines of writing appear on the second page. The CBd reads, among others, Michael, Gabriel, Uriel and Raphael. The further name forms, which are partly unclear, are not replaced with freely invented angelic attributions.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern transmission of magical gem images
Region
Antwerp; current collection at Museum Plantin-Moretus
Date of the evidence
1657 (printing date of the image witness)
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Snake-legged figure with a shield and raised whip; seven lines of writing appear on the second page. The CBd reads, among others, Michael, Gabriel, Uriel and Raphael. The further name forms, which are partly unclear, are not replaced with freely invented angelic attributions.
Historically recorded use
Antiquarian documentation of an image transmitted as a gem motif. No evidence that this paper sheet itself served as a worn amulet.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Historical printed witness from 1657, recorded in the scholarly gem catalogue as a transmitted drawing. The printing date confirms the historical transmission of the image; it does not independently prove the depicted stone’s age, authenticity or personal use as an amulet. The designation as a gem motif does not attribute a guaranteed effect.
Before designing
Unaltered native museum JPEG in SVG with a documented crop of the complete numbered image group. Related pages remain visible together. No added lines or substitute letters; historical image reference without vector transcription and without manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Historical printed witness of 1657, recorded in the scholarly gem catalogue as a transmitted drawing. The print date confirms the historical transmission of the image; it does not independently prove the age or authenticity of the stone depicted, or its personal use as an amulet. Calling it a gem motif does not attribute a guaranteed effect. Unaltered native museum JPEG embedded in the SVG, with a documented crop of the complete numbered image group. Related pages remain visible together. No added lines or substitute letters; historical image reference without vector transcription and without manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historical printed witness of 1657, recorded in the scholarly gem catalogue as a transmitted drawing. The print date confirms the historical transmission of the image; it does not independently prove the age or authenticity of the stone depicted, or its personal use as an amulet. Calling it a gem motif does not attribute a guaranteed effect. Unaltered native museum JPEG embedded in the SVG, with a documented crop of the complete numbered image group. Related pages remain visible together. No added lines or substitute letters; historical image reference without vector transcription and without manufacturing approval.
Source location: Museum Plantin-Moretus, PK.OP.07413; Tabula IV, Figure 15; CBd-2743
Anguipes with five-line inscribed side – print 1657, III 14
Original image · source evidence
Historical gemstone depiction
Early modern transmission of magical gem images Antwerp; current collection at Museum Plantin-Moretus · 1657 (printing date of the image witness)
A cock-headed figure with long, curved snake legs holds a shield and whip. The second oval side shows five lines of letters. The CBd describes a drawing after an impression and reads a variant of Iao. The remaining voces are left untranslated; possible later imitations are not presented as an identical original.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern transmission of magical gem images
Region
Antwerp; current collection at Museum Plantin-Moretus
Date of the evidence
1657 (printing date of the image witness)
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A cock-headed figure with long, curved snake legs holds a shield and whip. The second oval side shows five lines of letters. The CBd describes a drawing after an impression and reads a variant of Iao. The remaining voces are left untranslated; possible later imitations are not presented as an identical original.
Historically recorded use
Antiquarian documentation of an image transmitted as a gem motif. No evidence that this paper sheet itself served as a worn amulet.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Historical printed witness from 1657, recorded in the scholarly gem catalogue as a transmitted drawing. The printing date confirms the historical transmission of the image; it does not independently prove the depicted stone’s age, authenticity or personal use as an amulet. The designation as a gem motif does not attribute a guaranteed effect.
Before designing
Unaltered native museum JPEG in SVG with a documented crop of the complete numbered image group. Related pages remain visible together. No added lines or substitute letters; historical image reference without vector transcription and without manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Historical printed witness of 1657, recorded in the scholarly gem catalogue as a transmitted drawing. The print date confirms the historical transmission of the image; it does not independently prove the age or authenticity of the stone depicted, or its personal use as an amulet. Calling it a gem motif does not attribute a guaranteed effect. Unaltered native museum JPEG embedded in the SVG, with a documented crop of the complete numbered image group. Related pages remain visible together. No added lines or substitute letters; historical image reference without vector transcription and without manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historical printed witness of 1657, recorded in the scholarly gem catalogue as a transmitted drawing. The print date confirms the historical transmission of the image; it does not independently prove the age or authenticity of the stone depicted, or its personal use as an amulet. Calling it a gem motif does not attribute a guaranteed effect. Unaltered native museum JPEG embedded in the SVG, with a documented crop of the complete numbered image group. Related pages remain visible together. No added lines or substitute letters; historical image reference without vector transcription and without manufacturing approval.
Source location: Museum Plantin-Moretus, PK.OP.07412; Tabula III, figure 14; CBd-2742
Anguipes with wreath and helmet – print 1657, II 6
Original image · source evidence
Historical gemstone depiction
Early modern transmission of Greek-Egyptian gem images Antwerp; current collection at Museum Plantin-Moretus · 1657 (printing date of the image witness)
Cock-headed figure with two snake legs; the outstretched hands hold a wreath and a helmet. The figure stands within an oval border. The objects are described in the CBd as a wreath and a helmet. No reverse is recorded there.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern transmission of Greek-Egyptian gem images
Region
Antwerp; current collection at Museum Plantin-Moretus
Date of the evidence
1657 (printing date of the image witness)
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Cock-headed figure with two snake legs; the outstretched hands hold a wreath and a helmet. The figure stands within an oval border. The objects are described in the CBd as a wreath and a helmet. No reverse is recorded there.
Historically recorded use
Antiquarian documentation of a figure transmitted as a magical gem. No evidence that this sheet of paper served as a worn amulet.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Historical printed witness from 1657. The CBd records the figure in question as a drawing of a magical gem whose present whereabouts are unknown. The date applies to the print; the age, authenticity and personal use of the stone depicted are not separately confirmed here. The print and the surviving ancient object remain distinct forms of evidence.
Before designing
Unaltered native museum JPEG in SVG, with a documented crop of the complete numbered figure. No added lines or replacement letters; a historical image reference without vector transcription and without manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Historical printed witness from 1657. The CBd records the figure in question as a drawing of a magical gem whose present whereabouts are unknown. The dating applies to the print; the age, authenticity and personal use of the depicted stone are not separately confirmed here. The print and the surviving ancient object remain distinct forms of evidence. Unaltered native museum JPEG in SVG with a documented crop of the complete numbered figure. No lines or replacement letters added; historical image reference without vector transcription and without manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historical printed witness from 1657. The CBd records the figure in question as a drawing of a magical gem whose present whereabouts are unknown. The dating applies to the print; the age, authenticity and personal use of the depicted stone are not separately confirmed here. The print and the surviving ancient object remain distinct forms of evidence. Unaltered native museum JPEG in SVG with a documented crop of the complete numbered figure. No lines or replacement letters added; historical image reference without vector transcription and without manufacturing approval.
Source location: Museum Plantin-Moretus, PK.OP.21048; Tabula II, figure 6; CBd-2736
Anguipes with wreath-shaped shield – print 1657, II 8
Original image · source evidence
Historical gemstone depiction
Early modern transmission of Greek-Egyptian gem images Antwerp; current collection at Museum Plantin-Moretus · 1657 (printing date of the image witness)
Cock-headed figure with two snake legs; a wreath-framed shield stands on the left of the image, and an angularly drawn whip on the right. The letters on the shield are read as Iao in the CBd. The drawn course of the whip is not standardised into a modern sign.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern transmission of Greek-Egyptian gem images
Region
Antwerp; current collection at Museum Plantin-Moretus
Date of the evidence
1657 (printing date of the image witness)
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Cock-headed figure with two snake legs; a wreath-framed shield stands on the left of the image, and an angularly drawn whip on the right. The letters on the shield are read as Iao in the CBd. The drawn course of the whip is not standardised into a modern sign.
Historically recorded use
Antiquarian documentation of a figure transmitted as a magical gem. No evidence that this sheet of paper served as a worn amulet.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Historical printed witness from 1657. The CBd records the figure in question as a drawing of a magical gem whose present whereabouts are unknown. The date applies to the print; the age, authenticity and personal use of the stone depicted are not separately confirmed here. The print and the surviving ancient object remain distinct forms of evidence.
Before designing
Unaltered native museum JPEG in SVG, with a documented crop of the complete numbered figure. No added lines or replacement letters; a historical image reference without vector transcription and without manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Historical printed witness from 1657. The CBd records the figure in question as a drawing of a magical gem whose present whereabouts are unknown. The dating applies to the print; the age, authenticity and personal use of the depicted stone are not separately confirmed here. The print and the surviving ancient object remain distinct forms of evidence. Unaltered native museum JPEG in SVG with a documented crop of the complete numbered figure. No lines or replacement letters added; historical image reference without vector transcription and without manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historical printed witness from 1657. The CBd records the figure in question as a drawing of a magical gem whose present whereabouts are unknown. The dating applies to the print; the age, authenticity and personal use of the depicted stone are not separately confirmed here. The print and the surviving ancient object remain distinct forms of evidence. Unaltered native museum JPEG in SVG with a documented crop of the complete numbered figure. No lines or replacement letters added; historical image reference without vector transcription and without manufacturing approval.
Source location: Museum Plantin-Moretus, PK.OP.21048; Tabula II, Figure 8; CBd-2738
Anguipes with inscribed oval and border inscription – print 1657, III 13
Original image · source evidence
Historical gemstone depiction
Early modern transmission of magical gem images Antwerp; current collection at Museum Plantin-Moretus · 1657 (printing date of the image witness)
The cock-headed figure wears a short skirt and cloak; its shield contains letters. The opposite side shows several lines of writing and an inscription running around the border. A discrepancy between catalogue fields is retained: CBd and PHOINIX sometimes give II 13, whereas the visible printed title and image reference establish III 13. Our locator follows the verified leaf III.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern transmission of magical gem images
Region
Antwerp; current collection at Museum Plantin-Moretus
Date of the evidence
1657 (printing date of the image witness)
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
The cock-headed figure wears a short skirt and cloak; its shield contains letters. The opposite side shows several lines of writing and an inscription running around the border. A discrepancy between catalogue fields is retained: CBd and PHOINIX sometimes give II 13, whereas the visible printed title and image reference establish III 13. Our locator follows the verified leaf III.
Historically recorded use
Antiquarian documentation of an image transmitted as a gem motif. No evidence that this paper sheet itself served as a worn amulet.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Historical printed witness from 1657, recorded in the scholarly gem catalogue as a transmitted drawing. The printing date confirms the historical transmission of the image; it does not independently prove the depicted stone’s age, authenticity or personal use as an amulet. The designation as a gem motif does not attribute a guaranteed effect.
Before designing
Unaltered native museum JPEG in SVG with a documented crop of the complete numbered image group. Related pages remain visible together. No added lines or substitute letters; historical image reference without vector transcription and without manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Historical printed witness of 1657, recorded in the scholarly gem catalogue as a transmitted drawing. The print date confirms the historical transmission of the image; it does not independently prove the age or authenticity of the stone depicted, or its personal use as an amulet. Calling it a gem motif does not attribute a guaranteed effect. Unaltered native museum JPEG embedded in the SVG, with a documented crop of the complete numbered image group. Related pages remain visible together. No added lines or substitute letters; historical image reference without vector transcription and without manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historical printed witness of 1657, recorded in the scholarly gem catalogue as a transmitted drawing. The print date confirms the historical transmission of the image; it does not independently prove the age or authenticity of the stone depicted, or its personal use as an amulet. Calling it a gem motif does not attribute a guaranteed effect. Unaltered native museum JPEG embedded in the SVG, with a documented crop of the complete numbered image group. Related pages remain visible together. No added lines or substitute letters; historical image reference without vector transcription and without manufacturing approval.
Source location: Museum Plantin-Moretus, PK.OP.07412; Tabula III, figure 13; CBd-2741
Early modern transmission of Greek-Egyptian gem images Antwerp; current collection at Museum Plantin-Moretus · 1657 (printing date of the image witness)
Cock-headed figure with a round shield and raised whip; seven stars stand beneath the serpent legs. Letters run around the figure and on the shield. The CBd interprets the shield letters as Iao and the surrounding inscription as a variant of Bainchoooch. The graphic preserves the forms actually printed.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern transmission of Greek-Egyptian gem images
Region
Antwerp; current collection at Museum Plantin-Moretus
Date of the evidence
1657 (printing date of the image witness)
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Cock-headed figure with a round shield and raised whip; seven stars stand beneath the serpent legs. Letters run around the figure and on the shield. The CBd interprets the shield letters as Iao and the surrounding inscription as a variant of Bainchoooch. The graphic preserves the forms actually printed.
Historically recorded use
Antiquarian documentation of a figure transmitted as a magical gem. No evidence that this sheet of paper served as a worn amulet.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Historical printed witness from 1657. The CBd records the figure in question as a drawing of a magical gem whose present whereabouts are unknown. The date applies to the print; the age, authenticity and personal use of the stone depicted are not separately confirmed here. The print and the surviving ancient object remain distinct forms of evidence.
Before designing
Unaltered native museum JPEG in SVG, with a documented crop of the complete numbered figure. No added lines or replacement letters; a historical image reference without vector transcription and without manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Historical printed witness from 1657. The CBd records the figure in question as a drawing of a magical gem whose present whereabouts are unknown. The dating applies to the print; the age, authenticity and personal use of the depicted stone are not separately confirmed here. The print and the surviving ancient object remain distinct forms of evidence. Unaltered native museum JPEG in SVG with a documented crop of the complete numbered figure. No lines or replacement letters added; historical image reference without vector transcription and without manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historical printed witness from 1657. The CBd records the figure in question as a drawing of a magical gem whose present whereabouts are unknown. The dating applies to the print; the age, authenticity and personal use of the depicted stone are not separately confirmed here. The print and the surviving ancient object remain distinct forms of evidence. Unaltered native museum JPEG in SVG with a documented crop of the complete numbered figure. No lines or replacement letters added; historical image reference without vector transcription and without manufacturing approval.
Source location: Museum Plantin-Moretus, PK.OP.21048; Tabula II, figure 7; CBd-2737
Anguipes with stars and inscription side – print 1657, III 12
Original image · source evidence
Historical gemstone depiction
Early modern transmission of magical gem images Antwerp; current collection at Museum Plantin-Moretus · 1657 (printing date of the image witness)
Cock-headed figure with serpent legs, round shield and raised whip; stars and letters surround it. The opposite side contains four lines of writing. CBd and PHOINIX discuss a possible Iao variant. The print is evidence of a design; a museum gem made after it is not independent proof of its ancient age.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern transmission of magical gem images
Region
Antwerp; current collection at Museum Plantin-Moretus
Date of the evidence
1657 (printing date of the image witness)
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Cock-headed figure with serpent legs, round shield and raised whip; stars and letters surround it. The opposite side contains four lines of writing. CBd and PHOINIX discuss a possible Iao variant. The print is evidence of a design; a museum gem made after it is not independent proof of its ancient age.
Historically recorded use
Antiquarian documentation of an image transmitted as a gem motif. No evidence that this paper sheet itself served as a worn amulet.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Historical printed witness from 1657, recorded in the scholarly gem catalogue as a transmitted drawing. The printing date confirms the historical transmission of the image; it does not independently prove the depicted stone’s age, authenticity or personal use as an amulet. The designation as a gem motif does not attribute a guaranteed effect.
Before designing
Unaltered native museum JPEG in SVG with a documented crop of the complete numbered image group. Related pages remain visible together. No added lines or substitute letters; historical image reference without vector transcription and without manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Historical printed witness of 1657, recorded in the scholarly gem catalogue as a transmitted drawing. The print date confirms the historical transmission of the image; it does not independently prove the age or authenticity of the stone depicted, or its personal use as an amulet. Calling it a gem motif does not attribute a guaranteed effect. Unaltered native museum JPEG embedded in the SVG, with a documented crop of the complete numbered image group. Related pages remain visible together. No added lines or substitute letters; historical image reference without vector transcription and without manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historical printed witness of 1657, recorded in the scholarly gem catalogue as a transmitted drawing. The print date confirms the historical transmission of the image; it does not independently prove the age or authenticity of the stone depicted, or its personal use as an amulet. Calling it a gem motif does not attribute a guaranteed effect. Unaltered native museum JPEG embedded in the SVG, with a documented crop of the complete numbered image group. Related pages remain visible together. No added lines or substitute letters; historical image reference without vector transcription and without manufacturing approval.
Source location: Museum Plantin-Moretus, PK.OP.07412; Table III, Figure 12; CBd-2740
Anguipes with Scattered Iao Letters – print 1657, II 10
Original image · source evidence
Historical gemstone depiction
Early modern transmission of Greek-Egyptian gem images Antwerp; current collection at Museum Plantin-Moretus · 1657 (printing date of the image witness)
Cock-headed figure with a round shield and whip; individual letters stand outside the figure in the image field. The two serpentine legs end in heads raised sideways. The CBd reads the Greek letters distributed across the image as Iao. No reverse is documented. The mirrored and variant printed forms remain unchanged.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern transmission of Greek-Egyptian gem images
Region
Antwerp; current collection at Museum Plantin-Moretus
Date of the evidence
1657 (printing date of the image witness)
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Cock-headed figure with a round shield and whip; individual letters stand outside the figure in the image field. The two serpentine legs end in heads raised sideways. The CBd reads the Greek letters distributed across the image as Iao. No reverse is documented. The mirrored and variant printed forms remain unchanged.
Historically recorded use
Antiquarian documentation of a figure transmitted as a magical gem. No evidence that this sheet of paper served as a worn amulet.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Historical printed witness from 1657. The CBd records the figure in question as a drawing of a magical gem whose present whereabouts are unknown. The date applies to the print; the age, authenticity and personal use of the stone depicted are not separately confirmed here. The print and the surviving ancient object remain distinct forms of evidence.
Before designing
Unaltered native museum JPEG in SVG, with a documented crop of the complete numbered figure. No added lines or replacement letters; a historical image reference without vector transcription and without manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Historical printed witness from 1657. The CBd records the figure in question as a drawing of a magical gem whose present whereabouts are unknown. The dating applies to the print; the age, authenticity and personal use of the depicted stone are not separately confirmed here. The print and the surviving ancient object remain distinct forms of evidence. Unaltered native museum JPEG in SVG with a documented crop of the complete numbered figure. No lines or replacement letters added; historical image reference without vector transcription and without manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historical printed witness from 1657. The CBd records the figure in question as a drawing of a magical gem whose present whereabouts are unknown. The dating applies to the print; the age, authenticity and personal use of the depicted stone are not separately confirmed here. The print and the surviving ancient object remain distinct forms of evidence. Unaltered native museum JPEG in SVG with a documented crop of the complete numbered figure. No lines or replacement letters added; historical image reference without vector transcription and without manufacturing approval.
Source location: Museum Plantin-Moretus, PK.OP.21048; Tabula II, Figure 10; CBd-2734
Anguipes with bird and animal-headed figure – print 1657, IV 16
Original image · source evidence
Historical gemstone depiction
Early modern transmission of magical gem images Antwerp; current collection at Museum Plantin-Moretus · 1657 (printing date of the image witness)
One side bears Anguipes with an encircling inscription; the other shows a bird with outspread wings, a snake and an animal-headed figure. The identifications of the bird as an eagle and the head as that of a dog or jackal are marked with question marks in the CBd. The objects held are also not all identified with certainty.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern transmission of magical gem images
Region
Antwerp; current collection at Museum Plantin-Moretus
Date of the evidence
1657 (printing date of the image witness)
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
One side bears Anguipes with an encircling inscription; the other shows a bird with outspread wings, a snake and an animal-headed figure. The identifications of the bird as an eagle and the head as that of a dog or jackal are marked with question marks in the CBd. The objects held are also not all identified with certainty.
Historically recorded use
Antiquarian documentation of an image transmitted as a gem motif. No evidence that this paper sheet itself served as a worn amulet.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Historical printed witness from 1657, recorded in the scholarly gem catalogue as a transmitted drawing. The printing date confirms the historical transmission of the image; it does not independently prove the depicted stone’s age, authenticity or personal use as an amulet. The designation as a gem motif does not attribute a guaranteed effect.
Before designing
Unaltered native museum JPEG in SVG with a documented crop of the complete numbered image group. Related pages remain visible together. No added lines or substitute letters; historical image reference without vector transcription and without manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Historical printed witness of 1657, recorded in the scholarly gem catalogue as a transmitted drawing. The print date confirms the historical transmission of the image; it does not independently prove the age or authenticity of the stone depicted, or its personal use as an amulet. Calling it a gem motif does not attribute a guaranteed effect. Unaltered native museum JPEG embedded in the SVG, with a documented crop of the complete numbered image group. Related pages remain visible together. No added lines or substitute letters; historical image reference without vector transcription and without manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historical printed witness of 1657, recorded in the scholarly gem catalogue as a transmitted drawing. The print date confirms the historical transmission of the image; it does not independently prove the age or authenticity of the stone depicted, or its personal use as an amulet. Calling it a gem motif does not attribute a guaranteed effect. Unaltered native museum JPEG embedded in the SVG, with a documented crop of the complete numbered image group. Related pages remain visible together. No added lines or substitute letters; historical image reference without vector transcription and without manufacturing approval.
Source location: Museum Plantin-Moretus, PK.OP.07413; Tabula IV, Figure 16; CBd-2744
Ancient Egyptian religion Egypt · Specific evidence ca. 1396–1386 BCE; New Kingdom
Loop sign above a T-shaped shaft.
Research draftSource-based vector template
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Ancient Egyptian religion
Region
Egypt
Date of the evidence
Specific evidence ca. 1396–1386 BCE; New Kingdom
Type of evidence
Attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Description
Loop sign above a T-shaped shaft.
Historically recorded use
Hieroglyphic and sacred sign of life.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Met 30.8.29 is a ceremonial object from the tomb of Thutmose IV; this evidence does not prove use as a worn amulet.
Before designing
Check the specific historical variant and object image against a source before using it; do not design a newly combined sigil.
Research draft. Editorially simplified front outline based on the specifically catalogued ceremonial object 30.8.29. Outer contour and visible loop cut-out derived from the museum photograph; surface damage, colour lines and mount have not been added as signs. No claim that this is a worn amulet or a pixel-accurate facsimile of the object. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Vector template: Editorially simplified front outline based on the specifically catalogued ceremonial object 30.8.29. Outer contour and visible loop cut-out derived from the museum photograph; surface damage, colour lines and mount have not been added as signs. No claim that this is a worn amulet or a pixel-accurate facsimile of the object.
Source location: 30.8.29; main photograph, front view
Editorially simplified front outline based on the specifically catalogued ceremonial object 30.8.29. Outer contour and visible loop cut-out derived from the museum photograph; surface damage, colour lines and mount have not been added as signs. No claim that this is a worn amulet or a pixel-accurate facsimile of the object.
Germanic runic script Reference: Gotland · Elder Futhark; check model dating separately
Sign a.
Research draftSource-based vector template
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Germanic runic script
Region
Reference: Gotland
Date of the evidence
Elder Futhark; check model dating separately
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Description
Sign a.
Historically recorded use
Written signs
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Historical letter; the normalised older form of the name is reconstructed. No individual amulet effect is inferred from the name.
Before designing
Unicode shows a normalised letter form. For manufacture, select a specific historical character variant and check it against the find.
Research draft. Normalised editorial letter form ᚨ (U+16A8); hand-set, font-free line geometry, with no use of a font file. Do not present it as a faithful Kylver facsimile or an individually evidenced amulet sign. Names are reconstructed; no individual magical effect is inferred. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Vector template: Normalised editorial letter form ᚨ (U+16A8); hand-set, font-free line geometry, with no use of a font file. Do not present it as a faithful Kylver facsimile or an individually evidenced amulet sign. Names are reconstructed; no individual magical effect is inferred.
Source location: G 88 / Kylver; sequence A I, sign 4; normalised Unicode letter U+16A8
Normalised editorial letter form ᚨ (U+16A8); hand-set, font-free line geometry, with no use of a font file. Do not present it as a faithful Kylver facsimile or an individually evidenced amulet sign. Names are reconstructed; no individual magical effect is inferred.
Niedersächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, RuneS
Source location: Signs 11458–11482; sequence A I
Scholarly names and transliterations; the names are catalogue designations, not recorded explanations of the names in the ancient incision. Kylver places p before ï and d before o.
Anubis at the lion bed of Osiris – Getty 83.AN.437.51
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Roman Imperial period; Egyptian and Mediterranean image-making/magical glyptics Mediterranean region; the precise place of manufacture of this piece is not established · A.D. 100–250
Anubis with a vessel before a lion-shaped bier on which the mummified Osiris lies.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Roman Imperial period; Egyptian and Mediterranean image-making/magical glyptics
Region
Mediterranean region; the precise place of manufacture of this piece is not established
Date of the evidence
A.D. 100–250
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Anubis with a vessel before a lion-shaped bier on which the mummified Osiris lies.
Historically recorded use
The museum identifies a scene with Anubis and the mummified Osiris. The verified description attests to the religious image form, not to a particular personal protective rite.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Included as historical_symbol_only. The associated museum group of magical gems is not evidence of an individual neck pendant, healing purpose or specific original inscription in this capture.
Before designing
Native institutional museum photograph as a historical reference; no invented glyph additions, isolated vector outline or manufacturing approval. The visible photographed side and the reverse documented only in text remain distinct.
Research draft. Included as historical_symbol_only. The associated museum group of magical gems is not evidence for an individual neck pendant, healing purpose or specific original inscription in this photograph. Complete original JPEG bytes; losses of writing and material have not been filled in. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Included as historical_symbol_only. The associated museum group of magical gems is not evidence for an individual neck pendant, healing purpose or specific original inscription in this photograph. Complete original JPEG bytes; losses of writing and material have not been filled in.
Source location: 83.AN.437.51; complete main image view actually photographed
Source location: 83.AN.437.51; JSON-LD: description, date, material and individual CC0 image credit
Current institutional object metadata from byte-identical archived HTML/JSON-LD; native IIIF Max JPEG checked separately against info.json and actual pixel dimensions. No claim of a complete JavaScript page render.
Source location: Specific image/metadata permission additionally checked for each object
The general institutional CC0 rule can be used only together with an individual object/image relation; the failed image retrieval remains visible in the retrieval report.
Ancient Egyptian amulets and historical symbol forms Egypt · c. 2110–2030 BC
Long canid head in profile, with a lateral perforation.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Ancient Egyptian amulets and historical symbol forms
Region
Egypt
Date of the evidence
c. 2110–2030 BC
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Long canid head in profile, with a lateral perforation.
Historically recorded use
Early head amulet, which the catalogue identifies as Anubis.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
A head-only figure, separate from the later standing Anubis faience figure. Colour and wearing condition are not reconstructed from the black-and-white photograph. The numerical range follows the legible catalogue dating; the divergent numerical API values are preserved separately in the evidence record.
Before designing
Unaltered historical museum photograph of the complete surviving head. CC0 raster reference; not a verified manufacturing file. Engraving or casting requires separately verified contour preparation.
Research draft. Unaltered historical museum photograph of the complete surviving head. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Unaltered historical museum photograph of the complete surviving head.
Source location: Met 65.46.7; selected original photograph
Editorially smoothed outline of the surviving Anubis-head amulet Met 65.46.7, based on the specific museum photograph on file. Only the visible outer form and lateral perforation have been carried over; no ears, eye or concealed contours have been added. Surface texture and photographic background omitted. The perforation is a depicted part of the object, not an additional manufacturing instruction. Not a dimensionally accurate object facsimile and not manufacturing approval.
Source location: Met 65.46.7; object 545858; API title, objectDate, medium, geography, images
Directly archived institutional object record for this exact inventory item. Image form also checked visually; named function and attribution only to the extent documented in each case.
Sasanian period; Mesopotamian incantation bowls Mesopotamia · Around the 5th–6th century CE
Ceramic bowl with painted writing on the inside; the historical inscribed surface is preserved as a complete museum view.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Sasanian period; Mesopotamian incantation bowls
Region
Mesopotamia
Date of the evidence
Around the 5th–6th century CE
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Ceramic bowl with painted writing on the inside; the historical inscribed surface is preserved as a complete museum view.
Historically recorded use
The museum identifies a bowl for incantations with an Aramaic inscription. The examined object description does not specify an individual rite, addressee or owner.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Spatial inscription support, not an attested neck pendant. API numeric values 5/5 conflict with the stated 5th–6th-century period and are not treated as calendar years; the raw data are retained in full. No new translation of the damaged inscription.
Before designing
Unaltered complete institutional image; material losses, inscriptions and present-day object condition are retained. No formula added, sigil redrawn or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Spatial text support, not an attested neck pendant. API numerical values 5/5 conflict with the stated 5th–6th-century date range and are not adopted as calendar years; the raw data are stored in full. No new translation of the damaged writing. Complete original JPEG bytes; losses to the writing and material are not supplemented. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Spatial text support, not an attested neck pendant. API numerical values 5/5 conflict with the stated 5th–6th-century date range and are not adopted as calendar years; the raw data are stored in full. No new translation of the damaged writing. Complete original JPEG bytes; losses to the writing and material are not supplemented.
Source location: Object ID 321885; inventory 86.11.259; current individual API retrieval and institutional page text
Current API attribution, inventory number, material, date and specifically linked CC0 images; curatorial statements additionally checked against the institutional web page text. Direct native HTML retrieval returns 429 and is not presented as archived HTML.
Source location: Specific image/metadata permission additionally checked for each object
The general institutional CC0 rule can be used only together with an individual object/image relation; the failed image retrieval remains visible in the retrieval report.
Hebrew names of God in Christian Renaissance Kabbalah Cologne, Germany · Original print 1533
Printed front: circular inscription and four by four Hebrew letters. Printed reverse: Araritha at the centre, with seven dots placed above it and a further circular inscription.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Hebrew names of God in Christian Renaissance Kabbalah
Region
Cologne, Germany
Date of the evidence
Original print 1533
Type of evidence
Textual evidence
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Printed front: circular inscription and four by four Hebrew letters. Printed reverse: Araritha at the centre, with seven dots placed above it and a further circular inscription.
Historically recorded use
Agrippa reports a sign bearing the name of God, described as a protective holy seal, which he attributes to Rabbi Hama and a book of speculation.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The labels Pars anterior and Pars posterior belong to this specific edition. A later, partly different description by Budge does not supersede their attribution. Both sides belong to one motif; they are not duplicated as two profiles.
Before designing
Unchanged historical printed image as a source-based image reference. The SVG contains original JPEG bytes in documented pixel views, with no traced or newly invented glyphs. Not an approved engraving path; manufacture and legibility must be checked separately.
Research draft. The labels Pars anterior and Pars posterior belong to this specific edition. A later, partly different description by Budge does not replace their attribution. Both sides belong to one motif; do not duplicate them as two profiles. Native JPEG bytes unchanged; only documented pixel views, no raster re-encoding or added glyphs. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The labels Pars anterior and Pars posterior belong to this specific edition. A later, partly different description by Budge does not replace their attribution. Both sides belong to one motif; do not duplicate them as two profiles. Native JPEG bytes unchanged; only documented pixel views, no raster re-encoding or added glyphs.
Source location: Liber III, Chapter XI, p. CCXXX Pars anterior on the left and p. CCXXXI Pars posterior on the right; both original circular figures
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa von Nettesheim, De occulta philosophia libri tres, Köln 1533; Stiftung der Werke von C.G. Jung, Zürich / e-rara; DOI 10.3931/e-rara-4309.
Source location: VD16 ZV 269; Liber III, Chapter XI, printed pp. CCXXIX–CCXXXI; DOI 10.3931/e-rara-4309
Original print of 1533 and its completely preserved illustrations. Three distinct print variants; the front and reverse of a sign together each form one entry. No identification with a surviving Jewish metal amulet.
Source location: licence: Public Domain Mark; Canvases 1343445–1343448
The current institutional manifest and title page explain PDM. The unchanged Full/Full-JPEG bytes from the institutional IIIF image server are used; no locally re-encoded raster images.
French early modern grimoire tradition; Traitté des Esprits du petit payzan Reformée French-speaking; place of manufacture unknown; current location London · Mid-18th century; dating of the specific Wellcome manuscript
Two elongated rectangular signs stand side by side, with vertical arms; the left-hand form contains a curved notch. The French Saturn section assigns this expressly named character to a named spirit figure and a ritual instruction. This evidences a historical text of use; no actual effect or worn neck amulet is evidenced.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French early modern grimoire tradition; Traitté des Esprits du petit payzan Reformée
Region
French-speaking; place of manufacture unknown; current location London
Date of the evidence
Mid-18th century; dating of the specific Wellcome manuscript
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Two elongated rectangular signs stand side by side, with vertical arms; the left-hand form contains a curved notch. The French Saturn section assigns this expressly named character to a named spirit figure and a ritual instruction. This evidences a historical text of use; no actual effect or worn neck amulet is evidenced.
Historically recorded use
The French Saturn section assigns this explicitly designated character to a named spirit figure and a ritual prescription. This attests to a historical text on use; an actual effect or a worn neck amulet is not established.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The Araton section begins below the dividing line on p.276 and continues on p.277. Both forms appearing side by side there belong to the explicitly named character. The manuscript spells it Araton; the earlier printed attestation Aratron1575 remains a different variant. Dating of the specific manuscript: mid-18th century. Pseudo-Solomon is a transmitted attribution, not proof of ancient authorship. The new manuscript variant does not replace an earlier printed witness.
Before designing
Unchanged native full-page JPEG embedded in the SVG; only the visible figure area is bounded by the viewport. Paper, colours, show-through writing and existing traces are retained. No outline transcription, added lines or approval for engraving.
Research draft. The Araton section begins below the dividing line on p.276 and continues on p.277. Both forms shown side by side there belong to the explicitly named character. The manuscript spells it Araton; the earlier printed attestation Aratron1575 remains a different variant. Unaltered native full-page JPEG embedded in the SVG; only the visible figure area is bounded by the viewport. Paper, colours, show-through and existing traces are retained. No outline transcription, line completion or engraving approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The Araton section begins below the dividing line on p.276 and continues on p.277. Both forms shown side by side there belong to the explicitly named character. The manuscript spells it Araton; the earlier printed attestation Aratron1575 remains a different variant. Unaltered native full-page JPEG embedded in the SVG; only the visible figure area is bounded by the viewport. Paper, colours, show-through and existing traces are retained. No outline transcription, line completion or engraving approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.4667, Traitté des Esprits du petit payzan Reformée, manuscript p.277; Canvas position 293/465; Araton; Saturn section
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Araton (Aratron-Zeuge) – MS.4667, S.277. Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts; Datierung der konkreten Wellcome-Handschrift. Source: Wellcome Collection. Public Domain Mark.
Source location: MS.4667; second treatise pp.272–295
Institutional text names 21 spirit signatures and dates the specific manuscript to the mid-18th century. It is not a manuscript by the ancient Solomon.
Arbor alchemica with alphabetical key – MS.563,fol.231
Original image · source evidence
Historical alchemical diagram
Latin-Italian alchemical collection manuscript Italian tradition; now Wellcome Collection, London · Manuscript core around 1550; compiled volume with additions up to 1659; API dating 1550–1659?
Brown pen drawing made up of linked circular and framed fields with letters and process names; an alphabetically ordered key on the right. An alchemical mnemonic diagram for substances and process stages, with a letter key and accompanying explanation. No specifically documented amulet use.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Latin-Italian alchemical collection manuscript
Region
Italian tradition; now Wellcome Collection, London
Date of the evidence
Manuscript core around 1550; compiled volume with additions up to 1659; API dating 1550–1659?
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Brown pen drawing made up of linked circular and framed fields with letters and process names; an alphabetically ordered key on the right. An alchemical mnemonic diagram for substances and process stages, with a letter key and accompanying explanation. No specifically documented amulet use.
Historically recorded use
Alchemical mnemonic schema for substances and process steps, with a letter key and accompanying explanation. No specifically evidenced amulet use.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The handwritten folio number 231 and the circular alphabetical diagram match the Arbor alchemica explicitly named by the institution. The explanation on fol.230v begins with the reference, also catalogued, to an arbor composed from alphabetic principles. The tree is treated as a complete figure, including its legend. The catalogue names a 16th-century anonymous compiler for this diagram; later additions are by Giuseppe de Mogliettis. It is not equated with a Kabbalistic Tree of Life, and a date of 1659 for all the folios is not established.
Before designing
Unchanged native full-page JPEG embedded in the SVG; only the visible figure area is bounded by the viewport. Paper, colours, show-through writing and existing traces are retained. No outline transcription, added lines or approval for engraving.
Research draft. The handwritten folio number 231 and the alphabetical circular diagram correspond to the Arbor alchemica explicitly named by the institution. The explanation on fol.230v begins with the also catalogued reference to an arbor composed according to alphabetic principles. The tree is presented as a complete figure together with its legend. Unaltered native full-page JPEG embedded in the SVG; only the visible figure area is bounded by the viewport. The paper, colours, show-through writing and existing marks are retained. No outline transcription, line completion or approval for engraving. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The handwritten folio number 231 and the alphabetical circular diagram correspond to the Arbor alchemica explicitly named by the institution. The explanation on fol.230v begins with the also catalogued reference to an arbor composed according to alphabetic principles. The tree is presented as a complete figure together with its legend. Unaltered native full-page JPEG embedded in the SVG; only the visible figure area is bounded by the viewport. The paper, colours, show-through writing and existing marks are retained. No outline transcription, line completion or approval for engraving.
Source location: Wellcome MS.563,fol.231r;Arbor alchemica with legend;Canvas position 462/487;explanation fol.230v/Canvas 461
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Arbor alchemica mit alphabetischer Legende – MS.563,fol.231. Manuskriptkern um 1550; Sammelband mit Zusätzen bis 1659; API-Datierung 1550–1659?. Source: Wellcome Collection. Public Domain Mark.
Institutional core created around 1550 with additions in 1658/1659; the API period 1550–1659? retains its uncertainty. The tree diagram is attributed to the 16th-century compiler.
Early modern transmission of Greek-Egyptian gem images Antwerp; current collection at Museum Plantin-Moretus · 1657 (printing date of the image witness)
An armoured figure with helmet, spear and oval shield stands in the inner oval. Twelve articulated image fields with zodiac figures surround it. The CBd identifies the centre as Ares.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern transmission of Greek-Egyptian gem images
Region
Antwerp; current collection at Museum Plantin-Moretus
Date of the evidence
1657 (printing date of the image witness)
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
An armoured figure with helmet, spear and oval shield stands in the inner oval. Twelve articulated image fields with zodiac figures surround it. The CBd identifies the centre as Ares.
Historically recorded use
Antiquarian documentation of a figure transmitted as a magical gem. No evidence that this sheet of paper served as a worn amulet.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Historical printed witness from 1657. The CBd records the figure in question as a drawing of a magical gem whose present whereabouts are unknown. The date applies to the print; the age, authenticity and personal use of the depicted stone are not separately confirmed here. Printmaking and a surviving ancient object remain distinct kinds of evidence. The CBd refers to a gem in Bonn possibly made after this model; it is not a securely identical ancient original witness.
Before designing
Unaltered native museum JPEG in SVG, with a documented crop of the complete numbered figure. No added lines or replacement letters; a historical image reference without vector transcription and without manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Historical printed witness from 1657. The CBd records the figure concerned as a drawing of a magical gem whose present whereabouts are unknown. The date applies to the print; the age, authenticity and personal use of the stone depicted are not separately confirmed here. Printmaking and a surviving ancient object remain distinct forms of evidence. The CBd refers to a gem in Bonn possibly made after this model; it is not a securely identified identical ancient original witness. Unchanged native museum JPEG embedded in the SVG with a documented crop of the complete numbered figure. No lines or replacement letters have been added; historical image reference without vector transcription and without manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historical printed witness from 1657. The CBd records the figure concerned as a drawing of a magical gem whose present whereabouts are unknown. The date applies to the print; the age, authenticity and personal use of the stone depicted are not separately confirmed here. Printmaking and a surviving ancient object remain distinct forms of evidence. The CBd refers to a gem in Bonn possibly made after this model; it is not a securely identified identical ancient original witness. Unchanged native museum JPEG embedded in the SVG with a documented crop of the complete numbered figure. No lines or replacement letters have been added; historical image reference without vector transcription and without manufacturing approval.
Source location: Museum Plantin-Moretus, PK.OP.07429; Tabula XX, figure 81; CBd-2838
Printed evidence from 1657 and an associated individual image; PDM individually on the manifest/Canvas, no statement about the age of a missing original stone.
Printed evidence from 1657 and an associated individual image; PDM individually on the manifest/Canvas, no statement about the age of a missing original stone.
Cross, spear, sword, dice and ladder as instruments of the Passion in MS.632.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Late medieval Christianity
Region
England
Date of the evidence
Circa 1500
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Description
Cross, spear, sword, dice and ladder as instruments of the Passion in MS.632.
Historically recorded use
Birth-protection scroll, placed or fastened on the body, with prayers and Passion images.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The object and use on the body are attested; there is no historical evidence for a pendant in the same composition.
Before designing
Check the exact Arma Christi section of MS.632; retain the individual arrangement and do not invent damaged elements.
Research draft. Complete Arma Christi panel spanning multiple individual image frames, from the official composite recto view. Institutional presentation resolution 1338×16887 compared with JP2 canvas 4754×60000; no local raster scaling. Abrasion and paper losses remain visible. Unmodified JPEG bytes; documented SVG viewport only. Raster facsimile, not CNC or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete Arma Christi panel spanning multiple individual image frames, from the official composite recto view. Institutional presentation resolution 1338×16887 compared with JP2 canvas 4754×60000; no local raster scaling. Abrasion and paper losses remain visible. Unmodified JPEG bytes; documented SVG viewport only. Raster facsimile, not CNC or manufacturing approval.
Source location: MS.632; b19695639; composite recto, Arma Christi panel (second figure)
Source location: MS.632; b19695639; composite recto, Arma Christi panel (second figure)
Migrated TEI catalogue and IIIF presentation confirm the same fragile original and PDM. The official manifest JPEG delivered is 1338×16887, JP2 Canvas 4754×60000; the institutional presentation resolution is explicitly documented, with no local scaling.
Arma Christi cross with instruments of the Passion
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Catholic devotional and blessing culture Vienna, Karlsgasse 3; find 1938 · AD 1600–1800 (museum catalogue)
An openwork cross pendant combines a cross plaque, heart and skull with lateral Instruments of the Passion. The loop and chain link are preserved.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Catholic devotional and blessing culture
Region
Vienna, Karlsgasse 3; find 1938
Date of the evidence
AD 1600–1800 (museum catalogue)
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
An openwork cross pendant combines a cross plaque, heart and skull with lateral Instruments of the Passion. The loop and chain link are preserved.
Historically recorded use
Catholic devotional pendant with Christian pictorial and textual motifs. No individual use is recorded.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The museum tentatively interprets individual tools as rods and scourge, and lance and sponge. The uncertain identifications of individual items remain qualified.
Before designing
Unaltered, complete museum photographs of two sides, shown separately. No reconstructed writing, engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. The museum cautiously interprets individual implements as rods and a scourge, and a lance and sponge. The uncertain identifications of individual items remain qualified. Both complete Full-JPEGs supplied by the institution remain unchanged in their native bytes. No local cropping, deskewing or additions. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The museum cautiously interprets individual implements as rods and a scourge, and a lance and sponge. The uncertain identifications of individual items remain qualified. Both complete Full-JPEGs supplied by the institution remain unchanged in their native bytes. No local cropping, deskewing or additions.
Source location: Wien Museum MV 46923; two original photographs
Unbekannt, Anhänger in Form eines Arma-Christi-Kreuzes, 1600–1800, Wien Museum Inv.-Nr. MV 46923, CC BY 4.0, Foto: TimTom, Wien Museum (https://sammlung.wienmuseum.at/objekt/2507623/)
Own concise description of a specific historical object. Date of manufacture, year of discovery and present-day photography remain distinct. Individual CC-BY-4.0 image rights, including the institution’s suggested citation, archived.
Ancient Near Eastern animal, seal and protective forms Mesopotamia; Neo-Assyrian cultural sphere · ca. 8th–7th century BCE
One side shows two winged figures fighting one another; the other shows a seated goddess and a standing figure.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Ancient Near Eastern animal, seal and protective forms
Region
Mesopotamia; Neo-Assyrian cultural sphere
Date of the evidence
ca. 8th–7th century BCE
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
One side shows two winged figures fighting one another; the other shows a seated goddess and a standing figure.
Historically recorded use
Two-sided bronze amulet; the catalogue identifies fighting demons and, on the other side, Ishtar with a worshipper.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Ishtar is the museum's identification. No specific formula, individual owner's identity or specific protective effect is added.
Before designing
Both actual sides shown side by side; the primary image shows the scene identified in the title as the reverse. CC0 raster reference; not a verified manufacturing file. A separately checked outline preparation is required for engraving or casting.
Research draft. Both actual sides side by side; the primary photograph shows the scene identified in the title as the reverse. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Both actual sides side by side; the primary photograph shows the scene identified in the title as the reverse.
Source location: Met 86.11.3; two documented object pages
Source location: Met 86.11.3; object 321627; API title, objectDate, medium, geography, images
Directly archived institutional object record for this exact inventory item. Image form also checked visually; named function and attribution only to the extent documented in each case.
Ancient Near Eastern animal, seal and protective forms Mesopotamia; Nimrud, ancient Kalhu · c. 9th–7th century BC
Stocky hedgehog shape with a short snout and clearly visible lateral perforation.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Ancient Near Eastern animal, seal and protective forms
Region
Mesopotamia; Nimrud, ancient Kalhu
Date of the evidence
c. 9th–7th century BC
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Stocky hedgehog shape with a short snout and clearly visible lateral perforation.
Historically recorded use
Pierced object from Neo-Assyrian Nimrud, described by the museum as a hedgehog amulet.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The older black-and-white photograph documents the form, not the present-day colour rendering of the material identified as lapis lazuli. No universal hedgehog cult is claimed.
Before designing
Complete hedgehog in the SVG viewport of an older original photograph; no colouring or additions. CC0 raster reference; not a verified manufacturing file. A separately checked contour preparation is required for engraving or casting.
Research draft. Complete hedgehog within the SVG viewport of an older original photograph; no colouring or additions. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete hedgehog within the SVG viewport of an older original photograph; no colouring or additions.
Source location: Met 57.27.13; selected original photograph
Source location: Met 57.27.13; Object 324607; API title, objectDate, medium, geography, images
Directly archived institutional object record for this exact inventory item. Image form also checked visually; named function and attribution only to the extent documented in each case.
Assyrian Assyria / Mesopotamia · Approx. 8th century B.C.
Dark, approximately rectangular stone object with crossed incised lines and notched edges. The native museum image measures only 299 × 312 pixels; fine marks are therefore illegible.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Assyrian
Region
Assyria / Mesopotamia
Date of the evidence
Approx. 8th century B.C.
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Dark, approximately rectangular stone object with crossed incised lines and notched edges. The native museum image measures only 299 × 312 pixels; fine marks are therefore illegible.
Historically recorded use
The Met catalogues the small black steatite as an Assyrian amulet. Crossed lines and notches along the edge are visible on the surviving side. The brief object text provides no secure reading of an inscription and no specific protective attribution.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 93.17.126, object 322258. The low native image resolution is explicitly retained. No characters are deciphered, no strokes are added and no manufacturing-ready details are claimed.
Before designing
Complete native museum photograph as a historical reference; damage and present-day photographic elements remain visible. No contour reconstruction, no production approval.
Research draft. Unaltered complete native museum photograph; native low-resolution museum photograph; no upscaling and no invented reading of the writing. Historical reference, not manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Unaltered complete native museum photograph; native low-resolution museum photograph; no upscaling and no invented reading of the writing. Historical reference, not manufacturing approval.
Source location: The Metropolitan Museum of Art; 93.17.126; 322258
The actually read single-object text from the web tool on use and limits of interpretation. A separate ordinary native HTML retrieval returned 429 and is archived only as an error response.
Source location: CC0 for individually designated public-domain images
Freshly read institutional CC0 primary text from the web tool. Individual rights attribution was additionally checked in each archived individual object API record.
Astrological house diagram with twelve fields – MS.110, f.27r
Original image · source evidence
Historical ritual and planetary figure
Early modern English-Latin ritual magic English-Latin manuscript; present-day holding in London · Late 16th century (institutional dating of the manuscript)
A square with an inner quadrilateral and diagonal divisions forms twelve numbered fields. Angles, cadent houses and other house types are labelled in handwriting. The accompanying text discusses horoscope, zodiac signs and planets. The diagram is evidence of an astrological form, not evidence of a worn amulet.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern English-Latin ritual magic
Region
English-Latin manuscript; present-day holding in London
Date of the evidence
Late 16th century (institutional dating of the manuscript)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A square with an inner quadrilateral and diagonal divisions forms twelve numbered fields. Angles, cadent houses and other house types are labelled in handwriting. The accompanying text discusses horoscope, zodiac signs and planets. The diagram is evidence of an astrological form, not evidence of a worn amulet.
Historically recorded use
The accompanying text discusses horoscopes, zodiac signs and planets. The diagram is evidence of an astrological format, not proof of a worn amulet.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Specific manuscript witness MS.110, institutionally dated to the late 16th century. Pseudo-Bacon and Pseudo-Solomon are attributions, not securely established medieval authorship. The modern blue folio numbers are distinguished from the age of the text; verso references follow the adjacent visible recto foliation and the IIIF page sequence. Irregular lines, show-through, losses and original variations in the signs are retained. The complete selected group is a component of this one copy and not a new abstract type of tradition.
Before designing
Unaltered native full-page JPEG within the SVG; only the documented viewport selects the complete historical figure. No added lines, modern replacement glyphs, raster conversion, vector transcription or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Specific manuscript witness MS.110, institutionally dated to the late 16th century. Pseudo-Bacon and Pseudo-Solomon are attributions, not securely established medieval authorship. The modern blue folio numbers are distinguished from the age of the text; verso references follow the adjacent visible recto foliation and the IIIF page sequence. Irregular lines, show-through, losses and original variations in the signs are retained. The complete selected group is a component of this one copy, not a new abstract type of tradition. Unaltered native full-page JPEG in the SVG; only the documented viewport selects the complete historical figure. No added lines, modern substitute glyphs, raster conversion, vector transcription or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Specific manuscript witness MS.110, institutionally dated to the late 16th century. Pseudo-Bacon and Pseudo-Solomon are attributions, not securely established medieval authorship. The modern blue folio numbers are distinguished from the age of the text; verso references follow the adjacent visible recto foliation and the IIIF page sequence. Irregular lines, show-through, losses and original variations in the signs are retained. The complete selected group is a component of this one copy, not a new abstract type of tradition. Unaltered native full-page JPEG in the SVG; only the documented viewport selects the complete historical figure. No added lines, modern substitute glyphs, raster conversion, vector transcription or manufacturing approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.110, f.27r; canvas position 67/256; astrological house diagram with twelve fields
Source location: MS.110; current API p8bhyjys; old ID afsfdgzh (HTTP 410)
Dating and exact Digital Location. Roger Bacon is a pseudo-author attribution; the present binding, early 19th century, is not the date of the writing. Rights: Individual Digital Location links b18937135 with PDM.
Source location: 256 Canvases; historical folio numbers in the image
Images, sequence, dimensions and institutional descriptions of the five component texts. Folios 36–38 incorrectly bound according to the catalogue. Rights: the specific digital surrogate as a whole carries the Public Domain Mark; no transfer of rights from other images.
Unaltered complete institutional JPEG page; historical individual sign located by visible evidence. Rights: PDM for the exactly corresponding IIIF digital surrogate b18937135.
Astronomical nota with concentric rings and a long character – Clm 30010, f.15r
Original image · source evidence
Historical knowledge-ritual figure
Latin Ars notoria tradition in the broader sense; BSB catalogue title Place of manufacture unknown; current collection in Munich · 14th century; dating of the specific parchment codex, not an exact year of 1301
Numerous red concentric rings are arranged above a large text circle; small circles at the side complement the group on the left. On the right are a tall curved form with a heart-like inner sign and a long, multiply segmented staff-like figure. The heading on the left mentions astronomy. All figures preserved together on this sheet are treated as one ensemble; the drawing on the right is not interpreted as a weapon, planet or deity without secure textual evidence. Historical practice associated prayers and contemplation of such figures with the pursuit of knowledge. No actual effect or surviving worn amulet is evidenced.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Latin Ars notoria tradition in the broader sense; BSB catalogue title
Region
Place of manufacture unknown; current collection in Munich
Date of the evidence
14th century; dating of the specific parchment codex, not an exact year of 1301
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Numerous red concentric rings are arranged above a large text circle; small circles at the side complement the group on the left. On the right are a tall curved form with a heart-like inner sign and a long, multiply segmented staff-like figure. The heading on the left mentions astronomy. All figures preserved together on this sheet are treated as one ensemble; the drawing on the right is not interpreted as a weapon, planet or deity without secure textual evidence. Historical practice associated prayers and contemplation of such figures with the pursuit of knowledge. No actual effect or surviving worn amulet is evidenced.
Historically recorded use
The left-hand heading mentions astronomy. All figures preserved together on this leaf are treated as one ensemble; the drawing on the right is not interpreted as a weapon, planet or deity without secure textual evidence. Historical practice associated prayers and contemplation of such figures with the pursuit of knowledge. No actual effect or surviving worn amulet is evidenced.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
A specific Latin parchment codex of the 14th century, now Clm 30010; catalogue title Ars notoria. The BSB identifies depictions of the Artes liberales except music, together with magical prayers and explanatory text on f.15v–16r. No narrower textual recension or historical author is specified here. The modern navigation metadata and MARC data contain 1301 as a technical value, whereas the visible catalogue dating gives only 14th century; therefore no exact year is stated. Seven localised figure/sign ensembles from the same copy are source variants, not seven new traditions.
Before designing
Unaltered native full-page JPEG bytes from the institutional IIIF service are embedded in the SVG. Only the SVG viewport limits the visible area of the leaf. This is the supplied JPEG presentation, not a verified TIFF master. Faint writing, irregular geometry and existing ageing are retained. No raster repair, line completion, outline transcription or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. A specific 14th-century Latin parchment codex, now Clm 30010; catalogue title Ars notoria. The BSB names depictions of the Artes liberales except music, with magical prayers and explanatory text on f.15v–16r. No narrower textual recension or historical author is specified here. The modern navigation metadata and MARC data contain 1301 as a technical value, whereas the visible catalogue dating gives only 14th century; therefore no exact year is given. Seven localised figure/sign ensembles from the same copy are source variants, not seven new traditions. Unaltered native full-page JPEG bytes from the institutional IIIF service are embedded in the SVG. Only the SVG viewport limits the visible page area. This is the supplied JPEG presentation, not a verified TIFF master. Faint writing, irregular geometry and existing ageing are retained. No raster repair, line additions, outline transcription or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: A specific 14th-century Latin parchment codex, now Clm 30010; catalogue title Ars notoria. The BSB names depictions of the Artes liberales except music, with magical prayers and explanatory text on f.15v–16r. No narrower textual recension or historical author is specified here. The modern navigation metadata and MARC data contain 1301 as a technical value, whereas the visible catalogue dating gives only 14th century; therefore no exact year is given. Seven localised figure/sign ensembles from the same copy are source variants, not seven new traditions. Unaltered native full-page JPEG bytes from the institutional IIIF service are embedded in the SVG. Only the SVG viewport limits the visible page area. This is the supplied JPEG presentation, not a verified TIFF master. Faint writing, irregular geometry and existing ageing are retained. No raster repair, line additions, outline transcription or manufacturing approval.
Source location: Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Clm 30010, catalogue title Ars notoria; folio 15r; canvas position 35/53, institutional canvas label (0035); image bsb00137282_00035. Folio numbering follows visible recto numerals and the folio sequence; the IIIF label itself gives only the image position.
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Astronomie-Nota mit konzentrischen Ringen und langem Charakter – Clm 30010, f.15r. Clm 30010, 14. Jahrhundert. München, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek. Public Domain Mark; moderne Metadaten separat CC0.
Source location: BV035952023; BSB 991019740539707356; MARC 264/300/500/990
The written-out dating of the 14th century remains authoritative; the technical figure 1301 is not adopted as the exact year of creation. Formerly in the Phillipps Collection; modern half-leather binding.
Additional explicit CC0 evidence for catalogue metadata. The individual PDM declaration for the specific digitisation remains the separate basis for the image.
Head in profile wearing a tall helmet in a reddish-brown tone. Breaks and flattened areas on the small seal surface have not been evened out.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Roman
Region
Roman Empire
Date of the evidence
1st–2nd century AD
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Head in profile wearing a tall helmet in a reddish-brown tone. Breaks and flattened areas on the small seal surface have not been evened out.
Historically recorded use
The Getty describes a clay impression made from a convex gem, bearing Athena’s head and a Corinthian helmet. It is historical evidence for a symbol used in sealing practice; the specific piece is not an evidenced neck pendant.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 83.AN.437.63. The photograph shows the ancient impression, not the lost or unattributed convex gem. No retrospective completion of the outline.
Before designing
Native museum photograph as a historical reference; damage, writing and present-day photographic condition unaltered. No manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete native JPEG capture without cropping, resampling, retouching or added glyphs. Head in profile wearing a high helmet, in a reddish-brown tone. Breaks and flattened areas on the small seal surface are not smoothed out. Not approved for manufacture. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete native JPEG capture without cropping, resampling, retouching or added glyphs. Head in profile wearing a high helmet, in a reddish-brown tone. Breaks and flattened areas on the small seal surface are not smoothed out. Not approved for manufacture.
Source location: 83.AN.437.63; complete assigned museum photograph
Eye-like circular forms – Iranian alabaster amulet
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Iran; early amulet forms Iran · Around 3000 BC
Broad form in gypsum alabaster with two striking circular, eye-like depressions and lateral lobes.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Iran; early amulet forms
Region
Iran
Date of the evidence
Around 3000 BC
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Broad form in gypsum alabaster with two striking circular, eye-like depressions and lateral lobes.
Historically recorded use
Listed as an amulet in the institutional catalogue; specific ritual purpose and identification of the deity remain unknown.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Eye-like describes only the visible appearance. No claim that it is an eye idol, owl, double head or protection against the evil eye is made without further evidence.
Before designing
Native institutional object image as a historical image reference; no isolated vector glyph, added inscription or manufacturing approval. The photograph and original form remain separate from later engraving outlines.
Research draft. Eye-like describes only the visible appearance. No identity as an eye idol, owl, double head or protection against the evil eye is claimed without further evidence. Original JPEGs are embedded byte for byte; no lettering or lines have been added. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Eye-like describes only the visible appearance. No identity as an eye idol, owl, double head or protection against the evil eye is claimed without further evidence. Original JPEGs are embedded byte for byte; no lettering or lines have been added.
Source location: Met 54.20.2; complete selected original view
Title, inventory number, material and dating are checked individually; cultural-historical use is included only to the extent stated in the object description. The linked web text snapshots document the independent, current review of the object pages.
Buddhist visual tradition Swat Valley / present-day Pakistan · 7th century
Seated bronze figure with one leg hanging down, one hand raised and a large lotus beside the shoulder. A small Buddha figure stands on the head; the stepped base bears lotus forms.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Buddhist visual tradition
Region
Swat Valley / present-day Pakistan
Date of the evidence
7th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Seated bronze figure with one leg hanging down, one hand raised and a large lotus beside the shoulder. A small Buddha figure stands on the head; the stepped base bears lotus forms.
Historically recorded use
The bronze figure depicts Avalokiteśvara as the lotus-bearing Padmapāṇi, a historical embodiment of Buddhist compassion. It is a religious iconographic witness. No personal protective use or wearing of the 22.2 cm-high figure on the body is evidenced.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 1974.273, Met object 39346. Padmapāṇi and the small Amitābha figure are identified by the museum. The gesture is cautiously described as contemplative; no independent ritual instruction or effect is added on that basis.
Before designing
Unchanged complete native museum image; no reconstruction of damaged details. No manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete native museum photograph, with no raster transformation or reconstruction of old forms. Historical religious image evidence; not approved for manufacture. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete native museum photograph, with no raster transformation or reconstruction of old forms. Historical religious image evidence; not approved for manufacture.
Source location: The Metropolitan Museum of Art; 1974.273; complete selected individual photograph
Avalokiteśvara prayer sheet from Dunhuang – ROM 927.24 (947)
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Buddhist devotional and dedicatory prints Dunhuang, China; Mogao Cave 17 · AD 947
Standing Avalokiteśvara on a lotus form, framed by Chinese inscriptions; below it, the foundation and dating text. Surviving full format on irregular paper.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Buddhist devotional and dedicatory prints
Region
Dunhuang, China; Mogao Cave 17
Date of the evidence
AD 947
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Standing Avalokiteśvara on a lotus form, framed by Chinese inscriptions; below it, the foundation and dating text. Surviving full format on irregular paper.
Historically recorded use
Cao Yuanzhong’s printed devotional and dedication sheet, with regional wishes for peace and well-being. Visible holes document its use for display.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Ch.00185.a, formerly BM 1919,0101,0.241, ROM 927.24 since 1927. The object transfer and 947 are evidenced by the museum; the more recent original study AV14 confirms the complete full format and suspension holes. No wearing method or individual protective effect has been invented retrospectively.
Before designing
Unaltered historical photograph from Serindia IV, plate CIII, in a crop for exactly Ch.00185.a. Paper tears, holes, stains and text are retained; the modern photographic print of the ROM is not used. The plate designation above the sheet is not sacred text.
Research draft. Unaltered historical photograph from Serindia IV, plate CIII, cropped specifically for Ch.00185.a. Paper tears, holes, stains and text are retained; the ROM’s modern photographic print is not used. The plate designation above the sheet is not a sacred text. Original JPEG embedded unchanged and in full; only the SVG viewport is set. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Unaltered historical photograph from Serindia IV, plate CIII, cropped specifically for Ch.00185.a. Paper tears, holes, stains and text are retained; the ROM’s modern photographic print is not used. The plate designation above the sheet is not a sacred text. Original JPEG embedded unchanged and in full; only the SVG viewport is set.
Source location: ROM 927.24 = Ch.00185.a; Serindia IV (1921), Plate CIII bottom left
Source location: 1919,0101,0.241 = Ch.00185.a; to ROM in 1927, inventory 927.24; Stein 1921 p.974, pl.CIII
The official museum page names the transfer to Toronto and the date 947. The historical image is unambiguously identified through Ch.00185.a. The modern ROM photograph is not copied; its object page displays an access check on direct retrieval.
Search index evidence – complete source page not yet checked · Checked on:
Source location: DOI 10.15460/mc.2024.24.1.3; Appendix AV14: ROM 927.24 = Ch.00185.a; Fig.1b; Introduction
Original publication read directly as a PDF. AV14 confirms the current inventory, complete full-format image, 46×32 cm and visible suspension holes. The article classifies Cao Yuanzhong’s printing commission of 947 as devotional and votive objects. Modern article/ROM photographs are not used as image assets.
Aurel Stein; Oxford / Clarendon Press, 1921; Scan Internet Archive
Source location: Plate CIII; Ch.00186 top right; Ch.00185.a bottom left; digital sheet 108 (JP2 0108)
Both individual pieces are labelled on the plate and identified through current object and research evidence. The date 947 explicitly belongs to Ch.00185.a; it is not transferred to the altar plan Ch.00186. Only these two fully depicted pieces are included, not the cropped upper-left section of the scroll.
Internet Archive; historischer Primärdruck Oxford / Clarendon Press
Source location: Identifier Serindia4Plates; metadata.date=1921; metadata.licenseurl=Public Domain Mark 1.0
The specific freely accessible scan is marked Public Domain in the archive. This is a rights statement by the community uploader, not an open-access release of present-day museum photographs. Unaltered images of the plates printed in 1921 are used; Aurel Stein (1862–1943). The separate NII/Toyo-Bunko scan with restrictive conditions is not used.
Ancient Egyptian religion Egypt · Evidence 664–332 BC; Late Period
Bird with a human head and outstretched wings.
Research draftSource-based vector template
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Ancient Egyptian religion
Region
Egypt
Date of the evidence
Evidence 664–332 BC; Late Period
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Description
Bird with a human head and outstretched wings.
Historically recorded use
Placed on the chest area of a mummy, probably as a protective substitute for its own ba.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Met 13.184 is made of gold and stone inlays; its proposed substitute function remains explicitly a conjecture.
Before designing
Check the specific historical variant and object image against a source before using it; do not design a newly combined sigil.
Research draft. Outline and selected main feather boundaries of the specific pendant 13.184, taken from the flat museum image. Head, wings and tail remain in their documented arrangement. Facial features not visible in this view and small cell/feather details not fully traced are not added; the graphic is a simplified view of the object, not a generic invented bird sigil. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Vector template: Outline and selected main feather boundaries of the specific pendant 13.184, taken from the flat museum image. Head, wings and tail remain in their documented arrangement. Facial features not visible in this view and small cell/feather details not fully traced are not added; the graphic is a simplified view of the object, not a generic invented bird sigil.
Source location: 13.184; flat principal museum photograph with wings outstretched; no facial features discernible here on the head
Outline and selected main feather boundaries of the specific pendant 13.184, taken from the flat museum image. Head, wings and tail remain in their documented arrangement. Facial features not visible in this view and small cell/feather details not fully traced are not added; the graphic is a simplified view of the object, not a generic invented bird sigil.
Current Met loan 901356 and SLAM 17:2005/43382 can be linked through the lender’s explicit identification, Kresko provenance and identical measurements. The Met JPEG actually inspected, 444×600, is restricted; the SLAM PDM object page returns 403 and offers no original file. The Met elixir vessel and the SLAM ritual measure, with different time spans, are retained. Do not add concealed trigrams.
Trigrams
Daoism China · 17th–18th century
Eight trigrams encircle the edge; a constellation pattern is on the body.
Research draftSpecific model required
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Daoism
Region
China
Date of the evidence
17th–18th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Eight trigrams encircle the edge; a constellation pattern is on the body.
Historically recorded use
Vessel for preparing elixirs in a Daoist ritual context.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Met 901356 currently explicitly identifies it as a loan from the Saint Louis Art Museum from the Kresko gift, and gives dimensions identical to SLAM 17:2005/43382. Institutional interpretations differ: Met, an elixir vessel, 17th–18th century; SLAM, a ritual measure, 16th–18th century. No claim is made that it was a worn neck amulet. Met photograph restricted; no general SLAM policy is applied to this image file.
Before designing
Current Met loan 901356 and SLAM 17:2005/43382 can be linked through the lender’s explicit identification, Kresko provenance and identical measurements. The Met JPEG actually inspected, 444×600, is restricted; the SLAM PDM object page returns 403 and offers no original file. The Met elixir vessel and the SLAM ritual measure, with different time spans, are retained. Do not add concealed trigrams.
Research draft. Current Met loan 901356 and SLAM 17:2005/43382 can be linked through the lender’s explicit identification, Kresko provenance and identical measurements. The Met JPEG actually inspected, 444×600, is restricted; the SLAM PDM object page returns 403 and offers no original file. The Met elixir vessel and the SLAM ritual measure, with different time spans, are retained. Do not add concealed trigrams. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Source location: Object 43382 / 17:2005; Gift of Robert E. Kresko
Official search-index version: 16th–18th century, Rights Public Domain; interpreted as a ritual measure for the Queen of Heaven, differing from the Met elixir-vessel context. Full-page retrieval returned 403; image file not yet obtained. Match with the Met loan based on dimensions, material and donor; no independent image-identity clearance.
Search index evidence – complete source page not yet checked · Checked on:
Source location: 901356; loan from Saint Louis Art Museum, Gift of Robert E. Kresko; 29.2×24.4 cm
Current full page text and visible native front JPEG 444×600 checked. The same vessel is now linked to SLAM 17:2005/43382 through its lender and measurements. The Met image is restricted; it is not released as Open Access. The Met gives the date as 17th–18th century and describes it as an elixir vessel; SLAM gives 16th–18th century and describes it as a ritual measure. Both readings are explicitly retained.
Source location: Image Requests section; direct downloads of the public-domain images via Collection Search
Institutional policy actually read in full. It permits public image downloads that are offered, but does not prove that the photo restricted at the Met is such a freely offered SLAM file. Object page 43382 returns 403; no third-party photo is presented as an original SLAM download.
Bagua on the Jiazhong ritual bell of 1715 (Met 17.190.2056)
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Chinese imperial ritual music and trigram symbolism China · 1715, Kangxi period of the Qing dynasty
Gilt bell with a double-dragon suspension, raised trigram bands and vertical inscription panels. Three native photographs show different sides, including the name and date panel.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Chinese imperial ritual music and trigram symbolism
Region
China
Date of the evidence
1715, Kangxi period of the Qing dynasty
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Gilt bell with a double-dragon suspension, raised trigram bands and vertical inscription panels. Three native photographs show different sides, including the name and date panel.
Historically recorded use
According to the museum, the bell belongs to imperial ceremonial music after Kangxi’s reform of 1713. Its reliefs use the eight trigrams. This is a dated Bagua object reference, with no claimed individual protective or amulet function.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The photographs show side views, not an unrolled circumferential map or a rearranged Bagua sequence. The writing is not independently transcribed. This inventory does not replace the older, still unresolved image evidence for the Bagua vessel.
Before designing
Unaltered native museum photographs as reference; no sign reconstruction, no engraving-ready outline.
Research draft. Gilt bell with a double-dragon suspension, raised trigram bands and vertical inscription panels. Three native photographs show different sides, including the name and date panel. The photographs show views of the sides, not an unrolled all-round map or a rearranged Bagua sequence. The writing is not transcribed independently. This inventory does not replace the older, still open image evidence for the Bagua vessel. Native raster files unchanged; no manufacturing outlines. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Gilt bell with a double-dragon suspension, raised trigram bands and vertical inscription panels. Three native photographs show different sides, including the name and date panel. The photographs show views of the sides, not an unrolled all-round map or a rearranged Bagua sequence. The writing is not transcribed independently. This inventory does not replace the older, still open image evidence for the Bagua vessel. Native raster files unchanged; no manufacturing outlines.
Source location: 17.190.2056; 3 complete native museum photograph(s)
Baijiasuo – protective lock with a wish for long life
The gallery guide dates the specific Chang-ming-fu-gui lock to 1700–1800, without an unambiguously associated inventory number. Other BM locks from the 19th century that have been found are not evidence for the guide’s object; no matching freely available image or clearly visible old outline has been found.
Historical protective pendant
Chinese good-luck amulets China · 1700–1800
Chang ming fu gui: wish for long life, prosperity and honour.
Research draftSpecific model required
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Chinese good-luck amulets
Region
China
Date of the evidence
1700–1800
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Description
Chang ming fu gui: wish for long life, prosperity and honour.
Historically recorded use
Lock-shaped pendant for the protection of children and good luck.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Exhibited objects dated; exact individual number still to be added.
Before designing
The gallery guide dates the specific Chang-ming-fu-gui lock to 1700–1800, without an unambiguously associated inventory number. Other BM locks from the 19th century that have been found are not evidence for the guide’s object; no matching freely available image or clearly visible old outline has been found.
Research draft. The gallery guide dates the specific Chang-ming-fu-gui lock to 1700–1800, without an unambiguously associated inventory number. Other BM locks from the 19th century that have been found are not evidence for the guide’s object; no matching freely available image or clearly visible old outline has been found. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Tiered green canopy with hangings and coloured side bands. A separate lotus base and parts of the connecting tendrils remain visible in the localised image window.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Buddhist visual tradition
Region
China
Date of the evidence
18th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Tiered green canopy with hangings and coloured side bands. A separate lotus base and parts of the connecting tendrils remain visible in the localised image window.
Historically recorded use
Religious good-luck sign on a sutra cover; no documented use of this textile image detail as a worn amulet.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 2012.559, Met object 78284. The museum and surviving photograph identify this component as one of the eight Buddhist auspicious symbols. Only the named textile component is shown; no universal modern symbol form is supplied, and the image gap at Seattle, attested elsewhere, is not filled.
Before designing
Unaltered native museum photograph with an exactly documented image window.
Research draft. Named image section of the sutra cover, with lotus base and partially cropped surrounding decoration; the complete JPEG witness is embedded unaltered. No character reconstruction and no manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Named image section of the sutra cover, with lotus base and partially cropped surrounding decoration; the complete JPEG witness is embedded unaltered. No character reconstruction and no manufacturing approval.
Source location: The Metropolitan Museum of Art; 2012.559; sutra cover 2012.559; central sign 7 from the left; sutra-canopy
Source location: CC0 for individually designated public-domain collection images
Institutional CC0 policy read in the web tool on 10 October. The direct native website response was HTTP429 and is not treated as text of a rights notice that was read.
Canopy and Dharma wheel as a jointly composed pair above a lotus flower; the context of the textile ornamentation is retained.
Historically recorded use
Buddhist auspicious signs in the brocade of an imperial textile workshop.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The museum text identifies exactly four pairs of signs on this example. Historical evidence of a symbol; no evidence of an individually worn amulet. The pair is a component of the textile already recorded and not a new basic motif or a new museum object.
Before designing
Named historical pair of motifs, canopy and Dharma wheel, on Met 2001.471. Unaltered original JPEG bytes; limited image crop with the textile ground retained. The two interlaced components are shown together; no claim is made that they are fully isolated individual signs or Seattle inventory objects. No documented amulet use and no manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Named historical pair of motifs, canopy and Dharma wheel, on Met 2001.471. Unaltered original JPEG bytes; limited image crop with the textile ground retained. The two interlaced components are shown together; no claim is made that they are fully isolated individual signs or Seattle inventory objects. No documented amulet use and no manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Named historical pair of motifs, canopy and Dharma wheel, on Met 2001.471. Unaltered original JPEG bytes; limited image crop with the textile ground retained. The two interlaced components are shown together; no claim is made that they are fully isolated individual signs or Seattle inventory objects. No documented amulet use and no manufacturing approval.
Source location: Met 2001.471 /62477; DP158225; canopy and Dharma wheel in the textile
Source location: 2001.471 / Object62477; original photograph DP158225; object description and APIisPublicDomain=true
Independent Chinese object from the 15th century. The museum text names the eight characters in four pairs; the original image and the specific API CC0 release have been visually and institutionally checked.
SAM 33.124.8 (canopy): A targeted current inventory search for 33.124.8 found no new individual museum image link; the existing identification remains an older catalogue reference. Current museum policy requires publication permission; there is no individual PDM/CC0/CC-BY(SA) release. No exact image was actually viewed in this round; no vector outline of this textile has been invented.
Buddhist auspicious signs
Buddhism China · 17th century
Inventory 33.124.8: canopy.
Research draftSpecific model required
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Buddhism
Region
China
Date of the evidence
17th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Individually inventoried; wearing is not evidenced.
Before designing
SAM 33.124.8 (canopy): A targeted current inventory search for 33.124.8 found no new individual museum image link; the existing identification remains an older catalogue reference. Current museum policy requires publication permission; there is no individual PDM/CC0/CC-BY(SA) release. No exact image was actually viewed in this round; no vector outline of this textile has been invented.
Research draft. SAM 33.124.8 (canopy): A targeted current inventory search for 33.124.8 found no new individual museum image link; the existing identification remains an older catalogue reference. Current museum policy requires publication permission; there is no individual PDM/CC0/CC-BY(SA) release. No exact image was actually viewed in this round; no vector outline of this textile has been invented. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Source location: Image rights; Available photography; Terms; Copyright restrictions
The current museum policy does not provide general open image permission. Publication and reproduction require written permission; low-resolution images for research do not permit publication. Therefore the eight specific textiles 33.124.1–8 remain without publishable images and are not replaced by other ensembles.
Search index evidence – complete source page not yet checked · Checked on:
Source location: Fair use is permitted; Commercial use is prohibited without prior written consent
The museum explicitly distinguishes personal research and non-commercial viewing from use without the relevant permission. No CC0/Public Domain image licence for the product database is inferred from this.
Search index evidence – complete source page not yet checked · Checked on:
Current indexed policy text read; direct retrieval returned 403 or timed out. A personal research view does not constitute open commercial reproduction permission. Specific image permission remains individually unresolved for each inventory number from 33.124.1 to .8.
Search index evidence – complete source page not yet checked · Checked on:
Source location: Reproduction, permission and commercial use
Current indexed text read; direct retrieval returned 403 or timed out. No PDM/CC0/CC-BY(SA) licence for individual images was found, and no permission was requested. No general modern graphic of the Eight Auspicious Symbols used as a substitute.
Search index evidence – complete source page not yet checked · Checked on:
The text names Bariel and attributes honour and possession to him.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The statement of purpose is a historical attribution. The German short name is editorial; it is not a claim of efficacy.
Before designing
Check the source drawing and inscription in full before creating a motif drawing; an image link is not a finished engraving template.
Research draft. Visually checked single-figure detail from the historical original. Raster facsimile in an SVG viewport; original JPEG embedded unchanged. Paper/parchment, printing irregularities and show-through are retained. No engraving-ready vector paths; manufacturing requires separately checked vectorisation. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Visually checked single-figure detail from the historical original. Raster facsimile in an SVG viewport; original JPEG embedded unchanged. Paper/parchment, printing irregularities and show-through are retained. No engraving-ready vector paths; manufacturing requires separately checked vectorisation.
Source location: Second numbered pentacle section, manuscript p.11; IIIF Canvas position 182, image 0193
Source location: Work hwqdep8w; MS. 4659; La Clavicule…; mid-18th century; French
Institutional catalogue: French manuscript from the mid-18th century, with numerous pentacles, sigils and inserted parchment leaves. The claim of a translation from Hebrew belongs to the work’s title and is not adopted as a proven source text. Place of manufacture unknown. Twelve selected drawings from the second numbered pentacle section have been individually located visually; statements of purpose are historical attributions made by the manuscript.
Institutional manifest obtained directly; twelve complete, distinguishable drawings viewed in the browser. Page 15 was initially obscured by the loose slip; the complete image is in Canvas 189/Image 0200. Canvas here is a 1-based image position. Page 21 was set aside because its internal drawing is faded/unclear. The German titles are descriptive catalogue labels, not asserted traditional proper names.
Ancient Egyptian amulets and historical symbol forms Egypt; Meir, tomb of Hapiankhtifi, mummy find · c. 1981–1802 BC
Small wooden form with a broad upper outline and surviving traces of gold leaf.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Ancient Egyptian amulets and historical symbol forms
Region
Egypt; Meir, tomb of Hapiankhtifi, mummy find
Date of the evidence
c. 1981–1802 BC
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Small wooden form with a broad upper outline and surviving traces of gold leaf.
Historically recorded use
Gilded wooden amulet from the mummy context of Hapiankhtifi documented in the catalogue.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Bat is the proper-name wording in the museum title and is not translated as the English word for a flying mammal. The damaged condition does not allow free reconstruction. The numerical range follows the legible catalogue dating; the differing numerical API values are preserved separately in the evidence record.
Before designing
The surviving wood and gold surface is unchanged; no idealised facial outline has been added. CC0 raster reference; not a verified manufacturing file. A separately verified outline preparation is required for engraving or casting.
Research draft. The surviving wood and gold surface is unchanged; no idealised facial contour has been added. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The surviving wood and gold surface is unchanged; no idealised facial contour has been added.
Source location: Met 12.183.22; selected original image
Source location: Met 12.183.22; object 546297; API title, objectDate, medium, geography, images
Directly archived institutional object record for this exact inventory item. Image form also checked visually; named function and attribution only to the extent documented in each case.
German-language alchemy and Christian theosophy German-speaking area of transmission; place of origin not established · c. 1735? (catalogue dating)
Tree with fruit, snake, figures and side panels of signs.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
German-language alchemy and Christian theosophy
Region
German-speaking area of transmission; place of origin not established
Date of the evidence
c. 1735? (catalogue dating)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Tree with fruit, snake, figures and side panels of signs.
Historically recorded use
Symbolic illustration in an alchemical-theosophical manuscript.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Specific handwritten page of MS.2492. The date around 1735 is inferred and is not presented as an exactly established year. Thematic parallels with later Rosicrucian panels do not prove an identical image version.
Before designing
Complete original view of handwritten p. 3, with context and surviving labels. No translation of hard-to-read letters, no added idealised geometry. Historical image symbolism, not evidence of a worn amulet; raster facsimile without manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete original view of handwritten p. 3, with context and surviving labels. No translation of hard-to-read letters, no added idealised geometry. Historical image symbolism, not evidence of a worn amulet; raster facsimile without manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete original view of handwritten p. 3, with context and surviving labels. No translation of hard-to-read letters, no added idealised geometry. Historical image symbolism, not evidence of a worn amulet; raster facsimile without manufacturing approval.
Source location: MS.2492, p. 3; b19294578_0007.jp2; native 3886×5805
Source location: MS.2492; dating 1735?; description and digitised copy b19294578
Historical German-language alchemical-theosophical pictorial witness. The date of around 1735 is a catalogue estimate; it is not recorded as an amulet proven to have been worn.
Source location: MS.2492, handwritten p. 3; Canvas index 6, image 7; unaltered JPEG view at native dimensions
Primary digital image witness of the named page; the IIIF manifest b19294578 is explicitly marked Public Domain Mark. Modern letterforms and additions are absent.
Leg-and-foot amulet in carnelian – Chicago 1894.861
Original image · source evidence
Body motif
Egyptian Egypt · Late Old Kingdom to First Intermediate Period, c. 2494–2055 BC
Orange-coloured carnelian in the form of a single leg with a bent foot and a round perforation at the top. The photograph shows the object in its entirety.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Egyptian
Region
Egypt
Date of the evidence
Late Old Kingdom to First Intermediate Period, c. 2494–2055 BC
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Orange-coloured carnelian in the form of a single leg with a bent foot and a round perforation at the top. The photograph shows the object in its entirety.
Historically recorded use
The museum text links leg-and-foot amulets with the contemporary belief in mobility in the afterlife and mentions corresponding finds on mummy ankles.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The general finding about this amulet type is not a documented findspot for this example. No medical healing effect is claimed. The object, inventory, material and dating are tied to the archived API record.
Before designing
Actually observed: long leg, clearly projecting foot and round perforation near the upper end. Unaltered institutional JPEG presentation image in the complete image view; not an isolated engraving outline and not manufacturing approval.
Research draft. The general evidence concerning the amulet type is not a documented findspot for this example. No medical healing effect is claimed. Complete institutional presentation image, 1686 pixels wide; larger IIIF master dimensions of 2129×3000 documented separately. No local scaling or re-encoding of the embedded JPEG bytes. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The general evidence concerning the amulet type is not a documented findspot for this example. No medical healing effect is claimed. Complete institutional presentation image, 1686 pixels wide; larger IIIF master dimensions of 2129×3000 documented separately. No local scaling or re-encoding of the embedded JPEG bytes.
Source location: Inventory 1894.861; institutional main view 91de3c6b-9c19-aeb0-0830-1aab2b928793
Art Institute of Chicago. Amulet of a Leg and Foot, Late Old Kingdom–First Intermediate Period, Dynasty 5–11 (about 2494–2055 BCE), 1894.861. Gift of Henry H. Getty and Charles L. Hutchinson
Source location: Inventory 1894.861; API object 140824; JSON /data[id=140824]
Institutional evidence for an individual object from an archived multi-record API retrieval. Dating, material, provenance and inventory details follow the specific record; source attribution is not an independent scientific authenticity test.
Source location: Open Access Images; CC0 Public Domain Designation
Specific images only when accompanied by the individual is_public_domain=true and the object's image ID. Descriptive API texts separately carry CC BY4; image release is CC0.
Two opposing heads in brown clay; the lower edge is broken. The impression is shown as a surviving seal image.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Roman
Region
Roman Empire
Date of the evidence
1st century CE
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Two opposing heads in brown clay; the lower edge is broken. The impression is shown as a surviving seal image.
Historically recorded use
The Getty identifies the helmeted head as Roma and describes the laurel-crowned man facing her as possibly an emperor. The specific identity of the emperor and any protective use are not established.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 83.AN.437.64. The question mark in the imperial attribution remains visible. historical_symbol_only rather than a blanket reinterpretation as protective.
Before designing
Native museum photograph as a historical reference; damage, writing and present-day photographic condition unaltered. No manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete native JPEG capture without cropping, resampling, retouching or added glyphs. Two opposing heads in brown tone; the lower edge is broken. The impression is shown as a surviving seal image. Not approval for manufacture. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete native JPEG capture without cropping, resampling, retouching or added glyphs. Two opposing heads in brown tone; the lower edge is broken. The impression is shown as a surviving seal image. Not approval for manufacture.
Source location: 83.AN.437.64; fully attributed museum image
Catholic devotional and blessing culture Vienna, Karlsgasse 3; find 1938 · AD 1600–1800 (museum catalogue)
Oval medallion with Benedict of Nursia on one side and the Cross of Saint Benedict on the other. The surrounding ring of letters and the letters on the cross belong to the Latin formulas of blessing and protection explained in the catalogue.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Catholic devotional and blessing culture
Region
Vienna, Karlsgasse 3; find 1938
Date of the evidence
AD 1600–1800 (museum catalogue)
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Oval medallion with Benedict of Nursia on one side and the Cross of Saint Benedict on the other. The surrounding ring of letters and the letters on the cross belong to the Latin formulas of blessing and protection explained in the catalogue.
Historically recorded use
Catholic blessing and protective formulae on a historical devotional medal.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Historical devotional and blessing object; the catalogue dating spans 1600–1800. The image documents this specific medallion and does not replace an unknown earlier antecedent of the motif.
Before designing
Unaltered, complete museum photographs of two sides, shown separately. No reconstructed writing, engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Historical devotional and blessing object; the catalogue dating spans 1600–1800. The photograph documents this specific medal and does not replace an unknown earlier form of the motif. Both complete institutionally supplied Full-JPEGs remain unchanged in their native bytes. No local cropping, straightening or supplementation. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historical devotional and blessing object; the catalogue dating spans 1600–1800. The photograph documents this specific medal and does not replace an unknown earlier form of the motif. Both complete institutionally supplied Full-JPEGs remain unchanged in their native bytes. No local cropping, straightening or supplementation.
Source location: Wien Museum MV 46925; two original photographs
Unbekannt, Benediktusmedaille, 1600–1800, Wien Museum Inv.-Nr. MV 46925, CC BY 4.0, Foto: TimTom, Wien Museum (https://sammlung.wienmuseum.at/objekt/2507625/)
Own concise description of a specific historical object. Date of manufacture, year of discovery and present-day photography remain distinct. Individual CC-BY-4.0 image rights, including the institution’s suggested citation, archived.
Mine and cubic stones – Atalanta fugiens 1618, Emblem 36
Original image · source evidence
Alchemical-theosophical symbolic image
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art Oppenheim, Germany; place of printing · 1618; specific copy used
Miners work on a rocky mountain. Cubic stones appear on the ground and in clouds above the landscape.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art
Region
Oppenheim, Germany; place of printing
Date of the evidence
1618; specific copy used
Type of evidence
Textual evidence
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Miners work on a rocky mountain. Cubic stones appear on the ground and in clouds above the landscape.
Historically recorded use
The motto locates the philosopher’s stone in earth, mountains, air and river; a historical alchemical allegory of the search. Historical book illustration; use as an actual neck pendant is not attested.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Individually located historical printed component from the specific 1618 copy, not a new independent historical text and not an attested worn amulet. Effect and suitability for manufacture are not established. Work first published in 1617; the print used here is from 1618.
Before designing
Complete unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view 2880×3442px. The separately offered larger master 4291×5129px was not supplied as a downloaded file. Image, writing, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view 2880×3442px. The separately offered larger master 4291×5129px was not supplied as a downloaded file. Image, writing, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view 2880×3442px. The separately offered larger master 4291×5129px was not supplied as a downloaded file. Image, writing, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: QD25 .M354 1618; Emblem 36, printed p. 153; individual inventory 6w924c846; Large JPG 2880×3442
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Courtesy of Science History Institute; Atalanta fugiens, used edition 1618; QD25 .M354 1618; Emblem 36, gedruckte S. 153; Einzelinventar 6w924c846; Public Domain Mark 1.0.
The same specifically identified copy as for the 30 emblems already included; this batch adds only the remaining 20 individual sheets. First publication in 1617 and the edition used, 1618, are distinguished.
The motto locates the Philosopher’s Stone in earth, mountains, air and river; a historical alchemical search allegory. Individual institutional metadata checked against PDM.
Germanic runic script Reference: Gotland · Elder Futhark; check model dating separately
Sign b.
Research draftSource-based vector template
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Germanic runic script
Region
Reference: Gotland
Date of the evidence
Elder Futhark; check model dating separately
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Description
Sign b.
Historically recorded use
Written signs
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Historical letter; the normalised older form of the name is reconstructed. No individual amulet effect is inferred from the name.
Before designing
Unicode shows a normalised letter form. For manufacture, select a specific historical character variant and check it against the find.
Research draft. Normalised editorial letterform ᛒ (U+16D2); hand-set font-free line geometry, not taken from a font file. Do not present as an object-faithful Kylver facsimile or an individually documented amulet sign. Names are reconstructed; no individual magical effect is inferred. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Vector template: Normalised editorial letterform ᛒ (U+16D2); hand-set font-free line geometry, not taken from a font file. Do not present as an object-faithful Kylver facsimile or an individually documented amulet sign. Names are reconstructed; no individual magical effect is inferred.
Source location: G 88 / Kylver; sequence A I, sign 18; normalized Unicode character U+16D2
Normalised editorial letterform ᛒ (U+16D2); hand-set font-free line geometry, not taken from a font file. Do not present as an object-faithful Kylver facsimile or an individually documented amulet sign. Names are reconstructed; no individual magical effect is inferred.
Niedersächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, RuneS
Source location: Signs 11458–11482; sequence A I
Scholarly names and transliterations; the names are catalogue designations, not recorded explanations of the names in the ancient incision. Kylver places p before ï and d before o.
Amber Thor’s hammer from Birka – probably an unfinished pendant
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Scandinavian Thor’s hammer forms of the Viking Age Birka, Svarta jorden, Björkö; Adelsö, Uppland, Sweden · 800–1100 AD; Viking Age according to the current individual object catalogue
The complete museum photograph shows a small orange to reddish-brown, T-shaped object with a broader crossbar and elongated shaft. Uneven edges, scratches and visible cracks, as well as the photographed scale, are retained. The material and designation follow the museum catalogue; its unfinished state is the catalogue's cautious interpretation.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Scandinavian Thor’s hammer forms of the Viking Age
Region
Birka, Svarta jorden, Björkö; Adelsö, Uppland, Sweden
Date of the evidence
800–1100 AD; Viking Age according to the current individual object catalogue
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
The complete museum photograph shows a small orange to reddish-brown, T-shaped object with a broader crossbar and elongated shaft. Uneven edges, scratches and visible cracks, as well as the photographed scale, are retained. The material and designation follow the museum catalogue; its unfinished state is the catalogue's cautious interpretation.
Historically recorded use
The museum describes the small T-shaped amber object as a Thor’s hammer, miniature pendant and amulet. According to its object description, it is probably a semi-finished pendant. This evidence of manufacture does not establish that it was actually worn or used for protection.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
One physical object, 914273_HST, find number 41485, acquisition 35000; no additional tradition or new magical effect. The museum dating of 800–1100 is distinguished from the examination in 1992, acquisition in 2011 and photograph in 2019. The cautious wording ‘probably unfinished’ follows the museum text and is not turned into a definitive workshop reconstruction. No actual suspension or individual amulet use has been demonstrated; no missing loop, inscription or ritual significance is added.
Before designing
Unmodified complete native capture as a CC-BY-4.0 facsimile; no reconstruction of the presumed final state, no added loop, cut-out or engraving paths. One view does not evidence the complete 3D form. No manufacturing approval.
Research draft. The complete museum photograph shows a small orange- to reddish-brown, T-shaped object with a broader crosspiece and elongated shaft. Uneven edges, scratches and visible cracks, as well as the photographed scale, are retained. Material and designation follow the museum catalogue; the unfinished state is its cautious interpretation. Unmodified complete native image as a CC-BY-4.0 facsimile; no reconstruction of the presumed finished state, added loop, cut-out or engraving paths. One view does not establish a complete 3D form. Not approved for manufacture. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The complete museum photograph shows a small orange- to reddish-brown, T-shaped object with a broader crosspiece and elongated shaft. Uneven edges, scratches and visible cracks, as well as the photographed scale, are retained. Material and designation follow the museum catalogue; the unfinished state is its cautious interpretation. Unmodified complete native image as a CC-BY-4.0 facsimile; no reconstruction of the presumed finished state, added loop, cut-out or engraving paths. One view does not establish a complete 3D form. Not approved for manufacture.
Source location: 914273_HST; media ID 5B93EE21-056E-4523-9866-286D3F6A4B28; DIG 55082; complete photograph 4605 × 3684 pixels
Amber ram's head with smooth eye and ridged horn (Getty 77.AO.81.15)
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Italic amber pendants Italy · 500–400 BCE
Long ram’s head with a modelled eye, a coiled and grooved horn, and a clearly delineated nape. The reddish, translucent surface shows cracks and small losses.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Italic amber pendants
Region
Italy
Date of the evidence
500–400 BCE
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Long ram’s head with a modelled eye, a coiled and grooved horn, and a clearly delineated nape. The reddish, translucent surface shows cracks and small losses.
Historically recorded use
Getty’s specialist catalogue treats ram’s heads as ancient forms of jewellery and amulets. This example has two holes on the reverse and, according to the catalogue reconstruction, hung with its muzzle pointing downwards.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Four related inventoried individual objects, not four independent traditions. A shared carver’s hand is proposed by the specialist catalogue, not proven. An individual protective intention or a specific ancient wearer is unknown.
Before designing
Complete, unaltered institutional main photograph as a raster facsimile in SVG. No outline has been added; no manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Long ram's head with a modelled eye, curled and ridged horn, and clearly distinct neck. The reddish translucent surface shows cracks and small losses. Four related individually inventoried objects, not four independent traditions. A shared carver's hand is proposed by the specialist catalogue, not proven. Any individual protective intention or specific ancient wearer is unknown. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Long ram's head with a modelled eye, curled and ridged horn, and clearly distinct neck. The reddish translucent surface shows cracks and small losses. Four related individually inventoried objects, not four independent traditions. A shared carver's hand is proposed by the specialist catalogue, not proven. Any individual protective intention or specific ancient wearer is unknown.
Source location: Getty 77.AO.81.15; complete main photograph (a single object)
Source location: Inventory 77.AO.81.15; current HTML/JSON-LD details
Object identity, material, dating, rights and main image UUID. JSON-LD is part of the freshly loaded HTML response; this is not a claim that the portal was visited in a rendered browser.
Amber ram’s head with cracks and neck perforation (Getty 77.AO.81.17)
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Italic amber pendants Italy · 500–400 BCE
Reddish ram’s head with a neck perforation, incised horn and recessed eye; numerous cracks run across the muzzle and back of the head. Small losses to the horn/ear and treatment with amber oil are documented in the catalogue.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Italic amber pendants
Region
Italy
Date of the evidence
500–400 BCE
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Reddish ram’s head with a neck perforation, incised horn and recessed eye; numerous cracks run across the muzzle and back of the head. Small losses to the horn/ear and treatment with amber oil are documented in the catalogue.
Historically recorded use
Perforated pendant of the ram heads examined in the specialist catalogue as a jewellery and amulet form. The specific piece is similar to inventory 77.AO.81.16, but has its own separate inventory record.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Possible metal remains in the borehole are given only as catalogue information, not identified with certainty from the photograph. The catalogue notes differences in mass and form; it makes no claim of an independent magical tradition.
Before designing
Complete, unaltered institutional main photograph as a raster facsimile in SVG. No outline has been added; no manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Reddish ram’s head with a perforation at the nape, an incised horn and a recessed eye; numerous cracks run across the muzzle and back of the head. Small losses to the horn/ear and amber-oil treatment are documented in the catalogue. Possible metal residue in the perforation is recorded only as catalogue information, not confidently identified from the photograph. The catalogue notes differences in mass and shape; it makes no claim of a distinct magical tradition. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Reddish ram’s head with a perforation at the nape, an incised horn and a recessed eye; numerous cracks run across the muzzle and back of the head. Small losses to the horn/ear and amber-oil treatment are documented in the catalogue. Possible metal residue in the perforation is recorded only as catalogue information, not confidently identified from the photograph. The catalogue notes differences in mass and shape; it makes no claim of a distinct magical tradition.
Source location: Getty 77.AO.81.17; complete main image (one individual object)
Source location: Inventory 77.AO.81.17; current HTML/JSON-LD information
Object identity, material, dating, rights and main image UUID. JSON-LD is part of the freshly loaded HTML response; this is not a claim that the portal was visited in a rendered browser.
Amber lion’s head as a possible spout or end fitting
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Etruscan Italy · c. 525–480 BC
Compact amber lion’s head with open mouth, powerful neck and incised mane. The dark, cracked surface and perforation are shown unchanged.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Etruscan
Region
Italy
Date of the evidence
c. 525–480 BC
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Compact amber lion’s head with open mouth, powerful neck and incised mane. The dark, cracked surface and perforation are shown unchanged.
Historically recorded use
For the lion’s head, the specialist catalogue considers a small vessel spout, a finial or a jewellery terminal. The open perforation through the muzzle is a functional feature. The general apotropaic meaning of lion images is discussed, but does not establish a certain amuletic use for this piece.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 76.AO.81; catalogue no. 34, object 103T5Q. Although a short text says Pendant, the current catalogue title Spout or Finial distinguishes several possible functions. It is not made into a documented neck pendant.
Before designing
Complete native museum photograph as a historical reference; damage and present-day photographic elements remain visible. No contour reconstruction, no production approval.
Research draft. Unchanged complete native museum image; no raster transformation or addition of old outlines. Historical reference, not manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Unchanged complete native museum image; no raster transformation or addition of old outlines. Historical reference, not manufacturing approval.
Source location: J. Paul Getty Museum; 76.AO.81; 103T5Q
Current Native individual object page with specific CC0 photo attribution and text separately identified as CC BY 4.0. JSON-LD extracted unchanged from this HTML.
Complete institutional specialist catalogue: dating, condition, provenance and explicitly weighed interpretations of the image and function. The catalogue text is scholarly commentary; no original excavation documentation is claimed.
Compact ram’s head with ridged, curled horns, flat-lying ears and an elongated muzzle. The large wedge-shaped loss at the base remains unaltered.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Italic or Etruscan
Region
Italy
Date of the evidence
c. 500–400 BC
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Compact ram’s head with ridged, curled horns, flat-lying ears and an elongated muzzle. The large wedge-shaped loss at the base remains unaltered.
Historically recorded use
The Getty catalogue lists this ram's head as a pendant and describes a suspension opening exposed by a chip. The finely articulated horns and the attachment are concrete observations of the object. No individual protective use or precise identification of a deity is asserted.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 77.AO.81.11; catalogue no. 42, object 103TEA. Cultural attribution: Italic or Etruscan. The unusual catalogue weight entry of 33.3 g is not silently corrected or presented as a new measurement; measurements and original metadata are archived.
Before designing
Complete native museum photograph as a historical reference; damage and present-day photographic elements remain visible. No contour reconstruction, no production approval.
Research draft. Unchanged complete native museum image; no raster transformation or addition of old outlines. Historical reference, not manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Unchanged complete native museum image; no raster transformation or addition of old outlines. Historical reference, not manufacturing approval.
Source location: J. Paul Getty Museum; 77.AO.81.11; 103TEA
Current Native individual object page with specific CC0 photo attribution and text separately identified as CC BY 4.0. JSON-LD extracted unchanged from this HTML.
Complete institutional specialist catalogue: dating, condition, provenance and explicitly weighed interpretations of the image and function. The catalogue text is scholarly commentary; no original excavation documentation is claimed.
Weathered head and neck fragment with indistinct facial remains and an old break edge. The yellowish ageing crust partly obscures the reddish amber.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Etruscan
Region
Italy
Date of the evidence
c. 525–500 BC
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Weathered head and neck fragment with indistinct facial remains and an old break edge. The yellowish ageing crust partly obscures the reddish amber.
Historically recorded use
The Getty specialist catalogue interprets the headpiece as a fragment of a originally standing female figure. Comparative objects and remnants of the drilling system support this reconstruction, but the body is missing. What is evidenced is an ancient amber pendant or a fragment of one; a specific goddess or individual protective effect is not established.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 82.AO.161.6; Getty catalogue no. 9, object 1065NP. The designation Kore is a comparative art-historical classification. The lost body and missing facial parts are not supplemented.
Before designing
Complete native museum photograph as a historical reference; damage and present-day photographic elements remain visible. No contour reconstruction, no production approval.
Research draft. Unchanged complete native museum image; no raster transformation or addition of old outlines. Historical reference, not manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Unchanged complete native museum image; no raster transformation or addition of old outlines. Historical reference, not manufacturing approval.
Source location: J. Paul Getty Museum; 82.AO.161.6; 1065NP
Current Native individual object page with specific CC0 photo attribution and text separately identified as CC BY 4.0. JSON-LD extracted unchanged from this HTML.
Complete institutional specialist catalogue: dating, condition, provenance and explicitly weighed interpretations of the image and function. The catalogue text is scholarly commentary; no original excavation documentation is claimed.
Heavily weathered round amber with a curled animal body and deep recesses. A broken-off edge fragment has been reattached; substantial surface detail is missing.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Italic or Etruscan
Region
Italy
Date of the evidence
c. 700–600 BCE
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Heavily weathered round amber with a curled animal body and deep recesses. A broken-off edge fragment has been reattached; substantial surface detail is missing.
Historically recorded use
The specialist catalogue describes a roundel with a quadruped fitted into the circular field. The animal species and function are uncertain: a lid for a small box and later use as a hanging ornament are considered. The funerary and life-cycle associations mentioned in the discussion are comparative interpretations, not a documented find context for this piece.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 82.AO.161.2; Catalogue no. 27, object 1065NJ. The culture is given as Italic or Etruscan. The roundel is not identified definitively as either a stag or an Ouroboros; the possible function as a lid is explicitly left open.
Before designing
Complete native museum photograph as a historical reference; damage and present-day photographic elements remain visible. No contour reconstruction, no production approval.
Research draft. Unchanged complete native museum image; no raster transformation or addition of old outlines. Historical reference, not manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Unchanged complete native museum image; no raster transformation or addition of old outlines. Historical reference, not manufacturing approval.
Source location: J. Paul Getty Museum; 82.AO.161.2; 1065NJ
Current Native individual object page with specific CC0 photo attribution and text separately identified as CC BY 4.0. JSON-LD extracted unchanged from this HTML.
Complete institutional specialist catalogue: dating, condition, provenance and explicitly weighed interpretations of the image and function. The catalogue text is scholarly commentary; no original excavation documentation is claimed.
Ancient Egyptian religion Egypt · Evidence ca. 1080–721 BC; Third Intermediate Period
Frontal depiction of a short-statured protective figure with leonine features.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Ancient Egyptian religion
Region
Egypt
Date of the evidence
Evidence ca. 1080–721 BC; Third Intermediate Period
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Description
Frontal depiction of a short-statured protective figure with leonine features.
Historically recorded use
Protection of the household, and especially protection of women and children, was associated with the image of Bes.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Met 26.7.878. A Bes image denotes several related protective deities, not always unambiguously a single deity.
Before designing
Check the specific historical variant and object image against a source before using it; do not design a newly combined sigil.
Research draft. Complete, visually checked museum photograph of the specific linked historical object. Unaltered original JPEG bytes are embedded in the SVG as a raster facsimile; this is neither a cropped individual glyph nor a traced sigil. The object context and all visible image details are retained. No production-ready vector paths; engraving or CNC manufacture requires separate assessment. Image crop, orientation, background and object condition remain exactly as in the original JPEG. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete, visually checked museum photograph of the specific linked historical object. Unaltered original JPEG bytes are embedded in the SVG as a raster facsimile; this is neither a cropped individual glyph nor a traced sigil. The object context and all visible image details are retained. No production-ready vector paths; engraving or CNC manufacture requires separate assessment. Image crop, orientation, background and object condition remain exactly as in the original JPEG.
Source location: Met object 548301; Inventar 26.7.878; complete main photograph from the current institutional API, uncropped; original 3791 × 3791 px
Bes head and snake on faience plaque – Chicago 1894.845
Original image · source evidence
Deity motif
Egyptian Egypt · Third Intermediate Period, c. 1070–664 BC
Dark, rounded-top faience plaque with a perforation at the top. In the recessed image field are a head area and, beneath it, an upright snake form.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Egyptian
Region
Egypt
Date of the evidence
Third Intermediate Period, c. 1070–664 BC
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Dark, rounded-top faience plaque with a perforation at the top. In the recessed image field are a head area and, beneath it, an upright snake form.
Historically recorded use
Catalogued as an amulet with a Bes head and snake; the record provides no legible individual ritual instruction.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The catalogue identification is retained; abraded facial lines, lost colour and small surface details are not reconstructed. The object, inventory, material and dating are tied to the archived API record.
Before designing
Actually observed: plate rounded at the top, hole, broad head area and long serpentine form in a recessed field. Unaltered institutional JPEG presentation photograph in the complete image frame; no isolated engraving outline and no manufacturing approval.
Research draft. The catalogue identification is adopted; abraded facial lines, lost colour and small surface details are not reconstructed. Complete institutional presentation image, 1686 pixels wide; the larger IIIF master dimensions, 1924×3000, are documented separately. The embedded JPEG bytes have not been locally scaled or re-encoded. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The catalogue identification is adopted; abraded facial lines, lost colour and small surface details are not reconstructed. Complete institutional presentation image, 1686 pixels wide; the larger IIIF master dimensions, 1924×3000, are documented separately. The embedded JPEG bytes have not been locally scaled or re-encoded.
Source location: Inventory 1894.845; institutional main view 6db08af6-61ba-f3b1-b28e-b8470907dfc8
Art Institute of Chicago. Amulet of Bes Head and Serpent, Third Intermediate Period (about 1070–664 BCE), 1894.845. Gift of Henry H. Getty and Charles L. Hutchinson
Source location: Inventory 1894.845; API object 140365; JSON /data[id=140365]
Institutional evidence for an individual object from an archived multi-record API retrieval. Dating, material, provenance and inventory details follow the specific record; source attribution is not an independent scientific authenticity test.
Source location: Open Access Images; CC0 Public Domain Designation
Specific images only when accompanied by the individual is_public_domain=true and the object's image ID. Descriptive API texts separately carry CC BY4; image release is CC0.
Inscribed closure on the timekeeper al-Hamawi’s case (Met 91.1.538)
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Mamluk Syria; Islamic letter and protection context Syria, Damascus; institutional attribution · 15th century; API search interval 1400–1499
Brass casket with silver inlays, inscription panels and ornamental decoration. Two complete original photographs show the front and an oblique view, including the central inscribed clasp.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Mamluk Syria; Islamic letter and protection context
Region
Syria, Damascus; institutional attribution
Date of the evidence
15th century; API search interval 1400–1499
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Brass casket with silver inlays, inscription panels and ornamental decoration. Two complete original photographs show the front and an oblique view, including the central inscribed clasp.
Historically recorded use
According to the museum, the box was made for Muhammad al-Hamawi, timekeeper of the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus, and probably served as a food container. Yasmine Al-Saleh’s 2010 Met essay cites this exact inventory item in connection with protective objects and with letters on a box clasp in the context of the science of letters.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The hypothesised function as a food container and the curatorial interpretation as protection are both retained. It is not claimed to be a wearable amulet or an exclusively ritual vessel. The letters are neither transcribed nor deciphered here. The dating applies to the catalogued object; the checked record does not provide a separate date for the closure.
Before designing
Unaltered native original photographs as historical reference; no new engraving outline and no manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Brass box with silver inlays, inscription panels and ornamental decoration. Two complete original photographs show the front and an oblique view, including the central inscribed clasp. The suspected food-container function and the curatorial interpretation as a protective object remain side by side. It is not claimed to be a portable amulet or exclusively a ritual vessel. The letters are neither transcribed nor deciphered here. The date applies to the catalogued object; the checked dataset provides no separate date for the clasp. Native raster files unchanged; no manufacturing outlines. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Brass box with silver inlays, inscription panels and ornamental decoration. Two complete original photographs show the front and an oblique view, including the central inscribed clasp. The suspected food-container function and the curatorial interpretation as a protective object remain side by side. It is not claimed to be a portable amulet or exclusively a ritual vessel. The letters are neither transcribed nor deciphered here. The date applies to the catalogued object; the checked dataset provides no separate date for the clasp. Native raster files unchanged; no manufacturing outlines.
Source location: 91.1.538; two complete native original photographs
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Lidded Box of Muhammad al-Hamawi, Timekeeper at the Umayyad Mosque, Damascus, 91.1.538. Edward C. Moore Collection, Bequest of Edward C. Moore, 1891
Inscribed Mountain of Wisdom – Khunrath 1609, plate 9
Original image · source evidence
Alchemical-theosophical symbolic image
Christian Kabbalistic theosophy and early modern alchemy Hanau, Germany; place of printing · 1609; title page states 1602
Large inscribed mountain in a river landscape; several figures in front. The executed mountain form is not reduced to a modern abstract glyph.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Christian Kabbalistic theosophy and early modern alchemy
Region
Hanau, Germany; place of printing
Date of the evidence
1609; title page states 1602
Type of evidence
Textual evidence
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Large inscribed mountain in a river landscape; several figures in front. The executed mountain form is not reduced to a modern abstract glyph.
Historically recorded use
Symbolic illustration in an alchemical-theosophical book. Individual use of the book illustration as an amulet is not attested.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Specific engraving of the 1609 print. The date 1602 on the title is not accepted as the actual year of publication. No universal protective effect, ancient origin or association with a modern standard seal form is claimed.
Before designing
Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG view of the opened historical print. Fold lines, paper, shadows and all original inscriptions are preserved. The resolution of the presentation view limits the legibility of fine text; larger institutional masters exist separately. Historical image evidence, not a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG view of the opened historical print. Fold lines, paper, shadows and all original inscriptions are preserved. The resolution of the presentation view limits the legibility of fine text; larger institutional masters exist separately. Historical image evidence, not a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG view of the opened historical print. Fold lines, paper, shadows and all original inscriptions are preserved. The resolution of the presentation view limits the legibility of fine text; larger institutional masters exist separately. Historical image evidence, not a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: Hanau 1609; shelfmark QD25 .K486 1609; title gives 1602, actual publication 1609
Historical Christian Kabbalistic and alchemical print with individually catalogued engravings. No source attests to wearing these complete book images as amulets. Specific image rights: Public Domain Mark 1.0.
Source location: Amphitheatrum 1609, plate 9; Member vd66vz91p
Individual image witness and institutional description; specific PDM release. Unaltered institutional Large-JPEG presentation (2880 pixels wide), distinct from the considerably larger TIFF/Full-sized-JPEG master. The plate number identifies this institutional copy.
Incantation diagram on a glass bowl – CAJS 658, 22r
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Jewish practical Kabbalah Turkey · 18th century; the original manuscripts may have been bound into a composite codex around 1800
Historical page with a drawing of a round bowl, a small handle-like projection and encircling writing.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Jewish practical Kabbalah
Region
Turkey
Date of the evidence
18th century; the original manuscripts may have been bound into a composite codex around 1800
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Historical page with a drawing of a round bowl, a small handle-like projection and encircling writing.
Historically recorded use
Instructions for making a glass bowl with a handle; a vocalised incantation is to be read in a circle through the upper opening.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
CAJS Rar Ms 658, formerly Gross Family Collection OT.011.021. The current institutional catalogue assigns the stated content to this specific folio. The date of manufacture of the older manuscript and its later binding remain distinct; no independent new translation of the formulas or names of the signs.
Before designing
A specific, complete digital page witness, not a universally standardised sign. For manufacture, legibility, areas of loss and transfer to material must be assessed separately.
Research draft. Unaltered native institutional web JPEG file in an SVG viewport; no new interpretation of the writing, addition of lost ink or modern replacement form. The larger TIFF masters offered separately are not archived locally for these Penn pages. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Unaltered native institutional web JPEG file in an SVG viewport; no new interpretation of the writing, addition of lost ink or modern replacement form. The larger TIFF masters offered separately are not archived locally for these Penn pages.
Source location: CAJS Rar Ms 658, OPenn 22r, 14209_0046_web.jpg
Burial and sowing – attribution to Basil, key 8, Musaeum 1678
Original image · source evidence
Alchemical-theosophical symbolic image
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art Frankfurt am Main, Germany; place of printing · 1678; specific copy used
A body lies in an open coffin; several people, seed, ears of grain and geometric signs surround it. Further implements and vessels are in the upper background.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art
Region
Frankfurt am Main, Germany; place of printing
Date of the evidence
1678; specific copy used
Type of evidence
Textual evidence
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A body lies in an open coffin; several people, seed, ears of grain and geometric signs surround it. Further implements and vessels are in the upper background.
Historically recorded use
Located as Key 8 in the printed sequence of Twelve Keys under the attribution to Basilius Valentinus. Image and text form an alchemical book allegory; further interpretations of substances are not freely added. Historical book illustration; actual use as a neck pendant is not evidenced.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
A historically located printed component of the specific 1678 example; not a new independent historical text and not an evidenced worn amulet. Efficacy and suitability for manufacture are not evidenced. The transmitted author’s name is given as a title attribution; no identity as a medieval monk or dating of this image to the 15th century is confirmed.
Before designing
Complete, unaltered institutional full-page JPEG view, 2880×3151px. The separately offered larger master, 4701×5143px, was not provided as the downloaded file. Image, writing, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile, not a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete, unaltered institutional full-page JPEG view, 2880×3151px. The separately offered larger master, 4701×5143px, was not provided as the downloaded file. Image, writing, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile, not a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete, unaltered institutional full-page JPEG view, 2880×3151px. The separately offered larger master, 4701×5143px, was not provided as the downloaded file. Image, writing, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile, not a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: QD25 .M87315 1678; attribution to Basilius, Clavis 8, printed p. 409; viewer index 52, individual inventory cn69m5337; Large JPG 2880×3151
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Courtesy of Science History Institute; Musaeum Hermeticum Reformatum et Amplificatum, used edition 1678; QD25 .M87315 1678; Basilius-Zuschreibung, Clavis 8, gedruckte S. 409; Viewerindex 52, Einzelinventar cn69m5337; Public Domain Mark 1.0.
Source location: QD25 .M87315 1678; Frankfurt am Main, Hermann à Sande
Specific complete volume with 70 institutional digital images. Main title and catalogue date 1678; several bound component titles bear 1677. The 30 images captured are components of this single volume. The transmitted author names are attributions in the printed work; no confirmed biography of a medieval monk.
Source location: QD25 .M87315 1678; attribution to Basilius, Clavis 8, printed p. 409; viewer index 52, individual inventory cn69m5337
Located as key 8 in the printed sequence of Twelve Keys under the attribution to Basilius Valentinus. Image and text form an alchemical book allegory; further interpretations of substances are not freely added. Own institutional item metadata checked with PDM.
French early modern grimoire tradition; Traitté des Esprits du petit payzan Reformée French-speaking; place of manufacture unknown; current location London · Mid-18th century; dating of the specific Wellcome manuscript
Two adjacent frame shapes drawn with horizontal inner lines, short vertical arms and small rounded ends. The French Jupiter section assigns this explicitly named character to a named spirit figure and a ritual instruction. This attests to a historical usage text; an actual effect or a worn neck amulet is not evidenced.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French early modern grimoire tradition; Traitté des Esprits du petit payzan Reformée
Region
French-speaking; place of manufacture unknown; current location London
Date of the evidence
Mid-18th century; dating of the specific Wellcome manuscript
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Two adjacent frame shapes drawn with horizontal inner lines, short vertical arms and small rounded ends. The French Jupiter section assigns this explicitly named character to a named spirit figure and a ritual instruction. This attests to a historical usage text; an actual effect or a worn neck amulet is not evidenced.
Historically recorded use
The French Jupiter section assigns this explicitly designated character to a named spirit figure and a ritual prescription. This evidences a historical text of use; no actual effect or worn neck amulet is evidenced.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Betor's individual paragraph follows on p.279 below the separate Zadkiel character. The two forms at the bottom of the page are its sign; not a second Zadkiel extract. The name form Betor is retained. Dating of the specific manuscript: mid-18th century. Pseudo-Solomon is a transmitted attribution, not evidence of ancient authorship. The new manuscript variant does not replace an older printed witness.
Before designing
Unchanged native full-page JPEG embedded in the SVG; only the visible figure area is bounded by the viewport. Paper, colours, show-through writing and existing traces are retained. No outline transcription, added lines or approval for engraving.
Research draft. The individual entry for Betor follows on p.279 below the separate character for Zadkiel. The two forms at the bottom of the page are its sign; they are not a second crop of Zadkiel. The name form Betor is retained. Unaltered native full-page JPEG embedded in the SVG; only the visible figure area is bounded by the viewport. The paper, colours, show-through text and existing marks are retained. No outline transcription, line additions or engraving approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The individual entry for Betor follows on p.279 below the separate character for Zadkiel. The two forms at the bottom of the page are its sign; they are not a second crop of Zadkiel. The name form Betor is retained. Unaltered native full-page JPEG embedded in the SVG; only the visible figure area is bounded by the viewport. The paper, colours, show-through text and existing marks are retained. No outline transcription, line additions or engraving approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.4667, Traitté des Esprits du petit payzan Reformée, handwritten p.279; canvas position 295/465; Betor; Jupiter section
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Betor (Bethor-Zeuge) – MS.4667, S.279. Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts; Datierung der konkreten Wellcome-Handschrift. Source: Wellcome Collection. Public Domain Mark.
Source location: MS.4667; second treatise pp.272–295
Institutional text names 21 spirit signatures and dates the specific manuscript to the mid-18th century. It is not a manuscript by the ancient Solomon.
Inscribed sequences of signs for Sun and Moon – MS.110, f.101v
Original image · source evidence
Historical ritual and planetary figure
Early modern English-Latin ritual magic English-Latin manuscript; present-day holding in London · Late 16th century (institutional dating of the manuscript)
Two complete handwritten character sequences are labelled Sigillum Solis and Sigillum Lunae. The labels written directly beside them establish their association with the sun and moon. These are other specific figures in the same witness as the seven signs on f.30r, not a claim of new planetary traditions.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern English-Latin ritual magic
Region
English-Latin manuscript; present-day holding in London
Date of the evidence
Late 16th century (institutional dating of the manuscript)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Two complete handwritten character sequences are labelled Sigillum Solis and Sigillum Lunae. The labels written directly beside them establish their association with the sun and moon. These are other specific figures in the same witness as the seven signs on f.30r, not a claim of new planetary traditions.
Historically recorded use
The labels written directly on the objects establish their attribution to the sun and moon. These are other specific figures from the same witness as the seven signs on f.30r, not a claim of new planetary traditions.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Specific manuscript witness MS.110, institutionally dated to the late 16th century. Pseudo-Bacon and Pseudo-Solomon are attributions, not securely established medieval authorship. The modern blue folio numbers are distinguished from the age of the text; verso references follow the adjacent visible recto foliation and the IIIF page sequence. Irregular lines, show-through, losses and original variations in the signs are retained. The complete selected group is a component of this one copy and not a new abstract type of tradition.
Before designing
Unaltered native full-page JPEG within the SVG; only the documented viewport selects the complete historical figure. No added lines, modern replacement glyphs, raster conversion, vector transcription or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Specific manuscript witness MS.110, institutionally dated to the late 16th century. Pseudo-Bacon and Pseudo-Solomon are attributions, not securely established medieval authorship. The modern blue folio numbers are distinguished from the age of the text; verso references follow the adjacent visible recto foliation and the IIIF page sequence. Irregular lines, show-through, losses and original variations in the signs are retained. The complete selected group is a component of this one copy, not a new abstract type of tradition. Unaltered native full-page JPEG in the SVG; only the documented viewport selects the complete historical figure. No added lines, modern substitute glyphs, raster conversion, vector transcription or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Specific manuscript witness MS.110, institutionally dated to the late 16th century. Pseudo-Bacon and Pseudo-Solomon are attributions, not securely established medieval authorship. The modern blue folio numbers are distinguished from the age of the text; verso references follow the adjacent visible recto foliation and the IIIF page sequence. Irregular lines, show-through, losses and original variations in the signs are retained. The complete selected group is a component of this one copy, not a new abstract type of tradition. Unaltered native full-page JPEG in the SVG; only the documented viewport selects the complete historical figure. No added lines, modern substitute glyphs, raster conversion, vector transcription or manufacturing approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.110, f.101v; canvas position 216/256; labelled sign sequences for Sun and Moon
Source location: MS.110; current API p8bhyjys; old ID afsfdgzh (HTTP 410)
Dating and exact Digital Location. Roger Bacon is a pseudo-author attribution; the present binding, early 19th century, is not the date of the writing. Rights: Individual Digital Location links b18937135 with PDM.
Source location: 256 Canvases; historical folio numbers in the image
Images, sequence, dimensions and institutional descriptions of the five component texts. Folios 36–38 incorrectly bound according to the catalogue. Rights: the specific digital surrogate as a whole carries the Public Domain Mark; no transfer of rights from other images.
Unaltered complete institutional JPEG page; historical individual sign located by visible evidence. Rights: PDM for the exactly corresponding IIIF digital surrogate b18937135.
Bezoar pendant in gold filigree – Rijksmuseum BK-NM-7082
Original image · source evidence
Symbol amulet
European historical material, protective and devotional culture Netherlands (possible place of manufacture) · Around 1600–1650; possibly the Netherlands
Brown bezoar in an openwork gold setting on a gold chain; museum length 11 cm. The catalogue names the material as Varkensteen and gold filigree.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
European historical material, protective and devotional culture
Region
Netherlands (possible place of manufacture)
Date of the evidence
Around 1600–1650; possibly the Netherlands
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Brown bezoar in an openwork gold setting on a gold chain; museum length 11 cm. The catalogue names the material as Varkensteen and gold filigree.
Historically recorded use
Historical bezoar jewellery pendant. The specific museum record documents the setting and dating; it does not mention any particular protective practice or former wearer of this piece.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The attribution of origin may remain Dutch. Neither a specific medical effect nor an individual history of use is inferred from the material alone.
Before designing
Actually viewed: complete chain with hook clasp, round brown body, curved setting bars, small flowers and filigree caps. No additional rune or inscription is visible. Complete institutional image in unaltered native JPEG bytes; neither an isolated engraving outline nor manufacturing approval.
Research draft. The attribution of origin remains possibly Dutch. The material alone does not support any specific medical effect or individual history of use. Individual VisualItem image licence PDM; metadata licence separately CC0. Complete image, no local raster alterations. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The attribution of origin remains possibly Dutch. The material alone does not support any specific medical effect or individual history of use. Individual VisualItem image licence PDM; metadata licence separately CC0. Complete image, no local raster alterations.
Institutional object metadata. Attributions of manufacture and uncertainties are retained. CC0 for the metadata is not the image licence; this is checked separately for each associated VisualItem.
Used as protective seed syllables with explanatory Tibetan inscriptions.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Protective function attested; twelve untranscribed signs remain a reference ensemble.
Before designing
Use 1999.120; determine each syllable epigraphically and visually before isolating motifs.
Research draft. Complete, visually checked museum photograph of the specific linked historical object. The unchanged original JPEG bytes are embedded in the SVG as a raster facsimile; this is neither a cropped individual glyph nor a redrawn sigil. The object context and all visible image details are retained. No production-ready vector paths; engraving or CNC production requires separate review. The complete helmet photograph shows the visible historical writing/monogram areas in the object context. No new transcription, syllable composition or isolated standardised mantra form. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete, visually checked museum photograph of the specific linked historical object. The unchanged original JPEG bytes are embedded in the SVG as a raster facsimile; this is neither a cropped individual glyph nor a redrawn sigil. The object context and all visible image details are retained. No production-ready vector paths; engraving or CNC production requires separate review. The complete helmet photograph shows the visible historical writing/monogram areas in the object context. No new transcription, syllable composition or isolated standardised mantra form.
Source location: Met object 26628; inventory 1999.120; complete main photograph from the current institutional API, uncropped; original 3791 × 3792 px
Japan, Heian period (794–1185) Japan · 1000s–1100s
Kyōzō mirror with Bishamonten; the museum discusses both kami-Buddhist representation and esoteric ritual use. The two explanations for the origin of this mirror type remain alternatives. The original ritual of this individual piece cannot be determined with certainty, and no use as a neck amulet is evidenced.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Japan, Heian period (794–1185)
Region
Japan
Date of the evidence
1000s–1100s
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Kyōzō mirror with Bishamonten; the museum discusses both kami-Buddhist representation and esoteric ritual use. The two explanations for the origin of this mirror type remain alternatives. The original ritual of this individual piece cannot be determined with certainty, and no use as a neck amulet is evidenced.
Historically recorded use
Kyōzō mirror with Bishamonten; the museum discusses both kami-Buddhist representation and esoteric ritual use.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The two explanations for the origin of this mirror type remain alternatives. No secure determination of the original ritual of this individual object and no attested use as a neck amulet.
Before designing
Round grey mirror plate with an engraved group of figures, a nimbus and clear signs of use; losses of lines remain unchanged. Original image as a complete facsimile; no manufacturing approval and no added outlines.
Research draft. The two explanations for the origin of this mirror type remain alternatives. No secure determination of the original ritual of this individual piece and no documented use as a neck amulet. All native JPEG bytes and the full image area remain unchanged. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The two explanations for the origin of this mirror type remain alternatives. No secure determination of the original ritual of this individual piece and no documented use as a neck amulet. All native JPEG bytes and the full image area remain unchanged.
Source location: 1977.32; complete main image view actually photographed
Source location: Individual inventory 1977.32; object ID 149099; title, date, culture, material and image link
The two explanations for the origin of this mirror type remain alternatives. No secure determination of the original ritual of this individual object and no attested use as a neck amulet.
Ancient eastern Mediterranean Eastern Mediterranean; exact findspot unknown · 4th century AD; API search interval 300–399
Blue disc-shaped glass pendant with an upper loop. The complete native view preserves accretions, lustre and surface texture.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Ancient eastern Mediterranean
Region
Eastern Mediterranean; exact findspot unknown
Date of the evidence
4th century AD; API search interval 300–399
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Blue disc-shaped glass pendant with an upper loop. The complete native view preserves accretions, lustre and surface texture.
Historically recorded use
Glass object catalogued as an amulet and jewellery pendant. The object description does not attest to a specific wearer, protective formula or ritual act.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The museum indexes lions; the specific relief form cannot be independently identified with certainty in this image. No lion outline or additional magical meaning has been reconstructed from this. Only this one museum view is available.
Before designing
Native, complete museum view as a source reference; no reconstructed engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Unaltered, complete native JPEG file. The museum’s index terms include lions; the specific relief form cannot be independently identified with certainty in this photograph. No lion outline or additional magical meaning has been reconstructed from it. Only this one museum view is available. No outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Unaltered, complete native JPEG file. The museum’s index terms include lions; the specific relief form cannot be independently identified with certainty in this photograph. No lion outline or additional magical meaning has been reconstructed from it. Only this one museum view is available. No outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: y1946-226; complete native museum view
Tårnborg 2 lead amulet with uninterpreted runic sequence
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Danish historical amulet and rune culture Tårnborg, Zealand, Denmark · 1100–1425; archaeological dating according to RuneS
Black-and-white museum photograph of an unfolded lead strip with pronounced fold marks and two visible lines of runes.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Danish historical amulet and rune culture
Region
Tårnborg, Zealand, Denmark
Date of the evidence
1100–1425; archaeological dating according to RuneS
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Black-and-white museum photograph of an unfolded lead strip with pronounced fold marks and two visible lines of runes.
Historically recorded use
Classified as an amulet in the scholarly find catalogue. No secure translation of the runic sequence is given there; no specific protective effect is attributed to it.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
A complete photograph of a surviving page is not a fully deciphered or reconstructed inscription. The year of discovery, 1988, and the historical dating are recorded separately.
Before designing
Complete original photograph as a source reference; losses in preservation remain visible. No engraving outline and no manufacturing approval.
Research draft. A complete photograph of a surviving page is not a fully deciphered or reconstructed inscription. The year of discovery, 1988, and the historical dating are recorded separately. Complete native presentation file, unchanged JPEG bytes; no TIFF master and no local raster editing. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: A complete photograph of a surviving page is not a fully deciphered or reconstructed inscription. The year of discovery, 1988, and the historical dating are recorded separately. Complete native presentation file, unchanged JPEG bytes; no TIFF master and no local raster editing.
Lead amulet from Kastelsbakke with protective inscription
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Danish historical amulet and rune culture Kastelsbakke, Åker, Bornholm, Denmark · 1100–1400, linguistic dating according to RuneS
Unfolded, multiply broken lead strip with several incised rows of runes. Loose end pieces and scale remain visible in the complete museum photograph.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Danish historical amulet and rune culture
Region
Kastelsbakke, Åker, Bornholm, Denmark
Date of the evidence
1100–1400, linguistic dating according to RuneS
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Unfolded, multiply broken lead strip with several incised rows of runes. Loose end pieces and scale remain visible in the complete museum photograph.
Historically recorded use
Latin and Old Danish Christian formulae were intended to protect the owner, read as Ødmund or Auðmundr, from harmful beings.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
RuneS does not provide a complete transcription because of damage, while Nationalmuseet and Imer interpret individual passages. These differing states of cataloguing are retained. The date 2015 on the image page is not a manufacturing date.
Before designing
Complete original photograph as a source reference; losses in preservation remain visible. No engraving outline and no manufacturing approval.
Research draft. RuneS does not provide a complete transcription because of damage, while Nationalmuseet and Imer interpret individual passages. These differing states of cataloguing are retained. The date 2015 on the image page is not a date of manufacture. Complete native presentation file, unchanged JPEG bytes; no TIFF master and no local raster editing. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: RuneS does not provide a complete transcription because of damage, while Nationalmuseet and Imer interpret individual passages. These differing states of cataloguing are retained. The date 2015 on the image page is not a date of manufacture. Complete native presentation file, unchanged JPEG bytes; no TIFF master and no local raster editing.
Source location: Det öppna och det fördolda (2022), pp. 63–88; especially pp. 77–81, figs. 9, 11, 12
Concise factual summaries of our own. Research hypotheses, uncertain words and attributions to scribes remain qualified. Drawings from the publication are not treated as ancient originals.
Late Byzantine veneration of Michael Byzantine sphere · Around 1300 or later
Rectangular lead plaque with an upper suspension projection, a winged figure, a staff and a surrounding relief frame. A prominent crack through the upper part of the figure and heavily worn details have not been filled in.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Late Byzantine veneration of Michael
Region
Byzantine sphere
Date of the evidence
Around 1300 or later
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Rectangular lead plaque with an upper suspension projection, a winged figure, a staff and a surrounding relief frame. A prominent crack through the upper part of the figure and heavily worn details have not been filled in.
Historically recorded use
The museum catalogue describes the piece as an icon pendant. Michael appears as one of the saints especially venerated in late Byzantium; this attests to personal veneration of saints.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Met object 466163, inventory 1988.408.1. Around 1300 or later is not a secure date to a single year. The API upper limit of 1500 remains raw metadata. Michael’s general religious role does not establish a documented individual protective rite for the wearer.
Before designing
Complete native original capture(s), embedded unchanged in the SVG. The facsimile is not an engraving outline; it is not approved for manufacture.
Research draft. Rectangular lead plaque with an upper suspension lug, a winged figure, a staff and a surrounding relief frame. A conspicuous crack through the upper figure area and heavily worn details have not been supplemented. Around 1300 or later is not a secure date to a single year. The API upper limit of 1500 remains raw metadata. No documented individual protective rite of the wearer is inferred from Michael’s general religious role. Original bytes unchanged, no raster transformation or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Rectangular lead plaque with an upper suspension lug, a winged figure, a staff and a surrounding relief frame. A conspicuous crack through the upper figure area and heavily worn details have not been supplemented. Around 1300 or later is not a secure date to a single year. The API upper limit of 1500 remains raw metadata. No documented individual protective rite of the wearer is inferred from Michael’s general religious role. Original bytes unchanged, no raster transformation or manufacturing approval.
Source location: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1988.408.1; complete individual museum view
Fresh native API response: object identity, raw dating, dimensions, material, specific image URLs and isPublicDomain. Editorial reading additionally checked against the object page.
Institutional object page retained today via the web reader; text and public-domain evidence. The web reader’s crawl age is visible in the archived extract.
Lead washing in the kitchen – Atalanta fugiens 1618, Emblem 22
Original image · source evidence
Alchemical-theosophical symbolic image
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art Oppenheim, Germany; place of printing · 1618; specific copy used
A woman stands at a hearth with a vessel suspended above it. Tubs, jugs and household utensils surround her.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art
Region
Oppenheim, Germany; place of printing
Date of the evidence
1618; specific copy used
Type of evidence
Textual evidence
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A woman stands at a hearth with a vessel suspended above it. Tubs, jugs and household utensils surround her.
Historically recorded use
The motto compares the whitening of lead with domestic cooking; a historical alchemical kitchen allegory. Historical book illustration; use as an actual neck pendant is not attested.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Individually located historical printed component from the specific 1618 copy, not a new independent historical text and not an attested worn amulet. Effect and suitability for manufacture are not established. Work first published in 1617; the print used here is from 1618.
Before designing
Complete unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view 2880×3442px. The separately offered larger master 4291×5129px was not supplied as a downloaded file. Image, writing, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view 2880×3442px. The separately offered larger master 4291×5129px was not supplied as a downloaded file. Image, writing, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view 2880×3442px. The separately offered larger master 4291×5129px was not supplied as a downloaded file. Image, writing, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: QD25 .M354 1618; Emblem 22, printed p. 97; individual inventory 1g05fc448; Large JPG 2880×3442
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Courtesy of Science History Institute; Atalanta fugiens, used edition 1618; QD25 .M354 1618; Emblem 22, gedruckte S. 97; Einzelinventar 1g05fc448; Public Domain Mark 1.0.
The same specifically identified copy as for the 30 emblems already included; this batch adds only the remaining 20 individual sheets. First publication in 1617 and the edition used, 1618, are distinguished.
The motto compares the whitening of lead with domestic cooking; a historical alchemical kitchen allegory. Checked against the institution’s own individual metadata with PDM.
Egypt; Islamic script amulets Egypt · 11th century
Narrow, elongated paper roll with several bands of writing, divided in different ways.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Egypt; Islamic script amulets
Region
Egypt
Date of the evidence
11th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Narrow, elongated paper roll with several bands of writing, divided in different ways.
Historically recorded use
The object page describes the block print as a rolled-up talismanic text kept in an amulet case.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
A specific role attestation, not an additional universal type of sigil. The image does not identify a missing container form and does not permit an independent translation of the unread inscription.
Before designing
Native institutional object image as a historical image reference; no isolated vector glyph, added inscription or manufacturing approval. The photograph and original form remain separate from later engraving outlines.
Research draft. Specific role evidence, not an additional universal seal type. The image does not identify a missing container form or permit an independent translation of an unread inscription. Original JPEGs are embedded byte-for-byte; no lettering or lines have been added. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Specific role evidence, not an additional universal seal type. The image does not identify a missing container form or permit an independent translation of an unread inscription. Original JPEGs are embedded byte-for-byte; no lettering or lines have been added.
Source location: Met 1978.546.33; complete selected original view
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Talismanic Scroll, 1978.546.33; Gift of Nelly, Violet and Elie Abemayor, in memory of Michel Abemayor, 1978; Open Access.
Title, inventory number, material and dating are checked individually; cultural-historical use is included only to the extent stated in the object description. The linked web text snapshots document the independent, current review of the object pages.
Danish medieval writing and protective culture Blæsinge, Zealand · 1200–1400 AD (linguistic dating in RuneS)
Unfolded strip of lead with a protective formula written in runes in Latin. RuneS names seven sisters, Christian invocations and AGLA; the reading identifies damaged and uncertain passages.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Danish medieval writing and protective culture
Region
Blæsinge, Zealand
Date of the evidence
1200–1400 AD (linguistic dating in RuneS)
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Unfolded strip of lead with a protective formula written in runes in Latin. RuneS names seven sisters, Christian invocations and AGLA; the reading identifies damaged and uncertain passages.
Historically recorded use
Christian protective incantation in runic script against harmful powers.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
RuneS dates it linguistically to 1200–1400. This is the object D81/1984, found in 1983, not the other Blæsinge amulet D1468/2018. No smoothed-out complete transcription.
Before designing
Unchanged original photographs as image reference. Individual views are shown separately alongside one another; no engraving outline has been added and no manufacturing approval has been given.
Research draft. RuneS dates linguistically to 1200–1400. This is the object found in 1983, D81/1984, not the other Blæsinge amulet, D1468/2018. No smoothed full transcription. Each image is complete and retains its original native JPEG bytes; separate views are not a historical overall form. Presentation files, not TIFF masters. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: RuneS dates linguistically to 1200–1400. This is the object found in 1983, D81/1984, not the other Blæsinge amulet, D1468/2018. No smoothed full transcription. Each image is complete and retains its original native JPEG bytes; separate views are not a historical overall form. Presentation files, not TIFF masters.
Individual institutional object record. Find, registration and photography dates are not treated as manufacturing dates. Uncertain signs and functional identifications remain qualified.
Nordic medieval written amulets Blæsinge, Zealand, Denmark · Early Middle Ages according to the museum catalogue; no individual year dating given
Folded lead amulet, measured in the catalogue as 2.1×1.6 cm. Both surviving outer sides are photographed; the folds conceal parts of the inscribed lead.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Nordic medieval written amulets
Region
Blæsinge, Zealand, Denmark
Date of the evidence
Early Middle Ages according to the museum catalogue; no individual year dating given
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Folded lead amulet, measured in the catalogue as 2.1×1.6 cm. Both surviving outer sides are photographed; the folds conceal parts of the inscribed lead.
Historically recorded use
The museum identifies the piece as a folded lead amulet with a runic inscription. No individual ritual purpose or complete reading of the text is given.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The find and inventory years (detector find 2015, inventory D 1468/2018) date the modern recording, not the medieval manufacture. Without a documented unfolding, invisible signs are not added.
Before designing
Photographed surviving original form with wear, folds, perforation and any broken edges. No addition of invisible parts of lettering and no invented geometric reconstruction. The source-based photographic view is a checked reference, not yet a manufacturing outline.
Research draft. The two designated views of the same historical find are shown with unchanged JPEG bytes. Find and inventory years (detector find 2015, inventory D 1468/2018) date the modern recording, not the medieval manufacture. No invisible signs are added without a documented unfolding. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The two designated views of the same historical find are shown with unchanged JPEG bytes. Find and inventory years (detector find 2015, inventory D 1468/2018) date the modern recording, not the medieval manufacture. No invisible signs are added without a documented unfolding.
Source location: D 1468/2018; DMR-226838, DMR-226839
Find and inventory years (detector find 2015, inventory D 1468/2018) date the modern recording, not the medieval manufacture. Without documented unfolding, invisible signs are not added. Specific material, find and object details come from the institutional raw data for this object page.
Source location: DMR-226838; D 1468/2018; front/outside a
Image-specific JSON-LD names the actual JPEG URL and CC BY-SA 4.0. Søren Greve / Nationalmuseet, Danmark. The original file and its native pixel dimensions are retained separately; the TIFF resolution stated in the catalogue is not applied to the supplied JPEG. The image is recorded on the object page of this inventory.
Source location: DMR-226839; D 1468/2018; reverse/outside b
Image-specific JSON-LD names the actual JPEG URL and CC BY-SA 4.0. Søren Greve / Nationalmuseet, Danmark. The original file and its native pixel dimensions are retained separately; the TIFF resolution stated in the catalogue is not applied to the supplied JPEG. The image is recorded on the object page of this inventory.
BM As1864,1201.4 is unambiguously identified in the catalogue, but direct retrieval returns 403 and no freely licensed image of the writing is accessible. The incomplete, damaged text must not be replaced with a standard Dharani. The Perlis group and earlier Singapore finds do not attest to this BM example without an individual inventory link.
Religious text
Buddhist dhāraṇī practice Area near Penang, Malaysia · 11th century
Sixteen lines of text arranged in a circle within a leaf-shaped plaque.
Research draftSpecific model required
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Buddhist dhāraṇī practice
Region
Area near Penang, Malaysia
Date of the evidence
11th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Description
Sixteen lines of text arranged in a circle within a leaf-shaped plaque.
Historically recorded use
Religious clay plaque with impressed text.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Text identification is catalogued; personal protective or wearing practice is not evidenced.
Before designing
BM As1864,1201.4 is unambiguously identified in the catalogue, but direct retrieval returns 403 and no freely licensed image of the writing is accessible. The incomplete, damaged text must not be replaced with a standard Dharani. The Perlis group and earlier Singapore finds do not attest to this BM example without an individual inventory link.
Research draft. BM As1864,1201.4 is unambiguously identified in the catalogue, but direct retrieval returns 403 and no freely licensed image of the writing is accessible. The incomplete, damaged text must not be replaced with a standard Dharani. The Perlis group and earlier Singapore finds do not attest to this BM example without an individual inventory link. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Source location: As1864,1201.4; Description and Production date
Religious clay plaque near Penang, 11th century; text identification catalogued. No attested use as a neck pendant. Indexed catalogue; direct retrieval HTTP 403.
Search index evidence – complete source page not yet checked · Checked on:
Cambridge University Press; Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 34.4
Source location: DOI 10.1017/S1356186324000087; Abstract; Literature/Notes 2 and 9
The accessible publisher’s abstract discusses related Bodhigarbhālaṅkāralakṣa dharani seals from Gua Berhala/Perlis, and the notes refer to BM As1864,1201.4. The full text and free image rights have not been obtained. The approximate dating of the Perlis group is not applied to the specific BM inventory object.
Boeslunde Grisebjerggård – opened lead prayer amulet
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Danish medieval writing and protective culture Boeslunde, Zealand · Medieval (catalogue attribution; no more precise date of manufacture)
A lead strip unfolded by its finder bears remnants of Latin prayers in two lines. The catalogue identifies a praise of a woman and a blessing of the Father and Son.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Danish medieval writing and protective culture
Region
Boeslunde, Zealand
Date of the evidence
Medieval (catalogue attribution; no more precise date of manufacture)
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A lead strip unfolded by its finder bears remnants of Latin prayers in two lines. The catalogue identifies a praise of a woman and a blessing of the Father and Son.
Historically recorded use
Fragmentarily attested Christian prayer or incantation practice on a lead amulet.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The reading is fragmentary. The former folded packet and the state as opened today must not be confused; no complete Ave Maria is supplied.
Before designing
Unchanged original photographs as image reference. Individual views are shown separately alongside one another; no engraving outline has been added and no manufacturing approval has been given.
Research draft. The reading is fragmentary. The former folded packet and the present opened state must not be confused; no complete Ave Maria is added. Every photograph is complete and retains its native JPEG bytes unchanged; separate views are not a historical whole. Presentation files, not TIFF masters. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The reading is fragmentary. The former folded packet and the present opened state must not be confused; no complete Ave Maria is added. Every photograph is complete and retains its native JPEG bytes unchanged; separate views are not a historical whole. Presentation files, not TIFF masters.
Source location: D 1629/2022; DMR-243976, DMR-243977
Use of the template: CC BY-SA 4.0 with attribution and share-alike
Rasmus Bak Meng / Nationalmuseet, Danmark; D 1629/2022; DMR-243976; CC BY-SA 4.0. Rasmus Bak Meng / Nationalmuseet, Danmark; D 1629/2022; DMR-243977; CC BY-SA 4.0.
Individual institutional object record. Find, registration and photography dates are not treated as manufacturing dates. Uncertain signs and functional identifications remain qualified.
Arched votive plaque with seated figure and hand-to-chest gesture
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Buddhist visual tradition Tibet · 1368–1643
Arched terracotta relief with a seated figure on a lotus base. The hands rest in front of the chest; plant forms at the sides and a simple headband remain faintly visible.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Buddhist visual tradition
Region
Tibet
Date of the evidence
1368–1643
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Arched terracotta relief with a seated figure on a lotus base. The hands rest in front of the chest; plant forms at the sides and a simple headband remain faintly visible.
Historically recorded use
The unglazed clay plaque is a religious votive object dated by the museum and depicts a seated figure. No specific deity, wearable use or personal act of protection has been established.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 30.76.140, Met object 38832. The museum dating 1368–1643 is not presented as a reading of an inscription of our own. Missing or abraded individual strokes, attributes and hand details are not reconstructed.
Before designing
Unchanged complete native museum image; no reconstruction of damaged details. No manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete native museum photograph, with no raster transformation or reconstruction of old forms. Historical religious image evidence; not approved for manufacture. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete native museum photograph, with no raster transformation or reconstruction of old forms. Historical religious image evidence; not approved for manufacture.
Source location: The Metropolitan Museum of Art; 30.76.140; complete selected individual photograph
Danish medieval writing and protective culture Bonderup Syd, Zealand · Medieval (catalogue attribution; no more precise date of manufacture)
Medieval runes in varying orientations appear on the broken lead strip. The photographs show two surviving surfaces.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Danish medieval writing and protective culture
Region
Bonderup Syd, Zealand
Date of the evidence
Medieval (catalogue attribution; no more precise date of manufacture)
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Medieval runes in varying orientations appear on the broken lead strip. The photographs show two surviving surfaces.
Historically recorded use
Classified by the museum as a medieval lead amulet; an individual protective intention has not been fully deciphered.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The museum cannot determine a clear linguistic meaning from the signs. The designation as an amulet does not imply a specific reconstructable protective formula.
Before designing
Unchanged original photographs as image reference. Individual views are shown separately alongside one another; no engraving outline has been added and no manufacturing approval has been given.
Research draft. The museum cannot determine a clear linguistic meaning from the signs. The amulet designation does not imply any specific reconstructable protective formula. Each image is complete and retains its unchanged native JPEG bytes; separate views do not constitute a historical whole. Presentation files, not TIFF masters. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The museum cannot determine a clear linguistic meaning from the signs. The amulet designation does not imply any specific reconstructable protective formula. Each image is complete and retains its unchanged native JPEG bytes; separate views do not constitute a historical whole. Presentation files, not TIFF masters.
Source location: D 631/2021; DMR-230748, DMR-230749
Use of the template: CC BY-SA 4.0 with attribution and share-alike
Rasmus Bak Meng / Nationalmuseet, Danmark; D 631/2021; DMR-230748; CC BY-SA 4.0. Rasmus Bak Meng / Nationalmuseet, Danmark; D 631/2021; DMR-230749; CC BY-SA 4.0.
Individual institutional object record. Find, registration and photography dates are not treated as manufacturing dates. Uncertain signs and functional identifications remain qualified.
Bornholm: Christian runic amulet on an Arab silver coin
Original image · source evidence
Runic amulet
Medieval Norse Christian runic amulets Bornholm, Denmark; precise findspot unknown · Coin minted 885–896 AD; later runic inscription, classified by the museum as medieval
Arabic silver coin, secondarily incised with later runes on both sides. The Christian Latin prayer formula names Christ, the Trinity and the preservation of eternal life.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Medieval Norse Christian runic amulets
Region
Bornholm, Denmark; precise findspot unknown
Date of the evidence
Coin minted 885–896 AD; later runic inscription, classified by the museum as medieval
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Arabic silver coin, secondarily incised with later runes on both sides. The Christian Latin prayer formula names Christ, the Trinity and the preservation of eternal life.
Historically recorded use
The institutional catalogues explicitly describe the repurposed coin object as an amulet. Its prayer inscription asks for the preservation of eternal life; this does not constitute evidence of actual protective effects.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The numismatic range 885–896 dates the original coin. It is not presented as a secure date for the Christian prayer. The photography year 1963 is likewise not a historical date.
Before designing
The model is the surviving museum photograph, including wear and damage. No modern addition of missing lines, and no conversion of unclear runes or letter imitations into an invented readable formula.
Research draft. Unaltered museum JPEG bytes are embedded in an SVG image crop. Photograph of the surviving object; neither a drawn reconstruction nor an AI-generated symbol. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Unaltered museum JPEG bytes are embedded in an SVG image crop. Photograph of the surviving object; neither a drawn reconstruction nor an AI-generated symbol.
Source location: DMR-8076; both surviving sides of the coin side by side
RuneS / Niedersächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen
Source location: Bh 61 / DR 410; inventory CCCCLXXVII; numismatic dating 885–896
Originally an Arabic silver coin; secondary Christian runic inscription. The numismatic dating applies to the coin substrate and is not independent evidence for the date of the secondary incision. Found around 1770; exact findspot unknown. The RuneS data licence CC BY-SA 4.0 does not replace an image licence; the separately checked museum photograph is the one used.
Source location: DMR-8076; rune01b_347.tif; both sides
Explicit evidence of amulet use: a Kufic coin with an incised Christian prayer and a plea for the preservation of eternal life. The museum assigns the piece to the Middle Ages; the 1963 date concerns the photograph. The image-specific JSON-LD states CC BY-SA 4.0.
Early medieval Scandinavian pictorial and jewellery tradition Sweden; find context according to the individual catalogue: Parish: Börringe socken, Municipality: Svedala kommun, Province: Skåne, Country: Sverige · 400–550 AD according to the current SHM individual object page; Folkvandringstid
Large profile head above an animal body; an angular cross and other small signs lie in the image field. The beaded border and broad ribbed loop are preserved; the photographed scale remains visible.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early medieval Scandinavian pictorial and jewellery tradition
Region
Sweden; find context according to the individual catalogue: Parish: Börringe socken, Municipality: Svedala kommun, Province: Skåne, Country: Sverige
Date of the evidence
400–550 AD according to the current SHM individual object page; Folkvandringstid
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Large profile head above an animal body; an angular cross and other small signs lie in the image field. The beaded border and broad ribbed loop are preserved; the photographed scale remains visible.
Historically recorded use
Individually inventoried historical gold pendant with a stamped image field. The museum catalogue lists the piece as a bracteate; a specific protective formula, deity or individual amulet practice is not securely attested in this single source.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Specific SHM individual inventory 109402_HST. The current museum dating of 400–550 (Migration Period) is separate from the modern acquisition registration. Incorrect date values in the older K-samsök search metadata are archived only as discovery data and are not used as the date of manufacture. A historical gold pendant with a picture panel is not evidence of personal magical use. No attribution to deities or free translation of runes.
Before designing
Unaltered complete capture of the surviving object surface as a historical image reference. Wear, breakage, original photographic background, inventory writing and scale are retained. Not a reconstructed complete state and not an engraving-ready design vector.
Research draft. Complete, unaltered institutional presentation photograph of the surviving original object; no camera master is claimed and no local raster transformation has been made. Large profile head above an animal body; an angled cross and other small signs are in the image field. The beaded border and broad ribbed loop are preserved; the photographed scale remains visible. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete, unaltered institutional presentation photograph of the surviving original object; no camera master is claimed and no local raster transformation has been made. Large profile head above an animal body; an angled cross and other small signs are in the image field. The beaded border and broad ribbed loop are preserved; the photographed scale remains visible.
Source location: 109402_HST; SHM media ID e70556ce-14d9-4511-9667-d8e163fa7591
Source location: 109402_HST; Acquisition number 2119
Current individual object identity, period of manufacture, material and find context; the linked individual media page attests to the photographer and CC BY 4.0. The modern acquisition year is not transferred to the date of manufacture.
Broad amber ram’s head with loss at the neck (Getty 77.AO.81.18)
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Italic amber pendants Italy · 500–400 BCE
Broad, relatively short ram’s head with a curled horn, cross-hatched engraving, recessed eye and lateral perforation. Visible losses at the neck and pronounced surface cracks remain in the facsimile.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Italic amber pendants
Region
Italy
Date of the evidence
500–400 BCE
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Broad, relatively short ram’s head with a curled horn, cross-hatched engraving, recessed eye and lateral perforation. Visible losses at the neck and pronounced surface cracks remain in the facsimile.
Historically recorded use
According to the specialist catalogue, the perforated nape was used for suspension with the head pointing downwards. The group essay treats ram’s-head pendants as historically widespread forms of jewellery and amulets.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The specialist catalogue assigns it to the same presumed carver’s group, but emphasises its broader form. No restoration of damaged details and no secure attribution of an individual protective or healing purpose.
Before designing
Complete, unaltered institutional main photograph as a raster facsimile in SVG. No outline has been added; no manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Broad, relatively short ram’s head with a curled horn, hatched incision, recessed eye and lateral perforation. Visible losses on the neck and pronounced surface cracks are retained in the facsimile. The specialist catalogue assigns it to the same presumed carver’s group, but emphasises its broader form. No damaged details are supplied and no certain individual protective or healing purpose is assigned. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Broad, relatively short ram’s head with a curled horn, hatched incision, recessed eye and lateral perforation. Visible losses on the neck and pronounced surface cracks are retained in the facsimile. The specialist catalogue assigns it to the same presumed carver’s group, but emphasises its broader form. No damaged details are supplied and no certain individual protective or healing purpose is assigned.
Source location: Getty 77.AO.81.18; complete main photograph (one individual object)
Source location: Inventory 77.AO.81.18; current HTML/JSON-LD data
Object identity, material, dating, rights and main image UUID. JSON-LD is part of the freshly loaded HTML response; this is not a claim that the portal was visited in a rendered browser.
Ritual vajra; the precise religious tradition is not explained in the record Vietnam · 12th century
12th-century bronze object with the museum designation Vajra. Inventory 1992.150.1.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Ritual vajra; the precise religious tradition is not explained in the record
Region
Vietnam
Date of the evidence
12th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
12th-century bronze object with the museum designation Vajra. Inventory 1992.150.1.
Historically recorded use
Historical vajra; its precise use is not explained in the object text.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
No unsupported number of prongs or specific protective effect added. No use as a wearable amulet evidenced.
Before designing
Check only the variant of inventory 1992.150.1 as the source. Compare image details and outline against the museum image before drawing; do not create a modern composite motif.
Research draft. Complete, visually checked museum photograph of the specific linked historical object. Unaltered original JPEG bytes are embedded in the SVG as a raster facsimile; this is neither a cropped individual glyph nor a redrawn sigil. The object context and all visible image details are retained. No vector paths suitable for manufacture; engraving or CNC manufacture requires separate assessment. The specific mandala/ritual-object variant remains visible with all its image figures, edge areas and material details; no schematic modern substitute drawing. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete, visually checked museum photograph of the specific linked historical object. Unaltered original JPEG bytes are embedded in the SVG as a raster facsimile; this is neither a cropped individual glyph nor a redrawn sigil. The object context and all visible image details are retained. No vector paths suitable for manufacture; engraving or CNC manufacture requires separate assessment. The specific mandala/ritual-object variant remains visible with all its image figures, edge areas and material details; no schematic modern substitute drawing.
Source location: Met object 37428; Inventory 1992.150.1; complete main image from the current institutional API, uncropped; original 4000 × 2998 px
Bronze amulet bundle from Birka – nine rods with weapon fragments
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Scandinavian amulet tradition of the Viking Age Birka, Svarta jorden, Björkö; Adelsö, Uppland, Sweden · 800–1100 AD; Viking Age according to the current individual object catalogue
A complete museum image shows the corroded ring with several elongated pendants attached by small loops, and overlapping flat fragments. The green patina, breaks, photographic background and photographed scale are retained. The number and identification of the components follow the museum catalogue, not a supplementary image reconstruction.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Scandinavian amulet tradition of the Viking Age
Region
Birka, Svarta jorden, Björkö; Adelsö, Uppland, Sweden
Date of the evidence
800–1100 AD; Viking Age according to the current individual object catalogue
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A complete museum image shows the corroded ring with several elongated pendants attached by small loops, and overlapping flat fragments. The green patina, breaks, photographic background and photographed scale are retained. The number and identification of the components follow the museum catalogue, not a supplementary image reconstruction.
Historically recorded use
The museum catalogues the bronze ensemble as an amulet bundle and pendant. The museum description mentions nine rods with loops on a larger ring, as well as fragments of a miniature shield and a sword. The find comes from the settlement of Svarta jorden in Birka; no specific individual act of wearing it or concrete protective effect has been demonstrated.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
One physical bronze ensemble catalogued together as 107864_HST, not nine independently documented amulets. The date 800–1100 denotes the institutionally assigned period of manufacture; acquisition in 1874 and registration in 2006 are not manufacture dates. The institutional context describes the attribution of such miniatures to particular deities as uncertain. Accordingly, neither Odin, Frey, Freya nor any particular magical effect is claimed for this piece. No inscription is added.
Before designing
Unaltered, complete native image as a CC-BY-4.0 facsimile; no added parts, cut-out, modernised sign form or engraving paths. A documented view is not complete 3D documentation. No manufacturing approval.
Research draft. A complete museum photograph shows the corroded ring with several elongated pendants attached by small loops and overlapping flat fragments. Green patina, break points, photographic background and photographed scale are retained. The number and identification of the components follow the museum catalogue, not an additional image reconstruction. Unaltered, complete native photograph as a CC-BY-4.0 facsimile; no added parts, cut-out, modernised symbol forms or engraving paths. A documented view is not complete 3D documentation. No manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: A complete museum photograph shows the corroded ring with several elongated pendants attached by small loops and overlapping flat fragments. Green patina, break points, photographic background and photographed scale are retained. The number and identification of the components follow the museum catalogue, not an additional image reconstruction. Unaltered, complete native photograph as a CC-BY-4.0 facsimile; no added parts, cut-out, modernised symbol forms or engraving paths. A documented view is not complete 3D documentation. No manufacturing approval.
Source location: 107864_HST; media ID 5DCC7BC1-2FBE-4060-8C8F-954D87D49653; DIG 49738; complete capture 6877 × 5502 pixels
Bronze mirror with Solomon interpretation and inscribed border (Met 1978.348.2)
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Medieval Islamic mirror and divination culture North-western Iran or Turkey; alternative museum attribution · 12th–13th century; API search interval 1100–1299
Round bronze mirror with a seated figure and encircling hybrid creatures on the relief side. The smooth reverse bears an encircling Arabic inscription. Both sides are preserved in full as native museum photographs.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Medieval Islamic mirror and divination culture
Region
North-western Iran or Turkey; alternative museum attribution
Date of the evidence
12th–13th century; API search interval 1100–1299
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Round bronze mirror with a seated figure and encircling hybrid creatures on the relief side. The smooth reverse bears an encircling Arabic inscription. Both sides are preserved in full as native museum photographs.
Historically recorded use
The Met interprets the relief scene as Solomon with demons. The object text places such bronze mirrors in divination and magical-medical practices; the 2010 protection essay explicitly cites this inventory. The audio commentary identifies a Qur’anic marginal inscription on the smooth side, but describes the specific divination technique of these mirrors as uncertain.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Solomon and demons are the museum’s interpretation of the image, not an incontrovertible identification. Comparative stories about water, illness or moonlight are not presented as a documented use of this example. It is not a portable amulet; no independent reading of the writing or promise of efficacy is offered. Existing signs of use and perforation remain visible and unchanged.
Before designing
Unaltered native original photographs as historical reference; no new engraving outline and no manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Round bronze mirror with a seated figure and encircling hybrid creatures on the relief side. The smooth reverse bears an encircling Arabic inscription. Both sides are each preserved in full as native museum photographs. Solomon and demons are the museum’s interpretation of the imagery, not an indisputable identification. Comparative narratives concerning water, illness or moonlight are not presented as a proven use of this example. Not a wearable amulet; no independent reading of the text and no promise of efficacy. Existing signs of use and perforation remain visible unchanged. Native raster files unchanged; no manufacturing outlines. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Round bronze mirror with a seated figure and encircling hybrid creatures on the relief side. The smooth reverse bears an encircling Arabic inscription. Both sides are each preserved in full as native museum photographs. Solomon and demons are the museum’s interpretation of the imagery, not an indisputable identification. Comparative narratives concerning water, illness or moonlight are not presented as a proven use of this example. Not a wearable amulet; no independent reading of the text and no promise of efficacy. Existing signs of use and perforation remain visible unchanged. Native raster files unchanged; no manufacturing outlines.
Source location: 1978.348.2; two complete native original photographs
Brother, sister and love cup – Atalanta fugiens 1618, Emblem 4
Original image · source evidence
Alchemical-theosophical symbolic image
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art Oppenheim, Germany; place of printing · 1618; first publication of the work 1617
A man and a woman stand close together; a third male figure offers a raised cup. The clothing, cityscape and epigram remain in the original.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art
Region
Oppenheim, Germany; place of printing
Date of the evidence
1618; first publication of the work 1617
Type of evidence
Textual evidence
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A man and a woman stand close together; a third male figure offers a raised cup. The clothing, cityscape and epigram remain in the original.
Historically recorded use
The motto calls for the union of brother and sister with a love cup as an alchemical allegory; no actual use as jewellery or an amulet is evidenced by this. Historical book illustration with epigram and accompanying discourse; no evidenced use as a neck pendant.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
An individually located emblem in the specific Oppenheimer printing of 1618; the first publication in 1617 is distinct from it. Part of the same work and the same copy, not an independent amulet object. Individual use as a worn amulet, the ancient origin of this graphic and efficacy are not evidenced. Visible coloured areas belong to the present condition of this copy; a separate age for the colouring is not documented.
Before designing
Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view with motto, image, epigram, printed page number and side margin notes. Paper, stains, binding shadows and any coloured areas are retained. Institutional presentation resolution 2880×3442; larger master 4291×5129 documented separately. Historical image evidence without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view with motto, image, epigram, printed page number and side margin notes. Paper, stains, binding shadows and any coloured areas are retained. Institutional presentation resolution 2880×3442; larger master 4291×5129 documented separately. Historical image evidence without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view with motto, image, epigram, printed page number and side margin notes. Paper, stains, binding shadows and any coloured areas are retained. Institutional presentation resolution 2880×3442; larger master 4291×5129 documented separately. Historical image evidence without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: QD25 .M354 1618, Emblem 4, printed p. 25; institutional individual inventory 2227mq455; Large JPG 2880×3442
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Courtesy of Science History Institute; Michael Maier, Atalanta fugiens (Oppenheim 1618), Emblem 4, S.25; engraver Matthaeus Merian; Public Domain Mark 1.0.
Source location: QD25 .M354 1618; Oppenheim, Johann-Theodor de Bry; complete work with 50 emblems
Copy used from 1618; the work's first publication in 1617 is attested separately. Historical alchemical emblem, epigram and musical context. No evidence for 30 independent works, worn amulets or present-day claims of efficacy. Individual image rights additionally checked for each inventory item.
The motto calls for the union of brother and sister with a love cup as an alchemical allegory; no actual use as jewellery or an amulet is evidenced by this. The original title, English institutional counter-label, dating 1618 and specific PDM image licence match the individual page.
Confraternity medal with lettering triangles – ND11147
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Christian devotional and pilgrimage culture France; Paris as findspot or place of collection · 18th century
Round brass medallion with a loop, inscribed fields engraved on both sides in a triangular arrangement, and a small cross mark. Diameter 4.2 cm.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Christian devotional and pilgrimage culture
Region
France; Paris as findspot or place of collection
Date of the evidence
18th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Round brass medallion with a loop, inscribed fields engraved on both sides in a triangular arrangement, and a small cross mark. Diameter 4.2 cm.
Historically recorded use
Religious confraternity medal; no specific magical protective use is documented.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
No arbitrary attribution to a particular brotherhood. The two photographs remain in their original orientation; the historical loop appears at the bottom in the image as supplied.
Before designing
Unchanged complete museum photographs in separate views; no drawn additions, normalisation or approval for manufacture.
Research draft. No arbitrary attribution to a particular brotherhood. The two images retain their original orientation; the historical loop appears at the bottom in the image provided. The museum-provided 4k JPEG renderings are preserved in full in their native bytes; no local image editing and no claim that these are camera masters. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: No arbitrary attribution to a particular brotherhood. The two images retain their original orientation; the historical loop appears at the bottom in the image provided. The museum-provided 4k JPEG renderings are preserved in full in their native bytes; no local image editing and no claim that these are camera masters.
Buddha with a halo of rays from a possible portable shrine
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Buddhist visual tradition Turfan / Xinjiang, northern Silk Road · 5th–6th century
Standing Buddha in a long robe before a radiating halo and mandorla. Two smaller donors appear beside a vessel on the base; losses to the wood and broken hands remain visible.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Buddhist visual tradition
Region
Turfan / Xinjiang, northern Silk Road
Date of the evidence
5th–6th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Standing Buddha in a long robe before a radiating halo and mandorla. Two smaller donors appear beside a vessel on the base; losses to the wood and broken hands remain visible.
Historically recorded use
The museum interprets the wooden panel as probably the central section of a three-part portable shrine. Such images served travelling merchants and pilgrims for personal devotion. The doors of this example have not survived; no amuletic function is claimed.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 29.19, Met object 36038. The reconstruction as a triptych is expressly described as probable. The interpretation of the pedestal vessel with vegetation is also cautiously worded; no missing wood or attribute is added.
Before designing
Unchanged complete native museum image; no reconstruction of damaged details. No manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete native museum photograph, with no raster transformation or reconstruction of old forms. Historical religious image evidence; not approved for manufacture. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete native museum photograph, with no raster transformation or reconstruction of old forms. Historical religious image evidence; not approved for manufacture.
Source location: The Metropolitan Museum of Art; 29.19; complete selected individual photograph
Source location: CC0 for individually designated public-domain collection images
Institutional CC0 policy read in the web tool on 10 October. The direct native website response was HTTP429 and is not treated as text of a rights notice that was read.
Buddhist visual tradition of India; assigned by the museum to the Pala period India, Uttar Pradesh · ca. 8th century; API dating index 650–850
Front and back of a round dark plate: on the front, a raised head before a wreath with leaf-like divisions; on the back, the concave reverse and the red modern inventory inscription. Cracks and small upper projections remain visible.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Buddhist visual tradition of India; assigned by the museum to the Pala period
Region
India, Uttar Pradesh
Date of the evidence
ca. 8th century; API dating index 650–850
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Front and back of a round dark plate: on the front, a raised head before a wreath with leaf-like divisions; on the back, the concave reverse and the red modern inventory inscription. Cracks and small upper projections remain visible.
Historically recorded use
The Met catalogue documents a historical jewellery pendant with a Buddha head. It does not mention an individually documented protective function, a mantra or a specific ritual.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 1992.315. The museum explicitly describes the material as lead with a question mark. Religious jewellery imagery and possible amulet use are not equated; therefore this is solely evidence of a historical symbol.
Before designing
Unchanged, complete native museum view(s), including background and present-day damage. Historical facsimile; separate outline preparation and manufacturing review required.
Research draft. Front and reverse of a round, dark plaque: on the front, a raised head before a leaf-like segmented wreath; on the back, the negative curvature and the red modern inventory inscription. Cracks and small upper projections remain visible. Unaltered, complete native museum view(s), including the background and present-day damage. Historical facsimile; separate outline preparation and manufacturing assessment required. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Front and reverse of a round, dark plaque: on the front, a raised head before a leaf-like segmented wreath; on the back, the negative curvature and the red modern inventory inscription. Cracks and small upper projections remain visible. Unaltered, complete native museum view(s), including the background and present-day damage. Historical facsimile; separate outline preparation and manufacturing assessment required.
Source location: 1992.315; 2 complete native museum view(s)
Buddhist visual tradition Kashmir / present-day India · 7th–8th century
Standing Buddha on small steps, surrounded by figures with garlands and an umbrella. Traces of colour, openings and the damaged upper edge of the slab remain visible in the full photograph.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Buddhist visual tradition
Region
Kashmir / present-day India
Date of the evidence
7th–8th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Standing Buddha on small steps, surrounded by figures with garlands and an umbrella. Traces of colour, openings and the damaged upper edge of the slab remain visible in the full photograph.
Historically recorded use
The ivory relief of a portable shrine depicts the Buddha's return from the Trayastrimsha heaven after teaching his mother. The scene is religious pictorial evidence; use as a worn protective pendant is not attested for this plaque.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 1979.287, Met object 37413. The museum identifies the bearers of parasols and fly-whisks, and the steps as a reference to the ladder to heaven. The present-day crop of a shrine is not supplemented to make a complete travelling altar.
Before designing
Unchanged complete native museum image; no reconstruction of damaged details. No manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete native museum photograph, with no raster transformation or reconstruction of old forms. Historical religious image evidence; not approved for manufacture. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete native museum photograph, with no raster transformation or reconstruction of old forms. Historical religious image evidence; not approved for manufacture.
Source location: The Metropolitan Museum of Art; 1979.287; complete selected individual photograph
Source location: CC0 for individually designated public-domain collection images
Institutional CC0 policy read in the web tool on 10 October. The direct native website response was HTTP429 and is not treated as text of a rights notice that was read.
Bronze bell with a vajra handle for Buddhist rituals; four curved points around a central point form the thunderbolt. The surviving Korean witness dates to the 14th century. Engravings and losses from corrosion are not completed; there is no evidence for use as a jewellery amulet.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Korea, Goryeo dynasty (918–1392)
Region
Korea
Date of the evidence
1300s
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Bronze bell with a vajra handle for Buddhist rituals; four curved points around a central point form the thunderbolt. The surviving Korean witness dates to the 14th century. Engravings and losses from corrosion are not completed; there is no evidence for use as a jewellery amulet.
Historically recorded use
Bronze bell with a vajra handle for Buddhist rituals; four curved points around a central point form the thunderbolt.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The surviving Korean witness dates to the 14th century. Engravings and losses from corrosion are not completed; there is no evidence for a jewellery amulet.
Before designing
Green-patinated bell with incised figural panels and Vajra arches converging at the top. The original photograph is reproduced as a complete facsimile; this is not manufacturing approval and no outlines have been added.
Research draft. The surviving Korean witness belongs to the 14th century. Engravings and losses from corrosion are not completed; there is no evidence for a jewellery amulet. All native JPEG bytes and the full image crop remain unchanged. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The surviving Korean witness belongs to the 14th century. Engravings and losses from corrosion are not completed; there is no evidence for a jewellery amulet. All native JPEG bytes and the full image crop remain unchanged.
Source location: Individual inventory 1998.123; object ID 160211; title, dating, culture, material and image link
The surviving Korean witness dates to the 14th century. Engravings and losses from corrosion are not completed; there is no evidence for a jewellery amulet.
Early medieval Scandinavian pictorial and jewellery tradition Sweden; find context according to the individual catalogue: Plats: Burge, Socken: Dalhem socken, Kommun: Gotland kommun, Landskap: Gotland, Land: Sverige · 400–550 AD according to the current SHM individual object page; Folkvandringstid
Profile head with a diadem band above a stylised animal figure; a short sequence of signs lies to one side in the image field. The border shows small stamped shapes.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early medieval Scandinavian pictorial and jewellery tradition
Region
Sweden; find context according to the individual catalogue: Plats: Burge, Socken: Dalhem socken, Kommun: Gotland kommun, Landskap: Gotland, Land: Sverige
Date of the evidence
400–550 AD according to the current SHM individual object page; Folkvandringstid
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Profile head with a diadem band above a stylised animal figure; a short sequence of signs lies to one side in the image field. The border shows small stamped shapes.
Historically recorded use
Individually inventoried historical gold pendant with a stamped image field. The museum catalogue lists the piece as a bracteate; a specific protective formula, deity or individual amulet practice is not securely attested in this single source.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Specific SHM individual inventory 109432_HST. The current museum dating of 400–550 (Migration Period) is separate from the modern acquisition registration. Erroneous date values in the older K-samsök search metadata are archived only as discovery data and are not used to date manufacture. A historical gold pendant with an image field is not proof of personal magical use. No deity attribution or free translation of the runes.
Before designing
Unaltered complete capture of the surviving object surface as a historical image reference. Wear, breakage, original photographic background, inventory writing and scale are retained. Not a reconstructed complete state and not an engraving-ready design vector.
Research draft. Complete, unchanged institutional presentation photograph of the surviving original object; no camera master is claimed and no local raster transformation has been made. Profile head with diadem band above a stylised animal figure; a short sequence of signs lies at the side of the image field. The border shows small stamped forms. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete, unchanged institutional presentation photograph of the surviving original object; no camera master is claimed and no local raster transformation has been made. Profile head with diadem band above a stylised animal figure; a short sequence of signs lies at the side of the image field. The border shows small stamped forms.
Source location: 109432_HST; SHM media ID 0AABE5E0-6554-4983-B9E2-79C40852562B
Source location: 109432_HST; acquisition number 2617
Current individual object identity, period of manufacture, material and find context; the linked individual media page attests to the photographer and CC BY 4.0. The modern acquisition year is not transferred to the date of manufacture.
Bursøgård – Lead amulet with minuscule-shaped signs
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Danish medieval writing and protective culture Bursøgård, Lolland · Medieval (catalogue attribution; no more precise date of manufacture)
Repeatedly folded lead shows densely arranged incisions on the outside, shaped like minuscule letters. Part of the edge is missing.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Danish medieval writing and protective culture
Region
Bursøgård, Lolland
Date of the evidence
Medieval (catalogue attribution; no more precise date of manufacture)
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Repeatedly folded lead shows densely arranged incisions on the outside, shaped like minuscule letters. Part of the edge is missing.
Historically recorded use
Classified by the museum as a medieval lead amulet; an individual protective intention has not been fully deciphered.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The catalogue cannot establish a reliable continuous reading of the writing arrangement. The damaged edge area and the fold remain visible and unchanged.
Before designing
Unchanged original photographs as image reference. Individual views are shown separately alongside one another; no engraving outline has been added and no manufacturing approval has been given.
Research draft. The arrangement of the writing does not permit a certain continuous reading in the catalogue. The damaged edge area and the fold remain visible unchanged. Each photograph is complete and retains its native JPEG bytes unchanged; separate views do not constitute a historical overall form. Presentation files, not TIFF masters. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The arrangement of the writing does not permit a certain continuous reading in the catalogue. The damaged edge area and the fold remain visible unchanged. Each photograph is complete and retains its native JPEG bytes unchanged; separate views do not constitute a historical overall form. Presentation files, not TIFF masters.
Source location: D 358/2022; DMR-235316, DMR-235317
Use of the template: CC BY-SA 4.0 with attribution and share-alike
Rasmus Bak Meng / Nationalmuseet, Danmark; D 358/2022; DMR-235316; CC BY-SA 4.0. Rasmus Bak Meng / Nationalmuseet, Danmark; D 358/2022; DMR-235317; CC BY-SA 4.0.
Individual institutional object record. Find, registration and photography dates are not treated as manufacturing dates. Uncertain signs and functional identifications remain qualified.
Late Antique and Early Byzantine Christian/Mediterranean culture Mediterranean region; exact place of manufacture according to the specific object catalogue · 6th–7th century
Gold necklace with amethysts, glass and gold beads.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Late Antique and Early Byzantine Christian/Mediterranean culture
Region
Mediterranean region; exact place of manufacture according to the specific object catalogue
Date of the evidence
6th–7th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Gold necklace with amethysts, glass and gold beads.
Historically recorded use
The museum description explains historical beliefs about amethyst protecting against drunkenness, poison or dangers in battle. It describes the piece in question as a necklace.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
General accounts of the stone do not prove that this particular necklace was worn as a protective amulet. The piece remains evidence of historical material and symbolism.
Before designing
Unmodified native institutional photographic source; no invented glyph additions, no isolated vector outline and no manufacturing approval. Historical evidence and comparative interpretation remain separate.
Research draft. General accounts of the stone do not prove that this particular necklace was worn as a protective amulet. The piece remains evidence of historical material and symbolism. Complete original JPEG bytes; losses to the writing and material are not supplemented. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: General accounts of the stone do not prove that this particular necklace was worn as a protective amulet. The piece remains evidence of historical material and symbolism. Complete original JPEG bytes; losses to the writing and material are not supplemented.
Source location: 17.190.1652; complete photograph of the actual main image view
Byzantine Christianity Byzantine cultural sphere · 6th century
Gold necklace with a historical cross pendant.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Byzantine Christianity
Region
Byzantine cultural sphere
Date of the evidence
6th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Description
Gold necklace with a historical cross pendant.
Historically recorded use
Christian neck jewellery; image signs were understood as aids to prayer and protection.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Evidence of a portable object; the museum interpretation describes historical beliefs.
Before designing
Check the cross form of 17.190.1650 precisely; do not present a modern cross type under this dating.
Research draft. Complete, visually verified museum image of the specifically linked historical object. Unmodified original JPEG bytes are embedded in the SVG as a raster facsimile; this is neither a cropped individual glyph nor a traced sigil. The object context and all visible image details are retained. No manufacturing-ready vector paths; engraving or CNC manufacture requires separate review. The complete original image includes a necklace and cross pendant; this is not an isolated or newly assembled cross shape. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete, visually verified museum image of the specifically linked historical object. Unmodified original JPEG bytes are embedded in the SVG as a raster facsimile; this is neither a cropped individual glyph nor a traced sigil. The object context and all visible image details are retained. No manufacturing-ready vector paths; engraving or CNC manufacture requires separate review. The complete original image includes a necklace and cross pendant; this is not an isolated or newly assembled cross shape.
Source location: Met object 464055; inventory 17.190.1650; complete main photograph from the current institutional API, uncropped; original 2910 × 4000 px
Two complete original views show the same damaged object: a horseman with a reclining figure on one side, and an eye surrounded by figures, strokes and traces of writing on the other.
Two complete original views show the same damaged object: a horseman with a reclining figure on one side, and an eye surrounded by figures, strokes and traces of writing on the other.
Historically recorded use
The museum catalogues the bronze disc as an amulet with rider, eye and saint depictions. The general group label places such portable objects in the context of travel and hoped-for protection.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The group label does not prove an individual pilgrimage. No free reading of the inscription, specific identification of a saint or effect that actually occurred. Cracks, losses and corrosion remain visible; both photographs belong to one inventory item.
Before designing
Native, complete museum view as a source reference; no reconstructed engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Unaltered complete native JPEG files. The group label does not attest an individual pilgrimage. No free reading of the inscription, specific saint identification or effect that actually occurred. Cracks, losses and corrosion remain visible; both photographs belong to one inventory. No outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Unaltered complete native JPEG files. The group label does not attest an individual pilgrimage. No free reading of the inscription, specific saint identification or effect that actually occurred. Cracks, losses and corrosion remain visible; both photographs belong to one inventory. No outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: y1959-125; complete native museum views of both sides
Byzantine personal Christian devotion Constantinople, Byzantine world · Around 1100
Golden miniature cross with rounded terminal medallions, small floral enamel cells and an upper suspension loop. This template shows a single complete side with the surviving losses.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Byzantine personal Christian devotion
Region
Constantinople, Byzantine world
Date of the evidence
Around 1100
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Golden miniature cross with rounded terminal medallions, small floral enamel cells and an upper suspension loop. This template shows a single complete side with the surviving losses.
Historically recorded use
The museum explicitly describes the small cross as a pendant for the personal devotion of the Byzantine elite. Both sides bear multicoloured floral cloisonné enamel.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Met object 470276, inventory 1998.542. The reverse is described in the catalogue, but is not visible in this individual photograph. No freely invented magical meaning or unevidenced healing effect is assigned to the floral pattern.
Before designing
Complete native original capture(s), embedded unchanged in the SVG. The facsimile is not an engraving outline; it is not approved for manufacture.
Research draft. Golden miniature cross with rounded end medallions, small-scale floral enamel cells and an upper suspension lug. This reference shows one complete face, including the surviving areas of loss. The reverse is described in the catalogue, but is not visible in this single photographic view. No invented individual magical meaning or unsupported healing effect is assigned to the floral pattern. Original bytes unchanged; no raster transformation or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Golden miniature cross with rounded end medallions, small-scale floral enamel cells and an upper suspension lug. This reference shows one complete face, including the surviving areas of loss. The reverse is described in the catalogue, but is not visible in this single photographic view. No invented individual magical meaning or unsupported healing effect is assigned to the floral pattern. Original bytes unchanged; no raster transformation or manufacturing approval.
Source location: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1998.542; complete individual museum view
Fresh native API response: object identity, raw dating, dimensions, material, specific image URLs and isPublicDomain. Editorial reading additionally checked against the object page.
Institutional object page retained today via the web reader; text and public-domain evidence. The web reader’s crawl age is visible in the archived extract.
Byzantine Christian seal and amulet practices Byzantine cultural sphere; precise place of manufacture not specified · 9th–11th century
A crucifixion scene carved in rock crystal, with flanking figures and other small signs on the seal face.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Byzantine Christian seal and amulet practices
Region
Byzantine cultural sphere; precise place of manufacture not specified
Date of the evidence
9th–11th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A crucifixion scene carved in rock crystal, with flanking figures and other small signs on the seal face.
Historically recorded use
Pyramidal seal, which according to the museum could be worn on a chain as a seal and a protective amulet.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The catalogue explains the protective attribution for seals of this kind. No particular person, specific healing effect or astrological meaning of the small celestial signs is attested for this object.
Before designing
Unaltered original image of the engraved seal face. Faint and damaged lines are retained; the inscription has not been traced or supplemented. CC0 raster reference; not a validated manufacturing file. A separately validated contour preparation is required for engraving or casting.
Research draft. Unchanged original photograph of the engraved seal face. Faint and damaged lines are retained; no tracing or completion of the inscription. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Unchanged original photograph of the engraved seal face. Faint and damaged lines are retained; no tracing or completion of the inscription.
Source location: Met 86.11.38; primary object photograph
Byzantine reliquary cross with the Crucifixion and Mary praying
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Orthodox veneration of relics and the Virgin Mary Byzantine sphere · 10th–11th century
Two native views of the same hinged cross: Christ in a long robe between Mary and John, and the praying Mary with four round images of the Evangelists. Patina, worn reliefs and existing inscription are preserved.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Orthodox veneration of relics and the Virgin Mary
Region
Byzantine sphere
Date of the evidence
10th–11th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Two native views of the same hinged cross: Christ in a long robe between Mary and John, and the praying Mary with four round images of the Evangelists. Patina, worn reliefs and existing inscription are preserved.
Historically recorded use
The museum explicitly describes the two-part copper-alloy reliquary as wearable on a chain. The front and back combine the Crucifixion and Mary in the orans posture with evangelist medallions.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Met object 754083, inventory 2018.870.2. The interpretation of the image follows the museum. Missing letters and abraded faces are not reconstructed; the actual former relics and any particular protective use are not documented.
Before designing
Complete native original capture(s), embedded unchanged in the SVG. The facsimile is not an engraving outline; it is not approved for manufacture.
Research draft. Two native views of the same hinged cross: Christ in a long robe between Mary and John, and the praying Mary with four circular Evangelist images. The patina, worn reliefs and existing inscription are retained. The image interpretation follows the museum. Missing letters and worn faces are not reconstructed; the actual relics once present and any specific protective use are not evidenced. Original bytes unchanged; no raster transformation or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Two native views of the same hinged cross: Christ in a long robe between Mary and John, and the praying Mary with four circular Evangelist images. The patina, worn reliefs and existing inscription are retained. The image interpretation follows the museum. Missing letters and worn faces are not reconstructed; the actual relics once present and any specific protective use are not evidenced. Original bytes unchanged; no raster transformation or manufacturing approval.
Source location: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2018.870.2; two complete institutional views of the same object
Fresh native API response: object identity, raw dating, dimensions, material, specific image URLs and isPublicDomain. Editorial reading additionally checked against the object page.
Institutional object page retained today via the web reader; text and public-domain evidence. The web reader’s crawl age is visible in the archived extract.
Roman amulet culture France; Paris as findspot or place of collection · Roman; Gallo-Roman catalogue period 52 BCE–486 CE
Small standing figure in copper alloy with tall headdress, kilt and bent arms; 4.2 cm high, found in Paris.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Roman amulet culture
Region
France; Paris as findspot or place of collection
Date of the evidence
Roman; Gallo-Roman catalogue period 52 BCE–486 CE
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Small standing figure in copper alloy with tall headdress, kilt and bent arms; 4.2 cm high, found in Paris.
Historically recorded use
Interpreted by the museum as a probable amulet associated with the protection of pregnant women and warding off spirits.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The identification as Bes and the amulet function are reported as the museum’s interpretation. The dating is broad; no claim of medical efficacy is made.
Before designing
Unchanged complete museum photographs in separate views; no drawn additions, normalisation or approval for manufacture.
Research draft. The identification as Bes and the amulet function are reported as the museum’s interpretation. The dating is broad; no claim of medical efficacy is made. The 4k JPEG renditions offered by the museum are retained in their native bytes in full; there has been no local image processing and no claim that they are camera masters. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The identification as Bes and the amulet function are reported as the museum’s interpretation. The dating is broad; no claim of medical efficacy is made. The 4k JPEG renditions offered by the museum are retained in their native bytes in full; there has been no local image processing and no claim that they are camera masters.
C-bracteate with head-and-animal field from collection 10760
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Early medieval Scandinavian pictorial and jewellery tradition Sweden; find context according to the individual catalogue: Country: Sverige · 400–550 AD according to the current SHM individual object page; Folkvandringstid
Large profile head above a stylised animal form in the circular image field. The loop and a small section of the upper edge are missing; the surviving surface has been photographed in full.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early medieval Scandinavian pictorial and jewellery tradition
Region
Sweden; find context according to the individual catalogue: Country: Sverige
Date of the evidence
400–550 AD according to the current SHM individual object page; Folkvandringstid
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Large profile head above a stylised animal form in the circular image field. The loop and a small section of the upper edge are missing; the surviving surface has been photographed in full.
Historically recorded use
Individually inventoried historical gold pendant with a stamped image field. The museum catalogue lists the piece as a bracteate; a specific protective formula, deity or individual amulet practice is not securely attested in this single source.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Specific SHM individual inventory 109832_HST. The current museum dating of 400–550 (Migration Period) is separate from the modern acquisition registration. Incorrect date values in older K-samsök search metadata are archived only as discovery data and are not used to date manufacture. A historical gold pendant with an image field is not evidence of personal magical use. No attribution to deities or free translation of runes. The current findspot area gives only Sweden; no specific findspot or place of manufacture is invented.
Before designing
Unaltered complete capture of the surviving object surface as a historical image reference. Wear, breakage, original photographic background, inventory writing and scale are retained. Not a reconstructed complete state and not an engraving-ready design vector.
Research draft. Complete, unaltered institutional presentation photograph of the surviving original object; no camera master is claimed and no local raster transformation has been made. Large profile head above a stylised animal form in the circular image field. The loop and a small upper edge section are missing; the surviving surface is photographed in full. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete, unaltered institutional presentation photograph of the surviving original object; no camera master is claimed and no local raster transformation has been made. Large profile head above a stylised animal form in the circular image field. The loop and a small upper edge section are missing; the surviving surface is photographed in full.
Source location: 109832_HST; SHM media ID B6893C8C-A69F-4B51-BF0D-47CCB1032BA1
Source location: 109832_HST; acquisition number 10760
Current individual object identity, period of manufacture, material and find context; the linked individual media page attests to the photographer and CC BY 4.0. The modern acquisition year is not transferred to the date of manufacture.
French early modern grimoire tradition; Traitté des Esprits du petit payzan Reformée French-speaking; place of manufacture unknown; current location London · Mid-18th century; dating of the specific Wellcome manuscript
Two-line sequence of signs with hooks, interlacing arcs and dotted line endings; part of the lower row is framed. The French Mars section assigns this sequence of signs, explicitly called a character, to a named spirit and a ritual bearer. Such attributions are historical usage texts, not confirmed effects.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French early modern grimoire tradition; Traitté des Esprits du petit payzan Reformée
Region
French-speaking; place of manufacture unknown; current location London
Date of the evidence
Mid-18th century; dating of the specific Wellcome manuscript
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Two-line sequence of signs with hooks, interlacing arcs and dotted line endings; part of the lower row is framed. The French Mars section assigns this sequence of signs, explicitly called a character, to a named spirit and a ritual bearer. Such attributions are historical usage texts, not confirmed effects.
Historically recorded use
The French Mars section assigns this sequence of signs, explicitly called a character, to a named spirit and a ritual object. Such attributions are historical usage texts, not confirmed effects.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The individual Camael section begins on p. 281. Son Caractere est ainsi at the beginning of p. 282 belongs to its continuation; Phalet begins only below the dividing line. The anonymous French manuscript is institutionally dated to the mid-18th century. Pseudo-Solomon indicates an attribution, not authorship by the ancient Solomon. The sequence of signs documents a historical ritual prescription; actual efficacy or use as a worn neck amulet is not evidenced.
Before designing
Unaltered native full-page JPEG embedded in its entirety in the SVG; only the verified figure viewport is visible. Paper, show-through of writing on the reverse and ink traces are retained. No tracing, restored ink losses or engraving approval.
Research draft. The individual Camael section begins on p. 281. Son Caractere est ainsi at the beginning of p. 282 belongs to its continuation; Phalet begins only below the dividing line. Unchanged native full-page JPEG embedded in full in the SVG; only the verified figure viewport is visible. Paper, show-through of writing on the reverse and ink traces are retained. No tracing, restored ink losses or engraving approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The individual Camael section begins on p. 281. Son Caractere est ainsi at the beginning of p. 282 belongs to its continuation; Phalet begins only below the dividing line. Unchanged native full-page JPEG embedded in full in the SVG; only the verified figure viewport is visible. Paper, show-through of writing on the reverse and ink traces are retained. No tracing, restored ink losses or engraving approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.4667, Traitté des Esprits du petit payzan Reformée, manuscript p. 282; Canvas position 298/465; Camael; Mars section
Source location: MS.4667; current work cs5fybkx; Sierra b19145111; second treatise pp. 272–295
Current API record with shelfmark, dating, 21 sigils and PDM link successfully archived with HTTP 200. The old identifier kdp43rqm returned HTTP 404 and is archived only as a failure finding.
The twelve figures used are individually linked to their Canvas, image service and native full-page JPEG. The small presentation preview, 1024 pixels high, is not the full/full image file used here.
Source location: MS.4667; handwritten p. 272; Canvas position 288; image suffix 0288
The complete native original page was actually viewed visually; the handwritten page number and individual name/figure attribution were read from the image.
Source location: MS.4667; manuscript p. 274; Canvas position 290; image suffix 0290
The complete native original page was actually viewed visually; the handwritten page number and individual name/figure attribution were read from the image.
Source location: MS.4667; handwritten p. 282; canvas position 298; image suffix 0298
The complete native original page was actually viewed visually; the handwritten page number and individual name/figure attribution were read from the image.
Source location: MS.4667; handwritten p. 281; Canvas position 297; image suffix 0297
The complete native original page was actually viewed visually; the handwritten page number and individual name/figure attribution were read from the image.
French early modern grimoire tradition; Traitté des Esprits du petit payzan Reformée French-speaking; place of manufacture unknown; current location London · Mid-18th century; dating of the specific Wellcome manuscript
A long, narrow rectangle on a horizontal line with an endpoint; below it, several free-standing curved marks. The French Saturn section assigns this sequence of marks, explicitly called a character, to a named spirit and a ritual bearer. Such attributions are historical usage texts, not confirmed effects.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French early modern grimoire tradition; Traitté des Esprits du petit payzan Reformée
Region
French-speaking; place of manufacture unknown; current location London
Date of the evidence
Mid-18th century; dating of the specific Wellcome manuscript
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A long, narrow rectangle on a horizontal line with an endpoint; below it, several free-standing curved marks. The French Saturn section assigns this sequence of marks, explicitly called a character, to a named spirit and a ritual bearer. Such attributions are historical usage texts, not confirmed effects.
Historically recorded use
The French Saturn section assigns this sequence of signs, explicitly called a character, to a named spirit and a ritual bearer. Such attributions are historical usage texts, not evidence of a confirmed effect.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The section begins on p. 277 with Cassiel/Casiel. Page 278 continues this section and identifies the character sequence on the right as his character. The anonymous French manuscript is institutionally dated to the mid-18th century. Pseudo-Solomon denotes an attribution, not authorship by the ancient Solomon. The character sequence attests to a historical ritual instruction; actual efficacy or use as a worn neck amulet is not attested.
Before designing
Unaltered native full-page JPEG embedded in its entirety in the SVG; only the verified figure viewport is visible. Paper, show-through of writing on the reverse and ink traces are retained. No tracing, restored ink losses or engraving approval.
Research draft. The section begins on p. 277 with Cassiel/Casiel. Page 278 continues this section and identifies the sequence of signs on the right as his character. The unchanged native full-page JPEG is embedded in full in the SVG; only the checked figure viewport is visible. The paper, show-through of writing on the reverse and traces of ink are retained. No tracing, restoration of lost ink or engraving approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The section begins on p. 277 with Cassiel/Casiel. Page 278 continues this section and identifies the sequence of signs on the right as his character. The unchanged native full-page JPEG is embedded in full in the SVG; only the checked figure viewport is visible. The paper, show-through of writing on the reverse and traces of ink are retained. No tracing, restoration of lost ink or engraving approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.4667, Traitté des Esprits du petit payzan Reformée, manuscript p. 278; canvas position 294/465; Cassiel; Saturn section
Source location: MS.4667; current work cs5fybkx; Sierra b19145111; second treatise pp. 272–295
Current API record with shelfmark, dating, 21 sigils and PDM link successfully archived with HTTP 200. The old identifier kdp43rqm returned HTTP 404 and is archived only as a failure finding.
The twelve figures used are individually linked to their Canvas, image service and native full-page JPEG. The small presentation preview, 1024 pixels high, is not the full/full image file used here.
Source location: MS.4667; handwritten p. 272; Canvas position 288; image suffix 0288
The complete native original page was actually viewed visually; the handwritten page number and individual name/figure attribution were read from the image.
Source location: MS.4667; manuscript p. 274; Canvas position 290; image suffix 0290
The complete native original page was actually viewed visually; the handwritten page number and individual name/figure attribution were read from the image.
Source location: MS.4667; manuscript p. 278; canvas position 294; image suffix 0294
The complete native original page was actually viewed visually; the handwritten page number and individual name/figure attribution were read from the image.
Source location: MS.4667; handwritten p. 277; canvas position 293; image suffix 0293
The complete native original page was actually viewed visually; the handwritten page number and individual name/figure attribution were read from the image.
Ceres and Thetis with children and fire – Atalanta fugiens 1618, Emblem 35
Original image · source evidence
Alchemical-theosophical symbolic image
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art Oppenheim, Germany; place of printing · 1618; first publication of the work 1617
On the left sits a woman wearing a wreath of ears of grain, with a child on her lap. On the right is another child figure by a fire; additional figures stand in the rocky landscape.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art
Region
Oppenheim, Germany; place of printing
Date of the evidence
1618; first publication of the work 1617
Type of evidence
Textual evidence
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
On the left sits a woman wearing a wreath of ears of grain, with a child on her lap. On the right is another child figure by a fire; additional figures stand in the rocky landscape.
Historically recorded use
The motto names Ceres with Triptolemus and Thetis with Achilles as comparisons for the treatment of the alchemical stone by fire. Historical book illustration with epigram and associated discourse; no documented neck pendant.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
An individually located emblem in the specific 1618 Oppenheimer print; the first publication in 1617 is distinct from this. Part of the same work and the same copy, not an independent amulet object. Individual use as a worn amulet, ancient origin of this graphic and efficacy are not evidenced.
Before designing
Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view with motto, image, epigram, printed page number and side margin notes. Paper, stains, binding shadows and any coloured areas are retained. Institutional presentation resolution 2880×3442; larger master 4291×5129 documented separately. Historical image evidence without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view with motto, image, epigram, printed page number and side margin notes. Paper, stains, binding shadows and any coloured areas are retained. Institutional presentation resolution 2880×3442; larger master 4291×5129 documented separately. Historical image evidence without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view with motto, image, epigram, printed page number and side margin notes. Paper, stains, binding shadows and any coloured areas are retained. Institutional presentation resolution 2880×3442; larger master 4291×5129 documented separately. Historical image evidence without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: QD25 .M354 1618, Emblem 35, printed p. 149; institutional individual inventory qr46r1641; Large JPG 2880×3442
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Courtesy of Science History Institute; Michael Maier, Atalanta fugiens (Oppenheim 1618), Emblem 35, S.149; engraver Matthaeus Merian; Public Domain Mark 1.0.
Source location: QD25 .M354 1618; Oppenheim, Johann-Theodor de Bry; complete work with 50 emblems
Copy used from 1618; the work's first publication in 1617 is attested separately. Historical alchemical emblem, epigram and musical context. No evidence for 30 independent works, worn amulets or present-day claims of efficacy. Individual image rights additionally checked for each inventory item.
The motto names Ceres with Triptolemus and Thetis with Achilles as comparison images for the treatment of the alchemical stone by fire. The original title, English institutional counter-label, date of 1618 and specific PDM image release match the individual page.
Chakrasamvara mandala – Nepalese cloth image, around 1100
Original image · source evidence
Mandalas
Vajrayana Nepal · c. 1100
Chakrasamvara and Vajravarahi at the centre; six goddesses and eight charnel grounds. Inventory 1995.233.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Vajrayana
Region
Nepal
Date of the evidence
c. 1100
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Chakrasamvara and Vajravarahi at the centre; six goddesses and eight charnel grounds. Inventory 1995.233.
Historically recorded use
Ritual diagram as a cosmic palace.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The Um dating is retained; charnel grounds belong to the described meditation iconography. No wearable amulet use is evidenced.
Before designing
Check only the variant of Inventory 1995.233 as a reference. Compare image details and outline with the museum image before drawing; no modern composite motif.
Research draft. Complete, visually checked museum photograph of the specific linked historical object. Unaltered original JPEG bytes are embedded in the SVG as a raster facsimile; this is neither a cropped individual glyph nor a redrawn sigil. The object context and all visible image details are retained. No vector paths suitable for manufacture; engraving or CNC manufacture requires separate assessment. The specific mandala/ritual-object variant remains visible with all its image figures, edge areas and material details; no schematic modern substitute drawing. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete, visually checked museum photograph of the specific linked historical object. Unaltered original JPEG bytes are embedded in the SVG as a raster facsimile; this is neither a cropped individual glyph nor a redrawn sigil. The object context and all visible image details are retained. No vector paths suitable for manufacture; engraving or CNC manufacture requires separate assessment. The specific mandala/ritual-object variant remains visible with all its image figures, edge areas and material details; no schematic modern substitute drawing.
Source location: Met object 38021; Inventory 1995.233; complete main image from the current institutional API, uncropped; original 2992 × 4000 px
Chakrasamvara plaque from a tantric ritual apron, 17th century
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Tibet Tibet · 17th century
Tantric ritual apron plaque made of bone; the Met title identifies the depiction as Chakrasamvara. The identification follows the museum title. No other figures are named speculatively. Use as ritual clothing is evidenced, but an independent neck-amulet function is not. The original photograph is only 325 × 1095 pixels.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Tibet
Region
Tibet
Date of the evidence
17th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Tantric ritual apron plaque made of bone; the Met title identifies the depiction as Chakrasamvara. The identification follows the museum title. No other figures are named speculatively. Use as ritual clothing is evidenced, but an independent neck-amulet function is not. The original photograph is only 325 × 1095 pixels.
Historically recorded use
Tantric ritual apron plaque made of bone; the Met title identifies the depiction as Chakrasamvara.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The identification follows the museum title. No other figures are named without evidence. Use with ritual clothing is attested, but an independent function as a neck amulet is not. The original photograph is only 325 × 1095 pixels.
Before designing
Long, pale bone plaque with a central multi-armed figure, smaller subsidiary figures, openwork tendrils and attachment openings. Original photograph as a complete facsimile; no manufacturing approval and no added outlines.
Research draft. Identification follows the museum title. No further figures are named without evidence. Use as ritual clothing is attested, but an independent neck-amulet function is not. Original photograph only 325 × 1095 pixels. All native JPEG bytes and the full image area remain unchanged. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Identification follows the museum title. No further figures are named without evidence. Use as ritual clothing is attested, but an independent neck-amulet function is not. Original photograph only 325 × 1095 pixels. All native JPEG bytes and the full image area remain unchanged.
Source location: 1985.398.2; complete, actually photographed main image view
Source location: Individual inventory 1985.398.2; object ID 38569; title, dating, culture, material and image link
The identification follows the museum title. No other figures are named without evidence. Use with ritual clothing is attested, but an independent function as a neck amulet is not. The original photograph is only 325 × 1095 pixels.
Source location: Open Access policy and official Open-Access-Repository, README
Met-Policy read as an institutional web text view; direct HTML retrieval HTTP 429. Official README successfully archived natively. For each object, isPublicDomain=true and the specific primaryImage URL are additionally supported by the individual API record.
Nepalese Buddhist ritual painting with Indian planetary deities Nepal (Kathmandu Valley) · Late 14th–early 15th century
White lunar figure in a bright circle, the Big Dipper’s seven stars and two female archers; around them are planetary deities and, above, five transcendent Buddhas.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Nepalese Buddhist ritual painting with Indian planetary deities
Region
Nepal (Kathmandu Valley)
Date of the evidence
Late 14th–early 15th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
White lunar figure in a bright circle, the Big Dipper’s seven stars and two female archers; around them are planetary deities and, above, five transcendent Buddhas.
Historically recorded use
The moon god Chandra with eight other planetary deities; according to the museum, the underside of the image depicts a Buddhist consecration, music and the family’s gift of lamps.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The nine Navagrahas form a historical group of deities; no modern astronomical additions or personal prediction of the future. The historical source is the specific cloth image.
Before designing
Native institutional original photograph embedded unchanged; complete view or precisely localised component of a scroll. No new isolated signs, no local upscaling and no missing strokes added. A raster facsimile is not an engraving-ready outline.
Research draft. The nine Navagrahas form a historical group of deities; no modern astronomical additions or personal prediction of the future. The specific cloth image is the historical model. Original JPEG bytes and the documented pixel viewport are unchanged. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The nine Navagrahas form a historical group of deities; no modern astronomical additions or personal prediction of the future. The specific cloth image is the historical model. Original JPEG bytes and the documented pixel viewport are unchanged.
Source location: Met 1981.465; complete current primary original view
Source location: Met 1981.465; object 38344; current object description and specific native original image
The current object page was read via web access, the Met object API was fully archived, and the individual original photograph was visually checked. Unattested ways of wearing the object or private protective effects have not been added. Text and API dating remain separate where they differ.
Source location: Open Access images under CC0; the specific isPublicDomain status is given in the individual object metadata
For each image, the release is combined with the current object API and the Public-Domain designation on the specific object page. Open metadata alone does not imply rights to third-party photographs.
Transmission of the sign, not confirmation of an effect.
Before designing
Check the source drawing and inscription in full before creating a motif drawing; an image link is not a finished engraving template.
Research draft. Visually checked single-figure detail from the historical original. Raster facsimile in an SVG viewport; original JPEG embedded unchanged. Paper/parchment, printing irregularities and show-through are retained. No engraving-ready vector paths; manufacturing requires separately checked vectorisation. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Visually checked single-figure detail from the historical original. Raster facsimile in an SVG viewport; original JPEG embedded unchanged. Paper/parchment, printing irregularities and show-through are retained. No engraving-ready vector paths; manufacturing requires separately checked vectorisation.
Source location: Aphorism XVII, printed p.26, sole Character figure
Source location: ANVI 37; VD 16 ZV 22511; DOI 10.3931/e-rara-8789; Aphorismus XVII, pp. 26–31
Catalogue: Basel, Peter Perna,1575. Seven different Character figures of the Olympic spirits are present in this print. This demonstrates their transmission in 1575, not ancient authorship or a documented worn pendant.
Manifest received directly and six original pages viewed in the browser: Aratron 26, Bethor 27, Phaleg 28, Och 29, Hagith and Ophiel 30, Phul 31. Image positions 30–35 are not printed pages. The historical name attribution is recorded for each figure, without adopting modern redrawings.
Transmission of the sign, not confirmation of an effect.
Before designing
Check the source drawing and inscription in full before creating a motif drawing; an image link is not a finished engraving template.
Research draft. Visually checked single-figure detail from the historical original. Raster facsimile in an SVG viewport; original JPEG embedded unchanged. Paper/parchment, printing irregularities and show-through are retained. No engraving-ready vector paths; manufacturing requires separately checked vectorisation. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Visually checked single-figure detail from the historical original. Raster facsimile in an SVG viewport; original JPEG embedded unchanged. Paper/parchment, printing irregularities and show-through are retained. No engraving-ready vector paths; manufacturing requires separately checked vectorisation.
Source location: Aphorism XVII, printed p.27, sole Character figure
Source location: ANVI 37; VD 16 ZV 22511; DOI 10.3931/e-rara-8789; Aphorismus XVII, pp. 26–31
Catalogue: Basel, Peter Perna,1575. Seven different Character figures of the Olympic spirits are present in this print. This demonstrates their transmission in 1575, not ancient authorship or a documented worn pendant.
Manifest received directly and six original pages viewed in the browser: Aratron 26, Bethor 27, Phaleg 28, Och 29, Hagith and Ophiel 30, Phul 31. Image positions 30–35 are not printed pages. The historical name attribution is recorded for each figure, without adopting modern redrawings.
Transmission of the sign, not confirmation of an effect.
Before designing
Check the source drawing and inscription in full before creating a motif drawing; an image link is not a finished engraving template.
Research draft. Visually checked single-figure detail from the historical original. Raster facsimile in an SVG viewport; original JPEG embedded unchanged. Paper/parchment, printing irregularities and show-through are retained. No engraving-ready vector paths; manufacturing requires separately checked vectorisation. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Visually checked single-figure detail from the historical original. Raster facsimile in an SVG viewport; original JPEG embedded unchanged. Paper/parchment, printing irregularities and show-through are retained. No engraving-ready vector paths; manufacturing requires separately checked vectorisation.
Source location: Aphorism XVII, printed p.30, upper character
Source location: ANVI 37; VD 16 ZV 22511; DOI 10.3931/e-rara-8789; Aphorismus XVII, pp. 26–31
Catalogue: Basel, Peter Perna,1575. Seven different Character figures of the Olympic spirits are present in this print. This demonstrates their transmission in 1575, not ancient authorship or a documented worn pendant.
Manifest received directly and six original pages viewed in the browser: Aratron 26, Bethor 27, Phaleg 28, Och 29, Hagith and Ophiel 30, Phul 31. Image positions 30–35 are not printed pages. The historical name attribution is recorded for each figure, without adopting modern redrawings.
Transmission of the sign, not confirmation of an effect.
Before designing
Check the source drawing and inscription in full before creating a motif drawing; an image link is not a finished engraving template.
Research draft. Visually checked single-figure detail from the historical original. Raster facsimile in an SVG viewport; original JPEG embedded unchanged. Paper/parchment, printing irregularities and show-through are retained. No engraving-ready vector paths; manufacturing requires separately checked vectorisation. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Visually checked single-figure detail from the historical original. Raster facsimile in an SVG viewport; original JPEG embedded unchanged. Paper/parchment, printing irregularities and show-through are retained. No engraving-ready vector paths; manufacturing requires separately checked vectorisation.
Source location: Aphorism XVII, printed p.29, Character before the Hagith section
Source location: ANVI 37; VD 16 ZV 22511; DOI 10.3931/e-rara-8789; Aphorismus XVII, pp. 26–31
Catalogue: Basel, Peter Perna,1575. Seven different Character figures of the Olympic spirits are present in this print. This demonstrates their transmission in 1575, not ancient authorship or a documented worn pendant.
Manifest received directly and six original pages viewed in the browser: Aratron 26, Bethor 27, Phaleg 28, Och 29, Hagith and Ophiel 30, Phul 31. Image positions 30–35 are not printed pages. The historical name attribution is recorded for each figure, without adopting modern redrawings.
Transmission of the sign, not confirmation of an effect.
Before designing
Check the source drawing and inscription in full before creating a motif drawing; an image link is not a finished engraving template.
Research draft. Visually checked single-figure detail from the historical original. Raster facsimile in an SVG viewport; original JPEG embedded unchanged. Paper/parchment, printing irregularities and show-through are retained. No engraving-ready vector paths; manufacturing requires separately checked vectorisation. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Visually checked single-figure detail from the historical original. Raster facsimile in an SVG viewport; original JPEG embedded unchanged. Paper/parchment, printing irregularities and show-through are retained. No engraving-ready vector paths; manufacturing requires separately checked vectorisation.
Source location: Aphorism XVII, printed p.30, lower Character in the Ophiel section
Source location: ANVI 37; VD 16 ZV 22511; DOI 10.3931/e-rara-8789; Aphorismus XVII, pp. 26–31
Catalogue: Basel, Peter Perna,1575. Seven different Character figures of the Olympic spirits are present in this print. This demonstrates their transmission in 1575, not ancient authorship or a documented worn pendant.
Manifest received directly and six original pages viewed in the browser: Aratron 26, Bethor 27, Phaleg 28, Och 29, Hagith and Ophiel 30, Phul 31. Image positions 30–35 are not printed pages. The historical name attribution is recorded for each figure, without adopting modern redrawings.
Transmission of the sign, not confirmation of an effect.
Before designing
Check the source drawing and inscription in full before creating a motif drawing; an image link is not a finished engraving template.
Research draft. Visually checked single-figure detail from the historical original. Raster facsimile in an SVG viewport; original JPEG embedded unchanged. Paper/parchment, printing irregularities and show-through are retained. No engraving-ready vector paths; manufacturing requires separately checked vectorisation. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Visually checked single-figure detail from the historical original. Raster facsimile in an SVG viewport; original JPEG embedded unchanged. Paper/parchment, printing irregularities and show-through are retained. No engraving-ready vector paths; manufacturing requires separately checked vectorisation.
Source location: Aphorism XVII, printed p.28, Character above the Och section
Source location: ANVI 37; VD 16 ZV 22511; DOI 10.3931/e-rara-8789; Aphorismus XVII, pp. 26–31
Catalogue: Basel, Peter Perna,1575. Seven different Character figures of the Olympic spirits are present in this print. This demonstrates their transmission in 1575, not ancient authorship or a documented worn pendant.
Manifest received directly and six original pages viewed in the browser: Aratron 26, Bethor 27, Phaleg 28, Och 29, Hagith and Ophiel 30, Phul 31. Image positions 30–35 are not printed pages. The historical name attribution is recorded for each figure, without adopting modern redrawings.
Transmission of the sign, not confirmation of an effect.
Before designing
Check the source drawing and inscription in full before creating a motif drawing; an image link is not a finished engraving template.
Research draft. Visually checked single-figure detail from the historical original. Raster facsimile in an SVG viewport; original JPEG embedded unchanged. Paper/parchment, printing irregularities and show-through are retained. No engraving-ready vector paths; manufacturing requires separately checked vectorisation. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Visually checked single-figure detail from the historical original. Raster facsimile in an SVG viewport; original JPEG embedded unchanged. Paper/parchment, printing irregularities and show-through are retained. No engraving-ready vector paths; manufacturing requires separately checked vectorisation.
Source location: Aphorism XVII, printed p.31, Character in the Phul section
Source location: ANVI 37; VD 16 ZV 22511; DOI 10.3931/e-rara-8789; Aphorismus XVII, pp. 26–31
Catalogue: Basel, Peter Perna,1575. Seven different Character figures of the Olympic spirits are present in this print. This demonstrates their transmission in 1575, not ancient authorship or a documented worn pendant.
Manifest received directly and six original pages viewed in the browser: Aratron 26, Bethor 27, Phaleg 28, Och 29, Hagith and Ophiel 30, Phul 31. Image positions 30–35 are not printed pages. The historical name attribution is recorded for each figure, without adopting modern redrawings.
Jewish practical Kabbalah Turkey · 18th century; the original manuscripts may have been bound into a composite codex around 1800
Transmitted written sheet with Hebrew characters and a densely arranged text in places; no claim of a new decipherment.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Jewish practical Kabbalah
Region
Turkey
Date of the evidence
18th century; the original manuscripts may have been bound into a composite codex around 1800
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Transmitted written sheet with Hebrew characters and a densely arranged text in places; no claim of a new decipherment.
Historically recorded use
An institutional contents list explicitly classifies a cipher as an amuletic text.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
CAJS Rar Ms 658, formerly Gross Family Collection OT.011.021. The current institutional catalogue assigns the stated content to this specific folio. The date of manufacture of the older manuscript and its later binding remain distinct; no independent new translation of the formulas or names of the signs.
Before designing
A specific, complete digital page witness, not a universally standardised sign. For manufacture, legibility, areas of loss and transfer to material must be assessed separately.
Research draft. Unaltered native institutional web JPEG file in an SVG viewport; no new interpretation of the writing, addition of lost ink or modern replacement form. The larger TIFF masters offered separately are not archived locally for these Penn pages. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Unaltered native institutional web JPEG file in an SVG viewport; no new interpretation of the writing, addition of lost ink or modern replacement form. The larger TIFF masters offered separately are not archived locally for these Penn pages.
Source location: CAJS Rar Ms 658, OPenn 48v, 14209_0099_web.jpg
Chinese historical amulet culture China · Song period, 960–1279
Round cast copper alloy, 7.5 cm in diameter, with a central circular hole. One side bears figures and elongated motifs, the other a framed inscription panel.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Chinese historical amulet culture
Region
China
Date of the evidence
Song period, 960–1279
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Round cast copper alloy, 7.5 cm in diameter, with a central circular hole. One side bears figures and elongated motifs, the other a framed inscription panel.
Historically recorded use
Catalogued as a historical Chinese amulet; the record specifies no more particular protective intention.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
No unsubstantiated identification of the beings depicted and no independent translation of the Chinese inscription. The modern white inventory label belongs to the photograph, not to the historical form.
Before designing
Unchanged complete museum photographs in separate views; no drawn additions, normalisation or approval for manufacture.
Research draft. No unsubstantiated identification of the beings depicted and no independent translation of the Chinese inscription. The modern white inventory label belongs to the photograph, not the historical form. The 4k JPEG renditions offered by the museum are retained complete in their native bytes; no local image editing and no claim that these are camera masters. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: No unsubstantiated identification of the beings depicted and no independent translation of the Chinese inscription. The modern white inventory label belongs to the photograph, not the historical form. The 4k JPEG renditions offered by the museum are retained complete in their native bytes; no local image editing and no claim that these are camera masters.
Nephrite pendant with a sculpted animal head above a flat plaque. The museum image also shows a cord.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
China; Han dynasty
Region
China
Date of the evidence
206 BCE–220 CE
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Nephrite pendant with a sculpted animal head above a flat plaque. The museum image also shows a cord.
Historically recorded use
The museum catalogues the object as an amulet; no individual wearer or precisely named protective rite is recorded.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
No freely supplied Daoist script or modern zodiac interpretation. The cord in the photograph is not dated to the Han period.
Before designing
The complete institutional object image remains an image reference. No isolated historical SVG glyph or approved engraving path; form, inscription and material require their own manufacturing assessment.
Research draft. No Daoist writing or modern zodiac interpretation has been freely added. The cord in the photograph is not dated to the Han period. Unaltered original JPEG bytes; complete view, no newly drawn lines. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: No Daoist writing or modern zodiac interpretation has been freely added. The cord in the photograph is not dated to the Han period. Unaltered original JPEG bytes; complete view, no newly drawn lines.
Source location: Met 02.18.326; current primary object view
Source location: Met 02.18.326; object 43731; Artwork Details
The current object page and archived live API evidence the title, provenance, material and dating of this example. Image rights have also been checked individually.
Chnoubis with human upper body and serpent lower body
Vector rendering · symbol source
Magical gem
Roman-Egyptian magic Egypt; exact findspot unknown · Evidence dated to the 1st–5th centuries AD; Roman-Egyptian
Lion-headed figure with six rays, human torso in a breastplate and kilt, serpent lower body, two daggers and stalks of grain.
Research draftSource-based vector template
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Roman-Egyptian magic
Region
Egypt; exact findspot unknown
Date of the evidence
Evidence dated to the 1st–5th centuries AD; Roman-Egyptian
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Description
Lion-headed figure with six rays, human torso in a breastplate and kilt, serpent lower body, two daggers and stalks of grain.
Historically recorded use
Associated with protective beliefs, particularly in cases of digestive complaints.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Kelsey 1963.04.0008; exact provenance unknown and dating broad. Further disease attributions are not adopted as evidence of present-day efficacy.
Before designing
Figurative component after KM 1963.04.0008; the inscription is not freely supplemented. Check the editorial outline transfer separately against the original.
Research draft. Original font-free outline transfer of the visible figure with six rays, armour, skirt and serpentine lower body. Lines normalised; not a copy of the modern photograph and not a reconstruction of the surrounding Greek inscription. Check image fidelity and toolpaths before manufacture. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Vector template: Original font-free outline transfer of the visible figure with six rays, armour, skirt and serpentine lower body. Lines normalised; not a copy of the modern photograph and not a reconstruction of the surrounding Greek inscription. Check image fidelity and toolpaths before manufacture.
Source location: KM 1963.04.0008, front; figurative component only
Original font-free outline transfer of the visible figure with six rays, armour, skirt and serpentine lower body. Lines normalised; not a copy of the modern photograph and not a reconstruction of the surrounding Greek inscription. Check image fidelity and toolpaths before manufacture.
Kelsey Museum of Archaeology, University of Michigan
Source location: KM 1963.04.0008; front and reverse; exhibition 2017
Specific figure with human torso, six rays, daggers/grain; separate Chnoubis sign at the bottom of the reverse. The photograph is not documented as freely licensed; only an independent rendering of ancient lines is used.
Roman Imperial period; Egyptian and Mediterranean image-making/magical glyptics Mediterranean region; the precise place of manufacture of this piece is not established · A.D. 100–250
Lion-headed serpent with twelve rays; at the side, the variant of the name read by the museum as Chnoumis. The original record describes three curved strokes with crossbars on the reverse.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Roman Imperial period; Egyptian and Mediterranean image-making/magical glyptics
Region
Mediterranean region; the precise place of manufacture of this piece is not established
Date of the evidence
A.D. 100–250
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Lion-headed serpent with twelve rays; at the side, the variant of the name read by the museum as Chnoumis. The original record describes three curved strokes with crossbars on the reverse.
Historically recorded use
Individually attested Chnoubis gem with named snake god and separately documented sign on the reverse. The specific wearer and personal healing ritual remain unknown.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The twelve rays belong to this specific variant; they are not transferred to other Chnoubis gems. The reference shows the actual institutional image view, not a newly assembled obverse/reverse sign.
Before designing
Native institutional museum photograph as a historical reference; no invented glyph additions, isolated vector outline or manufacturing approval. The visible photographed side and the reverse documented only in text remain distinct.
Research draft. Twelve rays belong to this specific variant; they are not transferred to other Chnoubis gems. The source shows the actual institutional image view, not a newly assembled obverse/reverse sign. Complete original JPEG bytes; losses of script and material are not supplemented. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Twelve rays belong to this specific variant; they are not transferred to other Chnoubis gems. The source shows the actual institutional image view, not a newly assembled obverse/reverse sign. Complete original JPEG bytes; losses of script and material are not supplemented.
Source location: 83.AN.437.54; complete main image view actually photographed
Source location: 83.AN.437.54; JSON-LD: description, date, material and individual CC0 image credit
Current institutional object metadata from byte-identical archived HTML/JSON-LD; native IIIF Max JPEG checked separately against info.json and actual pixel dimensions. No claim of a complete JavaScript page render.
Source location: Specific image/metadata permission additionally checked for each object
The general institutional CC0 rule can be used only together with an individual object/image relation; the failed image retrieval remains visible in the retrieval report.
Ptolemaic–Roman magic Egyptian collection context; precise provenance not stated · Evidence from the Ptolemaic or Roman period, 332 BC–395 AD; attribution uncertain
Incomplete partial outline; the complete image source remains unknown. An independent sign, explicitly attributed to Chnoubis in the Louvre catalogue. Only an incomplete historical partial outline is available: three surviving S-shaped lines and a shared crossbar in the upper left image field on the reverse; no other letters, lines, stone shape or new interpretation. The complete image source remains unknown.
Egyptian collection context; precise provenance not stated
Date of the evidence
Evidence from the Ptolemaic or Roman period, 332 BC–395 AD; attribution uncertain
Type of evidence
Attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Description
Incomplete partial outline; the complete image source remains unknown. An independent sign, explicitly attributed to Chnoubis in the Louvre catalogue. Only an incomplete historical partial outline is available: three surviving S-shaped lines and a shared crossbar in the upper left image field on the reverse; no other letters, lines, stone shape or new interpretation. The complete image source remains unknown.
Historically recorded use
Attested as part of a Greek magical text on a double-sided gem.
Three surviving S-shaped lines and a shared crossbar in the upper-left image field on the reverse; no other letters, lines, stone shape or new interpretation. Greek text lines, adjacent signs and complete gem.
Research draft. Three surviving S-shaped lines and a shared crossbar in the upper-left image field on the reverse; no other letters, lines, stone shape or new interpretation. Greek text lines, adjacent signs and the complete gem. Original line tracing of an old form, created without a font; no modern photograph used. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Vector template: Three surviving S-shaped lines and a shared crossbar in the upper-left image field on the reverse; no other letters, lines, stone shape or new interpretation. Greek text lines, adjacent signs and the complete gem. Original line tracing of an old form, created without a font; no modern photograph used.
Three surviving S-shaped lines and a shared crossbar in the upper-left image field on the reverse; no other letters, lines, stone shape or new interpretation. Greek text lines, adjacent signs and the complete gem. Original line tracing of an old form, created without a font; no modern photograph used.
Three retrograde curved lines crossed by a horizontal line.
Historically recorded use
Signs on the reverse of a Chnoubis amulet associated with stomach complaints.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Specific sign at the bottom on the reverse of KM 1963.04.0008; its own individual variant. This neither reinterprets nor replaces the Louvre evidence AF 12696.
Before designing
Only the lower sign component; the Greek inscription is not part of this outline template. Line width and spacing editorially normalised.
Research draft. Three retrograde curves visible in the original, sharing a horizontal line. Editorial rendering without a font; spacing and stroke weight normalised, Greek inscription omitted. Independent Kelsey variant; not a replacement for the Louvre glyph. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Vector template: Three retrograde curves visible in the original, sharing a horizontal line. Editorial rendering without a font; spacing and stroke weight normalised, Greek inscription omitted. Independent Kelsey variant; not a replacement for the Louvre glyph.
Source location: KM 1963.04.0008, reverse, at the very bottom beneath the six-line inscription
Three retrograde curves visible in the original, sharing a horizontal line. Editorial rendering without a font; spacing and stroke weight normalised, Greek inscription omitted. Independent Kelsey variant; not a replacement for the Louvre glyph.
Kelsey Museum of Archaeology, University of Michigan
Source location: KM 1963.04.0008; front and reverse; exhibition 2017
Specific figure with human torso, six rays, daggers/grain; separate Chnoubis sign at the bottom of the reverse. The photograph is not documented as freely licensed; only an independent rendering of ancient lines is used.
Egyptian Egypt · Third Intermediate Period, 21st–25th Dynasty, 1070–656 BC
Standing ram-headed faience figure with one leg advanced, a narrow base and a vertical back pillar. The surface is pale green to light beige and worn in places.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Egyptian
Region
Egypt
Date of the evidence
Third Intermediate Period, 21st–25th Dynasty, 1070–656 BC
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Standing ram-headed faience figure with one leg advanced, a narrow base and a vertical back pillar. The surface is pale green to light beige and worn in places.
Historically recorded use
Identified by the museum as an amulet of the god Khnum; an individual wearer or find context is not evidenced here.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The identification of the deity follows the museum. The image source documents the surviving figure, not a freely added creator or healing sigil. The object, inventory, material and dating are tied to the archived API record.
Before designing
Actually visible: animal head, upright human body, striped kilt, striding stance and base. Unaltered institutional JPEG presentation image in the full frame; no isolated engraving outline and no manufacturing approval.
Research draft. The identification of the deities follows the museum. The image source documents the surviving figure, not a freely added creator or healing sigil. Complete institutional presentation image, 843 pixels wide; larger IIIF master dimensions of 1406×3000 documented separately. No local scaling or re-encoding of the embedded JPEG bytes. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The identification of the deities follows the museum. The image source documents the surviving figure, not a freely added creator or healing sigil. Complete institutional presentation image, 843 pixels wide; larger IIIF master dimensions of 1406×3000 documented separately. No local scaling or re-encoding of the embedded JPEG bytes.
Source location: Inventory 1892.192; institutional main view a6459e4f-3b10-7ed2-0bea-ceea8b850e26
Art Institute of Chicago. Amulet of the God Khnum, Third Intermediate Period, Dynasty 21–25 (1070–656 BCE), 1892.192. Gift of Henry H. Getty, Charles L. Hutchinson, and Norman W. Harris
Source location: Inventory 1892.192; API object 136020; JSON /data[id=136020]
Institutional evidence for an individual object from an archived multi-record API retrieval. Dating, material, provenance and inventory details follow the specific record; source attribution is not an independent scientific authenticity test.
Source location: Open Access Images; CC0 Public Domain Designation
Specific images only when accompanied by the individual is_public_domain=true and the object's image ID. Descriptive API texts separately carry CC BY4; image release is CC0.
Christ in a concentric image circle – Khunrath 1609, plate 4
Original image · source evidence
Alchemical-theosophical symbolic image
Christian Kabbalistic theosophy and early modern alchemy Hanau, Germany; place of printing · 1609; title page states 1602
Depiction of Christ at the centre of an inscribed concentric circular design. The rings of words and rays are retained as original graphics.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Christian Kabbalistic theosophy and early modern alchemy
Region
Hanau, Germany; place of printing
Date of the evidence
1609; title page states 1602
Type of evidence
Textual evidence
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Depiction of Christ at the centre of an inscribed concentric circular design. The rings of words and rays are retained as original graphics.
Historically recorded use
Symbolic illustration in an alchemical-theosophical book. Individual use of the book illustration as an amulet is not attested.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Specific engraving of the 1609 print. The date 1602 on the title is not accepted as the actual year of publication. No universal protective effect, ancient origin or association with a modern standard seal form is claimed.
Before designing
Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG view of the opened historical print. Fold lines, paper, shadows and all original inscriptions are preserved. The resolution of the presentation view limits the legibility of fine text; larger institutional masters exist separately. Historical image evidence, not a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG view of the opened historical print. Fold lines, paper, shadows and all original inscriptions are preserved. The resolution of the presentation view limits the legibility of fine text; larger institutional masters exist separately. Historical image evidence, not a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG view of the opened historical print. Fold lines, paper, shadows and all original inscriptions are preserved. The resolution of the presentation view limits the legibility of fine text; larger institutional masters exist separately. Historical image evidence, not a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: Hanau 1609; shelfmark QD25 .K486 1609; title gives 1602, actual publication 1609
Historical Christian Kabbalistic and alchemical print with individually catalogued engravings. No source attests to wearing these complete book images as amulets. Specific image rights: Public Domain Mark 1.0.
Source location: Amphitheatrum 1609, plate 4; Member hd76s012n
Individual image witness and institutional description; specific PDM release. Unaltered institutional Large-JPEG presentation (2880 pixels wide), distinct from the considerably larger TIFF/Full-sized-JPEG master. The plate number identifies this institutional copy.
The current valid complete work response was checked. images=[] alone does not prove that digitisation is absent; therefore all locations and the exactly corresponding IIIF endpoint were also checked. Six limited Image API queries returned no results in total. No claim is made about all images on the internet. A specific original page with unambiguous work/folio identification and image rights. Do not count a normal text formula or another Sator pattern as a closed single image.
Christian text amulet
Early modern Christian ritual magic Italian textual context · Dated addition 1528; binding volume 1350–c. 1450?
Christus vincit / Christus regniat [sic] / Christus inperat in the addition.
Research draftSpecific model required
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern Christian ritual magic
Region
Italian textual context
Date of the evidence
Dated addition 1528; binding volume 1350–c. 1450?
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Christus vincit / Christus regniat [sic] / Christus inperat in the addition.
Historically recorded use
Under the date 1528, a blessing for sleep and an amulet inscribed with it are discussed.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Wellcome MS.533: complete work record checked on 2026-10-09; physical copy only, no DigitalLocation, no thumbnail. Associated Sierra-IIIF endpoint HTTP404. Specifically scoped Image API queries for shelfmarks and title/formula return zero results. Original layout and scribal hand remain unseen; other Sator/Christ pages do not replace this specific witness. The institution requires an appointment in the conservation studio; this reading-room notice is not an image licence.
Before designing
Check the named findspot in the original; do not present normalised or freely supplemented texts as the original drawing.
Research draft. The current valid complete work response was checked. images=[] alone does not prove that digitisation is absent; therefore all locations and the exactly corresponding IIIF endpoint were also checked. Six limited Image API queries returned no results in total. No claim is made about all images on the internet. A specific original page with unambiguous work/folio identification and image rights. Do not count a normal text formula or another Sator pattern as a closed single image. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Source location: Work dvpewcgr; MS.533; Part 5, fol. 8v, addition 1528
Complete valid API response read directly and archived: PhysicalLocation only, no DigitalLocation/IIIF and no thumbnail; images, parts and partOf are empty. This finding alone does not claim that no photograph exists anywhere in the world. Six limited Image API queries and the three precisely corresponding Sierra-IIIF endpoints were also checked separately.
Historical Christian folk medicine Venice · Around 1800?
Circular woodcut: Christ on a cloud with a halo and cross banner.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Historical Christian folk medicine
Region
Venice
Date of the evidence
Around 1800?
Type of evidence
Textual evidence
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Circular woodcut: Christ on a cloud with a halo and cross banner.
Historically recorded use
Printed packaging for a necklace marketed as a protective remedy.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The source describes a historical medical claim. The dating falls at the edge of this expanded corpus and is uncertain.
Before designing
Check the named findspot in the original; do not present normalised or freely supplemented texts as the original drawing.
Research draft. Complete round woodcut on the packaging of the historical protective-cord object EPH662, around1800?. Not a modern redesign and not a recommendation of the historical medical use. Unaltered JPEG bytes; documented SVG viewport only. Raster facsimile, not CNC or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete round woodcut on the packaging of the historical protective-cord object EPH662, around1800?. Not a modern redesign and not a recommendation of the historical medical use. Unaltered JPEG bytes; documented SVG viewport only. Raster facsimile, not CNC or manufacturing approval.
Source location: EPH662, Copy1; image L0045826; complete round woodcut at the head of the sheet
Source location: EPH662, Copy1; image L0045826; complete round woodcut at the head of the sheet
A separate image catalogue identifies EPH662 and the associated series L0045816–L0045826. L0045816 is folded, L0045825 is detail only; the fully unfolded image L0045826, live PDM, is selected.
BM OA.1376: head of Christ, concentric circles and pentagon, Hebrew panel on the reverse. Maghen medallions in other collections and older type illustrations do not establish the exact inventory object. No use of photographs of other examples or completion of the inscription fields. An exact freely usable reference image remains unavailable.
Amulet medallion
Hebrew-Christian Kabbalistic amulet culture Europe · 16th–18th century
Christ’s head, concentric circles and pentagon; Hebrew inscription panel on the reverse.
Research draftSpecific model required
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Hebrew-Christian Kabbalistic amulet culture
Region
Europe
Date of the evidence
16th–18th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Description
Christ’s head, concentric circles and pentagon; Hebrew inscription panel on the reverse.
Historically recorded use
Gilt bronze pendant, catalogued by the museum as an amulet.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Broad dating; no blanket attribution to a Jewish tradition or identification of the pentagon as a pentagram.
Before designing
Check the front and back of OA.1376; do not insert modern planetary sigils into the historical plate.
Research draft. BM OA.1376: head of Christ, concentric circles and pentagon, Hebrew panel on the reverse. Maghen medallions in other collections and older type illustrations do not establish the exact inventory object. No use of photographs of other examples or completion of the inscription fields. An exact freely usable reference image remains unavailable. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Source location: OA.1376; Description and Production date
Europe, 16th–18th century; a Hebrew-Christian object, not to be categorised wholesale as a Jewish amulet. Indexed catalogue text; direct retrieval HTTP 403.
Search index evidence – complete source page not yet checked · Checked on:
Clavicula pentacle – Sloane 3847 manuscript family
Correct family selection without a default; no illustrated individual variants from this inventory yet. A specific, clearly located original image witness within Sloane 3847 with usage clarified; not a standard pentacle from another manuscript.
Historical sigils
Christian-influenced Solomonic ritual magic English manuscript transmission · 8 April 1572 (copying date according to the edition)
Source-based pentacle family, not yet a single fully identified motif.
Research draftSelect a specific variant
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Christian-influenced Solomonic ritual magic
Region
English manuscript transmission
Date of the evidence
8 April 1572 (copying date according to the edition)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Scope
Motif family – individual symbols and variants must be reviewed separately.
Description
Source-based pentacle family, not yet a single fully identified motif.
Historically recorded use
Pentacle on the ritual practitioner's chest; historical claims of protection.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Family entry. Individual images require folio attribution; Solomon’s authorship is not established, nor is an identification with the pentagram.
Before designing
Select a specific pentacle from this exact manuscript; do not inadvertently use popular later plates.
Research draft. Correct family selection without a default; no illustrated individual variants from this inventory yet. A specific, clearly located original image witness within Sloane 3847 with usage clarified; not a standard pentacle from another manuscript. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Current institutional record actually read in 200. Multilingual composite volume with an overall date range of 1300–1740; 1572 refers to the Clavicula sub-entry. Digitised-Content field is empty; no institutional original image of the pentacles is available. Peterson’s linked edition remains a modern transcription; other Clavicula manuscripts do not replace this image witness.
Germanic runic script Reference: Gotland · Elder Futhark; check model dating separately
Sign d.
Research draftSource-based vector template
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Germanic runic script
Region
Reference: Gotland
Date of the evidence
Elder Futhark; check model dating separately
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Description
Sign d.
Historically recorded use
Written signs
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Historical letter; the normalised older form of the name is reconstructed. No individual amulet effect is inferred from the name.
Before designing
Unicode shows a normalised letter form. For manufacture, select a specific historical character variant and check it against the find.
Research draft. Normalised editorial letterform ᛞ (U+16DE); hand-set, font-free line geometry, with no use of a font file. Do not present as a Kylver facsimile faithful to the object or as an individually attested amulet sign. Names are reconstructed; no individual magical effect is inferred. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Vector template: Normalised editorial letterform ᛞ (U+16DE); hand-set, font-free line geometry, with no use of a font file. Do not present as a Kylver facsimile faithful to the object or as an individually attested amulet sign. Names are reconstructed; no individual magical effect is inferred.
Source location: G 88 / Kylver; sequence A I, sign 23; normalised Unicode letter U+16DE
Normalised editorial letterform ᛞ (U+16DE); hand-set, font-free line geometry, with no use of a font file. Do not present as a Kylver facsimile faithful to the object or as an individually attested amulet sign. Names are reconstructed; no individual magical effect is inferred.
Niedersächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, RuneS
Source location: Signs 11458–11482; sequence A I
Scholarly names and transliterations; the names are catalogue designations, not recorded explanations of the names in the ancient incision. Kylver places p before ï and d before o.
Japanese esoteric Buddhism / Wisdom Kings Japan; former owner Kōzanji, Kyoto · 12th century; Heian period
Ink drawing of a many-headed, six-armed deity with sword, trident, wheel and club, several legs on lotus seats and a flame aureole; writing and a red seal are preserved.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Japanese esoteric Buddhism / Wisdom Kings
Region
Japan; former owner Kōzanji, Kyoto
Date of the evidence
12th century; Heian period
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Ink drawing of a many-headed, six-armed deity with sword, trident, wheel and club, several legs on lotus seats and a flame aureole; writing and a red seal are preserved.
Historically recorded use
The museum text describes Daiitoku as a wrathful guardian king and associates such depictions with social protection rites. The figure has several heads, arms and legs; its hands hold weapons and make a particular gesture of restraint. The red seal at bottom right refers to the early owner Kōzanji.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 1975.268.13, Met object 45621. A historical ritual and model sheet, not a worn amulet. No independent reading of the writing or complete count of all overlapping heads; identification follows the institutional catalogue. Complete native photograph without graphic reconstruction.
Before designing
Complete, unaltered native museum photograph; no restoration of historical damage and no manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete native museum image; no raster transformation, drawing additions or manufacturing approval. A historical ritual and model sheet, not a worn amulet. No independent reading of the writing or complete count of all overlapping heads; the identity follows the institutional catalogue. Complete native image without graphic reconstruction. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete native museum image; no raster transformation, drawing additions or manufacturing approval. A historical ritual and model sheet, not a worn amulet. No independent reading of the writing or complete count of all overlapping heads; the identity follows the institutional catalogue. Complete native image without graphic reconstruction.
Source location: The Metropolitan Museum of Art; 1975.268.13; complete individual photograph
Nordic medieval written amulets Dalgård South, Jutland, Denmark · Medieval according to the museum catalogue; no more precise individual year date given
Small lead tablet, densely inscribed on both sides, folded concertina-style and closed with a folded-in edge. Six rune lines separated by frame lines are visible. in nomine has been read between two small crosses; the following name is obscured by the folded-in sections.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Nordic medieval written amulets
Region
Dalgård South, Jutland, Denmark
Date of the evidence
Medieval according to the museum catalogue; no more precise individual year date given
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Small lead tablet, densely inscribed on both sides, folded concertina-style and closed with a folded-in edge. Six rune lines separated by frame lines are visible. in nomine has been read between two small crosses; the following name is obscured by the folded-in sections.
Historically recorded use
Folded amulet with an inscribed lead plate. In a preliminary microscopic examination, the museum identifies the inscription as runic, either in Latin or derived from a Latin text.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
According to the catalogue, the preliminary reading is by Marie Stoklund. Covered text portions are not written out as a complete prayer; the folded form and the cropped upper/lower runic lines remain visible in the photographs.
Before designing
Photographed surviving original form with wear, folds, perforation and any broken edges. No addition of invisible parts of lettering and no invented geometric reconstruction. The source-based photographic view is a checked reference, not yet a manufacturing outline.
Research draft. The two labelled views of the same historical find are shown with unchanged JPEG bytes. According to the catalogue, the provisional reading is by Marie Stoklund. Obscured text is not written out as a complete prayer; the folded form and the cropped upper/lower runic lines remain as shown in the photographs. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The two labelled views of the same historical find are shown with unchanged JPEG bytes. According to the catalogue, the provisional reading is by Marie Stoklund. Obscured text is not written out as a complete prayer; the folded form and the cropped upper/lower runic lines remain as shown in the photographs.
Source location: D 15/2003; DMR-228103, DMR-228104
According to the catalogue, the provisional reading is by Marie Stoklund. Covered text is not expanded into a complete prayer; the folded form and the cropped upper/lower runic lines remain as shown in the photographs. Specific material, find and object details come from the institutional raw data for this object page.
Source location: DMR-228103; D 15/2003; front/outside a
Image-specific JSON-LD names the actual JPEG URL and CC BY-SA 4.0. Nationalmuseet, Danmark; photographer unknown according to the media catalogue. The original file and its native pixel dimensions are preserved separately; the TIFF resolution stated in the catalogue is not applied to the supplied JPEG. The image is listed on this inventory’s object page.
Source location: DMR-228104; D 15/2003; reverse/exterior side b
Image-specific JSON-LD names the actual JPEG URL and CC BY-SA 4.0. Nationalmuseet, Danmark; photographer unknown according to the media catalogue. The original file and its native pixel dimensions are preserved separately; the TIFF resolution stated in the catalogue is not applied to the supplied JPEG. The image is listed on this inventory’s object page.
Buddhist dharani recitation Dunhuang, China; Mogao Cave 17 · 9th–10th century, circa
Cross-shaped altar plan with a central lotus form and symbols for the Buddha; surrounding bowls, lamps and vases, as well as Chinese labels. The southern place for the ritual leader is at the bottom.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Buddhist dharani recitation
Region
Dunhuang, China; Mogao Cave 17
Date of the evidence
9th–10th century, circa
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Cross-shaped altar plan with a central lotus form and symbols for the Buddha; surrounding bowls, lamps and vases, as well as Chinese labels. The southern place for the ritual leader is at the bottom.
Historically recorded use
Ink drawing of a ritual altar on paper, with labels for the objects and the position of the ritual leader.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
BM 1919,0101,0.174 = Ch.00186. The museum description connects the sheet with Uṣṇīṣavijaya; the curatorial commentary considers a different Dharani relating to two healing Bodhisattvas. This discrepancy remains unresolved. Wearing it on the body is not evidenced.
Before designing
Source-based excerpt from photographic Plate CIII of 1921. Historical paper edges and the imprint Ch.00186 remain visible; this plate imprint is not part of the ritual drawing. No smoothed sequence of signs, no added deity figure and no approved engraving line.
Research draft. Original-referenced crop of photographic plate CIII from 1921. Historical paper edges and imprint Ch.00186 remain visible; this plate imprint is not part of the ritual drawing. No smoothed sequence of signs, no added deity figure and no approved engraving line. Original JPEG embedded unchanged and in full; only the SVG viewBox is set. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Original-referenced crop of photographic plate CIII from 1921. Historical paper edges and imprint Ch.00186 remain visible; this plate imprint is not part of the ritual drawing. No smoothed sequence of signs, no added deity figure and no approved engraving line. Original JPEG embedded unchanged and in full; only the SVG viewBox is set.
Source location: BM 1919,0101,0.174 = Ch.00186; Serindia IV (1921), plate CIII, upper right
Source location: 1919,0101,0.174 = Ch.00186; Production date 9thC–10thC; Stein 1921 p.974, IV pl.CIII
The museum description names Uṣṇīṣavijaya. In view of the names inscribed, the curatorial commentary discusses alternatively a dharani for meditation on Bhaiṣajyarāja and Bhaiṣajyasamudgata. Identification as a general dharani altar plan is more secure than a single deity’s name. Direct retrieval returned 403; description, dating and bibliography were checked in the official search index.
Search index evidence – complete source page not yet checked · Checked on:
Aurel Stein; Oxford / Clarendon Press, 1921; Scan Internet Archive
Source location: Plate CIII; Ch.00186 top right; Ch.00185.a bottom left; digital sheet 108 (JP2 0108)
Both individual pieces are labelled on the plate and identified through current object and research evidence. The date 947 explicitly belongs to Ch.00185.a; it is not transferred to the altar plan Ch.00186. Only these two fully depicted pieces are included, not the cropped upper-left section of the scroll.
Internet Archive; historischer Primärdruck Oxford / Clarendon Press
Source location: Identifier Serindia4Plates; metadata.date=1921; metadata.licenseurl=Public Domain Mark 1.0
The specific freely accessible scan is marked Public Domain in the archive. This is a rights statement by the community uploader, not an open-access release of present-day museum photographs. Unaltered images of the plates printed in 1921 are used; Aurel Stein (1862–1943). The separate NII/Toyo-Bunko scan with restrictive conditions is not used.
Islamic divination and the transmission of Arabic diagrams Egypt? · Probably 1767; institutional reading of the colophon: 4 Ṣafar 1181 AH, 2 July 1767
Another branched colour diagram in a perspectival frame, with its own historical caption.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Islamic divination and the transmission of Arabic diagrams
Region
Egypt?
Date of the evidence
Probably 1767; institutional reading of the colophon: 4 Ṣafar 1181 AH, 2 July 1767
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Another branched colour diagram in a perspectival frame, with its own historical caption.
Historically recorded use
Specific diagram in an Arabic divination work concerning events and people, with letters, horoscopes and planetary references. Portable amulet use of this page is not evidenced.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Ms. Codex 1898; attributed to Kurdī Sayyidī Maḥmūd ʻAjamī. The catalogue calculates the probable year of copying from the 309th year since Qāʾitbāy’s accession in 872 AH. The provenance and this dating derivation are recorded as uncertain. The inscription is taken from the institution’s decorative-arts inventory.
Before designing
A precisely localised historical diagram, not a newly generated universal protective sigil. The similarly labelled second body image 22r remains a private comparison.
Research draft. Unaltered native institutional web JPEG file in an SVG viewport; no new interpretation of the writing, addition of lost ink or modern replacement form. The larger TIFF masters offered separately are not archived locally for these Penn pages. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Unaltered native institutional web JPEG file in an SVG viewport; no new interpretation of the writing, addition of lost ink or modern replacement form. The larger TIFF masters offered separately are not archived locally for these Penn pages.
Two facing heads with stars above, as an impression in the clay that appears recessed or relief-like. Abrasion at the edge remains visible.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Roman
Region
Roman Empire
Date of the evidence
1st century CE
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Two facing heads with stars above, as an impression in the clay that appears recessed or relief-like. Abrasion at the edge remains visible.
Historically recorded use
The Getty identifies two facing busts of the Dioscuri with stars on an ancient seal impression. This is evidence for the historical transmission of the image on a seal; use of this piece of clay as a worn amulet has not been demonstrated.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 83.AN.437.61. historical_symbol_only: The motif is not identified as a protective pendant solely on account of the mythological figures.
Before designing
Native museum photograph as a historical reference; damage, writing and present-day photographic condition unaltered. No manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete native JPEG capture without cropping, resampling, retouching or added glyphs. Two facing heads with stars above them, as an impression in the clay that appears either recessed or raised. Edge wear is retained. Not approved for manufacture. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete native JPEG capture without cropping, resampling, retouching or added glyphs. Two facing heads with stars above them, as an impression in the clay that appears either recessed or raised. Edge wear is retained. Not approved for manufacture.
Source location: 83.AN.437.61; fully attributed museum image
German-language alchemy and Christian theosophy German-speaking area of transmission; place of origin not established · c. 1735? (catalogue dating)
Multi-part coloured symbolic plate with a circle, triangle and labelled smaller circles.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
German-language alchemy and Christian theosophy
Region
German-speaking area of transmission; place of origin not established
Date of the evidence
c. 1735? (catalogue dating)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Multi-part coloured symbolic plate with a circle, triangle and labelled smaller circles.
Historically recorded use
Symbolic illustration in an alchemical-theosophical manuscript.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Specific handwritten page of MS.2492. The date around 1735 is inferred and is not presented as an exactly established year. Thematic parallels with later Rosicrucian panels do not prove an identical image version.
Before designing
Complete original view of the handwritten p. 23, with context and surviving inscriptions. No translation of difficult-to-read letters, and no idealised geometry added. Historical visual symbolism, not evidence of a worn amulet; raster facsimile without manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete original view of the handwritten p. 23, with context and surviving inscriptions. No translation of difficult-to-read letters, and no idealised geometry added. Historical visual symbolism, not evidence of a worn amulet; raster facsimile without manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete original view of the handwritten p. 23, with context and surviving inscriptions. No translation of difficult-to-read letters, and no idealised geometry added. Historical visual symbolism, not evidence of a worn amulet; raster facsimile without manufacturing approval.
Source location: MS.2492, p. 23; b19294578_0027.jp2; native 3838×5811
Source location: MS.2492; dating 1735?; description and digitised copy b19294578
Historical German-language alchemical-theosophical pictorial witness. The date of around 1735 is a catalogue estimate; it is not recorded as an amulet proven to have been worn.
Source location: MS.2492, manuscript p. 23; Canvas index 26, image 27; unchanged JPEG view in native dimensions
Primary digital image witness of the named page; the IIIF manifest b19294578 is explicitly marked Public Domain Mark. Modern letterforms and additions are absent.
Ancient Egyptian religion Egypt · Evidence dated 664–30 BC; Late Period to Ptolemaic period
Pillar with several crossbars.
Research draftSource-based vector template
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Ancient Egyptian religion
Region
Egypt
Date of the evidence
Evidence dated 664–30 BC; Late Period to Ptolemaic period
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Description
Pillar with several crossbars.
Historically recorded use
As a funerary amulet, the pillar was intended to convey permanence and connect the deceased with Osiris.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Met 15.6.7; the Osiris backbone as a religious interpretation from the New Kingdom onwards.
Before designing
Check the specific historical variant and object image against a source before using it; do not design a newly combined sigil.
Research draft. Editorially simplified front outline of the specific funerary amulet 15.6.7. Four broad crossbars, narrow head and shaft taken from the museum photograph; selected visible bar edges and neck grooves included. Not a scale-accurate or pixel-perfect object facsimile. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Vector template: Editorially simplified front outline of the specific funerary amulet 15.6.7. Four broad crossbars, narrow head and shaft taken from the museum photograph; selected visible bar edges and neck grooves included. Not a scale-accurate or pixel-perfect object facsimile.
Source location: 15.6.7; main photograph, front view
Editorially simplified front outline of the specific funerary amulet 15.6.7. Four broad crossbars, narrow head and shaft taken from the museum photograph; selected visible bar edges and neck grooves included. Not a scale-accurate or pixel-perfect object facsimile.
Early medieval Scandinavian pictorial and jewellery tradition Sweden; find context according to the individual catalogue: Plats: Djupbrunns, Fornlämning: L1976:2389, Socken: Hogrän socken, Kommun: Gotland kommun, Landskap: Gotland, Land: Sverige · 400–550 AD according to the current SHM individual object page; Folkvandringstid
Profile head above a stylised animal form on a small round gold sheet; the lateral marks remain unchanged. The institutional photograph includes a centimetre scale.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early medieval Scandinavian pictorial and jewellery tradition
Region
Sweden; find context according to the individual catalogue: Plats: Djupbrunns, Fornlämning: L1976:2389, Socken: Hogrän socken, Kommun: Gotland kommun, Landskap: Gotland, Land: Sverige
Date of the evidence
400–550 AD according to the current SHM individual object page; Folkvandringstid
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Profile head above a stylised animal form on a small round gold sheet; the lateral marks remain unchanged. The institutional photograph includes a centimetre scale.
Historically recorded use
Individually inventoried historical gold pendant with a stamped image field. The museum catalogue lists the piece as a bracteate; a specific protective formula, deity or individual amulet practice is not securely attested in this single source.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Specific SHM individual inventory 109599_HST. The current museum dating, 400–550 (Migration Period), is separate from the modern acquisition registration. Erroneous date values in the older K-samsök search metadata are archived only as discovery data and are not used to date manufacture. A historical gold pendant with an image field is not evidence of personal magical use. No assignment to deities or free translation of runes.
Before designing
Unaltered complete capture of the surviving object surface as a historical image reference. Wear, breakage, original photographic background, inventory writing and scale are retained. Not a reconstructed complete state and not an engraving-ready design vector.
Research draft. Complete, unaltered institutional presentation photograph of the surviving original object; no camera master is claimed and no local raster transformation has been made. A profile head above a stylised animal form on a small round gold sheet; the side signs remain unchanged. The institutional photograph includes a centimetre scale. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete, unaltered institutional presentation photograph of the surviving original object; no camera master is claimed and no local raster transformation has been made. A profile head above a stylised animal form on a small round gold sheet; the side signs remain unchanged. The institutional photograph includes a centimetre scale.
Source location: 109599_HST; SHM media ID 07cdff24-6cfd-46e9-ae33-d3a4e2eace65
Source location: 109599_HST; Acquisition number 4877
Current individual object identity, period of manufacture, material and find context; the linked individual media page attests to the photographer and CC BY 4.0. The modern acquisition year is not transferred to the date of manufacture.
Double-armed reliquary cross from Jerusalem, 12th century
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Gothic period, 12th century Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem · c. 1100–1200
Golden reliquary with a double-armed cross; museum-documented locations and inscriptions on the back refer to four Passion relics. The relic attributions are historical religious designations, not scientific authentication. Only the front is photographed; no inscriptions on the back are added based on this image. No individually evidenced use as a neck amulet.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Gothic period, 12th century
Region
Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem
Date of the evidence
c. 1100–1200
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Golden reliquary with a double-armed cross; museum-documented locations and inscriptions on the back refer to four Passion relics. The relic attributions are historical religious designations, not scientific authentication. Only the front is photographed; no inscriptions on the back are added based on this image. No individually evidenced use as a neck amulet.
Historically recorded use
Golden reliquary with a double-armed cross; the locations and inscriptions on the reverse documented by the museum relate to four Passion relics.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The relic attributions are historical religious designations, not scientific authentication. Only the front has been photographed; no inscriptions on the reverse are added on the basis of this image. No individually evidenced use as a neck amulet.
Before designing
Gold double-armed cross with open, elongated and round reliquary chambers, encircling beaded and filigree borders, and a round lower end. Original photograph as a complete facsimile; no manufacturing approval and no added outlines.
Research draft. The relic attributions are historical religious designations, not scientific authentication. Only the front is photographed; no reverse inscriptions are added on the basis of this image. No individually attested use as a neck amulet. All native JPEG bytes and the full image crop remain unchanged. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The relic attributions are historical religious designations, not scientific authentication. Only the front is photographed; no reverse inscriptions are added on the basis of this image. No individually attested use as a neck amulet. All native JPEG bytes and the full image crop remain unchanged.
Source location: 1983.208; complete main image view as actually photographed
Source location: Individual inventory 1983.208; object ID 151367; title, dating, culture, material and image link
The relic attributions are historical religious designations, not scientific authentication. Only the front has been photographed; no inscriptions on the reverse are added on the basis of this image. No individually evidenced use as a neck amulet.
Egyptian Egypt · Third Intermediate Period, 21st–25th Dynasty, 1070–656 BC
Speckled granite object with two tall, parallel forms rounded at the top and a small projection at the bottom. The front view shows the preserved outline.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Egyptian
Region
Egypt
Date of the evidence
Third Intermediate Period, 21st–25th Dynasty, 1070–656 BC
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Speckled granite object with two tall, parallel forms rounded at the top and a small projection at the bottom. The front view shows the preserved outline.
Historically recorded use
The museum names the object as an amulet of the feathers of Amun; no specific individual use is stated.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The identification as feathers of Amun comes from the catalogue. No lost internal lines or additional crown parts have been added. The object, inventory, material and dating are tied to the archived API record.
Before designing
Actually visible: two rounded, tall feather forms in speckled stone, with a lower attachment. Unchanged institutional JPEG presentation photograph in the complete image frame; not an isolated engraving outline and not manufacturing approval.
Research draft. The attribution to Amun’s feathers comes from the catalogue. No lost internal lines or additional crown parts have been added. Complete institutional presentation image, 1686 pixels wide; larger IIIF master dimensions of 1829×3000 documented separately. No local scaling or re-encoding of the embedded JPEG bytes. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The attribution to Amun’s feathers comes from the catalogue. No lost internal lines or additional crown parts have been added. Complete institutional presentation image, 1686 pixels wide; larger IIIF master dimensions of 1829×3000 documented separately. No local scaling or re-encoding of the embedded JPEG bytes.
Source location: Inventory 1893.72; institutional main view 2150b9ea-3689-13cf-8355-277eb4521a43
Art Institute of Chicago. Amulet of the Feathers of Amon, Third Intermediate Period, Dynasty 21–25 (1070–656 BCE), 1893.72. Gift of Henry H. Getty and Charles L. Hutchinson
Source location: Inventory 1893.72; API object 136228; JSON /data[id=136228]
Institutional evidence for an individual object from an archived multi-record API retrieval. Dating, material, provenance and inventory details follow the specific record; source attribution is not an independent scientific authenticity test.
Source location: Open Access Images; CC0 Public Domain Designation
Specific images only when accompanied by the individual is_public_domain=true and the object's image ID. Descriptive API texts separately carry CC BY4; image release is CC0.
Double-faced glass pendant with yellow heads (Getty 2004.9)
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Punic apotropaic glass head pendants; divergent portal attribution documented Mediterranean region; specialist catalogue: probably Carthage · Mid-7th–5th century BCE according to the specialist catalogue; portal: 5th–4th century BCE
Two bearded heads facing away from one another. The checked front and back photographs each show a yellow face with a dark frame, applied eyes and nose; the suspension loop and parts of the lower edge are missing.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Punic apotropaic glass head pendants; divergent portal attribution documented
Mid-7th–5th century BCE according to the specialist catalogue; portal: 5th–4th century BCE
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Two bearded heads facing away from one another. The checked front and back photographs each show a yellow face with a dark frame, applied eyes and nose; the suspension loop and parts of the lower edge are missing.
Historically recorded use
The Getty specialist catalogue attributes an apotropaic, that is, harm-averting character to the group of Punic glass pendants. An individual wearer or specific protective formula is unknown.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The two complete photographs belong to the same double-faced individual object. No identification as Janus or as a particular god. The portal names only a male head; the double face follows the specialist catalogue and the two photographs. Four related individual objects, not four independent traditions. Dating, culture and further differences are retained below.
Before designing
Unaltered institutional photographs as an SVG raster facsimile; no lost details added and no manufacturing approval. Left: main view; right: reverse view, labelled ‘Back’, of the same object.
Research draft. Two bearded heads facing away from one another. The examined front and reverse views each show a yellow face with a dark frame, applied eyes and nose; the suspension loop and parts of the lower edge are missing. The two complete photographs belong to the same double-faced single object. No identification as Janus or as a particular deity. The portal names only a male head; the double-faced description follows the specialist catalogue and the two photographs. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Two bearded heads facing away from one another. The examined front and reverse views each show a yellow face with a dark frame, applied eyes and nose; the suspension loop and parts of the lower edge are missing. The two complete photographs belong to the same double-faced single object. No identification as Janus or as a particular deity. The portal names only a male head; the double-faced description follows the specialist catalogue and the two photographs.
Source location: Getty 2004.9; main and reverse views of the same object
Source location: Ancient Glass, cat. 544, Comments and Comparanda
Apotropaic use of the pendant group; no precise attribution to a deity or individual healing purpose. The example object 2003.206 is not newly profiled.
Large ring loop with two curved side links and a lower projection. The engraved details and damaged areas remain visible and unchanged.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Roman
Region
Roman Empire
Date of the evidence
1st century CE
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Large ring loop with two curved side links and a lower projection. The engraved details and damaged areas remain visible and unchanged.
Historically recorded use
The Met identifies a double-phallus amulet with an additional phallus and testicles beneath the central loop. It is a specific surviving example of Roman apotropaic symbolism; the three protrusions are not reinterpreted as an unattested planetary system.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 60.117.8. The identity and motif arrangement follow the individual object page; not every indistinct line has been independently deciphered.
Before designing
Native museum photograph as a historical reference; damage, writing and present-day photographic condition unaltered. No manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete native JPEG photograph without cropping, resampling, retouching or added glyphs. Large ring loop with two curved lateral links and a lower extension. The incised details and damaged areas remain visible unchanged. Not approved for manufacture. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete native JPEG photograph without cropping, resampling, retouching or added glyphs. Large ring loop with two curved lateral links and a lower extension. The incised details and damaged areas remain visible unchanged. Not approved for manufacture.
Source location: 60.117.8; fully attributed museum photograph
Successfully read primary text from the web tool. The separate native HTML retrieval returned 429 and is archived as an error; it is not used as read licence text.
Byzantine Christianity Constantinople · Circa 1100
Christ Pantokrator on one side; the praying Mary Hagiosoritissa on the other.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Byzantine Christianity
Region
Constantinople
Date of the evidence
Circa 1100
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Description
Christ Pantokrator on one side; the praying Mary Hagiosoritissa on the other.
Historically recorded use
Personal devotion with the intercession of Mary for the owner.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
A surviving portable devotional object; not a freely available magical sigil.
Before designing
Examine 1994.403 with both sides and Greek abbreviations; do not freely reconstruct lost details.
Research draft. Complete, visually checked museum photograph of the specifically linked historical object. Unaltered original JPEG bytes are embedded in the SVG as a raster facsimile; neither an isolated cropped glyph nor a traced sigil. The object context and all visible image details are retained. No production-ready vector paths; engraving or CNC manufacture requires separate review. This front view shows Christ Pantocrator. The Marian side of the double-sided pendant is not visible here and has not been added. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete, visually checked museum photograph of the specifically linked historical object. Unaltered original JPEG bytes are embedded in the SVG as a raster facsimile; neither an isolated cropped glyph nor a traced sigil. The object context and all visible image details are retained. No production-ready vector paths; engraving or CNC manufacture requires separate review. This front view shows Christ Pantocrator. The Marian side of the double-sided pendant is not visible here and has not been added.
Source location: Met object 466272; inventory 1994.403; complete main photograph from the current institutional API, uncropped; original 2978 × 3722 px
Double rectangular frame with angular characters – MS.110, f.96v
Original image · source evidence
Historical ritual and planetary figure
Early modern English-Latin ritual magic English-Latin manuscript; present-day holding in London · Late 16th century (institutional dating of the manuscript)
A double rectangular frame surrounds several angular characters with ring-shaped ends; names and letters appear above and outside. The Latin recipe context concerns a magical drawing; the individual figure remains distinguished from generally reconstructed standard seals.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern English-Latin ritual magic
Region
English-Latin manuscript; present-day holding in London
Date of the evidence
Late 16th century (institutional dating of the manuscript)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A double rectangular frame surrounds several angular characters with ring-shaped ends; names and letters appear above and outside. The Latin recipe context concerns a magical drawing; the individual figure remains distinguished from generally reconstructed standard seals.
Historically recorded use
The Latin recipe context concerns a magical drawing; the individual figure remains distinct from generally reconstructed standard seals.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Specific manuscript witness MS.110, institutionally dated to the late 16th century. Pseudo-Bacon and Pseudo-Solomon are attributions, not securely established medieval authorship. The modern blue folio numbers are distinguished from the age of the text; verso references follow the adjacent visible recto foliation and the IIIF page sequence. Irregular lines, show-through, losses and original variations in the signs are retained. The complete selected group is a component of this one copy and not a new abstract type of tradition.
Before designing
Unaltered native full-page JPEG within the SVG; only the documented viewport selects the complete historical figure. No added lines, modern replacement glyphs, raster conversion, vector transcription or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Specific manuscript witness MS.110, institutionally dated to the late 16th century. Pseudo-Bacon and Pseudo-Solomon are attributions, not securely established medieval authorship. The modern blue folio numbers are distinguished from the age of the text; verso references follow the adjacent visible recto foliation and the IIIF page sequence. Irregular lines, show-through, losses and original variations in the signs are retained. The complete selected group is a component of this one copy, not a new abstract type of tradition. Unaltered native full-page JPEG in the SVG; only the documented viewport selects the complete historical figure. No added lines, modern substitute glyphs, raster conversion, vector transcription or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Specific manuscript witness MS.110, institutionally dated to the late 16th century. Pseudo-Bacon and Pseudo-Solomon are attributions, not securely established medieval authorship. The modern blue folio numbers are distinguished from the age of the text; verso references follow the adjacent visible recto foliation and the IIIF page sequence. Irregular lines, show-through, losses and original variations in the signs are retained. The complete selected group is a component of this one copy, not a new abstract type of tradition. Unaltered native full-page JPEG in the SVG; only the documented viewport selects the complete historical figure. No added lines, modern substitute glyphs, raster conversion, vector transcription or manufacturing approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.110, f.96v; Canvas position 206/256; double rectangular frame with bent characters
Source location: MS.110; current API p8bhyjys; old ID afsfdgzh (HTTP 410)
Dating and exact Digital Location. Roger Bacon is a pseudo-author attribution; the present binding, early 19th century, is not the date of the writing. Rights: Individual Digital Location links b18937135 with PDM.
Source location: 256 Canvases; historical folio numbers in the image
Images, sequence, dimensions and institutional descriptions of the five component texts. Folios 36–38 incorrectly bound according to the catalogue. Rights: the specific digital surrogate as a whole carries the Public Domain Mark; no transfer of rights from other images.
Unaltered complete institutional JPEG page; historical individual sign located by visible evidence. Rights: PDM for the exactly corresponding IIIF digital surrogate b18937135.
Dragon Ouroboros in the Forest – Lambspring, figure 6, Musaeum 1678
Original image · source evidence
Alchemical-theosophical symbolic image
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art Frankfurt am Main, Germany; place of printing · 1678; specific copy used; partial imprint 1677
A winged dragon curls its scaly body into a ring and takes the tip of its tail into its mouth.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art
Region
Frankfurt am Main, Germany; place of printing
Date of the evidence
1678; specific copy used; partial imprint 1677
Type of evidence
Textual evidence
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A winged dragon curls its scaly body into a ring and takes the tip of its tail into its mouth.
Historically recorded use
The motto and caption use the dragon and Mercury as alchemical comparisons. This printed variant is recorded as a separate book witness. Historical book illustration; actual use as a neck pendant is not evidenced.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Individually localised historical printed component of the specific 1678 copy, not a new independent historical text and not an attested worn amulet. Efficacy and suitability for manufacture have not been demonstrated. Visible partial imprint 1677, distinct from the year of the complete volume, 1678; not to be equated with the first creation of the image form. The transmitted author’s name is given as an attribution in the title; no identity as a medieval monk or dating of this image to the 15th century is confirmed.
Before designing
Complete, unaltered institutional full-page JPEG view, 2880×3151px. The separately offered larger master, 4701×5143px, was not provided as the downloaded file. Image, writing, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile, not a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete, unaltered institutional full-page JPEG view, 2880×3151px. The separately offered larger master, 4701×5143px, was not provided as the downloaded file. Image, writing, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile, not a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete, unaltered institutional full-page JPEG view, 2880×3151px. The separately offered larger master, 4701×5143px, was not provided as the downloaded file. Image, writing, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile, not a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: QD25 .M87315 1678; Lambsprinck De Lapide Philosophico, figure 6, p. 353; viewer index 33, asset fj236296f; Large JPG 2880×3151
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Courtesy of Science History Institute; Musaeum Hermeticum Reformatum et Amplificatum, used edition 1678; QD25 .M87315 1678; Lambsprinck De Lapide Philosophico, Figur 6, S. 353; Viewerindex 33, Asset fj236296f; Public Domain Mark 1.0.
Source location: QD25 .M87315 1678; Frankfurt am Main, Hermann à Sande
Specific complete volume with 70 institutional digital images. Main title and catalogue date 1678; several bound component titles bear 1677. The 30 images captured are components of this single volume. The transmitted author names are attributions in the printed work; no confirmed biography of a medieval monk.
Source location: QD25 .M87315 1678; Lambsprinck De Lapide Philosophico, Figure 6, p. 353; viewer index 33, asset fj236296f
The motto and caption use the dragon and Mercury as alchemical comparisons. This print variant is recorded as a separate book source. Specific image file from the identified PDM volume; viewer membership, own download and individual PDM download display checked. No nonexistent individual catalogue page has been invented.
BM GC.375 remains clearly identified, but neither of the two specific image sides nor image rights could be established as freely available; direct retrieval returned 403. Zhengde 1506–1521 is the reference in the coin inscription, not a secure manufacturing date for the charm, which was probably made in the 18th century.
Amulet coin
Chinese good-luck amulets China · Probably 18th century; Zhengde inscription 1506–1521
Dragon and phoenix on an amulet made of copper alloy.
Dragon and phoenix on an amulet made of copper alloy.
Historically recorded use
Coin-shaped wish for a newly married couple’s happy life together.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The date of manufacture is uncertain; the earlier regnal year in the inscription is not evidence of the date of manufacture.
Before designing
BM GC.375 remains clearly identified, but neither of the two specific image sides nor image rights could be established as freely available; direct retrieval returned 403. Zhengde 1506–1521 is the reference in the coin inscription, not a secure manufacturing date for the charm, which was probably made in the 18th century.
Research draft. BM GC.375 remains clearly identified, but neither of the two specific image sides nor image rights could be established as freely available; direct retrieval returned 403. Zhengde 1506–1521 is the reference in the coin inscription, not a secure manufacturing date for the charm, which was probably made in the 18th century. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Dragon circle in the Basil Valentine appendix – Musaeum Hermeticum 1678
Original image · source evidence
Alchemical-theosophical symbolic image
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art Frankfurt am Main, Germany; place of printing · 1678; specific copy used
A circle lies within a vessel-like outline. A downward-pointing triangle encloses a winged dragon; several snake-like loops lie outside it.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art
Region
Frankfurt am Main, Germany; place of printing
Date of the evidence
1678; specific copy used
Type of evidence
Textual evidence
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A circle lies within a vessel-like outline. A downward-pointing triangle encloses a winged dragon; several snake-like loops lie outside it.
Historically recorded use
Unnumbered diagram on p.425 at the end of Practica de Lapide Sapientum, attributed in the volume to Basilius Valentinus. It is a separate alchemical image witness alongside the twelve keys, not a thirteenth key. Historical book illustration; actual use as a neck pendant is not evidenced.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
A historically located printed component of the specific 1678 example; not a new independent historical text and not an evidenced worn amulet. Efficacy and suitability for manufacture are not evidenced. The transmitted author’s name is given as a title attribution; no identity as a medieval monk or dating of this image to the 15th century is confirmed.
Before designing
Complete, unaltered institutional large-JPEG page view, 2880×3048px. The separately offered larger master, 4859×5143px, was not supplied as a downloaded file. Image, text, printed page, paper condition and binding shadow are retained. Source facsimile without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete, unaltered institutional large-JPEG page view, 2880×3048px. The separately offered larger master, 4859×5143px, was not supplied as a downloaded file. Image, text, printed page, paper condition and binding shadow are retained. Source facsimile without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete, unaltered institutional large-JPEG page view, 2880×3048px. The separately offered larger master, 4859×5143px, was not supplied as a downloaded file. Image, text, printed page, paper condition and binding shadow are retained. Source facsimile without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: QD25 .M87315 1678; printed p. 425; viewer index 57, Asset 5m60qs82w; Large JPG 2880×3048
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Courtesy of Science History Institute; Musaeum Hermeticum Reformatum et Amplificatum, used edition 1678; QD25 .M87315 1678; gedruckte S. 425; Viewerindex 57, Asset 5m60qs82w; Public Domain Mark 1.0.
Source location: QD25 .M87315 1678; Frankfurt am Main, Hermann à Sande
Specific complete volume with 70 institutional digital images. Main title and catalogue date 1678; several bound component titles bear 1677. The 30 images captured are components of this single volume. The transmitted author names are attributions in the printed work; no confirmed biography of a medieval monk.
Source location: QD25 .M87315 1678; printed p. 425; viewer index 57, asset 5m60qs82w
Unnumbered diagram on p.425 at the end of Practica de Lapide Sapientum, in the volume attributed to Basilius Valentinus. It is a separate alchemical pictorial witness alongside the twelve keys, not a thirteenth key. Specific image file from the identified PDM volume; viewer membership, its own download and the individual PDM download display checked. No nonexistent individual catalogue page has been invented.
Three figures beneath a canopy – Lambspring, Figure 15, Musaeum 1678
Original image · source evidence
Alchemical-theosophical symbolic image
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art Frankfurt am Main, Germany; place of printing · 1678; specific copy used; partial imprint 1677
Three men sit together beneath a cloth canopy. The central figure has large wings; the one on the right wears a crown and holds a sceptre.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art
Region
Frankfurt am Main, Germany; place of printing
Date of the evidence
1678; specific copy used; partial imprint 1677
Type of evidence
Textual evidence
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Three men sit together beneath a cloth canopy. The central figure has large wings; the one on the right wears a crown and holds a sceptre.
Historically recorded use
The text connects father and son as a unity and speaks of their continuing togetherness; the concluding figure in the same allegorical sequence. Historical book illustration; actual use as a neck pendant is not attested.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Individually localised historical printed component of the specific 1678 copy, not a new independent historical text and not an attested worn amulet. Efficacy and suitability for manufacture have not been demonstrated. Visible partial imprint 1677, distinct from the year of the complete volume, 1678; not to be equated with the first creation of the image form. The transmitted author’s name is given as an attribution in the title; no identity as a medieval monk or dating of this image to the 15th century is confirmed.
Before designing
Complete, unaltered institutional full-page JPEG view, 2880×3151px. The separately offered larger master, 4701×5143px, was not provided as the downloaded file. Image, writing, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile, not a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete, unaltered institutional full-page JPEG view, 2880×3151px. The separately offered larger master, 4701×5143px, was not provided as the downloaded file. Image, writing, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile, not a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete, unaltered institutional full-page JPEG view, 2880×3151px. The separately offered larger master, 4701×5143px, was not provided as the downloaded file. Image, writing, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile, not a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: QD25 .M87315 1678; Lambsprinck De Lapide Philosophico, figure 15, p. 371; Viewerindex 42, Asset 8s45q9747; Large JPG 2880×3151
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Courtesy of Science History Institute; Musaeum Hermeticum Reformatum et Amplificatum, used edition 1678; QD25 .M87315 1678; Lambsprinck De Lapide Philosophico, Figur 15, S. 371; Viewerindex 42, Asset 8s45q9747; Public Domain Mark 1.0.
Source location: QD25 .M87315 1678; Frankfurt am Main, Hermann à Sande
Specific complete volume with 70 institutional digital images. Main title and catalogue date 1678; several bound component titles bear 1677. The 30 images captured are components of this single volume. The transmitted author names are attributions in the printed work; no confirmed biography of a medieval monk.
Source location: QD25 .M87315 1678; Lambsprinck De Lapide Philosophico, figure 15, p. 371; Viewerindex 42, Asset 8s45q9747
The text joins father and son as one and speaks of their continuing togetherness; concluding figure in the same allegorical sequence. Specific image file of the identified PDM volume; viewer membership, separate download and individual PDM download display checked. No non-existent individual catalogue page has been invented.
Three pentacles against weapons and ambushes, and for good fortune – Wellcome MS.4657, p. 52
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
French-language Clavicles tradition, Pseudo-Solomon French-language transmission; exact place of origin not established here · Mid-18th century (institutionally: mid-18th century)
Three complete circular figures; scattered signs at the upper left, a blue hexagram at the upper right, and a square with diagonals below. Complete native page capture at 5134 × 6167 pixels; the book gutter, paper condition and visible edges of neighbouring pages are retained.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
French-language transmission; exact place of origin not established here
Date of the evidence
Mid-18th century (institutionally: mid-18th century)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Three complete circular figures; scattered signs at the upper left, a blue hexagram at the upper right, and a square with diagonals below. Complete native page capture at 5134 × 6167 pixels; the book gutter, paper condition and visible edges of neighbouring pages are retained.
Historically recorded use
The upper captions name weapons, ambushes and betrayal, as well as Tuesday/Mars; the accompanying text below mentions good fortune in gaming and trade. All purposes are attributed to the historical text.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Six specifically located complete pages from the same inventory, not six physical objects or newly claimed traditions. The French functional descriptions are historical attributions. There is no evidence of an actually worn amulet form. Unclear characters are not transcribed; unfinished figures on other pages are not added. Pseudo-Solomon is the catalogue designation, not historical authorship by Solomon. Wellcome mentions the connection between the back inscription St. Germain and the Comte de Saint Germain only as a possibility.
Before designing
Unchanged native complete manuscript page as a reference facsimile. No isolated glyph cut-out, script reconstruction, normalised sequence of numerals or engraving outline; no manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Unaltered native whole manuscript page as a reference facsimile. No cropped individual glyph, reconstruction of writing, normalised sequence of numbers or engraving outline; no manufacturing approval. The upper annotations mention weapons, ambushes and betrayal, as well as Tuesday/Mars; the lower accompanying text mentions good fortune in gaming and trade. All purposes are attributed to the historical text. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Unaltered native whole manuscript page as a reference facsimile. No cropped individual glyph, reconstruction of writing, normalised sequence of numbers or engraving outline; no manufacturing approval. The upper annotations mention weapons, ambushes and betrayal, as well as Tuesday/Mars; the lower accompanying text mentions good fortune in gaming and trade. All purposes are attributed to the historical text.
Source location: MS.4657; work mykxff67; bibliographic b19695494
Identity, signature, current physical access status and explicitly open digital IIIF location with Public Domain Mark. The physical note item missing does not constitute a digital rights withdrawal; the possible connection to Saint Germain remains unverified.
Institutional original dating mid-18th century, shelfmark, Public Domain Mark, 299 Canvases and specific image identification. The six complete pages actually viewed attest to their signs and labelled historical purposes; no reading of unclear signs or completion of unfinished figures.
Egyptian amulet tradition of the New Kingdom Egypt; exact findspot not stated · 1540–1069 BC; New Kingdom according to the museum catalogue
Elongated turquoise-blue bar with three small seated frogs on its upper surface. Five round openings are visible on the front long side. The oblique overall view remains unaltered.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Egyptian amulet tradition of the New Kingdom
Region
Egypt; exact findspot not stated
Date of the evidence
1540–1069 BC; New Kingdom according to the museum catalogue
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Elongated turquoise-blue bar with three small seated frogs on its upper surface. Five round openings are visible on the front long side. The oblique overall view remains unaltered.
Historically recorded use
The museum lists the piece as a bead amulet with three frogs. The pierced base establishes that it could be strung; the checked source does not reconstruct a specific historical necklace arrangement.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 1914.794. Three frogs belong to one coherent object and are not counted as three independent amulets. No individual association with Heket or a particular birth ritual is claimed.
Before designing
Unchanged, complete native museum view(s), including background and present-day damage. Historical facsimile; separate outline preparation and manufacturing review required.
Research draft. Elongated turquoise-blue bar with three small seated frogs on its upper surface. Five round openings are visible along the front long side. The oblique overall view remains unchanged. Unaltered, complete native museum view(s), including background and present-day damage. Historical facsimile; separate outline preparation and manufacturing inspection required. Regular HTTP200 original retrieval on 12.10.2026. Current image retrieval HTTP403; current object page confirms the exact image URL, dimensions and CC0 unchanged. No claim is made of a fresh successful image retrieval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Elongated turquoise-blue bar with three small seated frogs on its upper surface. Five round openings are visible along the front long side. The oblique overall view remains unchanged. Unaltered, complete native museum view(s), including background and present-day damage. Historical facsimile; separate outline preparation and manufacturing inspection required. Regular HTTP200 original retrieval on 12.10.2026. Current image retrieval HTTP403; current object page confirms the exact image URL, dimensions and CC0 unchanged. No claim is made of a fresh successful image retrieval.
Source location: 1914.794; 1 complete native museum view(s)
Vajrayogini in a downward-pointing triangle; concentric rings with symbols of her charnel ground.
Research draftSpecific model required
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Tantric Buddhist ritual art
Region
Nepal
Date of the evidence
1600–1800
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Description
Vajrayogini in a downward-pointing triangle; concentric rings with symbols of her charnel ground.
Historically recorded use
Ritual diagram for invoking a deity and for tantric aims.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Museum guide evidences a ritual object; exact inventory number and wearability are missing, and the latter is not assumed.
Before designing
The current museum guide confirms the specific three-dimensional Nepalese ritual object, 1600–1800, Vajrayogini, cremation-ground rings and donors, but gives no unique individual inventory number. No actual complete original view or free photo licence is available. A drawing of general yantra geometry would not be an image of this object.
Master’s triangle in the circle of signs – MS.110, f.18r
Original image · source evidence
Historical ritual and planetary figure
Early modern English-Latin ritual magic English-Latin manuscript; present-day holding in London · Late 16th century (institutional dating of the manuscript)
A triangle with handwritten names in the margin and four bold characters lies within an irregular surrounding band of signs. Inside the triangle is a designation for the master and his companions; the accompanying text describes the ritual handling of the sign.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern English-Latin ritual magic
Region
English-Latin manuscript; present-day holding in London
Date of the evidence
Late 16th century (institutional dating of the manuscript)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A triangle with handwritten names in the margin and four bold characters lies within an irregular surrounding band of signs. Inside the triangle is a designation for the master and his companions; the accompanying text describes the ritual handling of the sign.
Historically recorded use
Inside the inner triangle is a designation for the master and his companions; the accompanying text describes the ritual handling of the sign.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Specific manuscript witness MS.110, institutionally dated to the late 16th century. Pseudo-Bacon and Pseudo-Solomon are attributions, not securely established medieval authorship. The modern blue folio numbers are distinguished from the age of the text; verso references follow the adjacent visible recto foliation and the IIIF page sequence. Irregular lines, show-through, losses and original variations in the signs are retained. The complete selected group is a component of this one copy and not a new abstract type of tradition.
Before designing
Unaltered native full-page JPEG within the SVG; only the documented viewport selects the complete historical figure. No added lines, modern replacement glyphs, raster conversion, vector transcription or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Specific manuscript witness MS.110, institutionally dated to the late 16th century. Pseudo-Bacon and Pseudo-Solomon are attributions, not securely established medieval authorship. The modern blue folio numbers are distinguished from the age of the text; verso references follow the adjacent visible recto foliation and the IIIF page sequence. Irregular lines, show-through, losses and original variations in the signs are retained. The complete selected group is a component of this one copy, not a new abstract type of tradition. Unaltered native full-page JPEG in the SVG; only the documented viewport selects the complete historical figure. No added lines, modern substitute glyphs, raster conversion, vector transcription or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Specific manuscript witness MS.110, institutionally dated to the late 16th century. Pseudo-Bacon and Pseudo-Solomon are attributions, not securely established medieval authorship. The modern blue folio numbers are distinguished from the age of the text; verso references follow the adjacent visible recto foliation and the IIIF page sequence. Irregular lines, show-through, losses and original variations in the signs are retained. The complete selected group is a component of this one copy, not a new abstract type of tradition. Unaltered native full-page JPEG in the SVG; only the documented viewport selects the complete historical figure. No added lines, modern substitute glyphs, raster conversion, vector transcription or manufacturing approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.110, f.18r; canvas position 49/256; Master’s triangle within the sign circle
Source location: MS.110; current API p8bhyjys; old ID afsfdgzh (HTTP 410)
Dating and exact Digital Location. Roger Bacon is a pseudo-author attribution; the present binding, early 19th century, is not the date of the writing. Rights: Individual Digital Location links b18937135 with PDM.
Source location: 256 Canvases; historical folio numbers in the image
Images, sequence, dimensions and institutional descriptions of the five component texts. Folios 36–38 incorrectly bound according to the catalogue. Rights: the specific digital surrogate as a whole carries the Public Domain Mark; no transfer of rights from other images.
Unaltered complete institutional JPEG page; historical individual sign located by visible evidence. Rights: PDM for the exactly corresponding IIIF digital surrogate b18937135.
Triangle and rectangle ensemble with central Sathan circle – MS.110, f.100r
Original image · source evidence
Historical ritual and planetary figure
Early modern English-Latin ritual magic English-Latin manuscript; present-day holding in London · Late 16th century (institutional dating of the manuscript)
Two crossed triangular figures stand above a large double rectangular frame with marginal characters and a circle inscribed within. The circle bears the visible name Sathan. The historical conjuration ensemble remains together; faint writing on the reverse belongs to the unchanged original photograph.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern English-Latin ritual magic
Region
English-Latin manuscript; present-day holding in London
Date of the evidence
Late 16th century (institutional dating of the manuscript)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Two crossed triangular figures stand above a large double rectangular frame with marginal characters and a circle inscribed within. The circle bears the visible name Sathan. The historical conjuration ensemble remains together; faint writing on the reverse belongs to the unchanged original photograph.
Historically recorded use
The circle bears the visible designation Sathan. The historical conjuration ensemble remains together; faint writing on the reverse belongs to the unaltered original photograph.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Specific manuscript witness MS.110, institutionally dated to the late 16th century. Pseudo-Bacon and Pseudo-Solomon are attributions, not securely established medieval authorship. The modern blue folio numbers are distinguished from the age of the text; verso references follow the adjacent visible recto foliation and the IIIF page sequence. Irregular lines, show-through, losses and original variations in the signs are retained. The complete selected group is a component of this one copy and not a new abstract type of tradition.
Before designing
Unaltered native full-page JPEG within the SVG; only the documented viewport selects the complete historical figure. No added lines, modern replacement glyphs, raster conversion, vector transcription or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Specific manuscript witness MS.110, institutionally dated to the late 16th century. Pseudo-Bacon and Pseudo-Solomon are attributions, not securely established medieval authorship. The modern blue folio numbers are distinguished from the age of the text; verso references follow the adjacent visible recto foliation and the IIIF page sequence. Irregular lines, show-through, losses and original variations in the signs are retained. The complete selected group is a component of this one copy, not a new abstract type of tradition. Unaltered native full-page JPEG in the SVG; only the documented viewport selects the complete historical figure. No added lines, modern substitute glyphs, raster conversion, vector transcription or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Specific manuscript witness MS.110, institutionally dated to the late 16th century. Pseudo-Bacon and Pseudo-Solomon are attributions, not securely established medieval authorship. The modern blue folio numbers are distinguished from the age of the text; verso references follow the adjacent visible recto foliation and the IIIF page sequence. Irregular lines, show-through, losses and original variations in the signs are retained. The complete selected group is a component of this one copy, not a new abstract type of tradition. Unaltered native full-page JPEG in the SVG; only the documented viewport selects the complete historical figure. No added lines, modern substitute glyphs, raster conversion, vector transcription or manufacturing approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.110, f.100r; canvas position 213/256; ensemble of triangles and rectangles with a central Sathan circle
Source location: MS.110; current API p8bhyjys; old ID afsfdgzh (HTTP 410)
Dating and exact Digital Location. Roger Bacon is a pseudo-author attribution; the present binding, early 19th century, is not the date of the writing. Rights: Individual Digital Location links b18937135 with PDM.
Source location: 256 Canvases; historical folio numbers in the image
Images, sequence, dimensions and institutional descriptions of the five component texts. Folios 36–38 incorrectly bound according to the catalogue. Rights: the specific digital surrogate as a whole carries the Public Domain Mark; no transfer of rights from other images.
Unaltered complete institutional JPEG page; historical individual sign located by visible evidence. Rights: PDM for the exactly corresponding IIIF digital surrogate b18937135.
Triangular pentacle with branched central sign – Penn f.45r (= 46r)
Original image · source evidence
Historical grimoire pentacle
Latin Clavicula Salomonis manuscript; transmission of the Keys of Solomon European manuscript; place of manufacture unknown; present collection in Philadelphia · 1750–1799; second half of the 18th century, dating of the specific example
An upright triangle lies within an outer circle. Inside the triangle, a branched vertical character stands above a wavy line; small crosses appear in the border band. The accompanying text discusses spirits being invoked and hidden treasures. Proper names that cannot be read with confidence are left untranscribed. This is the account of a historical ritual text; no actual effect is evidenced.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Latin Clavicula Salomonis manuscript; transmission of the Keys of Solomon
Region
European manuscript; place of manufacture unknown; present collection in Philadelphia
Date of the evidence
1750–1799; second half of the 18th century, dating of the specific example
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
An upright triangle lies within an outer circle. Inside the triangle, a branched vertical character stands above a wavy line; small crosses appear in the border band. The accompanying text discusses spirits being invoked and hidden treasures. Proper names that cannot be read with confidence are left untranscribed. This is the account of a historical ritual text; no actual effect is evidenced.
Historically recorded use
The accompanying text deals with invoked spirits and hidden treasures. Proper names that cannot be read with certainty remain untranscribed. This is the statement of a historical ritual text; an actual effect is not evidenced.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Dating of this specific Latin copy: 1750–1799. The catalogue attribution to Abraham Colorni does not confirm that he personally produced this later manuscript. The drawing is a localised component of 43 surviving pentacles in the same copy, not a new tradition or a separately surviving worn amulet. Written and corrected foliation differ by one leaf. The changing historical internal numbering is not unified into an invented continuous sequence of 1–43.
Before designing
The completely preserved individual pentacle remains embedded as an unaltered native OPenn web JPEG; only the SVG viewport limits the visible area of the leaf. The separately offered TIFF master was not used. The accompanying text can be read in full on the archived full leaf, although it is partly cut off in the viewport. No addition of lines or letters, outline transcription or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Dating of this specific Latin copy: 1750–1799. The catalogue attribution to Abraham Colorni does not confirm that he personally made this later manuscript. The drawing is a localised component of 43 surviving pentacles in the same copy, not a new tradition or a separately surviving worn amulet. Written and corrected foliation differ by one leaf. The changing historical internal numbering is not standardised into an invented continuous sequence from 1 to 43. The single, fully preserved pentacle is embedded as an unaltered native OPenn web JPEG in the SVG; only the SVG viewport limits the visible area of the leaf. The separately offered TIFF master was not used. The accompanying text can be read in full on the archived full leaf, though it is partly cut off in the viewport. No lines or letters have been added, no outline transcription has been made, and no manufacturing approval is implied. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Dating of this specific Latin copy: 1750–1799. The catalogue attribution to Abraham Colorni does not confirm that he personally made this later manuscript. The drawing is a localised component of 43 surviving pentacles in the same copy, not a new tradition or a separately surviving worn amulet. Written and corrected foliation differ by one leaf. The changing historical internal numbering is not standardised into an invented continuous sequence from 1 to 43. The single, fully preserved pentacle is embedded as an unaltered native OPenn web JPEG in the SVG; only the SVG viewport limits the visible area of the leaf. The separately offered TIFF master was not used. The accompanying text can be read in full on the archived full leaf, though it is partly cut off in the viewport. No lines or letters have been added, no outline transcription has been made, and no manufacturing approval is implied.
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Dreieckspentakel mit verzweigtem Mittelzeichen – Penn f.45r (= 46r). Ms. Codex 1673, 1750–1799. University of Pennsylvania, Kislak Center. Public Domain Mark. Katalogmetadaten separat CC BY 4.0.
Specific manuscript witness, second half of the 18th century. Earlier textual transmission and author attribution are not the date when this copy was made.
Triangular-bridge talisman drawing with broad foot – Ms. Codex 1699, p. 79
Original image · source evidence
Historical talisman drawing
Rainsford collection of English-Italian ritual texts Great Britain?; place of manufacture uncertain; present collection in Philadelphia · 1750–1799 (specific manuscript)
An upper rectangular bar is joined to a long vertical rod by two diagonal braces. A broad foot has two upturned ends; small signs appear on the inside and sides. The institutional catalogue describes the two drawn forms on this page as talismans. This attests to a historical drawing in Rainsford’s compilation manuscript, not to a surviving worn amulet.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Rainsford collection of English-Italian ritual texts
Region
Great Britain?; place of manufacture uncertain; present collection in Philadelphia
Date of the evidence
1750–1799 (specific manuscript)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
An upper rectangular bar is joined to a long vertical rod by two diagonal braces. A broad foot has two upturned ends; small signs appear on the inside and sides. The institutional catalogue describes the two drawn forms on this page as talismans. This attests to a historical drawing in Rainsford’s compilation manuscript, not to a surviving worn amulet.
Historically recorded use
The institutional catalogue describes the two drawn forms on this page as talismans. This is evidence of a historical drawing in Rainsford’s collection manuscript, not of a surviving worn amulet.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Dating of the specific copy: 1750–1799; not an ancient work by Enoch or an assured authorship by Albertus Magnus. The page contains a pseudepigraphic ritual heading; its attribution is not accepted as proof of provenance. Two disjoint components of the same folio, not two new traditions.
Before designing
Unaltered native full-page JPEG within the SVG; only the documented viewport selects the complete historical figure. No added lines, modern replacement glyphs, raster conversion, vector transcription or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Dating of the specific copy 1750–1799; no evidence of an ancient date for Enoch or secure authorship by Albertus Magnus. The page contains a pseudepigraphic ritual heading; its attribution is not accepted as proof of origin. Two separate components of the same leaf, not two new traditions. Unchanged native full-page JPEG in the SVG; only the documented viewport selects the complete historical figure. No added lines, modern replacement glyphs, raster conversion, vector transcription or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Dating of the specific copy 1750–1799; no evidence of an ancient date for Enoch or secure authorship by Albertus Magnus. The page contains a pseudepigraphic ritual heading; its attribution is not accepted as proof of origin. Two separate components of the same leaf, not two new traditions. Unchanged native full-page JPEG in the SVG; only the documented viewport selects the complete historical figure. No added lines, modern replacement glyphs, raster conversion, vector transcription or manufacturing approval.
Source location: Ms. Codex 1699, manuscript p. 79; OPenn surface-ms-codex-1699-83; native 5212_0082_web.jpg; talisman drawing with a triangular bridge and broad base
Manuscript in Charles Rainsford’s hand, 1750–1799; the catalogue mentions drawings of talismans on p. 79. Rights: images and work PDM; modern metadata separately CC BY 4.0.
Source location: p. 79; surface-ms-codex-1699-83;5212_0082
Date range 1750–1799, Rainsford’s hand; native web JPEG 1458×1800, separate from the TIFF 4651×5741. Rights: individual TEI states images + manuscript content PDM; metadata CC BY 4.0.
Three-part bronze pendant with a large upper loop and incised details on the lateral projections. The irregularities of the ancient surface remain visible.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Roman
Region
Roman Empire
Date of the evidence
1st century CE
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Three-part bronze pendant with a large upper loop and incised details on the lateral projections. The irregularities of the ancient surface remain visible.
Historically recorded use
The Met describes three winged phalli in different positions. Their arrangement could express protection in all directions; the catalogue explicitly presents this explanation as a possibility, and it is retained as such here.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 60.117.4. The specific threefold form is an inventory profile; it does not imply a general symbol of the Trinity or a certain meaning for each individual direction.
Before designing
Native museum photograph as a historical reference; damage, writing and present-day photographic condition unaltered. No manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete native JPEG image without cropping, resampling, retouching or added glyphs. Three-part bronze pendant with a large upper loop and incised details on the lateral projections. The irregularities of the ancient surface remain visible. No manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete native JPEG image without cropping, resampling, retouching or added glyphs. Three-part bronze pendant with a large upper loop and incised details on the lateral projections. The irregularities of the ancient surface remain visible. No manufacturing approval.
Source location: 60.117.4; fully attributed museum photograph
Successfully read primary text from the web tool. The separate native HTML retrieval returned 429 and is archived as an error; it is not used as read licence text.
Neolithic megalithic art; no Celtic attribution Boyne Valley, Ireland · Around 3200 BC
Three connected spirals in the Neolithic stone ornamentation of Newgrange; the entrance and interior variants are referenced separately. The additional original photograph associated with it explicitly shows the weathered interior stone.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Neolithic megalithic art; no Celtic attribution
Region
Boyne Valley, Ireland
Date of the evidence
Around 3200 BC
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Description
Three connected spirals in the Neolithic stone ornamentation of Newgrange; the entrance and interior variants are referenced separately. The additional original photograph associated with it explicitly shows the weathered interior stone.
Historically recorded use
Stone ornamentation on a ceremonial passage tomb.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Age and form are supported by the original institutional sources; the original meaning and personal amulet function are not established. The interior form has also been visually checked against Christopher Holt’s original photograph, with a specifically documented CC-BY-2.0 release.
Before designing
Show Christopher Holt’s actual interior photograph as a surviving historical form, including wear. Keep the exterior variant at the entrance stone separate. Do not add a modern ideal triskele or a fixed interpretation in terms of three worlds, the Trinity or energy.
Research draft. Original photograph of the actual, weathered interior ornament. Three interconnected historical spirals; not an idealised triskele. The entrance and interior variants remain distinct views. Age and context derive from the surviving institutional profile sources; original meaning and personal amulet function are not established. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Original photograph of the actual, weathered interior ornament. Three interconnected historical spirals; not an idealised triskele. The entrance and interior variants remain distinct views. Age and context derive from the surviving institutional profile sources; original meaning and personal amulet function are not established.
Source location: Original 4896×3264; photographed interior stone with three connected spirals
Original photograph of the weathered triple spiral inside Newgrange. Photographer Christopher Holt, original Flickr source https://www.flickr.com/photos/chrisholt/17013788168/. Commons documents CC BY 2.0 and a Flickr licence check confirmed on 11.10.2021. No upgrade to a different CC version; the photographed interior stone is not the outer entrance stone. The photograph provides form and view identity, not an explanation of the Neolithic symbolic meaning.
Three heads, six arms and attributes among encircling letters; rows of writing on the reverse. Both native colour photographs remain complete, including the modern red inventory inscription on the reverse.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Roman
Region
Roman world
Date of the evidence
2nd–4th century AD
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Three heads, six arms and attributes among encircling letters; rows of writing on the reverse. Both native colour photographs remain complete, including the modern red inventory inscription on the reverse.
Historically recorded use
According to the Walters catalogue, the gem depicts the three-formed Hecate with six arms and magical inscriptions. Certain word translations remain uncertain there; the depiction and names are concrete historical evidence from a gem, without an individually known wearing history.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 42.874. The modern inventory colour belongs to the present-day object photograph and is not an ancient characteristic. Neither uncertain translations nor damaged lines are supplied.
Before designing
Native museum photograph as a historical reference; damage, writing and present-day photographic condition unaltered. No manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete native JPEG images side by side, without cropping, resampling, retouching or added glyphs. Three heads, six arms and attributes among encircling letters; rows of writing on the reverse. Both native colour images remain complete, including the modern red inventory inscription on the reverse. Not approved for manufacture. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete native JPEG images side by side, without cropping, resampling, retouching or added glyphs. Three heads, six arms and attributes among encircling letters; rows of writing on the reverse. Both native colour images remain complete, including the modern red inventory inscription on the reverse. Not approved for manufacture.
Source location: 42.874; fully attributed museum photograph
Three-sided shrine fragment with scenes from the life of the Buddha
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Buddhist visual tradition Gandhara / present-day Pakistan · 5th–6th century
Narrow, three-sided slate fragment; the selected view shows a damaged seated figure at the top, a standing Buddha in the middle and smaller figures below.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Buddhist visual tradition
Region
Gandhara / present-day Pakistan
Date of the evidence
5th–6th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Narrow, three-sided slate fragment; the selected view shows a damaged seated figure at the top, a standing Buddha in the middle and smaller figures below.
Historically recorded use
According to the museum, the wedge-shaped piece belonged to a portable shrine which formed a circle when closed. Its relief registers convey the life story of the Buddha. This does not establish use as a neck amulet.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 1994.489, Met object 38224. The complete native individual photograph shows only one view. The scenes on other pages and the lost parts are not reconstructed; the Met’s current measurement gives a height of 11.1 cm.
Before designing
Unchanged complete native museum image; no reconstruction of damaged details. No manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete native museum photograph, with no raster transformation or reconstruction of old forms. Historical religious image evidence; not approved for manufacture. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete native museum photograph, with no raster transformation or reconstruction of old forms. Historical religious image evidence; not approved for manufacture.
Source location: The Metropolitan Museum of Art; 1994.489; complete selected individual photograph
Source location: CC0 for individually designated public-domain collection images
Institutional CC0 policy read in the web tool on 10 October. The direct native website response was HTTP429 and is not treated as text of a rights notice that was read.
Three-pointed vajra (Sankosho), Japan, early 14th century
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Japan, Kamakura period (1185–1333) Japan · early 1300s
Esoteric Buddhist ritual object; the museum explains the vajra as a form derived from Indra’s thunderbolt. The surviving Japanese object dates from the early 14th century. The earlier origin of the form does not date this individual object to Vedic times. No evidence of use as a neck amulet.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Japan, Kamakura period (1185–1333)
Region
Japan
Date of the evidence
early 1300s
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Esoteric Buddhist ritual object; the museum explains the vajra as a form derived from Indra’s thunderbolt. The surviving Japanese object dates from the early 14th century. The earlier origin of the form does not date this individual object to Vedic times. No evidence of use as a neck amulet.
Historically recorded use
Esoteric Buddhist ritual implement; the museum explains the vajra as a form derived from Indra’s thunderbolt.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The surviving Japanese object dates from the early 14th century. The earlier origin of the form does not date this individual item to the Vedic period. No evidence of use as a neck amulet.
Before designing
Double-sided metal rod with tapered ends, a segmented central grip and clearly modelled lotus forms; the grey background is fully preserved. Original image as a complete facsimile; no manufacturing approval and no added contours.
Research draft. The surviving Japanese object dates from the early 14th century. The earlier origin of the form does not date this individual piece to Vedic times. No evidence of use as a neck amulet. All native JPEG bytes and the full image frame remain unchanged. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The surviving Japanese object dates from the early 14th century. The earlier origin of the form does not date this individual piece to Vedic times. No evidence of use as a neck amulet. All native JPEG bytes and the full image frame remain unchanged.
Source location: 1974.264; complete, actually photographed main image view
Source location: Individual inventory 1974.264; object ID 147911; title, dating, culture, material and image link
The surviving Japanese object dates from the early 14th century. The earlier origin of the form does not date this individual item to the Vedic period. No evidence of use as a neck amulet.
Egyptian Egypt · Late Period, 26th Dynasty, 664–525 BC
The catalogued ensemble consists of the central faience scarab and two separately made wings. The photograph shows all three parts side by side, including their attachment holes and incised wing lines.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Egyptian
Region
Egypt
Date of the evidence
Late Period, 26th Dynasty, 664–525 BC
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
The catalogued ensemble consists of the central faience scarab and two separately made wings. The photograph shows all three parts side by side, including their attachment holes and incised wing lines.
Historically recorded use
The museum text explains winged scarabs as protective amulets placed over a mummy’s heart and connects the wings with the daily course of the sun and the contemporary idea of rebirth.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
A single inventory ensemble with three components; not three newly invented basic motifs. The photographic arrangement is the museum display, not a documented find condition on the body. Object, inventory, material and dating are tied to the archived API record.
Before designing
Actually seen: beetle and both separate wings complete, with small gaps and original perforations. Unaltered institutional JPEG presentation photograph in the full image frame; not an isolated engraving outline and not manufacturing approval.
Research draft. A shared inventory group comprising three components; not three newly invented basic motifs. The photographic arrangement is the museum display, not a documented find position on the body. Complete institutional display photograph, 1686 pixels wide; larger IIIF master dimensions 11605×9284 documented separately. No local scaling or re-encoding of the embedded JPEG bytes. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: A shared inventory group comprising three components; not three newly invented basic motifs. The photographic arrangement is the museum display, not a documented find position on the body. Complete institutional display photograph, 1686 pixels wide; larger IIIF master dimensions 11605×9284 documented separately. No local scaling or re-encoding of the embedded JPEG bytes.
Source location: Inventory 1892.231a-c; institutional main view ca10e062-a8d2-239a-6ca5-a1ba12fa0072
Art Institute of Chicago. Winged Scarab Amulet, Late Period, Dynasty 26 (664–525 BCE), 1892.231a-c. Gift of Henry H. Getty, Charles L. Hutchinson, and Norman W. Harris
Source location: Inventory 1892.231a-c; API object 136093; JSON /data[id=136093]
Institutional evidence for an individual object from an archived multi-record API retrieval. Dating, material, provenance and inventory details follow the specific record; source attribution is not an independent scientific authenticity test.
Source location: Open Access Images; CC0 Public Domain Designation
Specific images only when accompanied by the individual is_public_domain=true and the object's image ID. Descriptive API texts separately carry CC BY4; image release is CC0.
Esoteric Japanese Buddhism Japan · Heian period, 12th century
Three-pronged ritual vajra made of gilded bronze.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Esoteric Japanese Buddhism
Region
Japan
Date of the evidence
Heian period, 12th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Description
Three-pronged ritual vajra made of gilded bronze.
Historically recorded use
Ritual implement for prayers and invocations, together with other vajras and a bell on a stand.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The specific object is a device 17.5 cm long; its use as a neck ornament is not attested.
Before designing
Check the form of 1987.151; retain the number of points and the central area, and do not construct an asserted historical pendant form.
Research draft. Complete, visually checked museum photograph of the specific linked historical object. Unaltered original JPEG bytes are embedded in the SVG as a raster facsimile; this is neither a cropped individual glyph nor a traced sigil. The object context and all visible image details are retained. No production-ready vector paths; engraving or CNC manufacture requires separate assessment. Image crop, orientation, background and object condition remain exactly as in the original JPEG. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete, visually checked museum photograph of the specific linked historical object. Unaltered original JPEG bytes are embedded in the SVG as a raster facsimile; this is neither a cropped individual glyph nor a traced sigil. The object context and all visible image details are retained. No production-ready vector paths; engraving or CNC manufacture requires separate assessment. Image crop, orientation, background and object condition remain exactly as in the original JPEG.
Source location: Met object 36434; inventory 1987.151; complete principal image from the current institutional API, uncropped; original 4000 × 3200 px
Duamutef, jackal-headed Son of Horus (Walters 48.1639)
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Ancient Egyptian amulets Egypt · c. 750–650 BC (Third Intermediate Period)
Mummy-shaped figure with jackal head, collar and diagonal stripes. The complete back shows the flat construction. According to the museum, the break below the buttocks was rejoined.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Ancient Egyptian amulets
Region
Egypt
Date of the evidence
c. 750–650 BC (Third Intermediate Period)
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Mummy-shaped figure with jackal head, collar and diagonal stripes. The complete back shows the flat construction. According to the museum, the break below the buttocks was rejoined.
Historically recorded use
According to Egyptian beliefs about the afterlife, the four sons of Horus protected the mummified organs. This figure explicitly belongs to the Walters set 48.1638–48.1641; the perforations enabled attachment to mummy wrappings or bead nets.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Specific museum object, Walters 48.1639. Four related individual objects from one set, not four independent traditions. No specific grave find or wearer is claimed.
Before designing
Unaltered, complete original photographs in an SVG facsimile. No reconstructed outline and no manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Mummy-shaped figure with a jackal head, collar and diagonal stripes. The complete reverse shows the flat construction. According to the museum, the break below the buttocks has been rejoined. Specific museum object, Walters 48.1639. Four related individual objects from one set, not four independent traditions. No specific tomb find or wearer is claimed. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Mummy-shaped figure with a jackal head, collar and diagonal stripes. The complete reverse shows the flat construction. According to the museum, the break below the buttocks has been rejoined. Specific museum object, Walters 48.1639. Four related individual objects from one set, not four independent traditions. No specific tomb find or wearer is claimed.
Source location: The Walters Art Museum, 48.1639; complete original view(s)
Dunhuang banner with bodhisattva, possibly Mahamayuri (Met 2007.294a, b)
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Buddhist image banners of the Silk Road; possible Mahamayuri iconography Dunhuang area, Gansu, China; Khotanese connections discussed · 9th–10th century; Tang or Five Dynasties period; separate API search interval 800–999
A severely damaged silk banner shows a standing figure with a peacock feather and bowl on the front and back. A separate surviving triangular headpiece bears a seated Buddha. Three complete native museum photographs show the two sides and the headpiece separately; losses remain visible.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Buddhist image banners of the Silk Road; possible Mahamayuri iconography
9th–10th century; Tang or Five Dynasties period; separate API search interval 800–999
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A severely damaged silk banner shows a standing figure with a peacock feather and bowl on the front and back. A separate surviving triangular headpiece bears a seated Buddha. Three complete native museum photographs show the two sides and the headpiece separately; losses remain visible.
Historically recorded use
The Met page mentions possible suspension in a temple, cave sanctuary or during ceremonies. Wang, Wen and Whitfield interpret the peacock feather and bowl in their 2020 study as attributes of Mahamayuri, and explain the historical beliefs about protection and healing associated with them in the Dharani context, especially protection from snakebites. This historical-religious interpretation does not establish any actual medical effect.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The current museum designation explicitly leaves the identification as Mahamayuri open. The original association of the main part and triangular headpiece is also uncertain; the study considers it only possible. The scholarly interpretation is therefore listed alongside the more cautious current catalogue. No supplementation of missing parts, no assembly into a reconstructed banner, no independent reading of the damaged Khotanese inscription, and no evidence that it was worn as a personal amulet.
Before designing
Unchanged museum photographs as historical references; no added lines, reconstructed lettering or engraving outlines, and no manufacturing approval.
Research draft. A heavily damaged silk banner shows a standing figure with a peacock feather and a bowl on the front and back. A separately preserved triangular headpiece bears a seated Buddha. Three complete native museum photographs show the two sides and the headpiece separately; areas of loss remain visible. The current museum designation explicitly leaves the identification as Mahamayuri open. The original association of the main part and triangular headpiece is also uncertain; the study considers it only possible. The scholarly interpretation is therefore presented alongside the more cautious current catalogue. No missing parts are supplied, no parts are assembled into a reconstructed banner, no independent reading is offered of the damaged Khotanese inscription, and there is no evidence that it was worn as a personal amulet. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: A heavily damaged silk banner shows a standing figure with a peacock feather and a bowl on the front and back. A separately preserved triangular headpiece bears a seated Buddha. Three complete native museum photographs show the two sides and the headpiece separately; areas of loss remain visible. The current museum designation explicitly leaves the identification as Mahamayuri open. The original association of the main part and triangular headpiece is also uncertain; the study considers it only possible. The scholarly interpretation is therefore presented alongside the more cautious current catalogue. No missing parts are supplied, no parts are assembled into a reconstructed banner, no independent reading is offered of the damaged Khotanese inscription, and there is no evidence that it was worn as a personal amulet.
Source location: 2007.294a, b; front and back of the main part and separate triangular headpiece; original association uncertain
UEA Digital Repository / Metropolitan Museum Journal
Source location: Accepted manuscript, pp.2–4 (Mahamayuri, Dharani protection beliefs and the questionable association of the fragments); pp.5–6 (painting on both sides). Journal version: Metropolitan Museum Journal55, pp.8–25.
Primary object-specific study; the current museum attribution remains explicitly possible. Research statements are paraphrased only briefly; the PDF and text are not released as a CC0 image asset.
Perforated ceramic object from the Nishapur collection
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Iran Iran / Nishapur collection · c. 2500–1750 BC
Irregularly rounded piece of ceramic with a small perforation near the edge and a rough grey surface. The complete historical museum image shows no figurative incision.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Iran
Region
Iran / Nishapur collection
Date of the evidence
c. 2500–1750 BC
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Irregularly rounded piece of ceramic with a small perforation near the edge and a rough grey surface. The complete historical museum image shows no figurative incision.
Historically recorded use
The Met describes this perforated ceramic piece as an amulet and places it within a prehistoric ceramic assemblage from the Nishapur area. The object provides evidence of a simple perforated form. A specific protective use, a named deity or an associated inscription is not documented in the individual object text.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 38.40.356, object 323673. The visible museum text gives ca. 2500–1750 BC, while the API gives −2505 to −1750 numerically; both statements are retained separately. Given the limited evidence for function, the piece is included as evidence for a historical form.
Before designing
Complete native museum photograph as a historical reference; damage and present-day photographic elements remain visible. No contour reconstruction, no production approval.
Research draft. Unchanged complete native museum image; no raster transformation or addition of old outlines. Historical reference, not manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Unchanged complete native museum image; no raster transformation or addition of old outlines. Historical reference, not manufacturing approval.
Source location: The Metropolitan Museum of Art; 38.40.356; 323673
The actually read single-object text from the web tool on use and limits of interpretation. A separate ordinary native HTML retrieval returned 429 and is archived only as an error response.
Source location: CC0 for individually designated public-domain images
Freshly read institutional CC0 primary text from the web tool. Individual rights attribution was additionally checked in each archived individual object API record.
Early Byzantine Christian jewellery Byzantine sphere · 500–700
Gold cross with openwork foliage, five small crosses in circular fields, a beaded edge and an upper loop. The overall photograph shows the surviving opus interrasile work without graphic additions.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early Byzantine Christian jewellery
Region
Byzantine sphere
Date of the evidence
500–700
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Gold cross with openwork foliage, five small crosses in circular fields, a beaded edge and an upper loop. The overall photograph shows the surviving opus interrasile work without graphic additions.
Historically recorded use
The museum associates the cross pendant with wealthy or clerical wearers and explains the belief at the time that Christian image signs could protect and support prayers.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Met object 473126, accession number 2006.569. The specific wearer is unknown; wealth or clerical status are possibilities. Historical expectations of protection are not evidence of efficacy and are no general guarantee for every Byzantine piece of jewellery.
Before designing
Complete native original capture(s), embedded unchanged in the SVG. The facsimile is not an engraving outline; it is not approved for manufacture.
Research draft. Gold cross with openwork tendrils, five small crosses in round fields, a beaded border and an upper loop. The overall photograph shows the surviving opus interrasile work without graphic additions. The specific wearer is unknown; wealth or clerical status are possibilities. Historical expectations of protection are not evidence of efficacy and are not a general guarantee for every Byzantine piece of jewellery. Original bytes unchanged; no raster transformation or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Gold cross with openwork tendrils, five small crosses in round fields, a beaded border and an upper loop. The overall photograph shows the surviving opus interrasile work without graphic additions. The specific wearer is unknown; wealth or clerical status are possibilities. Historical expectations of protection are not evidence of efficacy and are not a general guarantee for every Byzantine piece of jewellery. Original bytes unchanged; no raster transformation or manufacturing approval.
Source location: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2006.569; complete individual museum view
Fresh native API response: object identity, raw dating, dimensions, material, specific image URLs and isPublicDomain. Editorial reading additionally checked against the object page.
Institutional object page retained today via the web reader; text and public-domain evidence. The web reader’s crawl age is visible in the archived extract.
Egypt, Third Intermediate Period (1069–715 BCE), Dynasties 21–22 Egypt · c. 1069–945 BC; 21st–22nd Dynasty according to the catalogue
Dark blue, bulbous miniature basket with a band-shaped rim, two upright flat handles and several rows of openwork triangular patterns. Sandy deposits and losses are not retouched.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Egypt, Third Intermediate Period (1069–715 BCE), Dynasties 21–22
Region
Egypt
Date of the evidence
c. 1069–945 BC; 21st–22nd Dynasty according to the catalogue
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Dark blue, bulbous miniature basket with a band-shaped rim, two upright flat handles and several rows of openwork triangular patterns. Sandy deposits and losses are not retouched.
Historically recorded use
The museum explains the basket shape as associated with Bastet: statuettes of gods show baskets with kittens. The small openwork model is catalogued as an amulet; the image itself contains no kittens and provides no evidence of an individual occasion of use.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 1978.90, height 1.5 cm. The material designation Egyptian blue remains Egyptian Blue; the material is not generically replaced with ordinary faience. The earlier provenance from the collection of Theodore M. Davis is recorded in the catalogue only as claimed. The API collection category Egypt - Late Period conflicts with the more specific dating Third Intermediate; the specific dating text takes precedence here, and the discrepancy remains documented.
Before designing
Complete native museum photograph as a historical reference; no retouching, glyph additions or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Dark blue, bulbous miniature basket with a band-shaped rim, two upright flat handles and several rows of openwork triangular patterns. Sandy accretions and losses are not retouched. Native photo bytes entirely unchanged. No manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Dark blue, bulbous miniature basket with a band-shaped rim, two upright flat handles and several rows of openwork triangular patterns. Sandy accretions and losses are not retouched. Native photo bytes entirely unchanged. No manufacturing approval.
Openwork stone pendant with three circular signs – Nishapur
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Iran; early Islamic jewellery and possible amulets Iran, Nishapur, Sabz Pushan · 9th–10th century
Greenish rectangular stone pendant with a triangular top, one rectangular perforation and two round perforations. The reverse bears three circles with small dots.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Iran; early Islamic jewellery and possible amulets
Region
Iran, Nishapur, Sabz Pushan
Date of the evidence
9th–10th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Greenish rectangular stone pendant with a triangular top, one rectangular perforation and two round perforations. The reverse bears three circles with small dots.
Historically recorded use
The object description suggests use as jewellery, possibly as an amulet; an individual protective rite is not attested.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
An amulet function remains explicitly possible, not proven. The circular signs are not assigned to an invented deity, planetary configuration or modern sigil.
Before designing
Native institutional object image as a historical image reference; no isolated vector glyph, added inscription or manufacturing approval. The photograph and original form remain separate from later engraving outlines.
Research draft. An amulet function remains explicitly possible, not proven. The circular signs are not assigned to an invented deity, planetary constellation or modern sigil. Original JPEGs are embedded byte-for-byte; no lettering or lines have been added. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: An amulet function remains explicitly possible, not proven. The circular signs are not assigned to an invented deity, planetary constellation or modern sigil. Original JPEGs are embedded byte-for-byte; no lettering or lines have been added.
Source location: Met 40.170.419; two original views side by side, not a redrawn composite sign
Title, inventory number, material and dating are checked individually; cultural-historical use is included only to the extent stated in the object description. The linked web text snapshots document the independent, current review of the object pages.
Egelev – Lead Amulet with Cross and Rune-like Signs
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Danish medieval writing and protective culture Egelev, Falster · Medieval (catalogue attribution; no more precise date of manufacture)
A thin, once-folded lead sheet has a cross and other runic-looking incisions on the outside.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Danish medieval writing and protective culture
Region
Egelev, Falster
Date of the evidence
Medieval (catalogue attribution; no more precise date of manufacture)
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A thin, once-folded lead sheet has a cross and other runic-looking incisions on the outside.
Historically recorded use
Classified by the museum as a medieval lead amulet; an individual protective intention has not been fully deciphered.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The signs have not been deciphered as a complete statement. Interior surfaces and missing edge areas are not traced.
Before designing
Unchanged original photographs as image reference. Individual views are shown separately alongside one another; no engraving outline has been added and no manufacturing approval has been given.
Research draft. The signs have not been deciphered into a complete statement. Interior areas and missing edge sections have not been traced. Every image is complete and retains its unchanged native JPEG bytes; separate views do not constitute a historical complete form. Presentation files, not TIFF masters. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The signs have not been deciphered into a complete statement. Interior areas and missing edge sections have not been traced. Every image is complete and retains its unchanged native JPEG bytes; separate views do not constitute a historical complete form. Presentation files, not TIFF masters.
Source location: D 469/2024; DMR-254666, DMR-254667
Use of the template: CC BY-SA 4.0 with attribution and share-alike
Nationalmuseet, Danmark (Fotograf nicht genannt) / Nationalmuseet, Danmark; D 469/2024; DMR-254666; CC BY-SA 4.0. Nationalmuseet, Danmark (Fotograf nicht genannt) / Nationalmuseet, Danmark; D 469/2024; DMR-254667; CC BY-SA 4.0.
Individual institutional object record. Find, registration and photography dates are not treated as manufacturing dates. Uncertain signs and functional identifications remain qualified.
Germanic runic script Reference: Gotland · Elder Futhark; check model dating separately
Signs e.
Research draftSource-based vector template
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Germanic runic script
Region
Reference: Gotland
Date of the evidence
Elder Futhark; check model dating separately
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Description
Signs e.
Historically recorded use
Written signs
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Historical letter; the normalised older form of the name is reconstructed. No individual amulet effect is inferred from the name.
Before designing
Unicode shows a normalised letter form. For manufacture, select a specific historical character variant and check it against the find.
Research draft. Normalised editorial letterform ᛖ (U+16D6); hand-set, font-free line geometry, not taken from a font file. Do not present it as an object-faithful Kylver facsimile or an individually evidenced amulet sign. Names are reconstructed; no individual magical effect is inferred. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Vector template: Normalised editorial letterform ᛖ (U+16D6); hand-set, font-free line geometry, not taken from a font file. Do not present it as an object-faithful Kylver facsimile or an individually evidenced amulet sign. Names are reconstructed; no individual magical effect is inferred.
Source location: G 88 / Kylver; sequence A I, sign 19; normalised Unicode letter U+16D6
Normalised editorial letterform ᛖ (U+16D6); hand-set, font-free line geometry, not taken from a font file. Do not present it as an object-faithful Kylver facsimile or an individually evidenced amulet sign. Names are reconstructed; no individual magical effect is inferred.
Niedersächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, RuneS
Source location: Signs 11458–11482; sequence A I
Scholarly names and transliterations; the names are catalogue designations, not recorded explanations of the names in the ancient incision. Kylver places p before ï and d before o.
Egg and fiery sword – Atalanta fugiens 1618, Emblem 8
Original image · source evidence
Alchemical-theosophical symbolic image
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art Oppenheim, Germany; place of printing · 1618; first publication of the work 1617
A man raises a sword depicted in red above an egg standing on a table. A fire burns on the left; city buildings stand behind him.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art
Region
Oppenheim, Germany; place of printing
Date of the evidence
1618; first publication of the work 1617
Type of evidence
Textual evidence
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A man raises a sword depicted in red above an egg standing on a table. A fire burns on the left; city buildings stand behind him.
Historically recorded use
The historical motto links the egg with the fiery sword. No general modern protective meaning or amulet form is added. Historical book illustration with epigram and associated discourse; no evidenced neck pendant.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
An individually located emblem in the specific Oppenheimer printing of 1618; the first publication in 1617 is distinct from it. Part of the same work and the same copy, not an independent amulet object. Individual use as a worn amulet, the ancient origin of this graphic and efficacy are not evidenced. Visible coloured areas belong to the present condition of this copy; a separate age for the colouring is not documented.
Before designing
Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view with motto, image, epigram, printed page number and side margin notes. Paper, stains, binding shadows and any coloured areas are retained. Institutional presentation resolution 2880×3442; larger master 4291×5129 documented separately. Historical image evidence without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view with motto, image, epigram, printed page number and side margin notes. Paper, stains, binding shadows and any coloured areas are retained. Institutional presentation resolution 2880×3442; larger master 4291×5129 documented separately. Historical image evidence without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view with motto, image, epigram, printed page number and side margin notes. Paper, stains, binding shadows and any coloured areas are retained. Institutional presentation resolution 2880×3442; larger master 4291×5129 documented separately. Historical image evidence without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: QD25 .M354 1618, Emblem 8, printed p. 41; institutional individual inventory vq27zp241; Large JPG 2880×3442
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Courtesy of Science History Institute; Michael Maier, Atalanta fugiens (Oppenheim 1618), Emblem 8, S.41; engraver Matthaeus Merian; Public Domain Mark 1.0.
Source location: QD25 .M354 1618; Oppenheim, Johann-Theodor de Bry; complete work with 50 emblems
Copy used from 1618; the work's first publication in 1617 is attested separately. Historical alchemical emblem, epigram and musical context. No evidence for 30 independent works, worn amulets or present-day claims of efficacy. Individual image rights additionally checked for each inventory item.
The historical motto associates the egg with the fiery sword. No modern general protective meaning or amulet form is added. The original title, English institutional counter-label, date 1618 and specific PDM image permission correspond to the individual page.
Element of a tantric ritual apron, Tibet, 18th century
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Tibet Tibet · 18th century
Carved bone element from a tantric ritual apron, evidenced by the Met’s title and inventory. Part of ritual clothing, not an independently evidenced jewellery amulet. The central ornamental form is not identified as a Kirtimukha or a specific deity without corresponding museum designation.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Tibet
Region
Tibet
Date of the evidence
18th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Carved bone element from a tantric ritual apron, evidenced by the Met’s title and inventory. Part of ritual clothing, not an independently evidenced jewellery amulet. The central ornamental form is not identified as a Kirtimukha or a specific deity without corresponding museum designation.
Historically recorded use
Carved bone element of a tantric ritual apron, evidenced by the Met title and inventory.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
An individual component of ritual clothing, not an independently attested jewellery amulet. Without a corresponding museum designation, the central ornamental form is not identified as a Kirtimukha or a particular deity.
Before designing
Almost square pale bone plate with a central circular ornament, jagged edges and numerous small fixing holes. Original image as a complete facsimile; not approved for manufacture and no contours added.
Research draft. Single component of ritual clothing, not an independently attested jewellery amulet. The central ornamental form is not identified as Kirtimukha or a particular deity without a corresponding museum designation. All native JPEG bytes and the full image crop remain unchanged. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Single component of ritual clothing, not an independently attested jewellery amulet. The central ornamental form is not identified as Kirtimukha or a particular deity without a corresponding museum designation. All native JPEG bytes and the full image crop remain unchanged.
Source location: 1991.423.10; complete actually photographed main image view
Source location: Individual inventory 1991.423.10; object ID 38540; title, dating, culture, material and image link
An individual component of ritual clothing, not an independently attested jewellery amulet. Without a corresponding museum designation, the central ornamental form is not identified as a Kirtimukha or a particular deity.
Source location: Open Access policy and official Open-Access-Repository, README
Met-Policy read as an institutional web text view; direct HTML retrieval HTTP 429. Official README successfully archived natively. For each object, isPublicDomain=true and the specific primaryImage URL are additionally supported by the individual API record.
Ellebækgård: possible bird in Viking-age strap-loop pendant
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Nordic historical amulet and image traditions Ellebækgård, Zealand, Denmark · Viking Age according to individual museum classification
Bronze pendant with traces of gilding and tinning, a three-dimensional central ornament, band loops and a loop described by the museum as false. The shape and ornament may represent a bird.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Nordic historical amulet and image traditions
Region
Ellebækgård, Zealand, Denmark
Date of the evidence
Viking Age according to individual museum classification
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Bronze pendant with traces of gilding and tinning, a three-dimensional central ornament, band loops and a loop described by the museum as false. The shape and ornament may represent a bird.
Historically recorded use
Historically attested figurative/jewellery image. Individual use for protection or healing is not demonstrated by the available object evidence.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The bird identification remains cautious, as in the museum text. Species, deity and individual protective use are not attested; no identification with Huginn/Muninn.
Before designing
Unaltered historical museum views with surviving damage, corrosion and any scales. No retouching, and no additions to missing writing or lines. The facsimile provides a source reference and requires a separate manufacturing outline.
Research draft. Bronze pendant with traces of gilding and tinning, a raised central ornament, band loops and an eye described by the museum as false. The shape and ornament may represent a bird. The bird identification remains cautious, as in the museum text. Species, deity and individual protective use are not evidenced; no identification with Huginn/Muninn. The named object views are shown side by side; this is not a claimed historical arrangement of signs. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Bronze pendant with traces of gilding and tinning, a raised central ornament, band loops and an eye described by the museum as false. The shape and ornament may represent a bird. The bird identification remains cautious, as in the museum text. Species, deity and individual protective use are not evidenced; no identification with Huginn/Muninn. The named object views are shown side by side; this is not a claimed historical arrangement of signs.
The identification of the bird remains cautious, in keeping with the museum text. Its species, deity and individual protective use are not attested; it is not equated with Huginn/Muninn. Individual object classification, material, find events and images are taken from the museum raw-data block.
The individual ImageObject in the museum JSON-LD names this JPEG URL and CC BY-SA 4.0. Image credit: Nikita Helena Andersen / Nationalmuseet, Danmark. The actual JPEG pixel dimensions are checked; the larger TIFF catalogue dimensions are not applied to the JPEG used.
The individual ImageObject in the museum JSON-LD names this JPEG URL and CC BY-SA 4.0. Image credit: Nikita Helena Andersen / Nationalmuseet, Danmark. The actual JPEG pixel dimensions are checked; the larger TIFF catalogue dimensions are not applied to the JPEG used.
Danish medieval writing and protective culture Ellesgård, Bornholm · Medieval (catalogue attribution; no more precise date of manufacture)
Folded lead strip with Latin capital letters and cross signs. The surviving surface is heavily corroded.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Danish medieval writing and protective culture
Region
Ellesgård, Bornholm
Date of the evidence
Medieval (catalogue attribution; no more precise date of manufacture)
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Folded lead strip with Latin capital letters and cross signs. The surviving surface is heavily corroded.
Historically recorded use
Classified by the museum as a medieval lead amulet; an individual protective intention has not been fully deciphered.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The catalogue mentions only uncertain letter remains, not a complete formula. The concealed inscription remains inaccessible.
Before designing
Unchanged original photographs as image reference. Individual views are shown separately alongside one another; no engraving outline has been added and no manufacturing approval has been given.
Research draft. The catalogue mentions only uncertain letter traces, not a complete formula. The concealed inscription remains inaccessible. Each image is complete and retains its unaltered native JPEG bytes; separate views do not constitute a historical overall form. Presentation files, not TIFF masters. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The catalogue mentions only uncertain letter traces, not a complete formula. The concealed inscription remains inaccessible. Each image is complete and retains its unaltered native JPEG bytes; separate views do not constitute a historical overall form. Presentation files, not TIFF masters.
Source location: D 298/2022; DMR-234670, DMR-234671
Use of the template: CC BY-SA 4.0 with attribution and share-alike
Rasmus Bak Meng / Nationalmuseet, Danmark; D 298/2022; DMR-234670; CC BY-SA 4.0. Rasmus Bak Meng / Nationalmuseet, Danmark; D 298/2022; DMR-234671; CC BY-SA 4.0.
Individual institutional object record. Find, registration and photography dates are not treated as manufacturing dates. Uncertain signs and functional identifications remain qualified.
Buddhist visual tradition Japan / Nara according to the inscription · 1627
Large spotted lion with a spiral mane beside a standing human figure. Japanese inscriptions accompany the scene on a wooden plaque with a gable-like top and a hanging attachment.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Buddhist visual tradition
Region
Japan / Nara according to the inscription
Date of the evidence
1627
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Large spotted lion with a spiral mane beside a standing human figure. Japanese inscriptions accompany the scene on a wooden plaque with a gable-like top and a hanging attachment.
Historically recorded use
The wooden votive plaque depicts Monju’s lions with their guide, King Uten. The museum dates the dedication to the 25th day of the third month of 1627. Partly legible donor names refer to Nabeyachō near Kōfukuji in Nara; a body amulet is not attested.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 1975.268.138, Met object 36107. The historical month name is not converted to a Gregorian date in March without calendar evidence. Damaged donor names are not supplied; the wisdom inscription on the reverse is supported only by the museum text, not by the recto image archived here.
Before designing
Unchanged complete native museum image; no reconstruction of damaged details. No manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete native museum photograph, with no raster transformation or reconstruction of old forms. Historical religious image evidence; not approved for manufacture. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete native museum photograph, with no raster transformation or reconstruction of old forms. Historical religious image evidence; not approved for manufacture.
Source location: The Metropolitan Museum of Art; 1975.268.138; complete selected individual photograph
Source location: CC0 for individually designated public-domain collection images
Institutional CC0 policy read in the web tool on 10 October. The direct native website response was HTTP429 and is not treated as text of a rights notice that was read.
North-western India, Rajasthan, Rajput Kingdom of Jaipur Jaipur, Rajasthan, India · 1700s
Small gold container; the museum considers prayers or talismans as possible former contents, as well as perfume or cosmetics. The contents and original function are uncertain. Possible use as an amulet is not presented as certain; the textual dating to the 18th century is retained alongside the broader API date range.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
North-western India, Rajasthan, Rajput Kingdom of Jaipur
Region
Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
Date of the evidence
1700s
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Small gold container; the museum considers prayers or talismans as possible former contents, as well as perfume or cosmetics. The contents and original function are uncertain. Possible use as an amulet is not presented as certain; the textual dating to the 18th century is retained alongside the broader API date range.
Historically recorded use
Small gold container; the museum considers prayers or talismans as possible former contents, as well as perfume or cosmetics.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The content and original function are uncertain. Possible use as an amulet is not presented as certain; the textual dating to the 18th century is retained alongside the broader API range.
Before designing
Gold-framed, brightly enamelled medallion with a standing woman among large red flowers and surviving attachment parts. Original photograph as a complete facsimile; no manufacturing approval and no contours added.
Research draft. Contents and original function are unconfirmed. Possible use as an amulet is not presented as certain; the textual dating to the 18th century is retained alongside the broader API range. All native JPEG bytes and the full image frame remain unchanged. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Contents and original function are unconfirmed. Possible use as an amulet is not presented as certain; the textual dating to the 18th century is retained alongside the broader API range. All native JPEG bytes and the full image frame remain unchanged.
Source location: 1960.198; complete main image view actually photographed
Source location: Individual inventory 1960.198; object ID 136320; title, dating, culture, material and image link
The content and original function are uncertain. Possible use as an amulet is not presented as certain; the textual dating to the 18th century is retained alongside the broader API range.
Early Nordic visual and written tradition Emmerlev, south-west Jutland, Denmark · Older Germanic Iron Age according to the museum; no individual date range given
Small A-bracteate with a male head facing right and imitated Roman letters. The object catalogue describes the find as rolled up and assigns it to the new die type IK 677.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early Nordic visual and written tradition
Region
Emmerlev, south-west Jutland, Denmark
Date of the evidence
Older Germanic Iron Age according to the museum; no individual date range given
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Small A-bracteate with a male head facing right and imitated Roman letters. The object catalogue describes the find as rolled up and assigns it to the new die type IK 677.
Historically recorded use
Historically documented gold pendant with a stamped image field. A specific protective effect or particular ritual is not demonstrated for this individual piece by the cited object records.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The preserved front view used is not identical to the original rolled-up find condition. It remains a documented museum photograph. The letters are not rewritten as a modern runic alphabet or an unsupported magical text.
Before designing
The model is the surviving museum photograph, including wear and damage. No modern addition of missing lines, and no conversion of unclear runes or letter imitations into an invented readable formula.
Research draft. Unaltered museum JPEG file DO-137789 with its irregular outline preserved. The older object catalogue describes the find as rolled up; what is shown is the documented conserved image view, not an AI reconstruction. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Unaltered museum JPEG file DO-137789 with its irregular outline preserved. The older object catalogue describes the find as rolled up; what is shown is the documented conserved image view, not an AI reconstruction.
IK 677; A-bracteate from Emmerlev, original state of preservation recorded in the catalogue as rolled up. Photographs DO-137789–137791 show the conserved image view and are attributed to Søren Greve. Capture/find/accession dates from 2020–2023 are not dates of the historical motif. The specific JPEG file is listed separately in the image-specific JSON-LD licence list.
Endless knot – Chinese silk embroidery, 17th century
SAM 33.124.1 (endless-knot): Current institutional index text is available for individual inventory 33.124.1. Current museum policy requires publication approval; no individual PDM/CC0/CC-BY(SA) release. No exact image was actually seen in this round; no vector outline of this textile has been invented.
Buddhist auspicious signs
Buddhism China · 17th century
Inventory 33.124.1: Endless knot.
Research draftSpecific model required
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Buddhism
Region
China
Date of the evidence
17th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Individually inventoried; wearing is not evidenced.
Before designing
SAM 33.124.1 (endless-knot): Current institutional index text is available for individual inventory 33.124.1. Current museum policy requires publication approval; no individual PDM/CC0/CC-BY(SA) release. No exact image was actually seen in this round; no vector outline of this textile has been invented.
Research draft. SAM 33.124.1 (endless-knot): Current institutional index text is available for individual inventory 33.124.1. Current museum policy requires publication approval; no individual PDM/CC0/CC-BY(SA) release. No exact image was actually seen in this round; no vector outline of this textile has been invented. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Source location: Image rights; Available photography; Terms; Copyright restrictions
The current museum policy does not provide general open image permission. Publication and reproduction require written permission; low-resolution images for research do not permit publication. Therefore the eight specific textiles 33.124.1–8 remain without publishable images and are not replaced by other ensembles.
Search index evidence – complete source page not yet checked · Checked on:
Source location: Fair use is permitted; Commercial use is prohibited without prior written consent
The museum explicitly distinguishes personal research and non-commercial viewing from use without the relevant permission. No CC0/Public Domain image licence for the product database is inferred from this.
Search index evidence – complete source page not yet checked · Checked on:
Current indexed policy text read; direct retrieval returned 403 or timed out. A personal research view does not constitute open commercial reproduction permission. Specific image permission remains individually unresolved for each inventory number from 33.124.1 to .8.
Search index evidence – complete source page not yet checked · Checked on:
Source location: Reproduction, permission and commercial use
Current indexed text read; direct retrieval returned 403 or timed out. No PDM/CC0/CC-BY(SA) licence for individual images was found, and no permission was requested. No general modern graphic of the Eight Auspicious Symbols used as a substitute.
Search index evidence – complete source page not yet checked · Checked on:
Blue interlaced band with four outer loops and red background decoration. A separate lotus base and parts of the connecting tendrils remain visible in the localised image window.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Buddhist visual tradition
Region
China
Date of the evidence
18th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Blue interlaced band with four outer loops and red background decoration. A separate lotus base and parts of the connecting tendrils remain visible in the localised image window.
Historically recorded use
Religious good-luck sign on a sutra cover; no documented use of this textile image detail as a worn amulet.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 2012.559, Met object 78284. The museum and surviving photograph identify this component as one of the eight Buddhist auspicious symbols. Only the named textile component is shown; no universal modern symbol form is supplied, and the image gap at Seattle, attested elsewhere, is not filled.
Before designing
Unaltered native museum photograph with an exactly documented image window.
Research draft. Named image section of the sutra cover, with lotus base and partially cropped surrounding decoration; the complete JPEG witness is embedded unaltered. No character reconstruction and no manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Named image section of the sutra cover, with lotus base and partially cropped surrounding decoration; the complete JPEG witness is embedded unaltered. No character reconstruction and no manufacturing approval.
Source location: The Metropolitan Museum of Art; 2012.559; sutra cover 2012.559; central sign 6 from left; sutra-endless-knot
Source location: CC0 for individually designated public-domain collection images
Institutional CC0 policy read in the web tool on 10 October. The direct native website response was HTTP429 and is not treated as text of a rights notice that was read.
Engdal Nord – Thor’s hammer with a long lead shaft
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Scandinavian Viking Age symbol and jewellery culture Engdal North, Funen · Viking Age (catalogue attribution)
Roughly cast lead hammer with a long, later-bent shaft and a round eye. Remains of line decoration survive.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Scandinavian Viking Age symbol and jewellery culture
Region
Engdal North, Funen
Date of the evidence
Viking Age (catalogue attribution)
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Roughly cast lead hammer with a long, later-bent shaft and a round eye. Remains of line decoration survive.
Historically recorded use
Historical hammer-shaped jewellery or symbolic object; its specific use and the owner’s personal intention are not recorded.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The form is classified as Viking Age. Deformation and damaged surfaces are preservation features, not a newly designed symmetrical template.
Before designing
Unchanged original photographs as image reference. Individual views are shown separately alongside one another; no engraving outline has been added and no manufacturing approval has been given.
Research draft. The form is classified as Viking Age. Deformation and damaged surfaces are features of preservation, not a newly designed symmetrical template. Every image is complete and retains its native JPEG bytes unchanged; separate views do not constitute a historical overall form. Presentation files, not TIFF masters. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The form is classified as Viking Age. Deformation and damaged surfaces are features of preservation, not a newly designed symmetrical template. Every image is complete and retains its native JPEG bytes unchanged; separate views do not constitute a historical overall form. Presentation files, not TIFF masters.
Individual institutional object record. Find, registration and photography dates are not treated as manufacturing dates. Uncertain signs and functional identifications remain qualified.
Angel Pentacle No. 1 – staff with three crossbars – MS.4662, p. 15
Original image · source evidence
Historical angel pentacle
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition French-language manuscript; current holding in London · Late 18th century (institutional dating)
Within the double circle is a vertical staff with three crossbars and widened ends; a small cross shape appears above. Numbered pentacles labelled with angel names in a French ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. An actually worn individual amulet and a specific effect of this sign are not evidenced.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition
Region
French-language manuscript; current holding in London
Date of the evidence
Late 18th century (institutional dating)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Within the double circle is a vertical staff with three crossbars and widened ends; a small cross shape appears above. Numbered pentacles labelled with angel names in a French ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. An actually worn individual amulet and a specific effect of this sign are not evidenced.
Historically recorded use
Numbered pentacles labelled with angel names from a French ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. The use of this sign on an actually worn individual amulet, and any specific effect, are not evidenced.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Specific new manuscript witness from the late 18th century (institutional dating). The title addition 1790? in pencil is not treated as a certain year of creation. The adopted figures are 30 located components of this one witness, not 30 newly created traditions. All original labels are preserved photographically; their spelling is not replaced with modern angel lists.
Before designing
Complete selected double circle, including its associated black label, in the unchanged native full-page JPEG. All six rectangular crops from the same page are disjoint. Translucent writing, holes, stains and later pencil marks are not removed. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. A specific new manuscript witness from the late 18th century (institutional dating). The pencil addition 1790? in the title is not treated as a certain date of creation. The adopted figures are 30 located components of this one transmission witness, not 30 newly created traditions. All original labels are retained photographically; their spelling is not replaced with modern lists of angels. The complete selected double circle, including its associated black label, is shown in the unaltered native full-page JPEG. All six rectangular crops from the same page are disjoint. Show-through writing, holes, stains and later pencil marks are not removed. No new lines or outline, and no manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: A specific new manuscript witness from the late 18th century (institutional dating). The pencil addition 1790? in the title is not treated as a certain date of creation. The adopted figures are 30 located components of this one transmission witness, not 30 newly created traditions. All original labels are retained photographically; their spelling is not replaced with modern lists of angels. The complete selected double circle, including its associated black label, is shown in the unaltered native full-page JPEG. All six rectangular crops from the same page are disjoint. Show-through writing, holes, stains and later pencil marks are not removed. No new lines or outline, and no manufacturing approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.4662; visible p. 15; canvas position 20/176; top left; visible figure number 1.
Source location: End of preface and table of contents; Canvas position 11/176
Complete native JPEG image witness examined. The text names Secrets of the Secrets de Tozgraec; King Solomon is not historically confirmed as its author.
Source location: visible p. 15; Canvas position 20/176
Complete native JPEG image witness examined. Six numbered figures fully visible; black names and numbers, red signs. The pencil bibliography on p. 15 is distinguished from the set of signs.
Angel Pentacle No. 10 – Cross and capital letters – MS.4662, p. 17
Original image · source evidence
Historical angel pentacle
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition French-language manuscript; current holding in London · Late 18th century (institutional dating)
A long vertical axis and a transverse axis connect large letter forms with a lateral cross form and a lower curve. Numbered pentacles labelled with angels’ names from a French ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. An actually worn individual amulet and a specific effect of this sign are not evidenced.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition
Region
French-language manuscript; current holding in London
Date of the evidence
Late 18th century (institutional dating)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A long vertical axis and a transverse axis connect large letter forms with a lateral cross form and a lower curve. Numbered pentacles labelled with angels’ names from a French ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. An actually worn individual amulet and a specific effect of this sign are not evidenced.
Historically recorded use
Numbered pentacles labelled with angel names from a French ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. The use of this sign on an actually worn individual amulet, and any specific effect, are not evidenced.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Specific new manuscript witness from the late 18th century (institutional dating). The title addition 1790? in pencil is not treated as a certain year of creation. The adopted figures are 30 located components of this one witness, not 30 newly created traditions. All original labels are preserved photographically; their spelling is not replaced with modern angel lists.
Before designing
Complete selected double circle, including its associated black label, in the unchanged native full-page JPEG. All six rectangular crops from the same page are disjoint. Translucent writing, holes, stains and later pencil marks are not removed. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. A specific new manuscript witness from the late 18th century (institutional dating). The pencil addition 1790? in the title is not treated as a certain date of creation. The adopted figures are 30 located components of this one transmission witness, not 30 newly created traditions. All original labels are retained photographically; their spelling is not replaced with modern lists of angels. The complete selected double circle, including its associated black label, is shown in the unaltered native full-page JPEG. All six rectangular crops from the same page are disjoint. Show-through writing, holes, stains and later pencil marks are not removed. No new lines or outline, and no manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: A specific new manuscript witness from the late 18th century (institutional dating). The pencil addition 1790? in the title is not treated as a certain date of creation. The adopted figures are 30 located components of this one transmission witness, not 30 newly created traditions. All original labels are retained photographically; their spelling is not replaced with modern lists of angels. The complete selected double circle, including its associated black label, is shown in the unaltered native full-page JPEG. All six rectangular crops from the same page are disjoint. Show-through writing, holes, stains and later pencil marks are not removed. No new lines or outline, and no manufacturing approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.4662; visible p. 17; canvas position 22/176; centre right; visible figure number 10.
Source location: End of preface and table of contents; Canvas position 11/176
Complete native JPEG image witness examined. The text names Secrets of the Secrets de Tozgraec; King Solomon is not historically confirmed as its author.
Source location: visible p. 17; Canvas position 22/176
Complete native JPEG image witness examined. Six numbered figures fully visible; black names and numbers, red signs. The pencil bibliography on p. 15 is distinguished from the set of signs.
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition French-language manuscript; current holding in London · Late 18th century (institutional dating)
A small, quartered square frame contains short words and signs; small circular forms mark individual corners. Numbered pentacles labelled with angel names from a French ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. The use of an individual amulet actually worn, and any specific effect of this sign, are not evidenced.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition
Region
French-language manuscript; current holding in London
Date of the evidence
Late 18th century (institutional dating)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A small, quartered square frame contains short words and signs; small circular forms mark individual corners. Numbered pentacles labelled with angel names from a French ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. The use of an individual amulet actually worn, and any specific effect of this sign, are not evidenced.
Historically recorded use
Numbered pentacles labelled with angel names from a French ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. The use of this sign on an actually worn individual amulet, and any specific effect, are not evidenced.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Specific new manuscript witness from the late 18th century (institutional dating). The title addition 1790? in pencil is not treated as a certain year of creation. The adopted figures are 30 located components of this one witness, not 30 newly created traditions. All original labels are preserved photographically; their spelling is not replaced with modern angel lists.
Before designing
Complete selected double circle, including its associated black label, in the unchanged native full-page JPEG. All six rectangular crops from the same page are disjoint. Translucent writing, holes, stains and later pencil marks are not removed. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. A specific new manuscript witness from the late 18th century (institutional dating). The pencil addition 1790? in the title is not treated as a certain date of creation. The adopted figures are 30 located components of this one transmission witness, not 30 newly created traditions. All original labels are retained photographically; their spelling is not replaced with modern lists of angels. The complete selected double circle, including its associated black label, is shown in the unaltered native full-page JPEG. All six rectangular crops from the same page are disjoint. Show-through writing, holes, stains and later pencil marks are not removed. No new lines or outline, and no manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: A specific new manuscript witness from the late 18th century (institutional dating). The pencil addition 1790? in the title is not treated as a certain date of creation. The adopted figures are 30 located components of this one transmission witness, not 30 newly created traditions. All original labels are retained photographically; their spelling is not replaced with modern lists of angels. The complete selected double circle, including its associated black label, is shown in the unaltered native full-page JPEG. All six rectangular crops from the same page are disjoint. Show-through writing, holes, stains and later pencil marks are not removed. No new lines or outline, and no manufacturing approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.4662; visible p. 17; Canvas position 22/176; bottom left; visible figure number 11.
Source location: End of preface and table of contents; Canvas position 11/176
Complete native JPEG image witness examined. The text names Secrets of the Secrets de Tozgraec; King Solomon is not historically confirmed as its author.
Source location: visible p. 17; Canvas position 22/176
Complete native JPEG image witness examined. Six numbered figures fully visible; black names and numbers, red signs. The pencil bibliography on p. 15 is distinguished from the set of signs.
Angel pentacle no. 12 – centre of ring with four arms – MS.4662, p. 17
Original image · source evidence
Historical angel pentacle
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition French-language manuscript; current holding in London · Late 18th century (institutional dating)
Four arms extend from the unfilled central circle. Cross, line and letter forms are placed on the arms and in the intervening fields. Numbered pentacles labelled with angel names from a French ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. No individually worn amulet or specific effect of this sign is evidenced.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition
Region
French-language manuscript; current holding in London
Date of the evidence
Late 18th century (institutional dating)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Four arms extend from the unfilled central circle. Cross, line and letter forms are placed on the arms and in the intervening fields. Numbered pentacles labelled with angel names from a French ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. No individually worn amulet or specific effect of this sign is evidenced.
Historically recorded use
Numbered pentacles labelled with angel names from a French ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. The use of this sign on an actually worn individual amulet, and any specific effect, are not evidenced.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Specific new manuscript witness from the late 18th century (institutional dating). The title addition 1790? in pencil is not treated as a certain year of creation. The adopted figures are 30 located components of this one witness, not 30 newly created traditions. All original labels are preserved photographically; their spelling is not replaced with modern angel lists.
Before designing
Complete selected double circle, including its associated black label, in the unchanged native full-page JPEG. All six rectangular crops from the same page are disjoint. Translucent writing, holes, stains and later pencil marks are not removed. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. A specific new manuscript witness from the late 18th century (institutional dating). The pencil addition 1790? in the title is not treated as a certain date of creation. The adopted figures are 30 located components of this one transmission witness, not 30 newly created traditions. All original labels are retained photographically; their spelling is not replaced with modern lists of angels. The complete selected double circle, including its associated black label, is shown in the unaltered native full-page JPEG. All six rectangular crops from the same page are disjoint. Show-through writing, holes, stains and later pencil marks are not removed. No new lines or outline, and no manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: A specific new manuscript witness from the late 18th century (institutional dating). The pencil addition 1790? in the title is not treated as a certain date of creation. The adopted figures are 30 located components of this one transmission witness, not 30 newly created traditions. All original labels are retained photographically; their spelling is not replaced with modern lists of angels. The complete selected double circle, including its associated black label, is shown in the unaltered native full-page JPEG. All six rectangular crops from the same page are disjoint. Show-through writing, holes, stains and later pencil marks are not removed. No new lines or outline, and no manufacturing approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.4662; visible p. 17; Canvas position 22/176; bottom right; visible figure number 12.
Source location: End of preface and table of contents; Canvas position 11/176
Complete native JPEG image witness examined. The text names Secrets of the Secrets de Tozgraec; King Solomon is not historically confirmed as its author.
Source location: visible p. 17; Canvas position 22/176
Complete native JPEG image witness examined. Six numbered figures fully visible; black names and numbers, red signs. The pencil bibliography on p. 15 is distinguished from the set of signs.
Angel pentacle no. 13 – radial letters on the central ring – MS.4662, p. 19
Original image · source evidence
Historical angel pentacle
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition French-language manuscript; current holding in London · Late 18th century (institutional dating)
The unfilled central ring is surrounded by radial bars and large letter forms. No complete reading of the black name heading is claimed. Numbered pentacles labelled with angel names from a French ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. Neither an individually worn amulet nor a specific effect of this sign is evidenced.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition
Region
French-language manuscript; current holding in London
Date of the evidence
Late 18th century (institutional dating)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
The unfilled central ring is surrounded by radial bars and large letter forms. No complete reading of the black name heading is claimed. Numbered pentacles labelled with angel names from a French ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. Neither an individually worn amulet nor a specific effect of this sign is evidenced.
Historically recorded use
Numbered pentacles labelled with angel names from a French ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. The use of this sign on an actually worn individual amulet, and any specific effect, are not evidenced.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
A specific new manuscript witness from the late 18th century (institutional dating). The title addition 1790? in pencil is not treated as a certain year of origin. The figures used are 30 located components of this single witness, not 30 newly created traditions. All original labels are retained photographically; their spelling is not replaced by modern angel lists. The reading of the name remains explicitly partly uncertain.
Before designing
Complete selected double circle, including its associated black label, in the unchanged native full-page JPEG. All six rectangular crops from the same page are disjoint. Translucent writing, holes, stains and later pencil marks are not removed. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. A specific new manuscript witness from the late 18th century (institutional dating). The title addition 1790? in pencil is not treated as a certain year of creation. The figures carried over are 30 located components of this one witness, not 30 newly formed traditions. All original labels are preserved photographically; their spelling is not replaced by modern angel lists. The reading of the name remains explicitly partly uncertain. Complete selected double circle, including its associated black label, in the unaltered native full-sheet JPEG. All six rectangular crops from the same sheet are disjoint. Show-through text, holes, stains and later pencil marks have not been removed. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: A specific new manuscript witness from the late 18th century (institutional dating). The title addition 1790? in pencil is not treated as a certain year of creation. The figures carried over are 30 located components of this one witness, not 30 newly formed traditions. All original labels are preserved photographically; their spelling is not replaced by modern angel lists. The reading of the name remains explicitly partly uncertain. Complete selected double circle, including its associated black label, in the unaltered native full-sheet JPEG. All six rectangular crops from the same sheet are disjoint. Show-through text, holes, stains and later pencil marks have not been removed. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.4662; visible p. 19; Canvas position 24/176; top left; visible figure number 13.
Source location: End of preface and table of contents; Canvas position 11/176
Complete native JPEG image witness examined. The text names Secrets of the Secrets de Tozgraec; King Solomon is not historically confirmed as its author.
Source location: visible p. 19; Canvas position 24/176
Complete native JPEG image witness examined. Six numbered figures fully visible; black names and numbers, red signs. The pencil bibliography on p. 15 is distinguished from the set of signs.
Angel pentacle No. 14 – cross with groups of rings – MS.4662, p. 19
Original image · source evidence
Historical angel pentacle
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition French-language manuscript; current holding in London · Late 18th century (institutional dating)
A vertical axis with a forked upper end and a lower bend crosses the horizontal axis; groups of small open circles stand to the left and right. Numbered pentacles labelled with angel names from a French ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. No evidence establishes an individual amulet actually worn or a specific effect of this sign.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition
Region
French-language manuscript; current holding in London
Date of the evidence
Late 18th century (institutional dating)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A vertical axis with a forked upper end and a lower bend crosses the horizontal axis; groups of small open circles stand to the left and right. Numbered pentacles labelled with angel names from a French ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. No evidence establishes an individual amulet actually worn or a specific effect of this sign.
Historically recorded use
Numbered pentacles labelled with angel names from a French ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. The use of this sign on an actually worn individual amulet, and any specific effect, are not evidenced.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Specific new manuscript witness from the late 18th century (institutional dating). The title addition 1790? in pencil is not treated as a certain year of creation. The adopted figures are 30 located components of this one witness, not 30 newly created traditions. All original labels are preserved photographically; their spelling is not replaced with modern angel lists.
Before designing
Complete selected double circle, including its associated black label, in the unchanged native full-page JPEG. All six rectangular crops from the same page are disjoint. Translucent writing, holes, stains and later pencil marks are not removed. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. A specific new manuscript witness from the late 18th century (institutional dating). The pencil addition 1790? in the title is not treated as a certain date of creation. The adopted figures are 30 located components of this one transmission witness, not 30 newly created traditions. All original labels are retained photographically; their spelling is not replaced with modern lists of angels. The complete selected double circle, including its associated black label, is shown in the unaltered native full-page JPEG. All six rectangular crops from the same page are disjoint. Show-through writing, holes, stains and later pencil marks are not removed. No new lines or outline, and no manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: A specific new manuscript witness from the late 18th century (institutional dating). The pencil addition 1790? in the title is not treated as a certain date of creation. The adopted figures are 30 located components of this one transmission witness, not 30 newly created traditions. All original labels are retained photographically; their spelling is not replaced with modern lists of angels. The complete selected double circle, including its associated black label, is shown in the unaltered native full-page JPEG. All six rectangular crops from the same page are disjoint. Show-through writing, holes, stains and later pencil marks are not removed. No new lines or outline, and no manufacturing approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.4662; visible p. 19; Canvas position 24/176; top right; visible figure number 14.
Source location: End of preface and table of contents; Canvas position 11/176
Complete native JPEG image witness examined. The text names Secrets of the Secrets de Tozgraec; King Solomon is not historically confirmed as its author.
Source location: visible p. 19; Canvas position 24/176
Complete native JPEG image witness examined. Six numbered figures fully visible; black names and numbers, red signs. The pencil bibliography on p. 15 is distinguished from the set of signs.
Angel pentacle no. 15 – row of hooks and sequence of dots – MS.4662, p. 19
Original image · source evidence
Historical angel pentacle
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition French-language manuscript; current holding in London · Late 18th century (institutional dating)
Parallel rows of short angular signs, a vertical connection and small open circular forms fill the inner circle. Numbered pentacles labelled with angels’ names from a French ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. No individually worn amulet or specific effect of this sign is evidenced.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition
Region
French-language manuscript; current holding in London
Date of the evidence
Late 18th century (institutional dating)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Parallel rows of short angular signs, a vertical connection and small open circular forms fill the inner circle. Numbered pentacles labelled with angels’ names from a French ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. No individually worn amulet or specific effect of this sign is evidenced.
Historically recorded use
Numbered pentacles labelled with angel names from a French ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. The use of this sign on an actually worn individual amulet, and any specific effect, are not evidenced.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Specific new manuscript witness from the late 18th century (institutional dating). The title addition 1790? in pencil is not treated as a certain year of creation. The adopted figures are 30 located components of this one witness, not 30 newly created traditions. All original labels are preserved photographically; their spelling is not replaced with modern angel lists.
Before designing
Complete selected double circle, including its associated black label, in the unchanged native full-page JPEG. All six rectangular crops from the same page are disjoint. Translucent writing, holes, stains and later pencil marks are not removed. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. A specific new manuscript witness from the late 18th century (institutional dating). The pencil addition 1790? in the title is not treated as a certain date of creation. The adopted figures are 30 located components of this one transmission witness, not 30 newly created traditions. All original labels are retained photographically; their spelling is not replaced with modern lists of angels. The complete selected double circle, including its associated black label, is shown in the unaltered native full-page JPEG. All six rectangular crops from the same page are disjoint. Show-through writing, holes, stains and later pencil marks are not removed. No new lines or outline, and no manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: A specific new manuscript witness from the late 18th century (institutional dating). The pencil addition 1790? in the title is not treated as a certain date of creation. The adopted figures are 30 located components of this one transmission witness, not 30 newly created traditions. All original labels are retained photographically; their spelling is not replaced with modern lists of angels. The complete selected double circle, including its associated black label, is shown in the unaltered native full-page JPEG. All six rectangular crops from the same page are disjoint. Show-through writing, holes, stains and later pencil marks are not removed. No new lines or outline, and no manufacturing approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.4662; visible p. 19; canvas position 24/176; centre left; visible figure number 15.
Source location: End of preface and table of contents; Canvas position 11/176
Complete native JPEG image witness examined. The text names Secrets of the Secrets de Tozgraec; King Solomon is not historically confirmed as its author.
Source location: visible p. 19; Canvas position 24/176
Complete native JPEG image witness examined. Six numbered figures fully visible; black names and numbers, red signs. The pencil bibliography on p. 15 is distinguished from the set of signs.
Angel Pentacle no. 16 – Horizontal forked character – MS.4662, p. 19
Original image · source evidence
Historical angel pentacle
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition French-language manuscript; current holding in London · Late 18th century (institutional dating)
A horizontal connection branches sideways into several slanting character arms ending in crosses, strokes and writing. Numbered pentacles labelled with angel names from a French ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. No evidence establishes an individually worn amulet or a specific effect of this sign.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition
Region
French-language manuscript; current holding in London
Date of the evidence
Late 18th century (institutional dating)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A horizontal connection branches sideways into several slanting character arms ending in crosses, strokes and writing. Numbered pentacles labelled with angel names from a French ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. No evidence establishes an individually worn amulet or a specific effect of this sign.
Historically recorded use
Numbered pentacles labelled with angel names from a French ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. The use of this sign on an actually worn individual amulet, and any specific effect, are not evidenced.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
A specific new manuscript witness from the late 18th century (institutional dating). The title addition 1790? in pencil is not treated as a certain year of origin. The figures used are 30 located components of this single witness, not 30 newly created traditions. All original labels are retained photographically; their spelling is not replaced by modern angel lists. The reading of the name remains explicitly partly uncertain.
Before designing
Complete selected double circle, including its associated black label, in the unchanged native full-page JPEG. All six rectangular crops from the same page are disjoint. Translucent writing, holes, stains and later pencil marks are not removed. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. A specific new manuscript witness from the late 18th century (institutional dating). The title addition 1790? in pencil is not treated as a certain year of creation. The figures carried over are 30 located components of this one witness, not 30 newly formed traditions. All original labels are preserved photographically; their spelling is not replaced by modern angel lists. The reading of the name remains explicitly partly uncertain. Complete selected double circle, including its associated black label, in the unaltered native full-sheet JPEG. All six rectangular crops from the same sheet are disjoint. Show-through text, holes, stains and later pencil marks have not been removed. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: A specific new manuscript witness from the late 18th century (institutional dating). The title addition 1790? in pencil is not treated as a certain year of creation. The figures carried over are 30 located components of this one witness, not 30 newly formed traditions. All original labels are preserved photographically; their spelling is not replaced by modern angel lists. The reading of the name remains explicitly partly uncertain. Complete selected double circle, including its associated black label, in the unaltered native full-sheet JPEG. All six rectangular crops from the same sheet are disjoint. Show-through text, holes, stains and later pencil marks have not been removed. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.4662; visible p. 19; canvas position 24/176; centre right; visible figure number 16.
Source location: End of preface and table of contents; Canvas position 11/176
Complete native JPEG image witness examined. The text names Secrets of the Secrets de Tozgraec; King Solomon is not historically confirmed as its author.
Source location: visible p. 19; Canvas position 24/176
Complete native JPEG image witness examined. Six numbered figures fully visible; black names and numbers, red signs. The pencil bibliography on p. 15 is distinguished from the set of signs.
Angel pentacle no. 17 – crossband with letters and circular signs – MS.4662, p. 19
Original image · source evidence
Historical angel pentacle
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition French-language manuscript; current holding in London · Late 18th century (institutional dating)
A horizontal band carries large letter forms and is accompanied by smaller open circular signs and an upper row of signs. Numbered pentacles labelled with angels’ names in a French ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. No evidence attests an individually worn amulet or a specific effect of this sign.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition
Region
French-language manuscript; current holding in London
Date of the evidence
Late 18th century (institutional dating)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A horizontal band carries large letter forms and is accompanied by smaller open circular signs and an upper row of signs. Numbered pentacles labelled with angels’ names in a French ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. No evidence attests an individually worn amulet or a specific effect of this sign.
Historically recorded use
Numbered pentacles labelled with angel names from a French ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. The use of this sign on an actually worn individual amulet, and any specific effect, are not evidenced.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Specific new manuscript witness from the late 18th century (institutional dating). The title addition 1790? in pencil is not treated as a certain year of creation. The adopted figures are 30 located components of this one witness, not 30 newly created traditions. All original labels are preserved photographically; their spelling is not replaced with modern angel lists.
Before designing
Complete selected double circle, including its associated black label, in the unchanged native full-page JPEG. All six rectangular crops from the same page are disjoint. Translucent writing, holes, stains and later pencil marks are not removed. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. A specific new manuscript witness from the late 18th century (institutional dating). The pencil addition 1790? in the title is not treated as a certain date of creation. The adopted figures are 30 located components of this one transmission witness, not 30 newly created traditions. All original labels are retained photographically; their spelling is not replaced with modern lists of angels. The complete selected double circle, including its associated black label, is shown in the unaltered native full-page JPEG. All six rectangular crops from the same page are disjoint. Show-through writing, holes, stains and later pencil marks are not removed. No new lines or outline, and no manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: A specific new manuscript witness from the late 18th century (institutional dating). The pencil addition 1790? in the title is not treated as a certain date of creation. The adopted figures are 30 located components of this one transmission witness, not 30 newly created traditions. All original labels are retained photographically; their spelling is not replaced with modern lists of angels. The complete selected double circle, including its associated black label, is shown in the unaltered native full-page JPEG. All six rectangular crops from the same page are disjoint. Show-through writing, holes, stains and later pencil marks are not removed. No new lines or outline, and no manufacturing approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.4662; visible p. 19; canvas position 24/176; bottom left; visible figure number 17.
Source location: End of preface and table of contents; Canvas position 11/176
Complete native JPEG image witness examined. The text names Secrets of the Secrets de Tozgraec; King Solomon is not historically confirmed as its author.
Source location: visible p. 19; Canvas position 24/176
Complete native JPEG image witness examined. Six numbered figures fully visible; black names and numbers, red signs. The pencil bibliography on p. 15 is distinguished from the set of signs.
Angel Pentacle No. 18 – Cross with rectangular lower arm – MS.4662, p. 19
Original image · source evidence
Historical angel pentacle
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition French-language manuscript; current holding in London · Late 18th century (institutional dating)
A cross axis bears letter forms in its upper section and a bent, apparently rectangular group of signs at the lower end. Numbered pentacles labelled with angel names from a French ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. No evidence establishes that this sign was a specific amulet actually worn, or that it had a particular effect.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition
Region
French-language manuscript; current holding in London
Date of the evidence
Late 18th century (institutional dating)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A cross axis bears letter forms in its upper section and a bent, apparently rectangular group of signs at the lower end. Numbered pentacles labelled with angel names from a French ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. No evidence establishes that this sign was a specific amulet actually worn, or that it had a particular effect.
Historically recorded use
Numbered pentacles labelled with angel names from a French ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. The use of this sign on an actually worn individual amulet, and any specific effect, are not evidenced.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Specific new manuscript witness from the late 18th century (institutional dating). The title addition 1790? in pencil is not treated as a certain year of creation. The adopted figures are 30 located components of this one witness, not 30 newly created traditions. All original labels are preserved photographically; their spelling is not replaced with modern angel lists.
Before designing
Complete selected double circle, including its associated black label, in the unchanged native full-page JPEG. All six rectangular crops from the same page are disjoint. Translucent writing, holes, stains and later pencil marks are not removed. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. A specific new manuscript witness from the late 18th century (institutional dating). The pencil addition 1790? in the title is not treated as a certain date of creation. The adopted figures are 30 located components of this one transmission witness, not 30 newly created traditions. All original labels are retained photographically; their spelling is not replaced with modern lists of angels. The complete selected double circle, including its associated black label, is shown in the unaltered native full-page JPEG. All six rectangular crops from the same page are disjoint. Show-through writing, holes, stains and later pencil marks are not removed. No new lines or outline, and no manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: A specific new manuscript witness from the late 18th century (institutional dating). The pencil addition 1790? in the title is not treated as a certain date of creation. The adopted figures are 30 located components of this one transmission witness, not 30 newly created traditions. All original labels are retained photographically; their spelling is not replaced with modern lists of angels. The complete selected double circle, including its associated black label, is shown in the unaltered native full-page JPEG. All six rectangular crops from the same page are disjoint. Show-through writing, holes, stains and later pencil marks are not removed. No new lines or outline, and no manufacturing approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.4662; visible p. 19; Canvas position 24/176; bottom right; visible figure number 18.
Source location: End of preface and table of contents; Canvas position 11/176
Complete native JPEG image witness examined. The text names Secrets of the Secrets de Tozgraec; King Solomon is not historically confirmed as its author.
Source location: visible p. 19; Canvas position 24/176
Complete native JPEG image witness examined. Six numbered figures fully visible; black names and numbers, red signs. The pencil bibliography on p. 15 is distinguished from the set of signs.
Angel Pentacle No. 19 – transverse rectangle over lines of writing – MS.4662, p. 21
Original image · source evidence
Historical angel pentacle
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition French-language manuscript; current holding in London · Late 18th century (institutional dating)
A long, narrow horizontal rectangle lies above several short lines of writing; additional concentric circular lines enclose the sign. Numbered pentacles labelled with angel names from a French ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. The use of this sign on an actually worn individual amulet, and any specific effect, are not evidenced.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition
Region
French-language manuscript; current holding in London
Date of the evidence
Late 18th century (institutional dating)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A long, narrow horizontal rectangle lies above several short lines of writing; additional concentric circular lines enclose the sign. Numbered pentacles labelled with angel names from a French ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. The use of this sign on an actually worn individual amulet, and any specific effect, are not evidenced.
Historically recorded use
Numbered pentacles labelled with angel names from a French ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. The use of this sign on an actually worn individual amulet, and any specific effect, are not evidenced.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Specific new manuscript witness from the late 18th century (institutional dating). The title addition 1790? in pencil is not treated as a certain year of creation. The adopted figures are 30 located components of this one witness, not 30 newly created traditions. All original labels are preserved photographically; their spelling is not replaced with modern angel lists.
Before designing
Complete selected double circle, including its associated black label, in the unchanged native full-page JPEG. All six rectangular crops from the same page are disjoint. Translucent writing, holes, stains and later pencil marks are not removed. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. A specific new manuscript witness from the late 18th century (institutional dating). The pencil addition 1790? in the title is not treated as a certain date of creation. The adopted figures are 30 located components of this one transmission witness, not 30 newly created traditions. All original labels are retained photographically; their spelling is not replaced with modern lists of angels. The complete selected double circle, including its associated black label, is shown in the unaltered native full-page JPEG. All six rectangular crops from the same page are disjoint. Show-through writing, holes, stains and later pencil marks are not removed. No new lines or outline, and no manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: A specific new manuscript witness from the late 18th century (institutional dating). The pencil addition 1790? in the title is not treated as a certain date of creation. The adopted figures are 30 located components of this one transmission witness, not 30 newly created traditions. All original labels are retained photographically; their spelling is not replaced with modern lists of angels. The complete selected double circle, including its associated black label, is shown in the unaltered native full-page JPEG. All six rectangular crops from the same page are disjoint. Show-through writing, holes, stains and later pencil marks are not removed. No new lines or outline, and no manufacturing approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.4662; visible p. 21; canvas position 26/176; top left; visible figure number 19.
Source location: End of preface and table of contents; Canvas position 11/176
Complete native JPEG image witness examined. The text names Secrets of the Secrets de Tozgraec; King Solomon is not historically confirmed as its author.
Source location: visible p. 21; Canvas position 26/176
Complete native JPEG image witness examined. Six numbered figures fully visible; black names and numbers, red signs. The pencil bibliography on p. 15 is distinguished from the set of signs.
Angel Pentacle No. 2 – Cross of letters in a ring – MS.4662, p. 15
Original image · source evidence
Historical angel pentacle
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition French-language manuscript; current holding in London · Late 18th century (institutional dating)
A small empty central circle is surrounded by a cross-axis, letters and other character forms; a double circle bounds the image. Pentacles numbered and labelled with angel names from a French ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. No individual amulet known to have been worn, or specific effect of this sign, is attested.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition
Region
French-language manuscript; current holding in London
Date of the evidence
Late 18th century (institutional dating)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A small empty central circle is surrounded by a cross-axis, letters and other character forms; a double circle bounds the image. Pentacles numbered and labelled with angel names from a French ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. No individual amulet known to have been worn, or specific effect of this sign, is attested.
Historically recorded use
Numbered pentacles labelled with angel names from a French ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. The use of this sign on an actually worn individual amulet, and any specific effect, are not evidenced.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Specific new manuscript witness from the late 18th century (institutional dating). The title addition 1790? in pencil is not treated as a certain year of creation. The adopted figures are 30 located components of this one witness, not 30 newly created traditions. All original labels are preserved photographically; their spelling is not replaced with modern angel lists.
Before designing
Complete selected double circle, including its associated black label, in the unchanged native full-page JPEG. All six rectangular crops from the same page are disjoint. Translucent writing, holes, stains and later pencil marks are not removed. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. A specific new manuscript witness from the late 18th century (institutional dating). The pencil addition 1790? in the title is not treated as a certain date of creation. The adopted figures are 30 located components of this one transmission witness, not 30 newly created traditions. All original labels are retained photographically; their spelling is not replaced with modern lists of angels. The complete selected double circle, including its associated black label, is shown in the unaltered native full-page JPEG. All six rectangular crops from the same page are disjoint. Show-through writing, holes, stains and later pencil marks are not removed. No new lines or outline, and no manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: A specific new manuscript witness from the late 18th century (institutional dating). The pencil addition 1790? in the title is not treated as a certain date of creation. The adopted figures are 30 located components of this one transmission witness, not 30 newly created traditions. All original labels are retained photographically; their spelling is not replaced with modern lists of angels. The complete selected double circle, including its associated black label, is shown in the unaltered native full-page JPEG. All six rectangular crops from the same page are disjoint. Show-through writing, holes, stains and later pencil marks are not removed. No new lines or outline, and no manufacturing approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.4662; visible p. 15; Canvas position 20/176; top right; visible figure number 2.
Source location: End of preface and table of contents; Canvas position 11/176
Complete native JPEG image witness examined. The text names Secrets of the Secrets de Tozgraec; King Solomon is not historically confirmed as its author.
Source location: visible p. 15; Canvas position 20/176
Complete native JPEG image witness examined. Six numbered figures fully visible; black names and numbers, red signs. The pencil bibliography on p. 15 is distinguished from the set of signs.
Angel pentacle no. 20 – circle axes with looped ends – MS.4662, p. 21
Original image · source evidence
Historical angel pentacle
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition French-language manuscript; current holding in London · Late 18th century (institutional dating)
Four axes run from the small central circle to an upper looped form, lateral angular and arched ends, and a rectangular lower arm. Numbered pentacles labelled with angels’ names in a French ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. An individually worn amulet and any particular effect of this sign are not attested.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition
Region
French-language manuscript; current holding in London
Date of the evidence
Late 18th century (institutional dating)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Four axes run from the small central circle to an upper looped form, lateral angular and arched ends, and a rectangular lower arm. Numbered pentacles labelled with angels’ names in a French ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. An individually worn amulet and any particular effect of this sign are not attested.
Historically recorded use
Numbered pentacles labelled with angel names from a French ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. The use of this sign on an actually worn individual amulet, and any specific effect, are not evidenced.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
A specific new manuscript witness from the late 18th century (institutional dating). The title addition 1790? in pencil is not treated as a certain year of origin. The figures used are 30 located components of this single witness, not 30 newly created traditions. All original labels are retained photographically; their spelling is not replaced by modern angel lists. The reading of the name remains explicitly partly uncertain.
Before designing
Complete selected double circle, including its associated black label, in the unchanged native full-page JPEG. All six rectangular crops from the same page are disjoint. Translucent writing, holes, stains and later pencil marks are not removed. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. A specific new manuscript witness from the late 18th century (institutional dating). The title addition 1790? in pencil is not treated as a certain year of creation. The figures carried over are 30 located components of this one witness, not 30 newly formed traditions. All original labels are preserved photographically; their spelling is not replaced by modern angel lists. The reading of the name remains explicitly partly uncertain. Complete selected double circle, including its associated black label, in the unaltered native full-sheet JPEG. All six rectangular crops from the same sheet are disjoint. Show-through text, holes, stains and later pencil marks have not been removed. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: A specific new manuscript witness from the late 18th century (institutional dating). The title addition 1790? in pencil is not treated as a certain year of creation. The figures carried over are 30 located components of this one witness, not 30 newly formed traditions. All original labels are preserved photographically; their spelling is not replaced by modern angel lists. The reading of the name remains explicitly partly uncertain. Complete selected double circle, including its associated black label, in the unaltered native full-sheet JPEG. All six rectangular crops from the same sheet are disjoint. Show-through text, holes, stains and later pencil marks have not been removed. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.4662; visible p. 21; Canvas position 26/176; top right; visible figure number 20.
Source location: End of preface and table of contents; Canvas position 11/176
Complete native JPEG image witness examined. The text names Secrets of the Secrets de Tozgraec; King Solomon is not historically confirmed as its author.
Source location: visible p. 21; Canvas position 26/176
Complete native JPEG image witness examined. Six numbered figures fully visible; black names and numbers, red signs. The pencil bibliography on p. 15 is distinguished from the set of signs.
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition French-language manuscript; current holding in London · Late 18th century (institutional dating)
A broad cross-band with notched ends lies within a double circle. The reading of the name remains uncertain; the photographed inscription is preserved in full. Numbered pentacles labelled with angel names from a French ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. An actually worn individual amulet and any specific effect of this sign are not evidenced.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition
Region
French-language manuscript; current holding in London
Date of the evidence
Late 18th century (institutional dating)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A broad cross-band with notched ends lies within a double circle. The reading of the name remains uncertain; the photographed inscription is preserved in full. Numbered pentacles labelled with angel names from a French ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. An actually worn individual amulet and any specific effect of this sign are not evidenced.
Historically recorded use
Numbered pentacles labelled with angel names from a French ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. The use of this sign on an actually worn individual amulet, and any specific effect, are not evidenced.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
A specific new manuscript witness from the late 18th century (institutional dating). The pencil title addition 1790? is not treated as a certain year of creation. The adopted figures are 30 located components of this single witness, not 30 newly created traditions. All original labels are retained photographically; their spelling is not replaced with modern angel lists. The reading of the name remains explicitly partly uncertain. Similar cross-band forms on p. 21 and p. 23 have their own numbers/name labels and proportions; this documented name/image association establishes separate source variants, not new abstract basic motifs.
Before designing
Complete selected double circle, including its associated black label, in the unchanged native full-page JPEG. All six rectangular crops from the same page are disjoint. Translucent writing, holes, stains and later pencil marks are not removed. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. A specific new manuscript witness from the late 18th century (institutional dating). The title addition 1790? in pencil is not treated as a secure year of origin. The adopted figures are 30 located components of this single witness, not 30 newly originated traditions. All original labels are retained photographically; their spelling is not replaced by modern lists of angels. The reading of the name remains explicitly partly uncertain. Similar banded-cross forms on p. 21 and p. 23 have their own numbers/name labels and proportions; this documented name/image correspondence establishes separate source variants, not new abstract basic motifs. Complete selected double circle, including its associated black label, in the unmodified native full-leaf JPEG. All six rectangular crops from the same leaf are disjoint. Show-through writing, holes, stains and later pencil marks are not removed. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: A specific new manuscript witness from the late 18th century (institutional dating). The title addition 1790? in pencil is not treated as a secure year of origin. The adopted figures are 30 located components of this single witness, not 30 newly originated traditions. All original labels are retained photographically; their spelling is not replaced by modern lists of angels. The reading of the name remains explicitly partly uncertain. Similar banded-cross forms on p. 21 and p. 23 have their own numbers/name labels and proportions; this documented name/image correspondence establishes separate source variants, not new abstract basic motifs. Complete selected double circle, including its associated black label, in the unmodified native full-leaf JPEG. All six rectangular crops from the same leaf are disjoint. Show-through writing, holes, stains and later pencil marks are not removed. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.4662; visible p. 21; canvas position 26/176; middle left; visible figure number 21.
Source location: End of preface and table of contents; Canvas position 11/176
Complete native JPEG image witness examined. The text names Secrets of the Secrets de Tozgraec; King Solomon is not historically confirmed as its author.
Source location: visible p. 21; Canvas position 26/176
Complete native JPEG image witness examined. Six numbered figures fully visible; black names and numbers, red signs. The pencil bibliography on p. 15 is distinguished from the set of signs.
Angel pentacle no. 22 – rows of writing and hooks – MS.4662, p. 21
Original image · source evidence
Historical angel pentacle
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition French-language manuscript; current holding in London · Late 18th century (institutional dating)
Several short rows of writing, hooks and circles are arranged one above another within a double circle. No modern normalisation of angel names is applied. Numbered pentacles labelled with angels’ names from a French ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. No evidence establishes that an individual amulet bearing this sign was actually worn or that the sign had a particular effect.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition
Region
French-language manuscript; current holding in London
Date of the evidence
Late 18th century (institutional dating)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Several short rows of writing, hooks and circles are arranged one above another within a double circle. No modern normalisation of angel names is applied. Numbered pentacles labelled with angels’ names from a French ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. No evidence establishes that an individual amulet bearing this sign was actually worn or that the sign had a particular effect.
Historically recorded use
Numbered pentacles labelled with angel names from a French ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. The use of this sign on an actually worn individual amulet, and any specific effect, are not evidenced.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
A specific new manuscript witness from the late 18th century (institutional dating). The title addition 1790? in pencil is not treated as a certain year of origin. The figures used are 30 located components of this single witness, not 30 newly created traditions. All original labels are retained photographically; their spelling is not replaced by modern angel lists. The reading of the name remains explicitly partly uncertain.
Before designing
Complete selected double circle, including its associated black label, in the unchanged native full-page JPEG. All six rectangular crops from the same page are disjoint. Translucent writing, holes, stains and later pencil marks are not removed. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. A specific new manuscript witness from the late 18th century (institutional dating). The title addition 1790? in pencil is not treated as a certain year of creation. The figures carried over are 30 located components of this one witness, not 30 newly formed traditions. All original labels are preserved photographically; their spelling is not replaced by modern angel lists. The reading of the name remains explicitly partly uncertain. Complete selected double circle, including its associated black label, in the unaltered native full-sheet JPEG. All six rectangular crops from the same sheet are disjoint. Show-through text, holes, stains and later pencil marks have not been removed. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: A specific new manuscript witness from the late 18th century (institutional dating). The title addition 1790? in pencil is not treated as a certain year of creation. The figures carried over are 30 located components of this one witness, not 30 newly formed traditions. All original labels are preserved photographically; their spelling is not replaced by modern angel lists. The reading of the name remains explicitly partly uncertain. Complete selected double circle, including its associated black label, in the unaltered native full-sheet JPEG. All six rectangular crops from the same sheet are disjoint. Show-through text, holes, stains and later pencil marks have not been removed. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.4662; visible p. 21; Canvas position 26/176; centre right; visible figure number 22.
Source location: End of preface and table of contents; Canvas position 11/176
Complete native JPEG image witness examined. The text names Secrets of the Secrets de Tozgraec; King Solomon is not historically confirmed as its author.
Source location: visible p. 21; Canvas position 26/176
Complete native JPEG image witness examined. Six numbered figures fully visible; black names and numbers, red signs. The pencil bibliography on p. 15 is distinguished from the set of signs.
Angel Pentacle No. 23 – Hand in the broad cross band – MS.4662, p. 21
Original image · source evidence
Historical angel pentacle
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition French-language manuscript; current holding in London · Late 18th century (institutional dating)
An upright hand shape lies in the vertical band of a broad cross; the transverse bands have notched ends. The reading of the name remains partly uncertain. Numbered pentacles labelled with angels’ names from a French ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. An individually worn amulet and any specific effect of this sign are not attested.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition
Region
French-language manuscript; current holding in London
Date of the evidence
Late 18th century (institutional dating)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
An upright hand shape lies in the vertical band of a broad cross; the transverse bands have notched ends. The reading of the name remains partly uncertain. Numbered pentacles labelled with angels’ names from a French ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. An individually worn amulet and any specific effect of this sign are not attested.
Historically recorded use
Numbered pentacles labelled with angel names from a French ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. The use of this sign on an actually worn individual amulet, and any specific effect, are not evidenced.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
A specific new manuscript witness from the late 18th century (institutional dating). The pencil title addition 1790? is not treated as a certain year of creation. The adopted figures are 30 located components of this single witness, not 30 newly created traditions. All original labels are retained photographically; their spelling is not replaced with modern angel lists. The reading of the name remains explicitly partly uncertain. Similar cross-band forms on p. 21 and p. 23 have their own numbers/name labels and proportions; this documented name/image association establishes separate source variants, not new abstract basic motifs.
Before designing
Complete selected double circle, including its associated black label, in the unchanged native full-page JPEG. All six rectangular crops from the same page are disjoint. Translucent writing, holes, stains and later pencil marks are not removed. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. A specific new manuscript witness from the late 18th century (institutional dating). The title addition 1790? in pencil is not treated as a secure year of origin. The adopted figures are 30 located components of this single witness, not 30 newly originated traditions. All original labels are retained photographically; their spelling is not replaced by modern lists of angels. The reading of the name remains explicitly partly uncertain. Similar banded-cross forms on p. 21 and p. 23 have their own numbers/name labels and proportions; this documented name/image correspondence establishes separate source variants, not new abstract basic motifs. Complete selected double circle, including its associated black label, in the unmodified native full-leaf JPEG. All six rectangular crops from the same leaf are disjoint. Show-through writing, holes, stains and later pencil marks are not removed. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: A specific new manuscript witness from the late 18th century (institutional dating). The title addition 1790? in pencil is not treated as a secure year of origin. The adopted figures are 30 located components of this single witness, not 30 newly originated traditions. All original labels are retained photographically; their spelling is not replaced by modern lists of angels. The reading of the name remains explicitly partly uncertain. Similar banded-cross forms on p. 21 and p. 23 have their own numbers/name labels and proportions; this documented name/image correspondence establishes separate source variants, not new abstract basic motifs. Complete selected double circle, including its associated black label, in the unmodified native full-leaf JPEG. All six rectangular crops from the same leaf are disjoint. Show-through writing, holes, stains and later pencil marks are not removed. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.4662; visible p. 21; canvas position 26/176; bottom left; visible figure number 23.
Source location: End of preface and table of contents; Canvas position 11/176
Complete native JPEG image witness examined. The text names Secrets of the Secrets de Tozgraec; King Solomon is not historically confirmed as its author.
Source location: visible p. 21; Canvas position 26/176
Complete native JPEG image witness examined. Six numbered figures fully visible; black names and numbers, red signs. The pencil bibliography on p. 15 is distinguished from the set of signs.
Angel pentacle no. 24 – Oblique axes with crossbars – MS.4662, p. 21
Original image · source evidence
Historical angel pentacle
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition French-language manuscript; current holding in London · Late 18th century (institutional dating)
Slanting axes and groups of parallel cross-strokes form an asymmetrical character; a small lateral round form belongs to the original. Numbered pentacles labelled with angel names in a French ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. An individual amulet actually worn and any specific effect of this sign are not evidenced.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition
Region
French-language manuscript; current holding in London
Date of the evidence
Late 18th century (institutional dating)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Slanting axes and groups of parallel cross-strokes form an asymmetrical character; a small lateral round form belongs to the original. Numbered pentacles labelled with angel names in a French ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. An individual amulet actually worn and any specific effect of this sign are not evidenced.
Historically recorded use
Numbered pentacles labelled with angel names from a French ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. The use of this sign on an actually worn individual amulet, and any specific effect, are not evidenced.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
A specific new manuscript witness from the late 18th century (institutional dating). The title addition 1790? in pencil is not treated as a certain year of origin. The figures used are 30 located components of this single witness, not 30 newly created traditions. All original labels are retained photographically; their spelling is not replaced by modern angel lists. The reading of the name remains explicitly partly uncertain.
Before designing
Complete selected double circle, including its associated black label, in the unchanged native full-page JPEG. All six rectangular crops from the same page are disjoint. Translucent writing, holes, stains and later pencil marks are not removed. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. A specific new manuscript witness from the late 18th century (institutional dating). The title addition 1790? in pencil is not treated as a certain year of creation. The figures carried over are 30 located components of this one witness, not 30 newly formed traditions. All original labels are preserved photographically; their spelling is not replaced by modern angel lists. The reading of the name remains explicitly partly uncertain. Complete selected double circle, including its associated black label, in the unaltered native full-sheet JPEG. All six rectangular crops from the same sheet are disjoint. Show-through text, holes, stains and later pencil marks have not been removed. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: A specific new manuscript witness from the late 18th century (institutional dating). The title addition 1790? in pencil is not treated as a certain year of creation. The figures carried over are 30 located components of this one witness, not 30 newly formed traditions. All original labels are preserved photographically; their spelling is not replaced by modern angel lists. The reading of the name remains explicitly partly uncertain. Complete selected double circle, including its associated black label, in the unaltered native full-sheet JPEG. All six rectangular crops from the same sheet are disjoint. Show-through text, holes, stains and later pencil marks have not been removed. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.4662; visible p. 21; canvas position 26/176; bottom right; visible figure number 24.
Source location: End of preface and table of contents; Canvas position 11/176
Complete native JPEG image witness examined. The text names Secrets of the Secrets de Tozgraec; King Solomon is not historically confirmed as its author.
Source location: visible p. 21; Canvas position 26/176
Complete native JPEG image witness examined. Six numbered figures fully visible; black names and numbers, red signs. The pencil bibliography on p. 15 is distinguished from the set of signs.
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition French-language manuscript; current holding in London · Late 18th century (institutional dating)
A rectangular frame is divided horizontally into two text fields and arranged within a double circle. Numbered pentacles labelled with angels’ names from a French ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. No evidence establishes that this sign was an individually worn amulet or had a particular effect.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition
Region
French-language manuscript; current holding in London
Date of the evidence
Late 18th century (institutional dating)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A rectangular frame is divided horizontally into two text fields and arranged within a double circle. Numbered pentacles labelled with angels’ names from a French ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. No evidence establishes that this sign was an individually worn amulet or had a particular effect.
Historically recorded use
Numbered pentacles labelled with angel names from a French ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. The use of this sign on an actually worn individual amulet, and any specific effect, are not evidenced.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Specific new manuscript witness from the late 18th century (institutional dating). The title addition 1790? in pencil is not treated as a certain year of creation. The adopted figures are 30 located components of this one witness, not 30 newly created traditions. All original labels are preserved photographically; their spelling is not replaced with modern angel lists.
Before designing
Complete selected double circle, including its associated black label, in the unchanged native full-page JPEG. All six rectangular crops from the same page are disjoint. Translucent writing, holes, stains and later pencil marks are not removed. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. A specific new manuscript witness from the late 18th century (institutional dating). The pencil addition 1790? in the title is not treated as a certain date of creation. The adopted figures are 30 located components of this one transmission witness, not 30 newly created traditions. All original labels are retained photographically; their spelling is not replaced with modern lists of angels. The complete selected double circle, including its associated black label, is shown in the unaltered native full-page JPEG. All six rectangular crops from the same page are disjoint. Show-through writing, holes, stains and later pencil marks are not removed. No new lines or outline, and no manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: A specific new manuscript witness from the late 18th century (institutional dating). The pencil addition 1790? in the title is not treated as a certain date of creation. The adopted figures are 30 located components of this one transmission witness, not 30 newly created traditions. All original labels are retained photographically; their spelling is not replaced with modern lists of angels. The complete selected double circle, including its associated black label, is shown in the unaltered native full-page JPEG. All six rectangular crops from the same page are disjoint. Show-through writing, holes, stains and later pencil marks are not removed. No new lines or outline, and no manufacturing approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.4662; visible p. 23; canvas position 28/176; top left; visible figure number 25.
Source location: End of preface and table of contents; Canvas position 11/176
Complete native JPEG image witness examined. The text names Secrets of the Secrets de Tozgraec; King Solomon is not historically confirmed as its author.
Source location: visible p. 23; Canvas position 28/176
Complete native JPEG image witness examined. Six numbered figures fully visible; black names and numbers, red signs. The pencil bibliography on p. 15 is distinguished from the set of signs.
Angel pentacle no. 26 – Further broad cross-band – MS.4662, p. 23
Original image · source evidence
Historical angel pentacle
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition French-language manuscript; current holding in London · Late 18th century (institutional dating)
Another broad cross band with notched ends stands in a double circle beneath its own numbered name caption; it is not identified with the similar figure on page 21. Numbered pentacles labelled with angel names in a French ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. An actually worn individual amulet and a specific effect of this sign are not evidenced.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition
Region
French-language manuscript; current holding in London
Date of the evidence
Late 18th century (institutional dating)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Another broad cross band with notched ends stands in a double circle beneath its own numbered name caption; it is not identified with the similar figure on page 21. Numbered pentacles labelled with angel names in a French ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. An actually worn individual amulet and a specific effect of this sign are not evidenced.
Historically recorded use
Numbered pentacles labelled with angel names from a French ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. The use of this sign on an actually worn individual amulet, and any specific effect, are not evidenced.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
A specific new manuscript witness from the late 18th century (institutional dating). The pencil title addition 1790? is not treated as a certain year of creation. The adopted figures are 30 located components of this single witness, not 30 newly created traditions. All original labels are retained photographically; their spelling is not replaced with modern angel lists. The reading of the name remains explicitly partly uncertain. Similar cross-band forms on p. 21 and p. 23 have their own numbers/name labels and proportions; this documented name/image association establishes separate source variants, not new abstract basic motifs.
Before designing
Complete selected double circle, including its associated black label, in the unchanged native full-page JPEG. All six rectangular crops from the same page are disjoint. Translucent writing, holes, stains and later pencil marks are not removed. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. A specific new manuscript witness from the late 18th century (institutional dating). The title addition 1790? in pencil is not treated as a secure year of origin. The adopted figures are 30 located components of this single witness, not 30 newly originated traditions. All original labels are retained photographically; their spelling is not replaced by modern lists of angels. The reading of the name remains explicitly partly uncertain. Similar banded-cross forms on p. 21 and p. 23 have their own numbers/name labels and proportions; this documented name/image correspondence establishes separate source variants, not new abstract basic motifs. Complete selected double circle, including its associated black label, in the unmodified native full-leaf JPEG. All six rectangular crops from the same leaf are disjoint. Show-through writing, holes, stains and later pencil marks are not removed. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: A specific new manuscript witness from the late 18th century (institutional dating). The title addition 1790? in pencil is not treated as a secure year of origin. The adopted figures are 30 located components of this single witness, not 30 newly originated traditions. All original labels are retained photographically; their spelling is not replaced by modern lists of angels. The reading of the name remains explicitly partly uncertain. Similar banded-cross forms on p. 21 and p. 23 have their own numbers/name labels and proportions; this documented name/image correspondence establishes separate source variants, not new abstract basic motifs. Complete selected double circle, including its associated black label, in the unmodified native full-leaf JPEG. All six rectangular crops from the same leaf are disjoint. Show-through writing, holes, stains and later pencil marks are not removed. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.4662; visible p. 23; Canvas position 28/176; top right; visible figure number 26.
Source location: End of preface and table of contents; Canvas position 11/176
Complete native JPEG image witness examined. The text names Secrets of the Secrets de Tozgraec; King Solomon is not historically confirmed as its author.
Source location: visible p. 23; Canvas position 28/176
Complete native JPEG image witness examined. Six numbered figures fully visible; black names and numbers, red signs. The pencil bibliography on p. 15 is distinguished from the set of signs.
Angel pentacle no. 27 – angular arm with small crosses – MS.4662, p. 23
Original image · source evidence
Historical angel pentacle
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition French-language manuscript; current holding in London · Late 18th century (institutional dating)
A bent arm connects three small cross shapes; two more cross shapes stand above and below without a connecting line. Numbered pentacles labelled with angel names from a French ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. No evidence establishes an individually worn amulet or a specific effect of this sign.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition
Region
French-language manuscript; current holding in London
Date of the evidence
Late 18th century (institutional dating)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A bent arm connects three small cross shapes; two more cross shapes stand above and below without a connecting line. Numbered pentacles labelled with angel names from a French ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. No evidence establishes an individually worn amulet or a specific effect of this sign.
Historically recorded use
Numbered pentacles labelled with angel names from a French ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. The use of this sign on an actually worn individual amulet, and any specific effect, are not evidenced.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Specific new manuscript witness from the late 18th century (institutional dating). The title addition 1790? in pencil is not treated as a certain year of creation. The adopted figures are 30 located components of this one witness, not 30 newly created traditions. All original labels are preserved photographically; their spelling is not replaced with modern angel lists.
Before designing
Complete selected double circle, including its associated black label, in the unchanged native full-page JPEG. All six rectangular crops from the same page are disjoint. Translucent writing, holes, stains and later pencil marks are not removed. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. A specific new manuscript witness from the late 18th century (institutional dating). The pencil addition 1790? in the title is not treated as a certain date of creation. The adopted figures are 30 located components of this one transmission witness, not 30 newly created traditions. All original labels are retained photographically; their spelling is not replaced with modern lists of angels. The complete selected double circle, including its associated black label, is shown in the unaltered native full-page JPEG. All six rectangular crops from the same page are disjoint. Show-through writing, holes, stains and later pencil marks are not removed. No new lines or outline, and no manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: A specific new manuscript witness from the late 18th century (institutional dating). The pencil addition 1790? in the title is not treated as a certain date of creation. The adopted figures are 30 located components of this one transmission witness, not 30 newly created traditions. All original labels are retained photographically; their spelling is not replaced with modern lists of angels. The complete selected double circle, including its associated black label, is shown in the unaltered native full-page JPEG. All six rectangular crops from the same page are disjoint. Show-through writing, holes, stains and later pencil marks are not removed. No new lines or outline, and no manufacturing approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.4662; visible p. 23; Canvas position 28/176; centre left; visible figure number 27.
Source location: End of preface and table of contents; Canvas position 11/176
Complete native JPEG image witness examined. The text names Secrets of the Secrets de Tozgraec; King Solomon is not historically confirmed as its author.
Source location: visible p. 23; Canvas position 28/176
Complete native JPEG image witness examined. Six numbered figures fully visible; black names and numbers, red signs. The pencil bibliography on p. 15 is distinguished from the set of signs.
Angel pentacle no. 28 – Another hand in the crossband – MS.4662, p. 23
Original image · source evidence
Historical angel pentacle
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition French-language manuscript; current holding in London · Late 18th century (institutional dating)
An upright hand is again depicted within a broad cross band. This separately captioned individual image witness has its own proportions and remains distinct from the similar figure on page 21. Numbered pentacles labelled with angels’ names from a French ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. An individual amulet actually worn and a specific effect of this sign are not attested.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition
Region
French-language manuscript; current holding in London
Date of the evidence
Late 18th century (institutional dating)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
An upright hand is again depicted within a broad cross band. This separately captioned individual image witness has its own proportions and remains distinct from the similar figure on page 21. Numbered pentacles labelled with angels’ names from a French ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. An individual amulet actually worn and a specific effect of this sign are not attested.
Historically recorded use
Numbered pentacles labelled with angel names from a French ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. The use of this sign on an actually worn individual amulet, and any specific effect, are not evidenced.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
A specific new manuscript witness from the late 18th century (institutional dating). The pencil title addition 1790? is not treated as a certain year of creation. The adopted figures are 30 located components of this single witness, not 30 newly created traditions. All original labels are retained photographically; their spelling is not replaced with modern angel lists. The reading of the name remains explicitly partly uncertain. Similar cross-band forms on p. 21 and p. 23 have their own numbers/name labels and proportions; this documented name/image association establishes separate source variants, not new abstract basic motifs.
Before designing
Complete selected double circle, including its associated black label, in the unchanged native full-page JPEG. All six rectangular crops from the same page are disjoint. Translucent writing, holes, stains and later pencil marks are not removed. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. A specific new manuscript witness from the late 18th century (institutional dating). The title addition 1790? in pencil is not treated as a secure year of origin. The adopted figures are 30 located components of this single witness, not 30 newly originated traditions. All original labels are retained photographically; their spelling is not replaced by modern lists of angels. The reading of the name remains explicitly partly uncertain. Similar banded-cross forms on p. 21 and p. 23 have their own numbers/name labels and proportions; this documented name/image correspondence establishes separate source variants, not new abstract basic motifs. Complete selected double circle, including its associated black label, in the unmodified native full-leaf JPEG. All six rectangular crops from the same leaf are disjoint. Show-through writing, holes, stains and later pencil marks are not removed. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: A specific new manuscript witness from the late 18th century (institutional dating). The title addition 1790? in pencil is not treated as a secure year of origin. The adopted figures are 30 located components of this single witness, not 30 newly originated traditions. All original labels are retained photographically; their spelling is not replaced by modern lists of angels. The reading of the name remains explicitly partly uncertain. Similar banded-cross forms on p. 21 and p. 23 have their own numbers/name labels and proportions; this documented name/image correspondence establishes separate source variants, not new abstract basic motifs. Complete selected double circle, including its associated black label, in the unmodified native full-leaf JPEG. All six rectangular crops from the same leaf are disjoint. Show-through writing, holes, stains and later pencil marks are not removed. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.4662; visible p. 23; Canvas position 28/176; centre right; visible figure number 28.
Source location: End of preface and table of contents; Canvas position 11/176
Complete native JPEG image witness examined. The text names Secrets of the Secrets de Tozgraec; King Solomon is not historically confirmed as its author.
Source location: visible p. 23; Canvas position 28/176
Complete native JPEG image witness examined. Six numbered figures fully visible; black names and numbers, red signs. The pencil bibliography on p. 15 is distinguished from the set of signs.
Angel pentacle no. 29 – cross of writing with four fields – MS.4662, p. 23
Original image · source evidence
Historical angel pentacle
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition French-language manuscript; current holding in London · Late 18th century (institutional dating)
A broad cross-band bears central writing and separates four further fields of writing. The black name caption has been reworked. Numbered pentacles labelled with angels’ names from a French ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. No evidence exists for an individual amulet actually being worn or for a specific effect of this sign.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition
Region
French-language manuscript; current holding in London
Date of the evidence
Late 18th century (institutional dating)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A broad cross-band bears central writing and separates four further fields of writing. The black name caption has been reworked. Numbered pentacles labelled with angels’ names from a French ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. No evidence exists for an individual amulet actually being worn or for a specific effect of this sign.
Historically recorded use
Numbered pentacles labelled with angel names from a French ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. The use of this sign on an actually worn individual amulet, and any specific effect, are not evidenced.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
A specific new manuscript witness from the late 18th century (institutional dating). The title addition 1790? in pencil is not treated as a certain year of origin. The figures used are 30 located components of this single witness, not 30 newly created traditions. All original labels are retained photographically; their spelling is not replaced by modern angel lists. The reading of the name remains explicitly partly uncertain.
Before designing
Complete selected double circle, including its associated black label, in the unchanged native full-page JPEG. All six rectangular crops from the same page are disjoint. Translucent writing, holes, stains and later pencil marks are not removed. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. A specific new manuscript witness from the late 18th century (institutional dating). The title addition 1790? in pencil is not treated as a certain year of creation. The figures carried over are 30 located components of this one witness, not 30 newly formed traditions. All original labels are preserved photographically; their spelling is not replaced by modern angel lists. The reading of the name remains explicitly partly uncertain. Complete selected double circle, including its associated black label, in the unaltered native full-sheet JPEG. All six rectangular crops from the same sheet are disjoint. Show-through text, holes, stains and later pencil marks have not been removed. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: A specific new manuscript witness from the late 18th century (institutional dating). The title addition 1790? in pencil is not treated as a certain year of creation. The figures carried over are 30 located components of this one witness, not 30 newly formed traditions. All original labels are preserved photographically; their spelling is not replaced by modern angel lists. The reading of the name remains explicitly partly uncertain. Complete selected double circle, including its associated black label, in the unaltered native full-sheet JPEG. All six rectangular crops from the same sheet are disjoint. Show-through text, holes, stains and later pencil marks have not been removed. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.4662; visible p. 23; canvas position 28/176; bottom left; visible figure number 29.
Source location: End of preface and table of contents; Canvas position 11/176
Complete native JPEG image witness examined. The text names Secrets of the Secrets de Tozgraec; King Solomon is not historically confirmed as its author.
Source location: visible p. 23; Canvas position 28/176
Complete native JPEG image witness examined. Six numbered figures fully visible; black names and numbers, red signs. The pencil bibliography on p. 15 is distinguished from the set of signs.
Angel Pentacle No. 3 – central circle with rays ending in different ways – MS.4662, p. 15
Original image · source evidence
Historical angel pentacle
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition French-language manuscript; current holding in London · Late 18th century (institutional dating)
Arms with differently finished ends, in cross, stroke and loop forms, extend from the unfilled central circle. Numbered pentacles labelled with angel names from a French ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. The use of this sign on an actual individual amulet, and any specific effect, are not evidenced.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition
Region
French-language manuscript; current holding in London
Date of the evidence
Late 18th century (institutional dating)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Arms with differently finished ends, in cross, stroke and loop forms, extend from the unfilled central circle. Numbered pentacles labelled with angel names from a French ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. The use of this sign on an actual individual amulet, and any specific effect, are not evidenced.
Historically recorded use
Numbered pentacles labelled with angel names from a French ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. The use of this sign on an actually worn individual amulet, and any specific effect, are not evidenced.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Specific new manuscript witness from the late 18th century (institutional dating). The title addition 1790? in pencil is not treated as a certain year of creation. The adopted figures are 30 located components of this one witness, not 30 newly created traditions. All original labels are preserved photographically; their spelling is not replaced with modern angel lists.
Before designing
Complete selected double circle, including its associated black label, in the unchanged native full-page JPEG. All six rectangular crops from the same page are disjoint. Translucent writing, holes, stains and later pencil marks are not removed. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. A specific new manuscript witness from the late 18th century (institutional dating). The pencil addition 1790? in the title is not treated as a certain date of creation. The adopted figures are 30 located components of this one transmission witness, not 30 newly created traditions. All original labels are retained photographically; their spelling is not replaced with modern lists of angels. The complete selected double circle, including its associated black label, is shown in the unaltered native full-page JPEG. All six rectangular crops from the same page are disjoint. Show-through writing, holes, stains and later pencil marks are not removed. No new lines or outline, and no manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: A specific new manuscript witness from the late 18th century (institutional dating). The pencil addition 1790? in the title is not treated as a certain date of creation. The adopted figures are 30 located components of this one transmission witness, not 30 newly created traditions. All original labels are retained photographically; their spelling is not replaced with modern lists of angels. The complete selected double circle, including its associated black label, is shown in the unaltered native full-page JPEG. All six rectangular crops from the same page are disjoint. Show-through writing, holes, stains and later pencil marks are not removed. No new lines or outline, and no manufacturing approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.4662; visible p. 15; canvas position 20/176; centre left; visible figure number 3.
Source location: End of preface and table of contents; Canvas position 11/176
Complete native JPEG image witness examined. The text names Secrets of the Secrets de Tozgraec; King Solomon is not historically confirmed as its author.
Source location: visible p. 15; Canvas position 20/176
Complete native JPEG image witness examined. Six numbered figures fully visible; black names and numbers, red signs. The pencil bibliography on p. 15 is distinguished from the set of signs.
Angel Pentacle no. 4 – Four six-pointed stars on a cross – MS.4662, p. 15
Original image · source evidence
Historical angel pentacle
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition French-language manuscript; current holding in London · Late 18th century (institutional dating)
Four six-pointed star forms lie in the compartments of a cross-shaped axis; additional letter and loop forms belong to the original drawing. Numbered pentacles labelled with angels’ names in a French ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. No evidence attests an individually worn amulet or a specific effect of this sign.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition
Region
French-language manuscript; current holding in London
Date of the evidence
Late 18th century (institutional dating)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Four six-pointed star forms lie in the compartments of a cross-shaped axis; additional letter and loop forms belong to the original drawing. Numbered pentacles labelled with angels’ names in a French ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. No evidence attests an individually worn amulet or a specific effect of this sign.
Historically recorded use
Numbered pentacles labelled with angel names from a French ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. The use of this sign on an actually worn individual amulet, and any specific effect, are not evidenced.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Specific new manuscript witness from the late 18th century (institutional dating). The title addition 1790? in pencil is not treated as a certain year of creation. The adopted figures are 30 located components of this one witness, not 30 newly created traditions. All original labels are preserved photographically; their spelling is not replaced with modern angel lists.
Before designing
Complete selected double circle, including its associated black label, in the unchanged native full-page JPEG. All six rectangular crops from the same page are disjoint. Translucent writing, holes, stains and later pencil marks are not removed. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. A specific new manuscript witness from the late 18th century (institutional dating). The pencil addition 1790? in the title is not treated as a certain date of creation. The adopted figures are 30 located components of this one transmission witness, not 30 newly created traditions. All original labels are retained photographically; their spelling is not replaced with modern lists of angels. The complete selected double circle, including its associated black label, is shown in the unaltered native full-page JPEG. All six rectangular crops from the same page are disjoint. Show-through writing, holes, stains and later pencil marks are not removed. No new lines or outline, and no manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: A specific new manuscript witness from the late 18th century (institutional dating). The pencil addition 1790? in the title is not treated as a certain date of creation. The adopted figures are 30 located components of this one transmission witness, not 30 newly created traditions. All original labels are retained photographically; their spelling is not replaced with modern lists of angels. The complete selected double circle, including its associated black label, is shown in the unaltered native full-page JPEG. All six rectangular crops from the same page are disjoint. Show-through writing, holes, stains and later pencil marks are not removed. No new lines or outline, and no manufacturing approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.4662; visible p. 15; Canvas position 20/176; centre right; visible figure number 4.
Source location: End of preface and table of contents; Canvas position 11/176
Complete native JPEG image witness examined. The text names Secrets of the Secrets de Tozgraec; King Solomon is not historically confirmed as its author.
Source location: visible p. 15; Canvas position 20/176
Complete native JPEG image witness examined. Six numbered figures fully visible; black names and numbers, red signs. The pencil bibliography on p. 15 is distinguished from the set of signs.
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition French-language manuscript; current holding in London · Late 18th century (institutional dating)
The eight-spoked wheel has four diagonal cross forms, parallel crossbars on the vertical axis and open circular forms on the horizontal axis. Numbered pentacles labelled with angel names from a French ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. An individually worn amulet and any specific effect of this sign are not attested.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition
Region
French-language manuscript; current holding in London
Date of the evidence
Late 18th century (institutional dating)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
The eight-spoked wheel has four diagonal cross forms, parallel crossbars on the vertical axis and open circular forms on the horizontal axis. Numbered pentacles labelled with angel names from a French ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. An individually worn amulet and any specific effect of this sign are not attested.
Historically recorded use
Numbered pentacles labelled with angel names from a French ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. The use of this sign on an actually worn individual amulet, and any specific effect, are not evidenced.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Specific new manuscript witness from the late 18th century (institutional dating). The title addition 1790? in pencil is not treated as a certain year of creation. The adopted figures are 30 located components of this one witness, not 30 newly created traditions. All original labels are preserved photographically; their spelling is not replaced with modern angel lists.
Before designing
Complete selected double circle, including its associated black label, in the unchanged native full-page JPEG. All six rectangular crops from the same page are disjoint. Translucent writing, holes, stains and later pencil marks are not removed. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. A specific new manuscript witness from the late 18th century (institutional dating). The pencil addition 1790? in the title is not treated as a certain date of creation. The adopted figures are 30 located components of this one transmission witness, not 30 newly created traditions. All original labels are retained photographically; their spelling is not replaced with modern lists of angels. The complete selected double circle, including its associated black label, is shown in the unaltered native full-page JPEG. All six rectangular crops from the same page are disjoint. Show-through writing, holes, stains and later pencil marks are not removed. No new lines or outline, and no manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: A specific new manuscript witness from the late 18th century (institutional dating). The pencil addition 1790? in the title is not treated as a certain date of creation. The adopted figures are 30 located components of this one transmission witness, not 30 newly created traditions. All original labels are retained photographically; their spelling is not replaced with modern lists of angels. The complete selected double circle, including its associated black label, is shown in the unaltered native full-page JPEG. All six rectangular crops from the same page are disjoint. Show-through writing, holes, stains and later pencil marks are not removed. No new lines or outline, and no manufacturing approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.4662; visible p. 15; Canvas position 20/176; bottom left; visible figure number 5.
Source location: End of preface and table of contents; Canvas position 11/176
Complete native JPEG image witness examined. The text names Secrets of the Secrets de Tozgraec; King Solomon is not historically confirmed as its author.
Source location: visible p. 15; Canvas position 20/176
Complete native JPEG image witness examined. Six numbered figures fully visible; black names and numbers, red signs. The pencil bibliography on p. 15 is distinguished from the set of signs.
Angel pentacle no. 6 – cross axes with lower diagonals – MS.4662, p. 15
Original image · source evidence
Historical angel pentacle
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition French-language manuscript; current holding in London · Late 18th century (institutional dating)
A cross-axis with small terminal circles and multiple crossbars is supplemented by two downward-pointing diagonal cross-arms. Numbered pentacles labelled with angels’ names from a French ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. No evidence establishes an individually worn amulet or a specific effect of this sign.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition
Region
French-language manuscript; current holding in London
Date of the evidence
Late 18th century (institutional dating)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A cross-axis with small terminal circles and multiple crossbars is supplemented by two downward-pointing diagonal cross-arms. Numbered pentacles labelled with angels’ names from a French ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. No evidence establishes an individually worn amulet or a specific effect of this sign.
Historically recorded use
Numbered pentacles labelled with angel names from a French ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. The use of this sign on an actually worn individual amulet, and any specific effect, are not evidenced.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
A specific new manuscript witness from the late 18th century (institutional dating). The title addition 1790? in pencil is not treated as a certain year of origin. The figures used are 30 located components of this single witness, not 30 newly created traditions. All original labels are retained photographically; their spelling is not replaced by modern angel lists. The reading of the name remains explicitly partly uncertain.
Before designing
Complete selected double circle, including its associated black label, in the unchanged native full-page JPEG. All six rectangular crops from the same page are disjoint. Translucent writing, holes, stains and later pencil marks are not removed. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. A specific new manuscript witness from the late 18th century (institutional dating). The title addition 1790? in pencil is not treated as a certain year of creation. The figures carried over are 30 located components of this one witness, not 30 newly formed traditions. All original labels are preserved photographically; their spelling is not replaced by modern angel lists. The reading of the name remains explicitly partly uncertain. Complete selected double circle, including its associated black label, in the unaltered native full-sheet JPEG. All six rectangular crops from the same sheet are disjoint. Show-through text, holes, stains and later pencil marks have not been removed. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: A specific new manuscript witness from the late 18th century (institutional dating). The title addition 1790? in pencil is not treated as a certain year of creation. The figures carried over are 30 located components of this one witness, not 30 newly formed traditions. All original labels are preserved photographically; their spelling is not replaced by modern angel lists. The reading of the name remains explicitly partly uncertain. Complete selected double circle, including its associated black label, in the unaltered native full-sheet JPEG. All six rectangular crops from the same sheet are disjoint. Show-through text, holes, stains and later pencil marks have not been removed. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.4662; visible p. 15; Canvas position 20/176; bottom right; visible figure number 6.
Source location: End of preface and table of contents; Canvas position 11/176
Complete native JPEG image witness examined. The text names Secrets of the Secrets de Tozgraec; King Solomon is not historically confirmed as its author.
Source location: visible p. 15; Canvas position 20/176
Complete native JPEG image witness examined. Six numbered figures fully visible; black names and numbers, red signs. The pencil bibliography on p. 15 is distinguished from the set of signs.
Angel Pentacle No. 7 – cross with groups of transverse strokes – MS.4662, p. 17
Original image · source evidence
Historical angel pentacle
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition French-language manuscript; current holding in London · Late 18th century (institutional dating)
Groups of short parallel cross-strokes sit at the four ends of a cross axis; the figure remains within the double circle. Numbered pentacles labelled with angel names from a French ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. An individually worn amulet and a specific effect of this sign are not attested.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition
Region
French-language manuscript; current holding in London
Date of the evidence
Late 18th century (institutional dating)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Groups of short parallel cross-strokes sit at the four ends of a cross axis; the figure remains within the double circle. Numbered pentacles labelled with angel names from a French ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. An individually worn amulet and a specific effect of this sign are not attested.
Historically recorded use
Numbered pentacles labelled with angel names from a French ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. The use of this sign on an actually worn individual amulet, and any specific effect, are not evidenced.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Specific new manuscript witness from the late 18th century (institutional dating). The title addition 1790? in pencil is not treated as a certain year of creation. The adopted figures are 30 located components of this one witness, not 30 newly created traditions. All original labels are preserved photographically; their spelling is not replaced with modern angel lists.
Before designing
Complete selected double circle, including its associated black label, in the unchanged native full-page JPEG. All six rectangular crops from the same page are disjoint. Translucent writing, holes, stains and later pencil marks are not removed. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. A specific new manuscript witness from the late 18th century (institutional dating). The pencil addition 1790? in the title is not treated as a certain date of creation. The adopted figures are 30 located components of this one transmission witness, not 30 newly created traditions. All original labels are retained photographically; their spelling is not replaced with modern lists of angels. The complete selected double circle, including its associated black label, is shown in the unaltered native full-page JPEG. All six rectangular crops from the same page are disjoint. Show-through writing, holes, stains and later pencil marks are not removed. No new lines or outline, and no manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: A specific new manuscript witness from the late 18th century (institutional dating). The pencil addition 1790? in the title is not treated as a certain date of creation. The adopted figures are 30 located components of this one transmission witness, not 30 newly created traditions. All original labels are retained photographically; their spelling is not replaced with modern lists of angels. The complete selected double circle, including its associated black label, is shown in the unaltered native full-page JPEG. All six rectangular crops from the same page are disjoint. Show-through writing, holes, stains and later pencil marks are not removed. No new lines or outline, and no manufacturing approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.4662; visible p. 17; Canvas position 22/176; top left; visible figure number 7.
Source location: End of preface and table of contents; Canvas position 11/176
Complete native JPEG image witness examined. The text names Secrets of the Secrets de Tozgraec; King Solomon is not historically confirmed as its author.
Source location: visible p. 17; Canvas position 22/176
Complete native JPEG image witness examined. Six numbered figures fully visible; black names and numbers, red signs. The pencil bibliography on p. 15 is distinguished from the set of signs.
Angel pentacle no. 8 – wheel with eight cross ends – MS.4662, p. 17
Original image · source evidence
Historical angel pentacle
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition French-language manuscript; current holding in London · Late 18th century (institutional dating)
Eight thin rays extend to small, widened cross shapes. The black name inscription is partly overwritten; its exact reading remains uncertain. Numbered pentacles bearing angel names from a French ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. The use of this sign as an individually worn amulet, and any specific effect, are not evidenced.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition
Region
French-language manuscript; current holding in London
Date of the evidence
Late 18th century (institutional dating)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Eight thin rays extend to small, widened cross shapes. The black name inscription is partly overwritten; its exact reading remains uncertain. Numbered pentacles bearing angel names from a French ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. The use of this sign as an individually worn amulet, and any specific effect, are not evidenced.
Historically recorded use
Numbered pentacles labelled with angel names from a French ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. The use of this sign on an actually worn individual amulet, and any specific effect, are not evidenced.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
A specific new manuscript witness from the late 18th century (institutional dating). The title addition 1790? in pencil is not treated as a certain year of origin. The figures used are 30 located components of this single witness, not 30 newly created traditions. All original labels are retained photographically; their spelling is not replaced by modern angel lists. The reading of the name remains explicitly partly uncertain.
Before designing
Complete selected double circle, including its associated black label, in the unchanged native full-page JPEG. All six rectangular crops from the same page are disjoint. Translucent writing, holes, stains and later pencil marks are not removed. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. A specific new manuscript witness from the late 18th century (institutional dating). The title addition 1790? in pencil is not treated as a certain year of creation. The figures carried over are 30 located components of this one witness, not 30 newly formed traditions. All original labels are preserved photographically; their spelling is not replaced by modern angel lists. The reading of the name remains explicitly partly uncertain. Complete selected double circle, including its associated black label, in the unaltered native full-sheet JPEG. All six rectangular crops from the same sheet are disjoint. Show-through text, holes, stains and later pencil marks have not been removed. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: A specific new manuscript witness from the late 18th century (institutional dating). The title addition 1790? in pencil is not treated as a certain year of creation. The figures carried over are 30 located components of this one witness, not 30 newly formed traditions. All original labels are preserved photographically; their spelling is not replaced by modern angel lists. The reading of the name remains explicitly partly uncertain. Complete selected double circle, including its associated black label, in the unaltered native full-sheet JPEG. All six rectangular crops from the same sheet are disjoint. Show-through text, holes, stains and later pencil marks have not been removed. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.4662; visible p. 17; Canvas position 22/176; top right; visible figure number 8.
Source location: End of preface and table of contents; Canvas position 11/176
Complete native JPEG image witness examined. The text names Secrets of the Secrets de Tozgraec; King Solomon is not historically confirmed as its author.
Source location: visible p. 17; Canvas position 22/176
Complete native JPEG image witness examined. Six numbered figures fully visible; black names and numbers, red signs. The pencil bibliography on p. 15 is distinguished from the set of signs.
Angel Pentacle No. 9 – text panel between two crosses – MS.4662, p. 17
Original image · source evidence
Historical angel pentacle
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition French-language manuscript; current holding in London · Late 18th century (institutional dating)
Two cross forms, one above the other vertically, are accompanied by several short sequences of writing. Numbered pentacles labelled with angel names from a French ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. No individually attested amulet actually worn, nor any particular effect of this sign, is evidenced.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition
Region
French-language manuscript; current holding in London
Date of the evidence
Late 18th century (institutional dating)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Two cross forms, one above the other vertically, are accompanied by several short sequences of writing. Numbered pentacles labelled with angel names from a French ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. No individually attested amulet actually worn, nor any particular effect of this sign, is evidenced.
Historically recorded use
Numbered pentacles labelled with angel names from a French ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. The use of this sign on an actually worn individual amulet, and any specific effect, are not evidenced.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Specific new manuscript witness from the late 18th century (institutional dating). The title addition 1790? in pencil is not treated as a certain year of creation. The adopted figures are 30 located components of this one witness, not 30 newly created traditions. All original labels are preserved photographically; their spelling is not replaced with modern angel lists.
Before designing
Complete selected double circle, including its associated black label, in the unchanged native full-page JPEG. All six rectangular crops from the same page are disjoint. Translucent writing, holes, stains and later pencil marks are not removed. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. A specific new manuscript witness from the late 18th century (institutional dating). The pencil addition 1790? in the title is not treated as a certain date of creation. The adopted figures are 30 located components of this one transmission witness, not 30 newly created traditions. All original labels are retained photographically; their spelling is not replaced with modern lists of angels. The complete selected double circle, including its associated black label, is shown in the unaltered native full-page JPEG. All six rectangular crops from the same page are disjoint. Show-through writing, holes, stains and later pencil marks are not removed. No new lines or outline, and no manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: A specific new manuscript witness from the late 18th century (institutional dating). The pencil addition 1790? in the title is not treated as a certain date of creation. The adopted figures are 30 located components of this one transmission witness, not 30 newly created traditions. All original labels are retained photographically; their spelling is not replaced with modern lists of angels. The complete selected double circle, including its associated black label, is shown in the unaltered native full-page JPEG. All six rectangular crops from the same page are disjoint. Show-through writing, holes, stains and later pencil marks are not removed. No new lines or outline, and no manufacturing approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.4662; visible p. 17; Canvas position 22/176; centre left; visible figure number 9.
Source location: End of preface and table of contents; Canvas position 11/176
Complete native JPEG image witness examined. The text names Secrets of the Secrets de Tozgraec; King Solomon is not historically confirmed as its author.
Source location: visible p. 17; Canvas position 22/176
Complete native JPEG image witness examined. Six numbered figures fully visible; black names and numbers, red signs. The pencil bibliography on p. 15 is distinguished from the set of signs.
Jewish practical Kabbalah Turkey · 18th century; the original manuscripts may have been bound into a composite codex around 1800
Sequences of signs with loops and forked lines, and an inscribed grid; the individual signs are not named freely.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Jewish practical Kabbalah
Region
Turkey
Date of the evidence
18th century; the original manuscripts may have been bound into a composite codex around 1800
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Sequences of signs with loops and forked lines, and an inscribed grid; the individual signs are not named freely.
Historically recorded use
Writing and reading so-called angelic pseudo-scripts in a Jewish incantation codex.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
CAJS Rar Ms 658, formerly Gross Family Collection OT.011.021. The current institutional catalogue assigns the stated content to this specific folio. The date of manufacture of the older manuscript and its later binding remain distinct; no independent new translation of the formulas or names of the signs.
Before designing
A specific, complete digital page witness, not a universally standardised sign. For manufacture, legibility, areas of loss and transfer to material must be assessed separately.
Research draft. Unaltered native institutional web JPEG file in an SVG viewport; no new interpretation of the writing, addition of lost ink or modern replacement form. The larger TIFF masters offered separately are not archived locally for these Penn pages. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Unaltered native institutional web JPEG file in an SVG viewport; no new interpretation of the writing, addition of lost ink or modern replacement form. The larger TIFF masters offered separately are not archived locally for these Penn pages.
Source location: CAJS Rar Ms 658, OPenn 27r, 14209_0056_web.jpg
Danish medieval writing and protective culture Engholm, Denmark · Medieval (catalogue attribution; no more precise date of manufacture)
Part of a substantial lead cross survives, with a hole in the upper arm. The front has faint traces of a figure.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Danish medieval writing and protective culture
Region
Engholm, Denmark
Date of the evidence
Medieval (catalogue attribution; no more precise date of manufacture)
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Part of a substantial lead cross survives, with a hole in the upper arm. The front has faint traces of a figure.
Historically recorded use
Classified by the museum as a medieval lead amulet; an individual protective intention has not been fully deciphered.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The identification as Christ crucified remains a supposition in the museum. Missing cross arms are not added symmetrically.
Before designing
Unchanged original photographs as image reference. Individual views are shown separately alongside one another; no engraving outline has been added and no manufacturing approval has been given.
Research draft. The identification as Christ crucified remains a hypothesis at the museum. Missing cross arms are not supplemented symmetrically. Each image is complete and retains its unchanged native JPEG bytes; separate views do not constitute a historical overall form. Presentation files, not TIFF masters. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The identification as Christ crucified remains a hypothesis at the museum. Missing cross arms are not supplemented symmetrically. Each image is complete and retains its unchanged native JPEG bytes; separate views do not constitute a historical overall form. Presentation files, not TIFF masters.
Source location: D 535/2026; DMR-266983, DMR-266984
Individual institutional object record. Find, registration and photography dates are not treated as manufacturing dates. Uncertain signs and functional identifications remain qualified.
Ensemble of square signs attributed to Solomon – MS.110, f.94v
Original image · source evidence
Historical ritual and planetary figure
Early modern English-Latin ritual magic English-Latin manuscript; present-day holding in London · Late 16th century (institutional dating of the manuscript)
Three small square figures with diagonals, a division into three and an elongated form stand above a larger square of writing with intersecting triangles. The adjoining Latin text identifies the upper group as seals attributed to Solomon. The ensemble is retained as one localised group, not counted as four new traditions.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern English-Latin ritual magic
Region
English-Latin manuscript; present-day holding in London
Date of the evidence
Late 16th century (institutional dating of the manuscript)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Three small square figures with diagonals, a division into three and an elongated form stand above a larger square of writing with intersecting triangles. The adjoining Latin text identifies the upper group as seals attributed to Solomon. The ensemble is retained as one localised group, not counted as four new traditions.
Historically recorded use
The adjacent Latin text describes the upper group as seals attributed to Solomon. The ensemble is retained as one localised group, not counted as four new traditions.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Specific manuscript witness MS.110, institutionally dated to the late 16th century. Pseudo-Bacon and Pseudo-Solomon are attributions, not securely established medieval authorship. The modern blue folio numbers are distinguished from the age of the text; verso references follow the adjacent visible recto foliation and the IIIF page sequence. Irregular lines, show-through, losses and original variations in the signs are retained. The complete selected group is a component of this one copy and not a new abstract type of tradition.
Before designing
Unaltered native full-page JPEG within the SVG; only the documented viewport selects the complete historical figure. No added lines, modern replacement glyphs, raster conversion, vector transcription or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Specific manuscript witness MS.110, institutionally dated to the late 16th century. Pseudo-Bacon and Pseudo-Solomon are attributions, not securely established medieval authorship. The modern blue folio numbers are distinguished from the age of the text; verso references follow the adjacent visible recto foliation and the IIIF page sequence. Irregular lines, show-through, losses and original variations in the signs are retained. The complete selected group is a component of this one copy, not a new abstract type of tradition. Unaltered native full-page JPEG in the SVG; only the documented viewport selects the complete historical figure. No added lines, modern substitute glyphs, raster conversion, vector transcription or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Specific manuscript witness MS.110, institutionally dated to the late 16th century. Pseudo-Bacon and Pseudo-Solomon are attributions, not securely established medieval authorship. The modern blue folio numbers are distinguished from the age of the text; verso references follow the adjacent visible recto foliation and the IIIF page sequence. Irregular lines, show-through, losses and original variations in the signs are retained. The complete selected group is a component of this one copy, not a new abstract type of tradition. Unaltered native full-page JPEG in the SVG; only the documented viewport selects the complete historical figure. No added lines, modern substitute glyphs, raster conversion, vector transcription or manufacturing approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.110, f.94v; Canvas position 202/256; ensemble of signs attributed to Solomon, arranged in a square
Source location: MS.110; current API p8bhyjys; old ID afsfdgzh (HTTP 410)
Dating and exact Digital Location. Roger Bacon is a pseudo-author attribution; the present binding, early 19th century, is not the date of the writing. Rights: Individual Digital Location links b18937135 with PDM.
Source location: 256 Canvases; historical folio numbers in the image
Images, sequence, dimensions and institutional descriptions of the five component texts. Folios 36–38 incorrectly bound according to the catalogue. Rights: the specific digital surrogate as a whole carries the Public Domain Mark; no transfer of rights from other images.
Unaltered complete institutional JPEG page; historical individual sign located by visible evidence. Rights: PDM for the exactly corresponding IIIF digital surrogate b18937135.
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art Oppenheim, Germany; place of printing · 1618; first publication of the work 1617
A female figure with a globe against her body is nursing a child. Further groups of infants and animals appear in the foreground, including a she-wolf and a goat.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art
Region
Oppenheim, Germany; place of printing
Date of the evidence
1618; first publication of the work 1617
Type of evidence
Textual evidence
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A female figure with a globe against her body is nursing a child. Further groups of infants and animals appear in the foreground, including a she-wolf and a goat.
Historically recorded use
The motto names the earth as a nurse; the epigram connects the scene with inherited mythological images of nurture. Historical book illustration with epigram and associated discourse; no documented use as a neck pendant.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
An individually located emblem in the specific Oppenheimer printing of 1618; the first publication in 1617 is distinct from it. Part of the same work and the same copy, not an independent amulet object. Individual use as a worn amulet, the ancient origin of this graphic and efficacy are not evidenced. Visible coloured areas belong to the present condition of this copy; a separate age for the colouring is not documented.
Before designing
Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view with motto, image, epigram, printed page number and side margin notes. Paper, stains, binding shadows and any coloured areas are retained. Institutional presentation resolution 2880×3442; larger master 4291×5129 documented separately. Historical image evidence without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view with motto, image, epigram, printed page number and side margin notes. Paper, stains, binding shadows and any coloured areas are retained. Institutional presentation resolution 2880×3442; larger master 4291×5129 documented separately. Historical image evidence without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view with motto, image, epigram, printed page number and side margin notes. Paper, stains, binding shadows and any coloured areas are retained. Institutional presentation resolution 2880×3442; larger master 4291×5129 documented separately. Historical image evidence without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: QD25 .M354 1618, Emblem 2, printed p. 17; institutional individual inventory 6t053g89c; Large JPG 2880×3442
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Courtesy of Science History Institute; Michael Maier, Atalanta fugiens (Oppenheim 1618), Emblem 2, S.17; engraver Matthaeus Merian; Public Domain Mark 1.0.
Source location: QD25 .M354 1618; Oppenheim, Johann-Theodor de Bry; complete work with 50 emblems
Copy used from 1618; the work's first publication in 1617 is attested separately. Historical alchemical emblem, epigram and musical context. No evidence for 30 independent works, worn amulets or present-day claims of efficacy. Individual image rights additionally checked for each inventory item.
The motto names the Earth as nurse; the epigram connects the scene with inherited mythological images of nurturing. The original title, English institutional counter-label, date 1618 and specific PDM image release accord with the individual page.
German-language alchemy and Christian theosophy German-speaking area of transmission; place of origin not established · c. 1735? (catalogue dating)
Fruit tree above a winged globe and two circular fields.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
German-language alchemy and Christian theosophy
Region
German-speaking area of transmission; place of origin not established
Date of the evidence
c. 1735? (catalogue dating)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Fruit tree above a winged globe and two circular fields.
Historically recorded use
Symbolic illustration in an alchemical-theosophical manuscript.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Specific handwritten page of MS.2492. The date around 1735 is inferred and is not presented as an exactly established year. Thematic parallels with later Rosicrucian panels do not prove an identical image version.
Before designing
Complete original view of handwritten p. 4, with context and surviving labels. No translation of hard-to-read letters, no supplemented idealised geometry. Historical visual symbolism, not evidence of a worn amulet; raster facsimile without manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete original view of handwritten p. 4, with context and surviving labels. No translation of hard-to-read letters, no supplemented idealised geometry. Historical visual symbolism, not evidence of a worn amulet; raster facsimile without manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete original view of handwritten p. 4, with context and surviving labels. No translation of hard-to-read letters, no supplemented idealised geometry. Historical visual symbolism, not evidence of a worn amulet; raster facsimile without manufacturing approval.
Source location: MS.2492, p. 4; b19294578_0008.jp2; native 3984×5813
Source location: MS.2492; dating 1735?; description and digitised copy b19294578
Historical German-language alchemical-theosophical pictorial witness. The date of around 1735 is a catalogue estimate; it is not recorded as an amulet proven to have been worn.
Source location: MS.2492, handwritten p. 4; Canvas index 7, image 8; unaltered JPEG view at native dimensions
Primary digital image witness of the named page; the IIIF manifest b19294578 is explicitly marked Public Domain Mark. Modern letterforms and additions are absent.
Islamic divination and the transmission of Arabic diagrams Egypt? · Probably 1767; institutional reading of the colophon: 4 Ṣafar 1181 AH, 2 July 1767
A schematic human figure framed in colour, with a straight torso and arms at the sides; the precise historical inscription remains tied to the folio.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Islamic divination and the transmission of Arabic diagrams
Region
Egypt?
Date of the evidence
Probably 1767; institutional reading of the colophon: 4 Ṣafar 1181 AH, 2 July 1767
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A schematic human figure framed in colour, with a straight torso and arms at the sides; the precise historical inscription remains tied to the folio.
Historically recorded use
Specific diagram in an Arabic divination work concerning events and people, with letters, horoscopes and planetary references. Portable amulet use of this page is not evidenced.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Ms. Codex 1898; attributed to Kurdī Sayyidī Maḥmūd ʻAjamī. The catalogue calculates the probable year of copying from the 309th year since Qāʾitbāy’s accession in 872 AH. The provenance and this dating derivation are recorded as uncertain. The inscription is taken from the institution’s decorative-arts inventory.
Before designing
A precisely localised historical diagram, not a newly generated universal protective sigil. The similarly labelled second body image 22r remains a private comparison.
Research draft. Unaltered native institutional web JPEG file in an SVG viewport; no new interpretation of the writing, addition of lost ink or modern replacement form. The larger TIFF masters offered separately are not archived locally for these Penn pages. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Unaltered native institutional web JPEG file in an SVG viewport; no new interpretation of the writing, addition of lost ink or modern replacement form. The larger TIFF masters offered separately are not archived locally for these Penn pages.
Buddhist visual tradition Gandhara / present-day Pakistan · 5th–6th century
Seated Buddha with hands in the teaching gesture and two smaller monk figures at the sides. The irregular, damaged upper edge and the shallow-cut folds of the robes are retained.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Buddhist visual tradition
Region
Gandhara / present-day Pakistan
Date of the evidence
5th–6th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Seated Buddha with hands in the teaching gesture and two smaller monk figures at the sides. The irregular, damaged upper edge and the shallow-cut folds of the robes are retained.
Historically recorded use
The small slate relief belonged to a portable Buddhist devotional form. The Buddha teaches at Sarnath; the museum names two of the five first listeners. Portability demonstrates religious mobility, but not attachment to the body or an individual protective rite.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 1991.407.1, Met object 38541. Only the surviving slab is shown, not a reconstructed complete shrine. The attribution to the First Sermon and late Gandhara follows the museum.
Before designing
Unchanged complete native museum image; no reconstruction of damaged details. No manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete native museum photograph, with no raster transformation or reconstruction of old forms. Historical religious image evidence; not approved for manufacture. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete native museum photograph, with no raster transformation or reconstruction of old forms. Historical religious image evidence; not approved for manufacture.
Source location: The Metropolitan Museum of Art; 1991.407.1; complete selected individual photograph
Source location: CC0 for individually designated public-domain collection images
Institutional CC0 policy read in the web tool on 10 October. The direct native website response was HTTP429 and is not treated as text of a rights notice that was read.
Long-eared equine head with open mouth, without a horse’s mane.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Archaic Italy; Etruscan, Greek and Italic visual traditions
Region
Italy
Date of the evidence
500–400 B.C.
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Long-eared equine head with open mouth, without a horse’s mane.
Historically recorded use
The catalogue interprets the pendant as a possible healing and protective object and draws comparative references from ancient accounts of donkey forms and body parts.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Comparisons with Dionysus, Seth-Typhon or Lamashtu do not make the Italic object an unambiguously identified cult amulet of this kind. The precise animal species and historical use remain open questions.
Before designing
Unmodified native institutional photographic source; no invented glyph additions, no isolated vector outline and no manufacturing approval. Historical evidence and comparative interpretation remain separate.
Research draft. Comparisons with Dionysus, Seth-Typhon or Lamashtu do not make the Italic piece a securely identified cult amulet of any of these. The precise animal species and historical use remain open. Complete original JPEG bytes; losses of writing and material are not supplemented. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Comparisons with Dionysus, Seth-Typhon or Lamashtu do not make the Italic piece a securely identified cult amulet of any of these. The precise animal species and historical use remain open. Complete original JPEG bytes; losses of writing and material are not supplemented.
Scholarly comparison and interpretation are presented separately from secure object form and actual use. Photograph separately from current collection metadata relation.
Esrum Sø: C-bracteate with head-and-animal composition
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Early Nordic visual and written tradition Esrum Sø, North Zealand, Denmark · Older Germanic Iron Age; catalogue period 375–540 AD
Golden C-bracteate with large head, four-legged animal, accompanying signs and loop. The National Museum connects the find with Christian V and the year 1672.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early Nordic visual and written tradition
Region
Esrum Sø, North Zealand, Denmark
Date of the evidence
Older Germanic Iron Age; catalogue period 375–540 AD
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Golden C-bracteate with large head, four-legged animal, accompanying signs and loop. The National Museum connects the find with Christian V and the year 1672.
Historically recorded use
Historically documented gold pendant with a stamped image field. A specific protective effect or particular ritual is not demonstrated for this individual piece by the cited object records.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The museum article interprets the depiction probably as Odin and Balder. This attribution remains recognisable as a museum interpretation; 1672 is the year of discovery, not a date of creation.
Before designing
The model is the surviving museum photograph, including wear and damage. No modern addition of missing lines, and no conversion of unclear runes or letter imitations into an invented readable formula.
Research draft. Unaltered museum JPEG bytes are embedded in an SVG image crop. Photograph of the surviving object; neither a drawn reconstruction nor an AI-generated symbol. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Unaltered museum JPEG bytes are embedded in an SVG image crop. Photograph of the surviving object; neither a drawn reconstruction nor an AI-generated symbol.
Identifies C-bracteate and inventory number 8655. The museum article adds the find history and the explicitly uncertain Odin/Balder interpretation. The image record and image-specific JSON-LD refer to CC BY-SA 4.0. The photographer and actual JPEG resolution are recorded in the symbol manifest; TIFF metadata describe a different original file.
Source location: Esrum bracteate, find 1672; general description of bracteates
Institutional description: gold bracteates are pendant ornaments of the 5th–6th centuries, inspired by Roman coins. This is a context for the type, not an individual date for all the bracteates recorded here. Odin/Balder is explicitly described as a probable interpretation for Esrum.
Esther – pregnancy amulet with word star and grids
Original image · source evidence
Historical protective amulet
Jewish Hebrew amulet tradition Place of manufacture not stated in the catalogue; current location London · c. 18th century; institutional dating
Portrait-format parchment with a large character grid at the top left, a six-pointed lettering star at the top right, a small grid at the bottom left and numerous lines of Hebrew text. Folds and pale writing remain visible.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Jewish Hebrew amulet tradition
Region
Place of manufacture not stated in the catalogue; current location London
Date of the evidence
c. 18th century; institutional dating
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Portrait-format parchment with a large character grid at the top left, a six-pointed lettering star at the top right, a small grid at the bottom left and numerous lines of Hebrew text. Folds and pale writing remain visible.
Historically recorded use
Made for a safe pregnancy for Esther, wife of Shabbetai Hayyim, son of Bruneta; attribution by the catalogue.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Recipient and function information comes from the institutional catalogue. No Hebrew readings or letters have been invented or added. Different digital images of the same amulet result in just one entry here.
Before designing
Complete native original capture as a source facsimile; no reconstruction, modernised reading or automatic engraving approval.
Research draft. Complete native original capture as a source facsimile; no reconstruction, modernised reading or automatic engraving approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete native original capture as a source facsimile; no reconstruction, modernised reading or automatic engraving approval.
Owl, torches and title frame – Khunrath 1609, title page and frontispiece
Original image · source evidence
Alchemical-theosophical symbolic image
Christian Kabbalistic theosophy and early modern alchemy Hanau, Germany; place of printing · 1609; title page states 1602
An owl wearing glasses stands between candles and crossed torches. Beside it, the complete title frame with a divine hand and author portrait remains visible.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Christian Kabbalistic theosophy and early modern alchemy
Region
Hanau, Germany; place of printing
Date of the evidence
1609; title page states 1602
Type of evidence
Textual evidence
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
An owl wearing glasses stands between candles and crossed torches. Beside it, the complete title frame with a divine hand and author portrait remains visible.
Historically recorded use
Symbolic illustration in an alchemical-theosophical book. Individual use of the book illustration as an amulet is not attested.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Specific engraving of the 1609 print. The date 1602 on the title is not accepted as the actual year of publication. No universal protective effect, ancient origin or association with a modern standard seal form is claimed.
Before designing
Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG view of the opened historical print. Fold lines, paper, shadows and all original inscriptions are preserved. The resolution of the presentation view limits the legibility of fine text; larger institutional masters exist separately. Historical image evidence, not a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG view of the opened historical print. Fold lines, paper, shadows and all original inscriptions are preserved. The resolution of the presentation view limits the legibility of fine text; larger institutional masters exist separately. Historical image evidence, not a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG view of the opened historical print. Fold lines, paper, shadows and all original inscriptions are preserved. The resolution of the presentation view limits the legibility of fine text; larger institutional masters exist separately. Historical image evidence, not a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: QD25 .K486 1609, title page and frontispiece; Large JPG 2880 × 2207
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Courtesy of Science History Institute; Heinrich Khunrath, Amphitheatrum Sapientiae Aeternae Solius Verae (1609), Titelblatt und Frontispiz; Public Domain Mark 1.0.
Source location: Hanau 1609; shelfmark QD25 .K486 1609; title gives 1602, actual publication 1609
Historical Christian Kabbalistic and alchemical print with individually catalogued engravings. No source attests to wearing these complete book images as amulets. Specific image rights: Public Domain Mark 1.0.
Source location: Amphitheatrum 1609, title page and frontispiece; Member j3860693n
Individual image witness and institutional description; specific PDM release. Unaltered institutional Large-JPEG presentation (2880 pixels wide), distinct from the considerably larger TIFF/Full-sized-JPEG master. The plate number identifies this institutional copy.
Ancient Egyptian amulets and historical symbol forms Egypt; circa 1st century BCE to 1st century CE · c. 1st century BCE–1st century CE
Crocodile-like body with falcon head on a blue rectangular glass base.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Ancient Egyptian amulets and historical symbol forms
Region
Egypt; circa 1st century BCE to 1st century CE
Date of the evidence
c. 1st century BCE–1st century CE
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Crocodile-like body with falcon head on a blue rectangular glass base.
Historically recorded use
Historical hybrid figure; a specific wearing use is not established in the catalogue.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The identification as Soknopaios is explicitly only possible. The material is identified as stone or porphyry with a question mark; both uncertainties are retained.
Before designing
Original photograph of the stone figure and glass base; a distinct later form, not a replacement for the faience variant. CC0 raster reference; not a verified manufacturing file. Engraving or casting requires separately checked outline preparation.
Research draft. Original photograph of the stone figure and glass base; a distinct later form, not a replacement for the faience variant. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Original photograph of the stone figure and glass base; a distinct later form, not a replacement for the faience variant.
Source location: Met 30.8.307; selected original photograph
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Falcon-headed crocodile, possibly Soknopaios, 30.8.307; Theodore M. Davis Collection, Bequest of Theodore M. Davis, 1915; Open Access.
Source location: Met 30.8.307; object 555607; API title, objectDate, medium, geography, images
Directly archived institutional object record for this exact inventory item. Image form also checked visually; named function and attribution only to the extent documented in each case.
Ancient Egyptian amulets and historical symbol forms Egypt · 664–30 BC
Turquoise-coloured crocodile body with a bird-like head and a disc seated above it.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Ancient Egyptian amulets and historical symbol forms
Region
Egypt
Date of the evidence
664–30 BC
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Turquoise-coloured crocodile body with a bird-like head and a disc seated above it.
Historically recorded use
A composite figure of a crocodile and falcon’s head, interpreted as an amulet in the catalogue.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The currently readable dating is 664–30 BC. A specific identification as Sobek or Soknopaios is not secure for this variant.
Before designing
Complete historical hybrid figure in the selected original photograph. CC0 raster reference; not a vetted manufacturing file. A separately vetted outline preparation is required for engraving or casting.
Research draft. Complete historical composite figure in the selected original photograph. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete historical composite figure in the selected original photograph.
Source location: Met 1989.281.95; selected original photograph
Source location: Met 1989.281.95; object 544909; API title, objectDate, medium, geography, images
Directly archived institutional object record for this exact inventory item. Image form also checked visually; named function and attribution only to the extent documented in each case.
Fatimid protective scroll against the evil eye – Met 1978.546.34
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Egypt; Fatimid Islamic inscribed amulets Egypt · 11th century
Elongated block of Kufic script printed on paper, with more prominent lines of writing at the bottom and top.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Egypt; Fatimid Islamic inscribed amulets
Region
Egypt
Date of the evidence
11th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Elongated block of Kufic script printed on paper, with more prominent lines of writing at the bottom and top.
Historically recorded use
The museum description recognises indications of protection from the evil eye and of refuge in the Qur’an. According to their historical context, such printed texts were worn close to the body or carried on weapons.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The general practice of wearing written amulet texts does not attest an individual wearer or a specific weapon for this example. The evidential text, photograph and dating remain limited to 1978.546.34.
Before designing
Native institutional object image as a historical image reference; no isolated vector glyph, added inscription or manufacturing approval. The photograph and original form remain separate from later engraving outlines.
Research draft. The general practice of wearing written amulet texts does not establish an individual wearer or a specific weapon for this example. The evidence text, photograph and dating remain limited to 1978.546.34. Original JPEGs are embedded byte-for-byte; no lettering or lines have been added. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The general practice of wearing written amulet texts does not establish an individual wearer or a specific weapon for this example. The evidence text, photograph and dating remain limited to 1978.546.34. Original JPEGs are embedded byte-for-byte; no lettering or lines have been added.
Source location: Met 1978.546.34; complete selected original view
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Talismanic Scroll, 1978.546.34; Gift of Nelly, Violet and Elie Abemayor, in memory of Michel Abemayor, 1978; Open Access.
Title, inventory number, material and dating are checked individually; cultural-historical use is included only to the extent stated in the object description. The linked web text snapshots document the independent, current review of the object pages.
Fatimid talisman scroll of the 11th–12th century – 1978.546.39
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Islamic Egypt; medieval Arabic script tradition Egypt · 11th–12th century
Oblong paper roll with Arabic text panels and historical prayer or talismanic formulae.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Islamic Egypt; medieval Arabic script tradition
Region
Egypt
Date of the evidence
11th–12th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Oblong paper roll with Arabic text panels and historical prayer or talismanic formulae.
Historically recorded use
The museum identifies the paper as a talisman scroll from 11th–12th-century Egypt. Written invocations and the small portable scroll format are part of the historical evidence.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Damaged or small-printed signs are not newly completed from the photographic source. A particular personal protective purpose is claimed only where the primary source explicitly states it.
Before designing
Unmodified native institutional photographic source; no invented glyph additions, no isolated vector outline and no manufacturing approval. Historical evidence and comparative interpretation remain separate.
Research draft. Damaged or small-print signs are not reconstructed from the photographic source. A specific personal protective purpose is claimed only where the primary source names it explicitly. Complete original JPEG bytes; losses of writing and material have not been filled in. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Damaged or small-print signs are not reconstructed from the photographic source. A specific personal protective purpose is claimed only where the primary source names it explicitly. Complete original JPEG bytes; losses of writing and material have not been filled in.
Source location: 1978.546.39; complete main view actually photographed
Late Antique and Early Byzantine Christian/Mediterranean culture Egypt · 4th–7th century
Small-format faience object from the late antique Coptic collection.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Late Antique and Early Byzantine Christian/Mediterranean culture
Region
Egypt
Date of the evidence
4th–7th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Small-format faience object from the late antique Coptic collection.
Historically recorded use
The museum describes the piece as an amulet and names the Kharga Oasis in Byzantine Egypt as its provenance.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The brief primary description names no specific deity, written formula or individually verified protective use.
Before designing
Unmodified native institutional photographic source; no invented glyph additions, no isolated vector outline and no manufacturing approval. Historical evidence and comparative interpretation remain separate.
Research draft. The brief primary description names no particular deity, written formula or individually verified protective use. Complete original JPEG bytes; losses of writing and material have not been supplemented. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The brief primary description names no particular deity, written formula or individually verified protective use. Complete original JPEG bytes; losses of writing and material have not been supplemented.
Source location: 25.10.24.43; complete main image view actually photographed
Germanic runic script Reference: Gotland · Elder Futhark; check model dating separately
Sign f.
Research draftSource-based vector template
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Germanic runic script
Region
Reference: Gotland
Date of the evidence
Elder Futhark; check model dating separately
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Description
Sign f.
Historically recorded use
Written signs
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Historical letter; the normalised older form of the name is reconstructed. No individual amulet effect is inferred from the name.
Before designing
Unicode shows a normalised letter form. For manufacture, select a specific historical character variant and check it against the find.
Research draft. Normalised editorial letterform ᚠ (U+16A0); hand-set, font-free line geometry, with no font file incorporated. Do not present it as a faithful Kylver facsimile or as an individually attested amulet sign. The names are reconstructed; no individual magical effect is inferred. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Vector template: Normalised editorial letterform ᚠ (U+16A0); hand-set, font-free line geometry, with no font file incorporated. Do not present it as a faithful Kylver facsimile or as an individually attested amulet sign. The names are reconstructed; no individual magical effect is inferred.
Source location: G 88 / Kylver; sequence A I, sign 1; normalized Unicode letter U+16A0
Normalised editorial letterform ᚠ (U+16A0); hand-set, font-free line geometry, with no font file incorporated. Do not present it as a faithful Kylver facsimile or as an individually attested amulet sign. The names are reconstructed; no individual magical effect is inferred.
Niedersächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, RuneS
Source location: Signs 11458–11482; sequence A I
Scholarly names and transliterations; the names are catalogue designations, not recorded explanations of the names in the ancient incision. Kylver places p before ï and d before o.
Fire to fire and Mercury to Mercury – Atalanta fugiens 1618, Emblem 10
Original image · source evidence
Alchemical-theosophical symbolic image
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art Oppenheim, Germany; place of printing · 1618; first publication of the work 1617
Three male figures are positioned at a hearth. Two wear winged headgear and carry serpent staffs; smoke rises from the fire.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art
Region
Oppenheim, Germany; place of printing
Date of the evidence
1618; first publication of the work 1617
Type of evidence
Textual evidence
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Three male figures are positioned at a hearth. Two wear winged headgear and carry serpent staffs; smoke rises from the fire.
Historically recorded use
The title links fire with fire and Mercury with Mercury. The associations of the figures are based on the historical motto and visible attributes. Historical book illustration with an epigram and associated discourse; no evidenced necklace pendant.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
An individually located emblem in the specific Oppenheimer printing of 1618; the first publication in 1617 is distinct from it. Part of the same work and the same copy, not an independent amulet object. Individual use as a worn amulet, the ancient origin of this graphic and efficacy are not evidenced. Visible coloured areas belong to the present condition of this copy; a separate age for the colouring is not documented.
Before designing
Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view with motto, image, epigram, printed page number and side margin notes. Paper, stains, binding shadows and any coloured areas are retained. Institutional presentation resolution 2880×3442; larger master 4291×5129 documented separately. Historical image evidence without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view with motto, image, epigram, printed page number and side margin notes. Paper, stains, binding shadows and any coloured areas are retained. Institutional presentation resolution 2880×3442; larger master 4291×5129 documented separately. Historical image evidence without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view with motto, image, epigram, printed page number and side margin notes. Paper, stains, binding shadows and any coloured areas are retained. Institutional presentation resolution 2880×3442; larger master 4291×5129 documented separately. Historical image evidence without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: QD25 .M354 1618, Emblem 10, printed p. 49; institutional individual inventory m613mz26k; Large JPG 2880×3442
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Courtesy of Science History Institute; Michael Maier, Atalanta fugiens (Oppenheim 1618), Emblem 10, S.49; engraver Matthaeus Merian; Public Domain Mark 1.0.
Source location: QD25 .M354 1618; Oppenheim, Johann-Theodor de Bry; complete work with 50 emblems
Copy used from 1618; the work's first publication in 1617 is attested separately. Historical alchemical emblem, epigram and musical context. No evidence for 30 independent works, worn amulets or present-day claims of efficacy. Individual image rights additionally checked for each inventory item.
The title links fire with fire and Mercury with Mercury. The figure identifications are based on the historical motto and visible attributes. The original title, English institutional counter-label, dating 1618 and specific PDM image release match the individual page.
Hearth and gold – Atalanta fugiens 1618, Emblem 18
Original image · source evidence
Alchemical-theosophical symbolic image
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art Oppenheim, Germany; place of printing · 1618; specific copy used
A worker handles a long tool at a hearth. A vessel with round pieces and a small animal stand beside it.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art
Region
Oppenheim, Germany; place of printing
Date of the evidence
1618; specific copy used
Type of evidence
Textual evidence
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A worker handles a long tool at a hearth. A vessel with round pieces and a small animal stand beside it.
Historically recorded use
The motto describes fire that loves gold but does not itself produce it; what is transmitted is the statement in image and text on this particular printed page. Historical book illustration; actual use as a neck pendant is not attested.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Individually located historical printed component from the specific 1618 copy, not a new independent historical text and not an attested worn amulet. Effect and suitability for manufacture are not established. Work first published in 1617; the print used here is from 1618.
Before designing
Complete unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view 2880×3442px. The separately offered larger master 4291×5129px was not supplied as a downloaded file. Image, writing, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view 2880×3442px. The separately offered larger master 4291×5129px was not supplied as a downloaded file. Image, writing, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view 2880×3442px. The separately offered larger master 4291×5129px was not supplied as a downloaded file. Image, writing, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: QD25 .M354 1618; Emblem 18, printed p. 81; individual inventory sf268586q; Large JPG 2880×3442
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Courtesy of Science History Institute; Atalanta fugiens, used edition 1618; QD25 .M354 1618; Emblem 18, gedruckte S. 81; Einzelinventar sf268586q; Public Domain Mark 1.0.
The same specifically identified copy as for the 30 emblems already included; this batch adds only the remaining 20 individual sheets. First publication in 1617 and the edition used, 1618, are distinguished.
The motto describes fire that loves gold but does not itself produce it; the image and textual statement of this particular printed page are what is transmitted. The institution's own individual metadata, including PDM, has been checked.
Figure on a lotus with vessel and thunderbolt – Getty 83.AN.437.45
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Roman Imperial period; Egyptian and Mediterranean image-making/magical glyptics Mediterranean region; the precise place of manufacture of this piece is not established · 2nd–4th century A.D.
Nude male figure on a lotus, holding a small vessel aloft and extending one arm; two animals at the sides. The museum description interprets the action as pouring onto a lightning bolt.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Roman Imperial period; Egyptian and Mediterranean image-making/magical glyptics
Region
Mediterranean region; the precise place of manufacture of this piece is not established
Date of the evidence
2nd–4th century A.D.
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Nude male figure on a lotus, holding a small vessel aloft and extending one arm; two animals at the sides. The museum description interprets the action as pouring onto a lightning bolt.
Historically recorded use
The museum describes a figural gem with a Greek formula on the reverse. The specific original owner and a particular use are unknown.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The deity is not identified. The reverse formula and its museum normalisation are not re-deciphered from the photograph; the image used shows only the documented image side. No certain attribution as a love, weather or healing amulet.
Before designing
Native institutional museum photograph as a historical reference; no invented glyph additions, isolated vector outline or manufacturing approval. The visible photographed side and the reverse documented only in text remain distinct.
Research draft. The deity is not identified. The reverse-side formula and its museum normalisation are not re-deciphered from the photograph; the image used shows only the documented image side. No secure attribution as a love, weather or healing amulet. Complete original JPEG bytes; losses of writing and material are not supplemented. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The deity is not identified. The reverse-side formula and its museum normalisation are not re-deciphered from the photograph; the image used shows only the documented image side. No secure attribution as a love, weather or healing amulet. Complete original JPEG bytes; losses of writing and material are not supplemented.
Source location: 83.AN.437.45; complete actually photographed main image view
Source location: 83.AN.437.45; JSON-LD: description, date, material and individual CC0 image credit
Current institutional object metadata from byte-identical archived HTML/JSON-LD; native IIIF Max JPEG checked separately against info.json and actual pixel dimensions. No claim of a complete JavaScript page render.
Source location: Specific image/metadata permission additionally checked for each object
The general institutional CC0 rule can be used only together with an individual object/image relation; the failed image retrieval remains visible in the retrieval report.
Early medieval Scandinavian pictorial and jewellery tradition Sweden; find context according to the individual catalogue: Plats: Lau backar, Socken: Lau socken, Kommun: Gotland kommun, Landskap: Gotland, Land: Sverige · 400–550 AD according to the current SHM individual object page; Folkvandringstid
The round gold sheet shows a dense field comprising a human-like figure and ribbon-shaped, curved accompanying forms. The ribbed loop and beaded border are preserved.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early medieval Scandinavian pictorial and jewellery tradition
Region
Sweden; find context according to the individual catalogue: Plats: Lau backar, Socken: Lau socken, Kommun: Gotland kommun, Landskap: Gotland, Land: Sverige
Date of the evidence
400–550 AD according to the current SHM individual object page; Folkvandringstid
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
The round gold sheet shows a dense field comprising a human-like figure and ribbon-shaped, curved accompanying forms. The ribbed loop and beaded border are preserved.
Historically recorded use
Individually inventoried historical gold pendant with a stamped image field. The museum catalogue lists the piece as a bracteate; a specific protective formula, deity or individual amulet practice is not securely attested in this single source.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Specific SHM individual inventory 110318_HST. The current museum dating, 400–550 (Migration Period), is separate from the modern acquisition registration. Erroneous date values in the older K-samsök search metadata are archived only as discovery data and are not used for dating the manufacture. A historical gold pendant with an image field is not proof of personal magical use. No attribution to deities or free translation of runes.
Before designing
Unaltered complete capture of the surviving object surface as a historical image reference. Wear, breakage, original photographic background, inventory writing and scale are retained. Not a reconstructed complete state and not an engraving-ready design vector.
Research draft. Complete, unaltered institutional presentation photograph of the surviving original object; no claim is made that this is the camera master, and no local raster transformation has been applied. The round gold sheet displays a dense field comprising a human-like figure and accompanying band-shaped curved forms. The ribbed suspension loop and beaded edge survive. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete, unaltered institutional presentation photograph of the surviving original object; no claim is made that this is the camera master, and no local raster transformation has been applied. The round gold sheet displays a dense field comprising a human-like figure and accompanying band-shaped curved forms. The ribbed suspension loop and beaded edge survive.
Source location: 110318_HST; SHM media ID FFF749DA-010C-407F-88F6-DB4BFB757291
Source location: 110318_HST; acquisition number 22375
Current individual object identity, period of manufacture, material and find context; the linked individual media page attests to the photographer and CC BY 4.0. The modern acquisition year is not transferred to the date of manufacture.
Early medieval Scandinavian pictorial and jewellery tradition Sweden; find context according to the individual catalogue: parish: Ravlunda socken, municipality: Simrishamn kommun, province: Skåne, country: Sverige · 400–550 AD according to the current SHM individual object page; Folkvandringstid
Human-like figure with bent limbs in a bordered image field; curving subsidiary forms and a ribbed loop remain visible.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early medieval Scandinavian pictorial and jewellery tradition
Region
Sweden; find context according to the individual catalogue: parish: Ravlunda socken, municipality: Simrishamn kommun, province: Skåne, country: Sverige
Date of the evidence
400–550 AD according to the current SHM individual object page; Folkvandringstid
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Human-like figure with bent limbs in a bordered image field; curving subsidiary forms and a ribbed loop remain visible.
Historically recorded use
Individually inventoried historical gold pendant with a stamped image field. The museum catalogue lists the piece as a bracteate; a specific protective formula, deity or individual amulet practice is not securely attested in this single source.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Specific SHM individual inventory 34069_HST. The current museum dating of 400–550 (Migration Period) is separate from the modern acquisition registration. Erroneous date values in the older K-samsök search metadata are archived only as discovery data and are not used to date manufacture. A historical gold pendant with an image field is not evidence of personal magical use. No deity attribution or unconstrained rune translation.
Before designing
Unaltered complete capture of the surviving object surface as a historical image reference. Wear, breakage, original photographic background, inventory writing and scale are retained. Not a reconstructed complete state and not an engraving-ready design vector.
Research draft. Complete, unaltered institutional presentation image of the surviving original object; no camera master is claimed and no local raster transformation has been made. A human-like figure with bent limbs in a bordered image field; curved subsidiary forms and a ribbed loop remain visible. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete, unaltered institutional presentation image of the surviving original object; no camera master is claimed and no local raster transformation has been made. A human-like figure with bent limbs in a bordered image field; curved subsidiary forms and a ribbed loop remain visible.
Source location: 34069_HST; SHM media ID 8B11F4CB-F05E-4782-88F4-D695B967061F
Current individual object identity, period of manufacture, material and find context; the linked individual media page attests to the photographer and CC BY 4.0. The modern acquisition year is not transferred to the date of manufacture.
Early medieval Scandinavian pictorial and jewellery tradition Sweden; find context according to the individual catalogue: Place: Sjöhagen, parish: Äspered socken, municipality: Borås kommun, province: Västergötland, country: Sverige · 400–550 AD according to the current SHM individual object page; Folkvandringstid
Human figure with sharply bent limbs and curved accompanying lines; a ring of dots lies within. The image preserves the downward-facing loop and the scale.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early medieval Scandinavian pictorial and jewellery tradition
Region
Sweden; find context according to the individual catalogue: Place: Sjöhagen, parish: Äspered socken, municipality: Borås kommun, province: Västergötland, country: Sverige
Date of the evidence
400–550 AD according to the current SHM individual object page; Folkvandringstid
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Human figure with sharply bent limbs and curved accompanying lines; a ring of dots lies within. The image preserves the downward-facing loop and the scale.
Historically recorded use
Individually inventoried historical gold pendant with a stamped image field. The museum catalogue lists the piece as a bracteate; a specific protective formula, deity or individual amulet practice is not securely attested in this single source.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Specific SHM individual inventory 111323_HST. The current museum dating, 400–550 (Migration Period), is separate from the modern acquisition registration. Erroneous date values in older K-samsök search metadata are archived only as discovery data and are not used to date manufacture. A historical gold pendant with an image field is not proof of personal magical use. No deity attribution or free runic translation. The description interprets the curved accompanying forms as two snakes, with a question mark; this animal identification remains uncertain.
Before designing
Unaltered complete capture of the surviving object surface as a historical image reference. Wear, breakage, original photographic background, inventory writing and scale are retained. Not a reconstructed complete state and not an engraving-ready design vector.
Research draft. Complete, unaltered institutional presentation photograph of the surviving original object; no camera master is claimed and no local raster transformation has been applied. Human figure with strongly bent limbs and curved accompanying lines; a ring of dots lies inside. The photograph preserves the downward-facing loop and the scale. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete, unaltered institutional presentation photograph of the surviving original object; no camera master is claimed and no local raster transformation has been applied. Human figure with strongly bent limbs and curved accompanying lines; a ring of dots lies inside. The photograph preserves the downward-facing loop and the scale.
Source location: 111323_HST; SHM media ID 0884331f-dc97-4017-af68-1a1add010dbd
Source location: 111323_HST; acquisition number 21465
Current individual object identity, period of manufacture, material and find context; the linked individual media page attests to the photographer and CC BY 4.0. The modern acquisition year is not transferred to the date of manufacture.
Figural lapis lazuli amulet, Indus region, around the 1st century BC
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Historical amulet forms of the Indus region Indus region · Around the 1st century BC
Small lapis lazuli amulet from the Indus region, around the 1st century BC, Met inventory 49.40.10. The greyscale photograph shows an upright figurative form with a long neck area, projecting side sections and a lower zone divided by vertical lines. The museum title is simply Amulet. The photographed figure is therefore documented without adding a head, assigning it a specific deity or inventing a protective significance.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Historical amulet forms of the Indus region
Region
Indus region
Date of the evidence
Around the 1st century BC
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Small lapis lazuli amulet from the Indus region, around the 1st century BC, Met inventory 49.40.10. The greyscale photograph shows an upright figurative form with a long neck area, projecting side sections and a lower zone divided by vertical lines. The museum title is simply Amulet. The photographed figure is therefore documented without adding a head, assigning it a specific deity or inventing a protective significance.
Historically recorded use
Catalogued by the museum as an amulet from the Indus region; no specific divine identity or individual protective function is stated.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Individual inventory 49.40.10, lapis lazuli, Indus region and dating are institutionally documented; API -100 to -1. The image is the native individual main photograph at 800 × 782 pixels, not a coloured modern reconstruction. The structured measurement field gives a depth, whereas the text states only 1 in. (2.54 cm); both fields remain archived as originally recorded.
Before designing
Greyscale image of a standing, elongated figure with a narrow neck area, lateral projections and vertical incised lines in the lower part; the light photographic background is unchanged. The facsimile contains unchanged native JPEG bytes and the complete photographed image area. No added graphics and no manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Individual inventory 49.40.10; lapis lazuli, Indus region and dating are institutionally documented; API -100 to -1. The image is the native individual main photograph at 800 × 782 pixels, not a modern coloured reconstruction. The structured dimensions field gives a depth, while the text states only 1 in. (2.54 cm); both fields remain archived as originally recorded. No secure identification of a deity or precise body part. Native greyscale image at 800 × 782 pixels; no reconstructed or coloured form. Native JPEG bytes and full image area unchanged. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Individual inventory 49.40.10; lapis lazuli, Indus region and dating are institutionally documented; API -100 to -1. The image is the native individual main photograph at 800 × 782 pixels, not a modern coloured reconstruction. The structured dimensions field gives a depth, while the text states only 1 in. (2.54 cm); both fields remain archived as originally recorded. No secure identification of a deity or precise body part. Native greyscale image at 800 × 782 pixels; no reconstructed or coloured form. Native JPEG bytes and full image area unchanged.
Source location: Inventory 49.40.10; complete photographed main view from the individual API record
Source location: Individual inventory 49.40.10; object ID 324071; dating, material, provenance, native main capture and isPublicDomain=true
Individual inventory 49.40.10, lapis lazuli, Indus region and dating are institutionally documented; API -100 to -1. The image is the native individual main photograph at 800 × 782 pixels, not a coloured modern reconstruction. The structured measurement field gives a depth, whereas the text states only 1 in. (2.54 cm); both fields remain archived as originally recorded.
Source location: Open Access section; CC0 release of the public-domain work images marked accordingly
The general policy alone is not sufficient: each image used is additionally tied to an individual inventory number, its native primaryImage link and isPublicDomain=true. Rights apply to the selected images, not to all Met files as a blanket rule.
Ancient Near Eastern animal, seal and protective forms Iran; Hasanlu, Period IV · c. 9th century BCE
Heavily corroded, elongated metal body with a prominent eyelet section and an irregularly preserved outline.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Ancient Near Eastern animal, seal and protective forms
Region
Iran; Hasanlu, Period IV
Date of the evidence
c. 9th century BCE
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Heavily corroded, elongated metal body with a prominent eyelet section and an irregularly preserved outline.
Historically recorded use
The institutional catalogue describes the corroded metal find as an Iron Age II fish amulet.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The identification as a fish follows the museum; a fish form is not clearly discernible in the heavily corroded image. In the photograph, the figure has contours that appear anthropomorphic, but their significance remains open. No freehand fish outline and no identification as a fish-man, demon or specific deity.
Before designing
Unaltered object photograph; corrosion and uncertain contours remain visible. CC0 raster reference; not a verified manufacturing file. Engraving or casting requires separately checked contour processing.
Research draft. Unchanged photograph of the object; corrosion and uncertain contours remain visible. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Unchanged photograph of the object; corrosion and uncertain contours remain visible.
Source location: Met 61.100.42; selected original photograph
Source location: Met 61.100.42; object 325173; API title, objectDate, medium, geography, images
Directly archived institutional object record for this exact inventory item. Image form also checked visually; named function and attribution only to the extent documented in each case.
Orange-brown carnelian form with a fish outline, incised fin lines and a round perforation in the upper body. The surface and irregular pale areas remain unchanged.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Egyptian
Region
Egypt
Date of the evidence
Middle Kingdom, about 1700 BC
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Orange-brown carnelian form with a fish outline, incised fin lines and a round perforation in the upper body. The surface and irregular pale areas remain unchanged.
Historically recorded use
Catalogued as a fish amulet. The object record consulted does not specify a particular protective function or fish species.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
No independent species identification and no invented attribution to fertility, a zodiac sign or a deity. The object, inventory, material and dating are tied to the archived API record.
Before designing
Actually visible: broad fish body with eye, upper perforation and incised fin/tail lines. Unchanged institutional JPEG presentation image in the complete frame; no isolated engraving outline and no manufacturing approval.
Research draft. No independent species identification and no invented attribution to fertility, a zodiac sign or a deity. Complete institutional presentation photograph, 1686 pixels wide; larger IIIF master dimensions of 3000×2060 documented separately. No local scaling or re-encoding of the embedded JPEG bytes. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: No independent species identification and no invented attribution to fertility, a zodiac sign or a deity. Complete institutional presentation photograph, 1686 pixels wide; larger IIIF master dimensions of 3000×2060 documented separately. No local scaling or re-encoding of the embedded JPEG bytes.
Source location: Inventory 1894.907; institutional main view fc966f8d-72bc-04a9-641d-b61f7c8a2673
Source location: Inventory 1894.907; API object 140869; JSON /data[id=140869]
Institutional evidence for an individual object from an archived multi-record API retrieval. Dating, material, provenance and inventory details follow the specific record; source attribution is not an independent scientific authenticity test.
Source location: Open Access Images; CC0 Public Domain Designation
Specific images only when accompanied by the individual is_public_domain=true and the object's image ID. Descriptive API texts separately carry CC BY4; image release is CC0.
Ancient Egyptian amulets and historical symbol forms Egypt; North Lisht, grave pit 847 · c. 1878–1749 BC
Fish-shaped turquoise body with gold outlines, fins and suspension loop.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Ancient Egyptian amulets and historical symbol forms
Region
Egypt; North Lisht, grave pit 847
Date of the evidence
c. 1878–1749 BC
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Fish-shaped turquoise body with gold outlines, fins and suspension loop.
Historically recorded use
Historical fish pendant included by the curatorial Met essay in its selection of Egyptian amulets.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The object catalogue calls the piece a Fish Pendant; the additional amulet classification is supported by the museum essay. A specific deity identification remains unresolved.
Before designing
Original image of the entire turquoise and gold combination. CC0 raster reference; not a verified manufacturing file. Engraving or casting requires a separately checked outline preparation.
Research draft. Original photograph of the complete turquoise and gold combination. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Original photograph of the complete turquoise and gold combination.
Source location: Met 09.180.1182; selected original image
Source location: Met 09.180.1182; object 546742; API title, objectDate, medium, geography, images
Directly archived institutional object record for this exact inventory item. Image form also checked visually; named function and attribution only to the extent documented in each case.
Source location: Funerary amulets; selected object: Fish Pendant 09.180.1182
Type-based funerary classification of the two-finger amulets and additional amulet indexing of the fish pendant selected in the essay; no reconstruction of an individual owner or ritual.
European zodiac; medieval Christian calendar tradition Augsburg, Germany (attested manuscript) · Late 12th to early 13th century (this image evidence)
Pisces, calendar image.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
European zodiac; medieval Christian calendar tradition
Region
Augsburg, Germany (attested manuscript)
Date of the evidence
Late 12th to early 13th century (this image evidence)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Description
Pisces, calendar image.
Historically recorded use
Zodiac image in the calendar of the Claricia Psalter.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The evidence concerns the zodiac motif. It does not establish a wearable amulet or the glyph form used today.
Before designing
Check the historical image variant on fol. 2r; Unicode is only a search/display aid.
Research draft. Visually checked single-figure detail from the historical original. Raster facsimile in an SVG viewport; original JPEG embedded unchanged. Paper/parchment, printing irregularities and show-through are retained. No engraving-ready vector paths; manufacturing requires separately checked vectorisation. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Visually checked single-figure detail from the historical original. Raster facsimile in an SVG viewport; original JPEG embedded unchanged. Paper/parchment, printing irregularities and show-through are retained. No engraving-ready vector paths; manufacturing requires separately checked vectorisation.
Source location: Claricia Psalter, Walters W.26, fol. 2r; zodiac image in the calendar.
Fish and amulet forms on the gold pendant – Met 2022.463.5
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
West Asia; historical forms of jewellery and amulets Probably Turkey or Iraq according to the museum · Late 18th century
Gold pendant set with fish forms and small container/pendant forms; the native museum photograph preserves the existing arrangement.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
West Asia; historical forms of jewellery and amulets
Region
Probably Turkey or Iraq according to the museum
Date of the evidence
Late 18th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Gold pendant set with fish forms and small container/pendant forms; the native museum photograph preserves the existing arrangement.
Historically recorded use
The institutional title identifies fish and amulets as components of this jewellery ensemble. No specific original contents of the amulet forms are attested.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
A photograph of an object attests to this associated set, not to several invented new basic motifs. The photograph is small; no specific texts, gemstones or transmitted effects are inferred from it.
Before designing
Unaltered complete institutional image; material losses, inscriptions and present-day object condition are retained. No formula added, sigil redrawn or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. An object photograph attests this associated set, not several newly invented basic motifs. The photograph is small; specific texts, gemstones or transmitted effects are not inferred from it. Complete original JPEG bytes; losses of script and material are not filled in. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: An object photograph attests this associated set, not several newly invented basic motifs. The photograph is small; specific texts, gemstones or transmitted effects are not inferred from it. Complete original JPEG bytes; losses of script and material are not filled in.
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Pendant with Fishes and Amulets, Part of a Set, 2022.463.5; Gift of Gloria Mizrahi, in memory of Reuben M. Mizrahi, 2022.
Source location: Object ID 881760; Inventory 2022.463.5; current individual API retrieval and institutional page text
Current API attribution, inventory number, material, date and specifically linked CC0 images; curatorial statements additionally checked against the institutional web page text. Direct native HTML retrieval returns 429 and is not presented as archived HTML.
Source location: Specific image/metadata permission additionally checked for each object
The general institutional CC0 rule can be used only together with an individual object/image relation; the failed image retrieval remains visible in the retrieval report.
Historical West Asian cultural sphere Egypt · 30 BC–AD 364
Flat fish shape with open mouth, incised dorsal fin and fan-shaped tail. The material and coloured inlays are discoloured or worn away in places.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Historical West Asian cultural sphere
Region
Egypt
Date of the evidence
30 BC–AD 364
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Flat fish shape with open mouth, incised dorsal fin and fan-shaped tail. The material and coloured inlays are discoloured or worn away in places.
Historically recorded use
The Met catalogues the small carved object as an Egyptian amulet. Its fish shape is clearly visible in the surviving image. Christian use or a particular protective formula is not mentioned in the individual object text; the broad dating alone does not justify identifying it with the Ichthys sign.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 10.130.2535, object 446081. The museum record leaves the material open as ivory or bone. This uncertainty and the absence of a specific religious attribution are retained.
Before designing
Complete native museum photograph as a historical reference; damage and present-day photographic elements remain visible. No contour reconstruction, no production approval.
Research draft. Unchanged complete native museum image; no raster transformation or addition of old outlines. Historical reference, not manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Unchanged complete native museum image; no raster transformation or addition of old outlines. Historical reference, not manufacturing approval.
Source location: The Metropolitan Museum of Art; 10.130.2535; 446081
The actually read single-object text from the web tool on use and limits of interpretation. A separate ordinary native HTML retrieval returned 429 and is archived only as an error response.
Source location: CC0 for individually designated public-domain images
Freshly read institutional CC0 primary text from the web tool. Individual rights attribution was additionally checked in each archived individual object API record.
Ancient Near Eastern animal, seal and protective forms Mesopotamia or Syria; provenance not more precisely established · c. 3500–2900 BC
Light-coloured marble fish in profile, with a finely differentiated head and tail and a perforation on its back.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Ancient Near Eastern animal, seal and protective forms
Region
Mesopotamia or Syria; provenance not more precisely established
Date of the evidence
c. 3500–2900 BC
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Light-coloured marble fish in profile, with a finely differentiated head and tail and a perforation on its back.
Historically recorded use
Fish form described by the museum as a seal amulet, from the Late Uruk to Jemdet Nasr period.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The geographical alternative, Mesopotamia or Syria, is retained. The seal face is not visible in this selected page image.
Before designing
Only the evidenced outer fish form; no invented seal surface on the underside. CC0 raster reference; no verified manufacturing file. A separately verified outline preparation is required for engraving or casting.
Research draft. Only the evidenced outer fish shape; no invented seal surface on the underside. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Only the evidenced outer fish shape; no invented seal surface on the underside.
Source location: Met 1987.96.19; selected original image
Source location: Met 1987.96.19; object 327297; API title, objectDate, medium, geography, images
Directly archived institutional object record for this exact inventory item. Image form also checked visually; named function and attribution only to the extent documented in each case.
Two vertically arranged fish facing one another. A separate lotus base and parts of the connecting tendrils remain visible in the located image window.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Buddhist visual tradition
Region
China
Date of the evidence
18th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Two vertically arranged fish facing one another. A separate lotus base and parts of the connecting tendrils remain visible in the located image window.
Historically recorded use
Religious good-luck sign on a sutra cover; no documented use of this textile image detail as a worn amulet.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 2012.559, Met object 78284. The museum and surviving photograph identify this component as one of the eight Buddhist auspicious symbols. Only the named textile component is shown; no universal modern symbol form is supplied, and the image gap at Seattle, attested elsewhere, is not filled.
Before designing
Unaltered native museum photograph with an exactly documented image window.
Research draft. Named image section of the sutra cover, with lotus base and partially cropped surrounding decoration; the complete JPEG witness is embedded unaltered. No character reconstruction and no manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Named image section of the sutra cover, with lotus base and partially cropped surrounding decoration; the complete JPEG witness is embedded unaltered. No character reconstruction and no manufacturing approval.
Source location: The Metropolitan Museum of Art; 2012.559; Sutra cover 2012.559; central sign, second from left; sutra-paired-fish
Source location: CC0 for individually designated public-domain collection images
Institutional CC0 policy read in the web tool on 10 October. The direct native website response was HTTP429 and is not treated as text of a rights notice that was read.
SAM 33.124.7 (pair-of-fishes): A targeted current inventory search for 33.124.7 found no new individual museum image link; the existing identity remains supported by an older catalogue record. Current museum policy requires publication permission; no individual PDM/CC0/CC-BY(SA) clearance. No exact image was actually viewed in this round; no vector outline of this textile has been invented.
Buddhist auspicious signs
Buddhism China · 17th century
Inventory 33.124.7: pair of fish.
Research draftSpecific model required
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Buddhism
Region
China
Date of the evidence
17th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Individually inventoried; wearing is not evidenced.
Before designing
SAM 33.124.7 (pair-of-fishes): A targeted current inventory search for 33.124.7 found no new individual museum image link; the existing identity remains supported by an older catalogue record. Current museum policy requires publication permission; no individual PDM/CC0/CC-BY(SA) clearance. No exact image was actually viewed in this round; no vector outline of this textile has been invented.
Research draft. SAM 33.124.7 (pair-of-fishes): A targeted current inventory search for 33.124.7 found no new individual museum image link; the existing identity remains supported by an older catalogue record. Current museum policy requires publication permission; no individual PDM/CC0/CC-BY(SA) clearance. No exact image was actually viewed in this round; no vector outline of this textile has been invented. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Source location: Image rights; Available photography; Terms; Copyright restrictions
The current museum policy does not provide general open image permission. Publication and reproduction require written permission; low-resolution images for research do not permit publication. Therefore the eight specific textiles 33.124.1–8 remain without publishable images and are not replaced by other ensembles.
Search index evidence – complete source page not yet checked · Checked on:
Source location: Fair use is permitted; Commercial use is prohibited without prior written consent
The museum explicitly distinguishes personal research and non-commercial viewing from use without the relevant permission. No CC0/Public Domain image licence for the product database is inferred from this.
Search index evidence – complete source page not yet checked · Checked on:
Current indexed policy text read; direct retrieval returned 403 or timed out. A personal research view does not constitute open commercial reproduction permission. Specific image permission remains individually unresolved for each inventory number from 33.124.1 to .8.
Search index evidence – complete source page not yet checked · Checked on:
Source location: Reproduction, permission and commercial use
Current indexed text read; direct retrieval returned 403 or timed out. No PDM/CC0/CC-BY(SA) licence for individual images was found, and no permission was requested. No general modern graphic of the Eight Auspicious Symbols used as a substitute.
Search index evidence – complete source page not yet checked · Checked on:
Source criticism in the family profile; no modern stellar attribution added.
Before designing
Check the source drawing and inscription in full before creating a motif drawing; an image link is not a finished engraving template.
Research draft. Visually checked single-figure detail from the historical original. Raster facsimile in an SVG viewport; original JPEG embedded unchanged. Paper/parchment, printing irregularities and show-through are retained. No engraving-ready vector paths; manufacturing requires separately checked vectorisation. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Visually checked single-figure detail from the historical original. Raster facsimile in an SVG viewport; original JPEG embedded unchanged. Paper/parchment, printing irregularities and show-through are retained. No engraving-ready vector paths; manufacturing requires separately checked vectorisation.
Source location: Liber II, p. CXCVII, line 9: Ala corvi
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Agrippa, De occulta philosophia libri tres, Köln 1533. Stiftung der Werke von C. G. Jung, Zürich / e-rara. DOI 10.3931/e-rara-4309. Public Domain Mark.
Stiftung der Werke von C. G. Jung, Zürich / e-rara
Source location: VD 16 ZV 269; DOI 10.3931/e-rara-4309; Liber II, printed p. CXCVII
The catalogue dates the specific print to 1533. The plate with 15 labelled fixed-star signs was considered an original page. Signs and historical names are recorded, not modern astronomical identifications or claims of efficacy.
Source location: Manifest 1343192; Canvas 1343413; printed p. CXCVII
Manifest retained directly. Original image 1343413 viewed in browser; 15 distinct, individually labelled figures. Canvas position 219 is not a printed page number. Shared source references apply to all 15 children.
Source criticism in the family profile; no modern stellar attribution added.
Before designing
Check the source drawing and inscription in full before creating a motif drawing; an image link is not a finished engraving template.
Research draft. Visually checked single-figure crop from the historical original. Raster facsimile in the SVG viewport; original JPEG embedded unchanged. Paper/parchment, printing irregularities and show-through ink are retained. No engraving-ready vector paths; production requires a separately checked vectorisation. Multiple adjacent original viewports exclude unrelated neighbouring marks or calendar text; the complete selected figure is retained. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Visually checked single-figure crop from the historical original. Raster facsimile in the SVG viewport; original JPEG embedded unchanged. Paper/parchment, printing irregularities and show-through ink are retained. No engraving-ready vector paths; production requires a separately checked vectorisation. Multiple adjacent original viewports exclude unrelated neighbouring marks or calendar text; the complete selected figure is retained.
Source location: Liber II, p. CXCVII, line 11: Alchameth
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Agrippa, De occulta philosophia libri tres, Köln 1533. Stiftung der Werke von C. G. Jung, Zürich / e-rara. DOI 10.3931/e-rara-4309. Public Domain Mark.
Stiftung der Werke von C. G. Jung, Zürich / e-rara
Source location: VD 16 ZV 269; DOI 10.3931/e-rara-4309; Liber II, printed p. CXCVII
The catalogue dates the specific print to 1533. The plate with 15 labelled fixed-star signs was considered an original page. Signs and historical names are recorded, not modern astronomical identifications or claims of efficacy.
Source location: Manifest 1343192; Canvas 1343413; printed p. CXCVII
Manifest retained directly. Original image 1343413 viewed in browser; 15 distinct, individually labelled figures. Canvas position 219 is not a printed page number. Shared source references apply to all 15 children.
Source criticism in the family profile; no modern stellar attribution added.
Before designing
Check the source drawing and inscription in full before creating a motif drawing; an image link is not a finished engraving template.
Research draft. Visually checked single-figure detail from the historical original. Raster facsimile in an SVG viewport; original JPEG embedded unchanged. Paper/parchment, printing irregularities and show-through are retained. No engraving-ready vector paths; manufacturing requires separately checked vectorisation. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Visually checked single-figure detail from the historical original. Raster facsimile in an SVG viewport; original JPEG embedded unchanged. Paper/parchment, printing irregularities and show-through are retained. No engraving-ready vector paths; manufacturing requires separately checked vectorisation.
Source location: Liber II, p. CXCVII, line 3: Aldebaram
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Agrippa, De occulta philosophia libri tres, Köln 1533. Stiftung der Werke von C. G. Jung, Zürich / e-rara. DOI 10.3931/e-rara-4309. Public Domain Mark.
Stiftung der Werke von C. G. Jung, Zürich / e-rara
Source location: VD 16 ZV 269; DOI 10.3931/e-rara-4309; Liber II, printed p. CXCVII
The catalogue dates the specific print to 1533. The plate with 15 labelled fixed-star signs was considered an original page. Signs and historical names are recorded, not modern astronomical identifications or claims of efficacy.
Source location: Manifest 1343192; Canvas 1343413; printed p. CXCVII
Manifest retained directly. Original image 1343413 viewed in browser; 15 distinct, individually labelled figures. Canvas position 219 is not a printed page number. Shared source references apply to all 15 children.
Source criticism in the family profile; no modern stellar attribution added.
Before designing
Check the source drawing and inscription in full before creating a motif drawing; an image link is not a finished engraving template.
Research draft. Visually checked single-figure detail from the historical original. Raster facsimile in an SVG viewport; original JPEG embedded unchanged. Paper/parchment, printing irregularities and show-through are retained. No engraving-ready vector paths; manufacturing requires separately checked vectorisation. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Visually checked single-figure detail from the historical original. Raster facsimile in an SVG viewport; original JPEG embedded unchanged. Paper/parchment, printing irregularities and show-through are retained. No engraving-ready vector paths; manufacturing requires separately checked vectorisation.
Source location: Liber II, p. CXCVII, line 5: Canis maior
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Agrippa, De occulta philosophia libri tres, Köln 1533. Stiftung der Werke von C. G. Jung, Zürich / e-rara. DOI 10.3931/e-rara-4309. Public Domain Mark.
Stiftung der Werke von C. G. Jung, Zürich / e-rara
Source location: VD 16 ZV 269; DOI 10.3931/e-rara-4309; Liber II, printed p. CXCVII
The catalogue dates the specific print to 1533. The plate with 15 labelled fixed-star signs was considered an original page. Signs and historical names are recorded, not modern astronomical identifications or claims of efficacy.
Source location: Manifest 1343192; Canvas 1343413; printed p. CXCVII
Manifest retained directly. Original image 1343413 viewed in browser; 15 distinct, individually labelled figures. Canvas position 219 is not a printed page number. Shared source references apply to all 15 children.
Source criticism in the family profile; no modern stellar attribution added.
Before designing
Check the source drawing and inscription in full before creating a motif drawing; an image link is not a finished engraving template.
Research draft. Visually checked single-figure detail from the historical original. Raster facsimile in an SVG viewport; original JPEG embedded unchanged. Paper/parchment, printing irregularities and show-through are retained. No engraving-ready vector paths; manufacturing requires separately checked vectorisation. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Visually checked single-figure detail from the historical original. Raster facsimile in an SVG viewport; original JPEG embedded unchanged. Paper/parchment, printing irregularities and show-through are retained. No engraving-ready vector paths; manufacturing requires separately checked vectorisation.
Source location: Liber II, p. CXCVII, line 6: Canis minor
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Agrippa, De occulta philosophia libri tres, Köln 1533. Stiftung der Werke von C. G. Jung, Zürich / e-rara. DOI 10.3931/e-rara-4309. Public Domain Mark.
Stiftung der Werke von C. G. Jung, Zürich / e-rara
Source location: VD 16 ZV 269; DOI 10.3931/e-rara-4309; Liber II, printed p. CXCVII
The catalogue dates the specific print to 1533. The plate with 15 labelled fixed-star signs was considered an original page. Signs and historical names are recorded, not modern astronomical identifications or claims of efficacy.
Source location: Manifest 1343192; Canvas 1343413; printed p. CXCVII
Manifest retained directly. Original image 1343413 viewed in browser; 15 distinct, individually labelled figures. Canvas position 219 is not a printed page number. Shared source references apply to all 15 children.
Source criticism in the family profile; no modern stellar attribution added.
Before designing
Check the source drawing and inscription in full before creating a motif drawing; an image link is not a finished engraving template.
Research draft. Visually checked single-figure detail from the historical original. Raster facsimile in an SVG viewport; original JPEG embedded unchanged. Paper/parchment, printing irregularities and show-through are retained. No engraving-ready vector paths; manufacturing requires separately checked vectorisation. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Visually checked single-figure detail from the historical original. Raster facsimile in an SVG viewport; original JPEG embedded unchanged. Paper/parchment, printing irregularities and show-through are retained. No engraving-ready vector paths; manufacturing requires separately checked vectorisation.
Source location: Liber II, p. CXCVII, line 1: Caput Algol
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Agrippa, De occulta philosophia libri tres, Köln 1533. Stiftung der Werke von C. G. Jung, Zürich / e-rara. DOI 10.3931/e-rara-4309. Public Domain Mark.
Stiftung der Werke von C. G. Jung, Zürich / e-rara
Source location: VD 16 ZV 269; DOI 10.3931/e-rara-4309; Liber II, printed p. CXCVII
The catalogue dates the specific print to 1533. The plate with 15 labelled fixed-star signs was considered an original page. Signs and historical names are recorded, not modern astronomical identifications or claims of efficacy.
Source location: Manifest 1343192; Canvas 1343413; printed p. CXCVII
Manifest retained directly. Original image 1343413 viewed in browser; 15 distinct, individually labelled figures. Canvas position 219 is not a printed page number. Shared source references apply to all 15 children.
Source criticism in the family profile; no modern stellar attribution added.
Before designing
Check the source drawing and inscription in full before creating a motif drawing; an image link is not a finished engraving template.
Research draft. Visually checked single-figure detail from the historical original. Raster facsimile in an SVG viewport; original JPEG embedded unchanged. Paper/parchment, printing irregularities and show-through are retained. No engraving-ready vector paths; manufacturing requires separately checked vectorisation. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Visually checked single-figure detail from the historical original. Raster facsimile in an SVG viewport; original JPEG embedded unchanged. Paper/parchment, printing irregularities and show-through are retained. No engraving-ready vector paths; manufacturing requires separately checked vectorisation.
Source location: Liber II, p. CXCVII, line 15: Cauda capricorni
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Agrippa, De occulta philosophia libri tres, Köln 1533. Stiftung der Werke von C. G. Jung, Zürich / e-rara. DOI 10.3931/e-rara-4309. Public Domain Mark.
Stiftung der Werke von C. G. Jung, Zürich / e-rara
Source location: VD 16 ZV 269; DOI 10.3931/e-rara-4309; Liber II, printed p. CXCVII
The catalogue dates the specific print to 1533. The plate with 15 labelled fixed-star signs was considered an original page. Signs and historical names are recorded, not modern astronomical identifications or claims of efficacy.
Source location: Manifest 1343192; Canvas 1343413; printed p. CXCVII
Manifest retained directly. Original image 1343413 viewed in browser; 15 distinct, individually labelled figures. Canvas position 219 is not a printed page number. Shared source references apply to all 15 children.
Source criticism in the family profile; no modern stellar attribution added.
Before designing
Check the source drawing and inscription in full before creating a motif drawing; an image link is not a finished engraving template.
Research draft. Visually checked single-figure detail from the historical original. Raster facsimile in an SVG viewport; original JPEG embedded unchanged. Paper/parchment, printing irregularities and show-through are retained. No engraving-ready vector paths; manufacturing requires separately checked vectorisation. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Visually checked single-figure detail from the historical original. Raster facsimile in an SVG viewport; original JPEG embedded unchanged. Paper/parchment, printing irregularities and show-through are retained. No engraving-ready vector paths; manufacturing requires separately checked vectorisation.
Source location: Liber II, p. CXCVII, line 8: Cauda ursae
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Agrippa, De occulta philosophia libri tres, Köln 1533. Stiftung der Werke von C. G. Jung, Zürich / e-rara. DOI 10.3931/e-rara-4309. Public Domain Mark.
Stiftung der Werke von C. G. Jung, Zürich / e-rara
Source location: VD 16 ZV 269; DOI 10.3931/e-rara-4309; Liber II, printed p. CXCVII
The catalogue dates the specific print to 1533. The plate with 15 labelled fixed-star signs was considered an original page. Signs and historical names are recorded, not modern astronomical identifications or claims of efficacy.
Source location: Manifest 1343192; Canvas 1343413; printed p. CXCVII
Manifest retained directly. Original image 1343413 viewed in browser; 15 distinct, individually labelled figures. Canvas position 219 is not a printed page number. Shared source references apply to all 15 children.
Source criticism in the family profile; no modern stellar attribution added.
Before designing
Check the source drawing and inscription in full before creating a motif drawing; an image link is not a finished engraving template.
Research draft. Visually checked single-figure detail from the historical original. Raster facsimile in an SVG viewport; original JPEG embedded unchanged. Paper/parchment, printing irregularities and show-through are retained. No engraving-ready vector paths; manufacturing requires separately checked vectorisation. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Visually checked single-figure detail from the historical original. Raster facsimile in an SVG viewport; original JPEG embedded unchanged. Paper/parchment, printing irregularities and show-through are retained. No engraving-ready vector paths; manufacturing requires separately checked vectorisation.
Source location: Liber II, p. CXCVII, line 7: Cor leonis
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Agrippa, De occulta philosophia libri tres, Köln 1533. Stiftung der Werke von C. G. Jung, Zürich / e-rara. DOI 10.3931/e-rara-4309. Public Domain Mark.
Stiftung der Werke von C. G. Jung, Zürich / e-rara
Source location: VD 16 ZV 269; DOI 10.3931/e-rara-4309; Liber II, printed p. CXCVII
The catalogue dates the specific print to 1533. The plate with 15 labelled fixed-star signs was considered an original page. Signs and historical names are recorded, not modern astronomical identifications or claims of efficacy.
Source location: Manifest 1343192; Canvas 1343413; printed p. CXCVII
Manifest retained directly. Original image 1343413 viewed in browser; 15 distinct, individually labelled figures. Canvas position 219 is not a printed page number. Shared source references apply to all 15 children.
Source criticism in the family profile; no modern stellar attribution added.
Before designing
Check the source drawing and inscription in full before creating a motif drawing; an image link is not a finished engraving template.
Research draft. Visually checked crop of an individual figure from the historical original. Raster facsimile in an SVG viewport; original JPEG embedded unchanged. Paper/parchment, printing irregularities and show-through ink are retained. No engraving-ready vector paths; production requires separately checked vectorisation. The rectangular partial sign is already open at the bottom in the original. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Visually checked crop of an individual figure from the historical original. Raster facsimile in an SVG viewport; original JPEG embedded unchanged. Paper/parchment, printing irregularities and show-through ink are retained. No engraving-ready vector paths; production requires separately checked vectorisation. The rectangular partial sign is already open at the bottom in the original.
Source location: Liber II, p. CXCVII, line 13: Cor Scorpii
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Agrippa, De occulta philosophia libri tres, Köln 1533. Stiftung der Werke von C. G. Jung, Zürich / e-rara. DOI 10.3931/e-rara-4309. Public Domain Mark.
Stiftung der Werke von C. G. Jung, Zürich / e-rara
Source location: VD 16 ZV 269; DOI 10.3931/e-rara-4309; Liber II, printed p. CXCVII
The catalogue dates the specific print to 1533. The plate with 15 labelled fixed-star signs was considered an original page. Signs and historical names are recorded, not modern astronomical identifications or claims of efficacy.
Source location: Manifest 1343192; Canvas 1343413; printed p. CXCVII
Manifest retained directly. Original image 1343413 viewed in browser; 15 distinct, individually labelled figures. Canvas position 219 is not a printed page number. Shared source references apply to all 15 children.
Source criticism in the family profile; no modern stellar attribution added.
Before designing
Check the source drawing and inscription in full before creating a motif drawing; an image link is not a finished engraving template.
Research draft. Visually checked single-figure detail from the historical original. Raster facsimile in an SVG viewport; original JPEG embedded unchanged. Paper/parchment, printing irregularities and show-through are retained. No engraving-ready vector paths; manufacturing requires separately checked vectorisation. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Visually checked single-figure detail from the historical original. Raster facsimile in an SVG viewport; original JPEG embedded unchanged. Paper/parchment, printing irregularities and show-through are retained. No engraving-ready vector paths; manufacturing requires separately checked vectorisation.
Source location: Liber II, p. CXCVII, line 12: Elpheia
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Agrippa, De occulta philosophia libri tres, Köln 1533. Stiftung der Werke von C. G. Jung, Zürich / e-rara. DOI 10.3931/e-rara-4309. Public Domain Mark.
Stiftung der Werke von C. G. Jung, Zürich / e-rara
Source location: VD 16 ZV 269; DOI 10.3931/e-rara-4309; Liber II, printed p. CXCVII
The catalogue dates the specific print to 1533. The plate with 15 labelled fixed-star signs was considered an original page. Signs and historical names are recorded, not modern astronomical identifications or claims of efficacy.
Source location: Manifest 1343192; Canvas 1343413; printed p. CXCVII
Manifest retained directly. Original image 1343413 viewed in browser; 15 distinct, individually labelled figures. Canvas position 219 is not a printed page number. Shared source references apply to all 15 children.
Source criticism in the family profile; no modern stellar attribution added.
Before designing
Check the source drawing and inscription in full before creating a motif drawing; an image link is not a finished engraving template.
Research draft. Visually checked crop of a single figure from the historical original. Raster facsimile in the SVG viewport; original JPEG embedded unchanged. Paper/parchment, printing irregularities and show-through ink are retained. No engraving-ready vector paths; production requires separately checked vectorisation. The connection to the lower-right circle is already missing from the original print. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Visually checked crop of a single figure from the historical original. Raster facsimile in the SVG viewport; original JPEG embedded unchanged. Paper/parchment, printing irregularities and show-through ink are retained. No engraving-ready vector paths; production requires separately checked vectorisation. The connection to the lower-right circle is already missing from the original print.
Source location: Liber II, p. CXCVII, line 4: Hircus
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Agrippa, De occulta philosophia libri tres, Köln 1533. Stiftung der Werke von C. G. Jung, Zürich / e-rara. DOI 10.3931/e-rara-4309. Public Domain Mark.
Stiftung der Werke von C. G. Jung, Zürich / e-rara
Source location: VD 16 ZV 269; DOI 10.3931/e-rara-4309; Liber II, printed p. CXCVII
The catalogue dates the specific print to 1533. The plate with 15 labelled fixed-star signs was considered an original page. Signs and historical names are recorded, not modern astronomical identifications or claims of efficacy.
Source location: Manifest 1343192; Canvas 1343413; printed p. CXCVII
Manifest retained directly. Original image 1343413 viewed in browser; 15 distinct, individually labelled figures. Canvas position 219 is not a printed page number. Shared source references apply to all 15 children.
Source criticism in the family profile; no modern stellar attribution added.
Before designing
Check the source drawing and inscription in full before creating a motif drawing; an image link is not a finished engraving template.
Research draft. Visually checked single-figure detail from the historical original. Raster facsimile in an SVG viewport; original JPEG embedded unchanged. Paper/parchment, printing irregularities and show-through are retained. No engraving-ready vector paths; manufacturing requires separately checked vectorisation. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Visually checked single-figure detail from the historical original. Raster facsimile in an SVG viewport; original JPEG embedded unchanged. Paper/parchment, printing irregularities and show-through are retained. No engraving-ready vector paths; manufacturing requires separately checked vectorisation.
Source location: Liber II, p. CXCVII, line 2: Pleiades
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Agrippa, De occulta philosophia libri tres, Köln 1533. Stiftung der Werke von C. G. Jung, Zürich / e-rara. DOI 10.3931/e-rara-4309. Public Domain Mark.
Stiftung der Werke von C. G. Jung, Zürich / e-rara
Source location: VD 16 ZV 269; DOI 10.3931/e-rara-4309; Liber II, printed p. CXCVII
The catalogue dates the specific print to 1533. The plate with 15 labelled fixed-star signs was considered an original page. Signs and historical names are recorded, not modern astronomical identifications or claims of efficacy.
Source location: Manifest 1343192; Canvas 1343413; printed p. CXCVII
Manifest retained directly. Original image 1343413 viewed in browser; 15 distinct, individually labelled figures. Canvas position 219 is not a printed page number. Shared source references apply to all 15 children.
Source criticism in the family profile; no modern stellar attribution added.
Before designing
Check the source drawing and inscription in full before creating a motif drawing; an image link is not a finished engraving template.
Research draft. Visually checked single-figure crop from the historical original. Raster facsimile in the SVG viewport; original JPEG embedded unchanged. Paper/parchment, printing irregularities and show-through ink are retained. No engraving-ready vector paths; production requires a separately checked vectorisation. Multiple adjacent original viewports exclude unrelated neighbouring marks or calendar text; the complete selected figure is retained. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Visually checked single-figure crop from the historical original. Raster facsimile in the SVG viewport; original JPEG embedded unchanged. Paper/parchment, printing irregularities and show-through ink are retained. No engraving-ready vector paths; production requires a separately checked vectorisation. Multiple adjacent original viewports exclude unrelated neighbouring marks or calendar text; the complete selected figure is retained.
Source location: Liber II, p. CXCVII, line 10: Spica
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Agrippa, De occulta philosophia libri tres, Köln 1533. Stiftung der Werke von C. G. Jung, Zürich / e-rara. DOI 10.3931/e-rara-4309. Public Domain Mark.
Stiftung der Werke von C. G. Jung, Zürich / e-rara
Source location: VD 16 ZV 269; DOI 10.3931/e-rara-4309; Liber II, printed p. CXCVII
The catalogue dates the specific print to 1533. The plate with 15 labelled fixed-star signs was considered an original page. Signs and historical names are recorded, not modern astronomical identifications or claims of efficacy.
Source location: Manifest 1343192; Canvas 1343413; printed p. CXCVII
Manifest retained directly. Original image 1343413 viewed in browser; 15 distinct, individually labelled figures. Canvas position 219 is not a printed page number. Shared source references apply to all 15 children.
Source criticism in the family profile; no modern stellar attribution added.
Before designing
Check the source drawing and inscription in full before creating a motif drawing; an image link is not a finished engraving template.
Research draft. Visually checked single-figure detail from the historical original. Raster facsimile in an SVG viewport; original JPEG embedded unchanged. Paper/parchment, printing irregularities and show-through are retained. No engraving-ready vector paths; manufacturing requires separately checked vectorisation. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Visually checked single-figure detail from the historical original. Raster facsimile in an SVG viewport; original JPEG embedded unchanged. Paper/parchment, printing irregularities and show-through are retained. No engraving-ready vector paths; manufacturing requires separately checked vectorisation.
Source location: Liber II, p. CXCVII, line 14: Vultur cadens
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Agrippa, De occulta philosophia libri tres, Köln 1533. Stiftung der Werke von C. G. Jung, Zürich / e-rara. DOI 10.3931/e-rara-4309. Public Domain Mark.
Stiftung der Werke von C. G. Jung, Zürich / e-rara
Source location: VD 16 ZV 269; DOI 10.3931/e-rara-4309; Liber II, printed p. CXCVII
The catalogue dates the specific print to 1533. The plate with 15 labelled fixed-star signs was considered an original page. Signs and historical names are recorded, not modern astronomical identifications or claims of efficacy.
Source location: Manifest 1343192; Canvas 1343413; printed p. CXCVII
Manifest retained directly. Original image 1343413 viewed in browser; 15 distinct, individually labelled figures. Canvas position 219 is not a printed page number. Shared source references apply to all 15 children.
Fjelsted: Valkyrie brooch with horn and horse fragment
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Nordic historical amulet and image traditions Fjelsted, Jutland, Denmark · Viking Age according to the individual museum catalogue
Bronze brooch fragment with a standing shield-bearing figure, raised horn, another mounted figure and the surviving front part of a horse. The rear pin fitting remains visible.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Nordic historical amulet and image traditions
Region
Fjelsted, Jutland, Denmark
Date of the evidence
Viking Age according to the individual museum catalogue
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Bronze brooch fragment with a standing shield-bearing figure, raised horn, another mounted figure and the surviving front part of a horse. The rear pin fitting remains visible.
Historically recorded use
Historically attested figurative/jewellery image. Individual use for protection or healing is not demonstrated by the available object evidence.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The Valkyrie reading comes from the museum. This is first and foremost a historical clothing/image object, not a documented protective amulet. Missing parts of the horse or body are not freely supplemented.
Before designing
Unaltered historical museum views with surviving damage, corrosion and any scales. No retouching, and no additions to missing writing or lines. The facsimile provides a source reference and requires a separate manufacturing outline.
Research draft. Bronze brooch fragment with a standing shield-bearing figure, raised horn, another mounted figure and surviving front part of a horse. The pin fitting on the reverse remains visible. The Valkyrie interpretation comes from the museum. It is primarily a historical clothing/image object, not an evidenced protective amulet. Missing horse or body parts are not freely added. The named object views are placed side by side; this does not claim a historical arrangement of the signs. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Bronze brooch fragment with a standing shield-bearing figure, raised horn, another mounted figure and surviving front part of a horse. The pin fitting on the reverse remains visible. The Valkyrie interpretation comes from the museum. It is primarily a historical clothing/image object, not an evidenced protective amulet. Missing horse or body parts are not freely added. The named object views are placed side by side; this does not claim a historical arrangement of the signs.
The Valkyries reading comes from the museum. This is primarily a historical clothing/image object, not an evidenced protective amulet. Missing horse or body parts are not freely added. Individual object classification, material, find events and images are taken from the museum’s raw data block.
The individual ImageObject in the museum’s JSON-LD names this JPEG URL and CC BY-SA 4.0. Image credit: Søren Greve / Nationalmuseet, Danmark. The actual JPEG pixel dimensions are checked; larger TIFF catalogue dimensions are not applied to the JPEG used.
The individual ImageObject in the museum’s JSON-LD names this JPEG URL and CC BY-SA 4.0. Image credit: Søren Greve / Nationalmuseet, Danmark. The actual JPEG pixel dimensions are checked; larger TIFF catalogue dimensions are not applied to the JPEG used.
Flat-rendered lion’s head with open mouth, incised neck rings and small attachment holes. Light yellow signs of ageing overlay the reddish amber.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Etruscan
Region
Italy
Date of the evidence
c. 525–480 BC
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Flat-rendered lion’s head with open mouth, incised neck rings and small attachment holes. Light yellow signs of ageing overlay the reddish amber.
Historically recorded use
This small lion’s head is catalogued as a pendant. The perforation systems allow different hanging orientations, and the specialist catalogue considers later reworking. General symbolism of the lion should be distinguished from a specific protective intention demonstrably associated with this individual piece of jewellery.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 77.AO.81.9; catalogue no. 35, object 103TE8. The small height of 9 mm is documented on the current object page and in the catalogue. Missing metal fastenings are not reconstructed.
Before designing
Complete native museum photograph as a historical reference; damage and present-day photographic elements remain visible. No contour reconstruction, no production approval.
Research draft. Unchanged complete native museum image; no raster transformation or addition of old outlines. Historical reference, not manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Unchanged complete native museum image; no raster transformation or addition of old outlines. Historical reference, not manufacturing approval.
Source location: J. Paul Getty Museum; 77.AO.81.9; 103TE8
Current Native individual object page with specific CC0 photo attribution and text separately identified as CC BY 4.0. JSON-LD extracted unchanged from this HTML.
Complete institutional specialist catalogue: dating, condition, provenance and explicitly weighed interpretations of the image and function. The catalogue text is scholarly commentary; no original excavation documentation is claimed.
Japanese esoteric Buddhism; Zuzō-shō image tradition Japan · 12th century
Vertically drawn sword with a red flame blade and vajra hilt on the historical scroll paper.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Japanese esoteric Buddhism; Zuzō-shō image tradition
Region
Japan
Date of the evidence
12th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Vertically drawn sword with a red flame blade and vajra hilt on the historical scroll paper.
Historically recorded use
Independent attribute drawing beside depictions of Fudō-Myōō; the museum text interprets the vajra sword as the overcoming of ignorance.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
A fully located component of Met1975.268.6, not a separate museum object. Adjacent red strokes and folds in the paper remain visible in the tight crop; no worn lines have been supplemented.
Before designing
Native institutional original photograph embedded unchanged; complete view or precisely localised component of a scroll. No new isolated signs, no local upscaling and no missing strokes added. A raster facsimile is not an engraving-ready outline.
Research draft. A fully localised component of Met1975.268.6, not a separate museum object. Adjacent red strokes and paper folds remain visible in the tight crop; no abraded lines have been added. Unaltered original JPEG bytes and documented pixel viewport. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: A fully localised component of Met1975.268.6, not a separate museum object. Adjacent red strokes and paper folds remain visible in the tight crop; no abraded lines have been added. Unaltered original JPEG bytes and documented pixel viewport.
Source location: Met 1975.268.6; second digital roll section DP234965_CRD; myoo-vajra-sword
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Iconographic Drawings of the Five Kings of Wisdom (Myōō-bu shoson), 1975.268.6; The Harry G. C. Packard Collection of Asian Art, Gift of Harry G. C. Packard, and Purchase, Fletcher, Rogers, Harris Brisbane Dick, and Louis V. Bell Funds, Joseph Pulitzer Bequest, and The Annenberg Fund Inc. Gift, 1975; Open Access.
Source location: Met 1975.268.6; object 44911; current object description and specific native original image
The current object page was read via web access, the Met object API was fully archived, and the individual original photograph was visually checked. Unattested ways of wearing the object or private protective effects have not been added. Text and API dating remain separate where they differ.
Source location: Open Access images under CC0; the specific isPublicDomain status is given in the individual object metadata
For each image, the release is combined with the current object API and the Public-Domain designation on the specific object page. Open metadata alone does not imply rights to third-party photographs.
Small dark object with two long wings diverging upwards and a narrower central body. Head shapes are indicated at the lower end.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Egyptian
Region
Egypt
Date of the evidence
New Kingdom? c. 1550–1069 BC
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Small dark object with two long wings diverging upwards and a narrower central body. Head shapes are indicated at the lower end.
Historically recorded use
Catalogued as a fly amulet. The source identifies both the material and the dating as uncertain.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The material, stone?, and dating, New Kingdom?, are not turned into certain facts. No unsupported connection to military gold-fly awards is made for this piece. The object, inventory, material and dating are tied to the archived API record.
Before designing
Actually observed: dark, two-winged form with a central body; details greatly simplified. Unchanged institutional JPEG presentation photograph in its full image area; not an isolated engraving outline and not manufacturing approval.
Research draft. The material ‘stone?’ and dating ‘New Kingdom?’ are not treated as certain information. No unsupported connection is made between this object and military gold-fly awards. Complete institutional presentation image, 1686 pixels wide; larger IIIF master dimensions of 2783×3000 documented separately. No local scaling or re-encoding of the embedded JPEG bytes. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The material ‘stone?’ and dating ‘New Kingdom?’ are not treated as certain information. No unsupported connection is made between this object and military gold-fly awards. Complete institutional presentation image, 1686 pixels wide; larger IIIF master dimensions of 2783×3000 documented separately. No local scaling or re-encoding of the embedded JPEG bytes.
Source location: Inventory 1894.876; institutional main view df976fe0-f980-f0d7-c68c-7b8665c4fc56
Source location: Inventory 1894.876; API object 140837; JSON /data[id=140837]
Institutional evidence for an individual object from an archived multi-record API retrieval. Dating, material, provenance and inventory details follow the specific record; source attribution is not an independent scientific authenticity test.
Source location: Open Access Images; CC0 Public Domain Designation
Specific images only when accompanied by the individual is_public_domain=true and the object's image ID. Descriptive API texts separately carry CC BY4; image release is CC0.
Gardner M27w551 remains 17th century with 19th-century glass. The current free museum image rights, CC BY-NC-ND 4.0, do not permit commercial use in the amulet offering. The description of the Holy Family and Lamb does not replace this object’s precise openwork outline.
Religious pendant
Christian amulet culture Germany · 17th century; 19th-century glass
Flight into Egypt on the front; lamb with banner on the reverse.
Research draftSpecific model required
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Christian amulet culture
Region
Germany
Date of the evidence
17th century; 19th-century glass
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Description
Flight into Egypt on the front; lamb with banner on the reverse.
Historically recorded use
Silver pendant, explicitly catalogued by the museum as an amulet.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Composite historical object; the present-day glass layer is not part of the dating of the silver amulet.
Before designing
Check M27w551; distinguish historical silver motifs from later glazing in every reconstruction description.
Research draft. Gardner M27w551 remains 17th century with 19th-century glass. The current free museum image rights, CC BY-NC-ND 4.0, do not permit commercial use in the amulet offering. The description of the Holy Family and Lamb does not replace this object’s precise openwork outline. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Source location: Images of the Collection: CC BY-NC-ND 4.0
The currently indexed institutional policy text restricts free image use to private, educational and non-commercial purposes; commercial image requests should be made through Bridgeman Images. No commercial raster imported into the amulet offering. Direct retrieval returned 403; the indexed text was actually read.
Search index evidence – complete source page not yet checked · Checked on:
Buddhist visual tradition Tibet, possibly Central Asia · 10th–16th century
Fragmentary clay plaque with a crowned seated figure and hands in the lap. Part of the lower image field and side frame is missing; the surviving form is shown in the small native black-and-white photograph.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Buddhist visual tradition
Region
Tibet, possibly Central Asia
Date of the evidence
10th–16th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Fragmentary clay plaque with a crowned seated figure and hands in the lap. Part of the lower image field and side frame is missing; the surviving form is shown in the small native black-and-white photograph.
Historically recorded use
The museum lists the small clay fragment as a votive plaque with an uncertain regional attribution to Tibet or Central Asia. It documents a religious seated figure, without establishing a specific protective rite or use as a worn amulet.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 30.32.84, Met object 38858. The depiction resembles other plaques with seated figures, but documents this separate inventory item and is not a new underlying motif. The question of provenance, broad dating and image losses remain open.
Before designing
Unchanged complete native museum image; no reconstruction of damaged details. No manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete native museum photograph, with no raster transformation or reconstruction of old forms. Historical religious image evidence; not approved for manufacture. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete native museum photograph, with no raster transformation or reconstruction of old forms. Historical religious image evidence; not approved for manufacture.
Source location: The Metropolitan Museum of Art; 30.32.84; complete selected individual photograph
Catholic devotional and blessing culture Vienna, Karlsgasse 3; find 1938 · AD 1600–1800 (museum catalogue)
Two-bar cross pendant with the end of the lower crossbar broken off. A partly legible inscription is on the front; the reverse has further incisions.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Catholic devotional and blessing culture
Region
Vienna, Karlsgasse 3; find 1938
Date of the evidence
AD 1600–1800 (museum catalogue)
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Two-bar cross pendant with the end of the lower crossbar broken off. A partly legible inscription is on the front; the reverse has further incisions.
Historically recorded use
Catholic devotional pendant with Christian pictorial and textual motifs. No individual use is recorded.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The text gaps marked by the museum are retained. The broken bar and the name form are not supplemented.
Before designing
Unaltered, complete museum photographs of two sides, shown separately. No reconstructed writing, engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Text gaps marked by the museum are retained. Neither the broken bar nor the name form is completed. Both complete institutionally supplied Full-JPEGs remain unchanged in their native bytes. No local cropping, rectification or completion. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Text gaps marked by the museum are retained. Neither the broken bar nor the name form is completed. Both complete institutionally supplied Full-JPEGs remain unchanged in their native bytes. No local cropping, rectification or completion.
Source location: Wien Museum MV 46918; two original photographs
Unbekannt, Anhänger in Form eines Kreuzes, 1600–1800, Wien Museum Inv.-Nr. MV 46918, CC BY 4.0, Foto: TimTom, Wien Museum (https://sammlung.wienmuseum.at/objekt/2507619/)
Own concise description of a specific historical object. Date of manufacture, year of discovery and present-day photography remain distinct. Individual CC-BY-4.0 image rights, including the institution’s suggested citation, archived.
Fragmentary amulet scroll with an eight-pointed star field – Met 1978.546.35
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Egypt; medieval Islamic written amulets Attributed to Egypt · 11th century
The original photograph shows two surviving areas of paper. In the lower part is a labelled eight-pointed star field, formed by two superimposed squares within a frame.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Egypt; medieval Islamic written amulets
Region
Attributed to Egypt
Date of the evidence
11th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
The original photograph shows two surviving areas of paper. In the lower part is a labelled eight-pointed star field, formed by two superimposed squares within a frame.
Historically recorded use
Catalogued as a block-printed talismanic scroll; the individual ritual purpose is not described in more detail.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The two parts are shown in their current museum arrangement; no lost connection has been reconstructed. The visually apparent eight-pointed star shape alone provides neither an independent textual reading nor a secure, specific ritual instruction.
Before designing
Native institutional object image as a historical image reference; no isolated vector glyph, added inscription or manufacturing approval. The photograph and original form remain separate from later engraving outlines.
Research draft. The two parts are shown in their current museum arrangement; no lost connection has been reconstructed. The visually apparent eight-pointed star shape alone provides neither a distinct textual reading nor a securely established specific ritual instruction. Original JPEGs are embedded byte-for-byte; no writing or lines have been added. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The two parts are shown in their current museum arrangement; no lost connection has been reconstructed. The visually apparent eight-pointed star shape alone provides neither a distinct textual reading nor a securely established specific ritual instruction. Original JPEGs are embedded byte-for-byte; no writing or lines have been added.
Source location: Met 1978.546.35; complete selected original view
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Talismanic Scroll, 1978.546.35; Gift of Nelly, Violet and Elie Abemayor, in memory of Michel Abemayor, 1978; Open Access.
Title, inventory number, material and dating are checked individually; cultural-historical use is included only to the extent stated in the object description. The linked web text snapshots document the independent, current review of the object pages.
Fragmentary amulet scroll with eight-pointed star panel – Met 1978.546.36
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Egypt; medieval Islamic written amulets Attributed to Egypt · 11th century
Two surviving sections of paper: above, a framed eight-pointed star field formed from overlapping squares, with small rows of writing below. The museum arrangement, scale and material losses remain visible.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Egypt; medieval Islamic written amulets
Region
Attributed to Egypt
Date of the evidence
11th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Two surviving sections of paper: above, a framed eight-pointed star field formed from overlapping squares, with small rows of writing below. The museum arrangement, scale and material losses remain visible.
Historically recorded use
The institution catalogues the sheet as a block-printed talismanic scroll; the original owner and a specific complete protective formula are not identified.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
New public variant of an already private inventory object. Small or damaged texts are neither translated freely nor supplemented into a modern seal graphic.
Before designing
Unaltered complete institutional image; material losses, inscriptions and present-day object condition are retained. No formula added, sigil redrawn or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. New public variant of an already private inventory object. Small or damaged texts are neither freely translated nor supplemented to create a modern seal graphic. Complete original JPEG bytes; no additions are made to compensate for loss of writing or material. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: New public variant of an already private inventory object. Small or damaged texts are neither freely translated nor supplemented to create a modern seal graphic. Complete original JPEG bytes; no additions are made to compensate for loss of writing or material.
Source location: Object ID 452897; Inventory 1978.546.36; current individual API retrieval and institutional page text
Current API attribution, inventory number, material, date and specifically linked CC0 images; curatorial statements additionally checked against the institutional web page text. Direct native HTML retrieval returns 429 and is not presented as archived HTML.
Source location: Specific image/metadata permission additionally checked for each object
The general institutional CC0 rule can be used only together with an individual object/image relation; the failed image retrieval remains visible in the retrieval report.
Fragmentary glass head with curls and an earring (Getty 2003.208)
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Punic apotropaic glass head pendants; divergent portal attribution documented Mediterranean region; specialist catalogue: probably Carthage · Mid-5th–4th century BC according to the specialist catalogue; portal: 5th–4th century BC
Surviving half of a face with yellow skin, an applied multicoloured eye, dark curls, a white earring and a long turquoise beard. The vertical break edge remains visible.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Punic apotropaic glass head pendants; divergent portal attribution documented
Mid-5th–4th century BC according to the specialist catalogue; portal: 5th–4th century BC
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Surviving half of a face with yellow skin, an applied multicoloured eye, dark curls, a white earring and a long turquoise beard. The vertical break edge remains visible.
Historically recorded use
The Getty specialist catalogue attributes an apotropaic, that is, harm-averting character to the group of Punic glass pendants. An individual wearer or specific protective formula is unknown.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The other half of the face is missing. No symmetrical completion has been constructed. The specialist catalogue assigns the variant to men with curly hair and a smooth beard. Four related individual objects, not four separate traditions. Dating, culture and further differences are retained below.
Before designing
Unaltered institutional photographs as an SVG raster facsimile; no lost details restored and not approved for manufacture. One verified main view; not a complete all-round reconstruction.
Research draft. Surviving half of a face with yellow skin, an applied multicoloured eye, dark curls, a white earring and a long turquoise beard. The vertical break edge remains visible. The other half of the face is missing. No symmetrical completion has been constructed. The specialist catalogue assigns the variant to men with curls and smooth beards. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Surviving half of a face with yellow skin, an applied multicoloured eye, dark curls, a white earring and a long turquoise beard. The vertical break edge remains visible. The other half of the face is missing. No symmetrical completion has been constructed. The specialist catalogue assigns the variant to men with curls and smooth beards.
Source location: Getty 2003.208; complete main image of an individual object
Source location: Ancient Glass, cat. 544, Comments and Comparanda
Apotropaic use of the pendant group; no precise attribution to a deity or individual healing purpose. The example object 2003.206 is not newly profiled.
French reliquary pendant with kneeling worshipper and Christ bearing the cross
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Late medieval Christian devotion France · 15th century
Multi-lobed, gilded silver setting with a central coloured scene: a kneeling worshipper before Christ, with a text band above. The suspension loop and side fastening parts are retained in the overall view.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Late medieval Christian devotion
Region
France
Date of the evidence
15th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Multi-lobed, gilded silver setting with a central coloured scene: a kneeling worshipper before Christ, with a text band above. The suspension loop and side fastening parts are retained in the overall view.
Historically recorded use
According to the museum, a kneeling man, probably the owner, greets Christ carrying the cross as if in a vision. The piece is catalogued as a reliquary pendant.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Met object 464782, inventory 17.190.983. Identification of the man as the owner is probable, not certain. No independent supplementation or complete transcription of the inscription band; no documented special magical rite.
Before designing
Complete native original capture(s), embedded unchanged in the SVG. The facsimile is not an engraving outline; it is not approved for manufacture.
Research draft. Multi-lobed gilt-silver setting with a central coloured scene: a kneeling worshipper before Christ, with a scroll above. The suspension loop and side fastening parts are retained in the overall view. Identifying the man as the owner is probable, but not certain. No separate addition or complete transcription of the scroll; no documented special magical rite. Original bytes unchanged; no raster transformation or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Multi-lobed gilt-silver setting with a central coloured scene: a kneeling worshipper before Christ, with a scroll above. The suspension loop and side fastening parts are retained in the overall view. Identifying the man as the owner is probable, but not certain. No separate addition or complete transcription of the scroll; no documented special magical rite. Original bytes unchanged; no raster transformation or manufacturing approval.
Source location: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 17.190.983; complete individual museum view
Fresh native API response: object identity, raw dating, dimensions, material, specific image URLs and isPublicDomain. Editorial reading additionally checked against the object page.
Institutional object page retained today via the web reader; text and public-domain evidence. The web reader’s crawl age is visible in the archived extract.
Woman and smaller child share a mantle; a long-necked water bird appears beside the child.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Archaic Italy; Etruscan, Greek and Italic visual traditions
Region
Italy
Date of the evidence
600–550 B.C.
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Woman and smaller child share a mantle; a long-necked water bird appears beside the child.
Historically recorded use
The catalogue associates the shared mantle and the female figure with care, fertility and the possible protection of mother and child.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The bird may be a goose. The name of the deity and personal use remain undetermined. Before the museum acquired it, the piece was assembled from two parts with additions; the photographic view documents its present condition.
Before designing
Unmodified native institutional photographic source; no invented glyph additions, no isolated vector outline and no manufacturing approval. Historical evidence and comparative interpretation remain separate.
Research draft. The bird may be a goose. The deity’s name and personal use remain uncertain. Before the museum acquired it, the piece was assembled from two parts with an addition; the photograph documents this present condition. Complete original JPEG bytes; losses to the writing and material have not been filled in. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The bird may be a goose. The deity’s name and personal use remain uncertain. Before the museum acquired it, the piece was assembled from two parts with an addition; the photograph documents this present condition. Complete original JPEG bytes; losses to the writing and material have not been filled in.
Source location: 77.AO.85; complete view of the main image as actually photographed
Scholarly comparison and interpretation are presented separately from secure object form and actual use. Photograph separately from current collection metadata relation.
Large woman standing frontally with a child beneath a long cloak; conical headdress and closed shoes.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Archaic Italy; Etruscan, Greek and Italic visual traditions
Region
Italy
Date of the evidence
600–550 B.C.
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Large woman standing frontally with a child beneath a long cloak; conical headdress and closed shoes.
Historically recorded use
The pendant belongs to the archaic image type of a woman nourishing or protecting a child. The Getty catalogue discusses fertility, childbirth and protection as possible amuletic functions.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The image form does not identify a particular goddess or historical wearer. The interpretation relating to birth and protection is scholarly interpretation, not a transmitted set of instructions for use.
Before designing
Unmodified native institutional photographic source; no invented glyph additions, no isolated vector outline and no manufacturing approval. Historical evidence and comparative interpretation remain separate.
Research draft. The image form does not identify a particular goddess or historical wearer. The birth and protection interpretation is scholarly interpretation, not an attested instruction for use. Complete original JPEG bytes; losses of writing and material have not been supplemented. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The image form does not identify a particular goddess or historical wearer. The birth and protection interpretation is scholarly interpretation, not an attested instruction for use. Complete original JPEG bytes; losses of writing and material have not been supplemented.
Source location: 77.AO.84; complete main image view actually photographed
Scholarly comparison and interpretation are presented separately from secure object form and actual use. Photograph separately from current collection metadata relation.
Woman and dragon in shared death – Atalanta fugiens 1618, Emblem 50
Original image · source evidence
Alchemical-theosophical symbolic image
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art Oppenheim, Germany; place of printing · 1618; first publication of the work 1617
A woman lies in a rocky landscape, while a winged dragon winds above and around her body. The printed page has the motto above and the epigram below.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art
Region
Oppenheim, Germany; place of printing
Date of the evidence
1618; first publication of the work 1617
Type of evidence
Textual evidence
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A woman lies in a rocky landscape, while a winged dragon winds above and around her body. The printed page has the motto above and the epigram below.
Historically recorded use
The historical motto depicts a woman and dragon killing one another and being covered in blood together. The profile preserves this alchemical concluding allegory without suggesting modern protective use. Historical book illustration with epigram and accompanying discourse; no documented neck pendant.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
An individually located emblem in the specific 1618 Oppenheimer print; the first publication in 1617 is distinct from this. Part of the same work and the same copy, not an independent amulet object. Individual use as a worn amulet, ancient origin of this graphic and efficacy are not evidenced.
Before designing
Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view with motto, image, epigram, printed page number and side margin notes. Paper, stains, binding shadows and any coloured areas are retained. Institutional presentation resolution 2880×3442; larger master 4291×5129 documented separately. Historical image evidence without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view with motto, image, epigram, printed page number and side margin notes. Paper, stains, binding shadows and any coloured areas are retained. Institutional presentation resolution 2880×3442; larger master 4291×5129 documented separately. Historical image evidence without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view with motto, image, epigram, printed page number and side margin notes. Paper, stains, binding shadows and any coloured areas are retained. Institutional presentation resolution 2880×3442; larger master 4291×5129 documented separately. Historical image evidence without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: QD25 .M354 1618, Emblem 50, printed p. 209; individual institutional inventory 5q47rp64g; Large JPG 2880×3442
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Courtesy of Science History Institute; Michael Maier, Atalanta fugiens (Oppenheim 1618), Emblem 50, S.209; engraver Matthaeus Merian; Public Domain Mark 1.0.
Source location: QD25 .M354 1618; Oppenheim, Johann-Theodor de Bry; complete work with 50 emblems
Copy used from 1618; the work's first publication in 1617 is attested separately. Historical alchemical emblem, epigram and musical context. No evidence for 30 independent works, worn amulets or present-day claims of efficacy. Individual image rights additionally checked for each inventory item.
The historical motto depicts a woman and a dragon killing one another and being covered together in blood. The profile preserves this alchemical concluding allegory without modern protective use. The original title, English institutional counter-label, dating 1618 and specific PDM image licence correspond to the individual page.
Frontal amber satyr head with several drilled holes
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Etruscan Italy · c. 525–480 BC
Broad frontal amber head with heavily abraded facial details and several openings. The rough crust, damaged nose area and large upper perforation are retained.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Etruscan
Region
Italy
Date of the evidence
c. 525–480 BC
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Broad frontal amber head with heavily abraded facial details and several openings. The rough crust, damaged nose area and large upper perforation are retained.
Historically recorded use
The specialist catalogue identifies the face as a satyr’s head. Various drill holes and wear around the larger opening indicate attachment and use; the precise jewellery mounting remains uncertain. Comparable satyr images are discussed in apotropaic contexts, but no individual protective practice is documented for this example.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 82.AO.161.1; catalogue no. 13, object 1065NH. The perforations are physical evidence; no associated fibula or specific amulet ritual is claimed to have survived.
Before designing
Complete native museum photograph as a historical reference; damage and present-day photographic elements remain visible. No contour reconstruction, no production approval.
Research draft. Unchanged complete native museum image; no raster transformation or addition of old outlines. Historical reference, not manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Unchanged complete native museum image; no raster transformation or addition of old outlines. Historical reference, not manufacturing approval.
Source location: J. Paul Getty Museum; 82.AO.161.1; 1065NH
Current Native individual object page with specific CC0 photo attribution and text separately identified as CC BY 4.0. JSON-LD extracted unchanged from this HTML.
Complete institutional specialist catalogue: dating, condition, provenance and explicitly weighed interpretations of the image and function. The catalogue text is scholarly commentary; no original excavation documentation is claimed.
Ancient Egyptian religion Egypt · Evidence dated c. 1380–1330 BC; New Kingdom
Small frog made of polychrome faience.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Ancient Egyptian religion
Region
Egypt
Date of the evidence
Evidence dated c. 1380–1330 BC; New Kingdom
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Description
Small frog made of polychrome faience.
Historically recorded use
Worn in the hope of an easy birth or successful rebirth in the afterlife.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Cleveland 1980.123; the museum identifies the frog goddess Heqet and describes both contexts of use.
Before designing
Check the specific historical variant and object image against a source before using it; do not design a newly combined sigil.
Research draft. Visually verified complete historical object view of this polychrome faience frog amulet, including the base and original surface. The 3D view is a source-related photographic reference, not an isolated flat hieroglyphic sign and not an editorially supplemented Heqet symbol. Unchanged museum JPEG bytes in the SVG viewport; no retouching, cut-out, mirroring or silent reduction in size. Raster facsimile, not vector paths ready for engraving. The specific object page permits copying, modifying and redistribution; the institutional open-access image policy confirms CC0. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Visually verified complete historical object view of this polychrome faience frog amulet, including the base and original surface. The 3D view is a source-related photographic reference, not an isolated flat hieroglyphic sign and not an editorially supplemented Heqet symbol. Unchanged museum JPEG bytes in the SVG viewport; no retouching, cut-out, mirroring or silent reduction in size. Raster facsimile, not vector paths ready for engraving. The specific object page permits copying, modifying and redistribution; the institutional open-access image policy confirms CC0.
Source location: Cleveland 1980.123, Frog Amulet, original object photograph 1980.123_o5.jpg; complete frog with historic base, pixel viewport [220,210,460,360]
Frog seal amulet with an ankh on the base – Met 11.215.48
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Ancient Egyptian seal and amulet culture Egypt, Upper Egypt, Thebes, Malqata, Palace of Amenhotep III; Met excavation 1910–11 · New Kingdom, 18th Dynasty, Amenhotep III; c. 1386–1347 BC according to the text, differing API values −1390/−1352
Green frog shape with reddish eye areas; the ankh is visible on the flat underside. Both individual views preserve the surface, losses and red inventory inscription.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Ancient Egyptian seal and amulet culture
Region
Egypt, Upper Egypt, Thebes, Malqata, Palace of Amenhotep III; Met excavation 1910–11
Date of the evidence
New Kingdom, 18th Dynasty, Amenhotep III; c. 1386–1347 BC according to the text, differing API values −1390/−1352
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Green frog shape with reddish eye areas; the ankh is visible on the flat underside. Both individual views preserve the surface, losses and red inventory inscription.
Historically recorded use
The Met explicitly identifies the piece as a frog seal amulet with an ankh hieroglyph on the base. The dating and excavation site connect this specific example with Amenhotep III’s palace at Malqata.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
No specific historical way of wearing it, individual ritual act or additional attribution to a deity is evidenced. The red number belongs to the museum’s marking. The third museum photograph shows several objects and remains solely additional research evidence. The differing dates given in words and numerals have not been merged into a precise manufacturing interval. The existing private object reference remains linked unchanged.
Before designing
Unchanged native museum views as source evidence; no redrawn signs or approved engraving outlines.
Research draft. Green frog form with reddish areas around the eyes; the Ankh is visible on the flat underside. Both individual views preserve the surface, losses and red inventory inscription. No specific historical manner of wearing, individual ritual action or additional deity attribution is evidenced. The red number belongs to the museum marking. The third museum photograph shows several objects and remains solely additional research evidence. The differing written-out and numerical dates are not merged into a precise manufacturing interval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Green frog form with reddish areas around the eyes; the Ankh is visible on the flat underside. Both individual views preserve the surface, losses and red inventory inscription. No specific historical manner of wearing, individual ritual action or additional deity attribution is evidenced. The red number belongs to the museum marking. The third museum photograph shows several objects and remains solely additional research evidence. The differing written-out and numerical dates are not merged into a precise manufacturing interval.
Source location: 11.215.48; two complete native individual views
Object identity, material, specific find information, dating text/numerical values and image attribution; catalogue interpretation is not presented as an effect.
Object identity, material, specific find information, dating text/numerical values and image attribution; catalogue interpretation is not presented as an effect.
Ancient Egyptian amulets and historical symbol forms Egypt · c. 1300–1200 BCE
Stocky frog in dark red, lightly spotted porphyry, shown from the side.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Ancient Egyptian amulets and historical symbol forms
Region
Egypt
Date of the evidence
c. 1300–1200 BCE
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Stocky frog in dark red, lightly spotted porphyry, shown from the side.
Historically recorded use
Stone object of the New Kingdom catalogued as a frog amulet.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The dataset used does not specify a definite identification as the goddess Heqet or an individual childbirth or healing function. The date range follows the legible catalogue dating; the differing numerical API values are preserved separately in the evidence record.
Before designing
Complete original page capture; no new engraving or invented Heqet inscription. CC0 raster reference; not a checked manufacturing file. Engraving or casting requires separately checked outline preparation.
Research draft. Complete original page image; no new engraving or invented Heqet inscription. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete original page image; no new engraving or invented Heqet inscription.
Source location: Met 26.7.1143; selected original photograph
Source location: Met 26.7.1143; object 544106; API title, objectDate, medium, geography, images
Directly archived institutional object record for this exact inventory item. Image form also checked visually; named function and attribution only to the extent documented in each case.
Frankish, early Carolingian, late 8th century – early 9th century Frankish cultural area · late 700s–early 800s
Brooches of this type held the veil beneath the chin. According to the museum, the rare hexagram form suggests an additional talismanic function. The amulet function remains a museum conjecture. The six-pointed form does not justify automatically identifying it as the Jewish Star of David. The animal in the centre is not definitively identified as a dragon or a stag.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Frankish, early Carolingian, late 8th century – early 9th century
Region
Frankish cultural area
Date of the evidence
late 700s–early 800s
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Brooches of this type held the veil beneath the chin. According to the museum, the rare hexagram form suggests an additional talismanic function. The amulet function remains a museum conjecture. The six-pointed form does not justify automatically identifying it as the Jewish Star of David. The animal in the centre is not definitively identified as a dragon or a stag.
Historically recorded use
Brooches of this kind held the veil under the chin. According to the museum, the rare hexagram form suggests an additional talismanic function.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The amulet function remains a museum conjecture. The six-pointed form does not automatically establish identification as the Jewish Star of David. The animal in the middle is not securely identified as a dragon or a stag.
Before designing
Golden six-pointed brooch with filigree circles and lines, six dark rivet heads and a small central animal. Original image as a complete facsimile; no manufacturing approval and no added outlines.
Research draft. The amulet function remains a museum conjecture. The six-pointed form does not automatically warrant identification as a Jewish Star of David. The central animal is not securely identified as a dragon or a stag. All native JPEG bytes and the full image area remain unchanged. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The amulet function remains a museum conjecture. The six-pointed form does not automatically warrant identification as a Jewish Star of David. The central animal is not securely identified as a dragon or a stag. All native JPEG bytes and the full image area remain unchanged.
Source location: Individual inventory 2009.344; object ID 167666; title, dating, culture, material and image link
The amulet function remains a museum conjecture. The six-pointed form does not automatically establish identification as the Jewish Star of David. The animal in the middle is not securely identified as a dragon or a stag.
Early Byzantine rock crystal cross with gold setting
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Early Byzantine Christianity Eastern Mediterranean · About the 6th–7th centuries AD
Rock crystal and gold, 4.8 × 3.2 × 0.9 cm; the suspension and surviving edges are visible in the complete original capture.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early Byzantine Christianity
Region
Eastern Mediterranean
Date of the evidence
About the 6th–7th centuries AD
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Rock crystal and gold, 4.8 × 3.2 × 0.9 cm; the suspension and surviving edges are visible in the complete original capture.
Historically recorded use
Cross-shaped pendant as a Christian religious sign.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The cataloguing attests to a cross pendant, not to any particular personal protective ritual. Existing damage remains visible.
Before designing
Native museum captures as source references; independent views without additions or new symbolic interpretations.
Research draft. The cataloguing attests to a cross pendant, not to a specific personal protection ritual. Existing damage remains visible. JPEG renditions unchanged in their native bytes; no local raster editing or approval for manufacture. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The cataloguing attests to a cross pendant, not to a specific personal protection ritual. Existing damage remains visible. JPEG renditions unchanged in their native bytes; no local raster editing or approval for manufacture.
Source location: 2002-121; complete native museum photographs
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Princeton University Art Museum; Inventar 2002-121; Image courtesy of the Princeton University Art Museum; institutionell als Public Domain freigegeben.
Early Tsa-tsa with stupa and accompanying inscription
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Buddhist visual tradition Tibet · 10th–11th century
Pointed-arch plaque with a tiered stupa, a tall parasol structure and fluttering banners at the sides. Inscriptions appear on both sides of the structure and around the border.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Buddhist visual tradition
Region
Tibet
Date of the evidence
10th–11th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Pointed-arch plaque with a tiered stupa, a tall parasol structure and fluttering banners at the sides. Inscriptions appear on both sides of the structure and around the border.
Historically recorded use
The moulded clay plaque conveys an early Indian type of stupa as a Buddhist votive image. The museum identifies the accompanying inscription with the ye-dharma formula. Use worn on the body is not attested.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 2011.43, Met object 75354. The museum text describes the script as Sharani; no philological correction or independent full transcription is made here. The surviving characters and traces of colour are shown without additions.
Before designing
Unchanged complete native museum image; no reconstruction of damaged details. No manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete native museum photograph, with no raster transformation or reconstruction of old forms. Historical religious image evidence; not approved for manufacture. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete native museum photograph, with no raster transformation or reconstruction of old forms. Historical religious image evidence; not approved for manufacture.
Source location: The Metropolitan Museum of Art; 2011.43; complete selected individual image
Source location: CC0 for individually designated public-domain collection images
Institutional CC0 policy read in the web tool on 10 October. The direct native website response was HTTP429 and is not treated as text of a rights notice that was read.
Five columns of stylised characters on the front of the belt.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Daoism
Region
Korea
Date of the evidence
possibly 18th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Five columns of stylised characters on the front of the belt.
Historically recorded use
Protective signs on armour worn on the body.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Described in the object text as protective talismans. Dating uncertain.
Before designing
Check only the lettering and arrangement of 36.25.10a–c against the image.
Research draft. Complete, visually checked museum image of the specifically linked historical object. Unaltered original JPEG bytes are embedded as a raster facsimile in the SVG; neither an isolated glyph nor a redrawn sigil. The object context and all visible image details are retained. No manufacturing-ready vector paths; engraving or CNC manufacture requires separate checking. The image shows the five Fu-lu columns actually printed in the context of armour. No individual character has been isolated or rewritten. Institutionally, possibly 18th century; numerical API date range 1675–1825, with no narrower date claimed. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete, visually checked museum image of the specifically linked historical object. Unaltered original JPEG bytes are embedded as a raster facsimile in the SVG; neither an isolated glyph nor a redrawn sigil. The object context and all visible image details are retained. No manufacturing-ready vector paths; engraving or CNC manufacture requires separate checking. The image shows the five Fu-lu columns actually printed in the context of armour. No individual character has been isolated or rewritten. Institutionally, possibly 18th century; numerical API date range 1675–1825, with no narrower date claimed.
Source location: Met object 24009; inventory 36.25.10a–c; complete main image from the current institutional API, uncropped; original 2892 × 4000 px
Japanese Buddhism / Wisdom King Japan · Early 13th century; API index 1100–1400
Dark seated wooden figure with light inlaid crystal eyes, a braided side-lock, upright sword and hanging noose; jewellery and traces of the coloured or gilded finish remain visible.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Japanese Buddhism / Wisdom King
Region
Japan
Date of the evidence
Early 13th century; API index 1100–1400
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Dark seated wooden figure with light inlaid crystal eyes, a braided side-lock, upright sword and hanging noose; jewellery and traces of the coloured or gilded finish remain visible.
Historically recorded use
The museum describes Fudō as a wrathful manifestation of Dainichi and a defender of Buddhist teaching. This sculpture is attributed to Kaikei’s workshop. The sword and lasso are among the means by which the god subdues negative forces.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 2015.300.252a, b, Met object 53176. Cult figure made of Japanese cypress, not a body amulet. The object description dates it more narrowly to the early 13th century, while the API indexes it as 1100–1400; both statements are expressly retained. Workshop attribution is not recast as an attested autograph signature.
Before designing
Complete, unaltered native museum photograph; no restoration of historical damage and no manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete native museum photograph; no raster transformation, drawing additions or manufacturing approval. Cult figure made from Japanese cypress, not a body amulet. The object prose dates it more narrowly to the early 13th century, while the API indexes 1100–1400; both statements are explicitly retained. Workshop attribution is not reinterpreted as an attested signature by the artist’s own hand. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete native museum photograph; no raster transformation, drawing additions or manufacturing approval. Cult figure made from Japanese cypress, not a body amulet. The object prose dates it more narrowly to the early 13th century, while the API indexes 1100–1400; both statements are explicitly retained. Workshop attribution is not reinterpreted as an attested signature by the artist’s own hand.
Source location: The Metropolitan Museum of Art; 2015.300.252a, b; complete individual photograph
Open lacquered shrine with a gold-coloured interior and two doors. A small, standing, dark-robed figure stands on a rocky base; a loop is visible on one hand.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Buddhist visual tradition
Region
Japan
Date of the evidence
18th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Open lacquered shrine with a gold-coloured interior and two doors. A small, standing, dark-robed figure stands on a rocky base; a loop is visible on one hand.
Historically recorded use
The small shrine containing Fudō Myōō belongs to personal Buddhist devotional images. In religious tradition, Fudō combats ignorance and obstacles on the path to enlightenment. Use of this particular shrine as a worn neck amulet is not attested.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 08.74, Met object 49114. The current museum provenance records the sumo wrestler Hitachiyama Taniemon and his gift in 1908. This later ownership context does not alter the museum dating of the object to the 18th century. Missing or indistinct attributes are not supplemented.
Before designing
Unchanged complete native museum image; no reconstruction of damaged details. No manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete native museum photograph, with no raster transformation or reconstruction of old forms. Historical religious image evidence; not approved for manufacture. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete native museum photograph, with no raster transformation or reconstruction of old forms. Historical religious image evidence; not approved for manufacture.
Source location: The Metropolitan Museum of Art; 08.74; complete selected individual image
Ancient Egyptian Egypt; precise findspot not documented · Late Period to Ptolemaic Period, 664–30 BC
Small greenish beetle body with a worked underside and a belly loop. Two complete museum photographs show the upper and lower sides of the same object; the red inventory label remains visible.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Ancient Egyptian
Region
Egypt; precise findspot not documented
Date of the evidence
Late Period to Ptolemaic Period, 664–30 BC
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Small greenish beetle body with a worked underside and a belly loop. Two complete museum photographs show the upper and lower sides of the same object; the red inventory label remains visible.
Historically recorded use
The museum interprets this naturalistic scarab form as a possible amulet used exclusively for mummies. The reported association with the sun, life and regeneration describes historical beliefs.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Exclusive funerary use is a possibility proposed by the museum, not a demonstrated individual grave context. It is not equated with a flat-bottomed seal amulet; no inscription has been reconstructed and no effect is attested. The existing private reference object remains linked unchanged.
Before designing
Original photographs as source reference; an engraving outline must be assessed separately.
Research draft. Two unchanged original JPEGs side by side; red inventory label retained, no signs added. Source photograph, not approved for engraving. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Two unchanged original JPEGs side by side; red inventory label retained, no signs added. Source photograph, not approved for engraving.
Source location: 89.2.398; complete front and back
Funerary headrest amulet of haematite – Met 10.130.1832
Original image · source evidence
Amulet
Ancient Egyptian Egypt; precise findspot not documented · Late Period, 664–332 BC according to catalogue text; differing API values −664/−664
Dark miniature headrest on a rectangular base. The native museum view shows chips and a pale round surface mark unchanged.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Ancient Egyptian
Region
Egypt; precise findspot not documented
Date of the evidence
Late Period, 664–332 BC according to catalogue text; differing API values −664/−664
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Dark miniature headrest on a rectangular base. The native museum view shows chips and a pale round surface mark unchanged.
Historically recorded use
The museum describes headrest amulets as funerary offerings for the hoped-for protection of the head and rebirth. The form combines a curved headrest with a base.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The interpretation of its purpose applies to the object form, not to a documented individual grave find. The light and brown areas are interpreted neither as historical marks nor as verified restorations. Catalogue text and API numerical values do not agree; no exact year of manufacture. The existing private reference remains linked unchanged.
Before designing
Complete native museum view as source evidence; not an isolated or production-ready engraving outline.
Research draft. Unaltered complete original JPEG; one view, not a view from all sides. No addition of lost forms, outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Unaltered complete original JPEG; one view, not a view from all sides. No addition of lost forms, outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: 10.130.1832; complete native primary museum view
Ancient Egyptian amulets and historical symbol forms Egypt · c. 2465–2100 BC
A red foot shape with a distinct ankle and toe base; the museum JPEG shows two views of the same piece.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Ancient Egyptian amulets and historical symbol forms
Region
Egypt
Date of the evidence
c. 2465–2100 BC
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A red foot shape with a distinct ankle and toe base; the museum JPEG shows two views of the same piece.
Historically recorded use
An anatomical foot amulet made of carnelian, described as such in the object catalogue.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The two photographic views are not two historical objects. No individual healing, bodily replacement function or precise placement is claimed. The date range follows the legible catalogue dating; the differing numerical API values are preserved separately in the evidence record.
Before designing
The original two-view photograph is retained byte-for-byte. CC0 raster reference; not a verified manufacturing file. A separately verified contour preparation is required for engraving or casting.
Research draft. The original two-view photograph remains byte-for-byte unchanged. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The original two-view photograph remains byte-for-byte unchanged.
Source location: Met 10.130.2355; selected original photograph
Source location: Met 10.130.2355; object 548225; API title, objectDate, medium, geography, images
Directly archived institutional object record for this exact inventory item. Image form also checked visually; named function and attribution only to the extent documented in each case.
Scandinavian Viking Age symbol and jewellery culture Fænø, Denmark · Viking Age (catalogue attribution)
Reused steatite fragment with a recessed hammer shape. On the other side are casting depressions for elongated ingots and a round object.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Scandinavian Viking Age symbol and jewellery culture
Region
Fænø, Denmark
Date of the evidence
Viking Age (catalogue attribution)
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Reused steatite fragment with a recessed hammer shape. On the other side are casting depressions for elongated ingots and a round object.
Historically recorded use
Mould for making hammer moulds, as well as ingots and a small round object; no personal amulet use is evidenced.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Historical manufacturing tool, not a worn amulet. The casting depression is not presented as a positive hammer design; catalogue measurements in the description and measurement fields differ.
Before designing
Unchanged original photographs as image reference. Individual views are shown separately alongside one another; no engraving outline has been added and no manufacturing approval has been given.
Research draft. Historical manufacturing tool, not a worn amulet. The casting depression is not presented as a positive hammer impression; catalogue measurements in the description and measurement fields differ. Each view is complete and retains unchanged native JPEG bytes; separate views are not a historical overall form. Presentation files, not TIFF masters. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historical manufacturing tool, not a worn amulet. The casting depression is not presented as a positive hammer impression; catalogue measurements in the description and measurement fields differ. Each view is complete and retains unchanged native JPEG bytes; separate views are not a historical overall form. Presentation files, not TIFF masters.
Individual institutional object record. Find, registration and photography dates are not treated as manufacturing dates. Uncertain signs and functional identifications remain qualified.
Fæsted – bronze Thor’s hammer with ornament remains
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Scandinavian Viking Age symbol and jewellery culture Fæsted, Jutland · Viking Age (catalogue attribution)
A bronze hammer has a long shaft and traces of intertwined linear ornament.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Scandinavian Viking Age symbol and jewellery culture
Region
Fæsted, Jutland
Date of the evidence
Viking Age (catalogue attribution)
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A bronze hammer has a long shaft and traces of intertwined linear ornament.
Historically recorded use
Historical hammer-shaped jewellery or symbolic object; its specific use and the owner’s personal intention are not recorded.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The museum suspects that it was originally decorated on both sides; the surface is heavily worn. A lost half of the ornament is not mirrored from the other half.
Before designing
Unchanged original photographs as image reference. Individual views are shown separately alongside one another; no engraving outline has been added and no manufacturing approval has been given.
Research draft. The museum suspects decoration originally on both sides; the surface is heavily worn. A lost half of the ornament is not mirrored from the other. Each view is complete and retains its unaltered native JPEG bytes; separate views are not a historical overall form. Presentation files, not TIFF masters. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The museum suspects decoration originally on both sides; the surface is heavily worn. A lost half of the ornament is not mirrored from the other. Each view is complete and retains its unaltered native JPEG bytes; separate views are not a historical overall form. Presentation files, not TIFF masters.
Use of the template: CC BY-SA 4.0 with attribution and share-alike
Nationalmuseet, Danmark (Fotograf nicht genannt) / Nationalmuseet, Danmark; C 62864; DO-132990; CC BY-SA 4.0. Nationalmuseet, Danmark (Fotograf nicht genannt) / Nationalmuseet, Danmark; C 62864; DO-132991; CC BY-SA 4.0.
Individual institutional object record. Find, registration and photography dates are not treated as manufacturing dates. Uncertain signs and functional identifications remain qualified.
Late medieval Christianity England · Late 15th century
Five Wounds and Christ in the Tomb on a broad gold ring.
Research draftSource-based vector template
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Late medieval Christianity
Region
England
Date of the evidence
Late 15th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Description
Five Wounds and Christ in the Tomb on a broad gold ring.
Historically recorded use
Protective ring; the wounds of Christ and the names of saints were understood as protective against illness and danger.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The medical interpretation is a historical belief. The catalogue additionally names magicians, Ananyzapta and Tetragrammaton.
Before designing
Check AF.897 in full; record the wound images and inscription as a specific variant, not a freely assembled cross formula.
Research draft. Partial template: only the visible side wound with eleven drops, not a complete Five Wounds composition and no ring inscription. Contours and line width editorially normalised; orientation as in the photographic reference, without perspective correction. Obscured parts of the cross, the figure of Christ, further wounds and illegible letters are excluded. No image pixels and no font dependency. Check fidelity to the image and tool paths before manufacture. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Vector template: Partial template: only the visible side wound with eleven drops, not a complete Five Wounds composition and no ring inscription. Contours and line width editorially normalised; orientation as in the photographic reference, without perspective correction. Obscured parts of the cross, the figure of Christ, further wounds and illegible letters are excluded. No image pixels and no font dependency. Check fidelity to the image and tool paths before manufacture.
Source location: BM AF.897, late 15th century; museum photograph 1017179001: long side wound with eleven drops fully visible, this component only
Use of the template: Editorial rendering of the historical sign form
MAG: eigene fontfreie Konturübertragung der historischen Seitenwunde; Referenzobjekt British Museum AF.897. Das moderne Museumsfoto wird nicht in die Vektorvorlage übernommen.
Partial template: only the visible side wound with eleven drops, not a complete Five Wounds composition and no ring inscription. Contours and line width editorially normalised; orientation as in the photographic reference, without perspective correction. Obscured parts of the cross, the figure of Christ, further wounds and illegible letters are excluded. No image pixels and no font dependency. Check fidelity to the image and tool paths before manufacture.
Use of the contour: Editorial rendering of the historical sign form
MAG: eigene fontfreie Konturübertragung der historischen Seitenwunde; Referenzobjekt British Museum AF.897. Das moderne Museumsfoto wird nicht in die Vektorvorlage übernommen.
Source location: AF.897; Foto1017179001; long side wound and eleven drops on the outside of the ring
Original view visually checked. The fully visible late medieval side wound has been independently transferred as its own outline. The modern photograph remains CC BY-NC-SA4.0 and is neither embedded nor published as a facsimile; concealed parts of the cross and inscriptions are not supplied.
Gilded bronze bell on a three-footed base. Its handle stacks a square, sphere, pyramid, crescent and jewel.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Japanese esoteric Buddhism
Region
Japan
Date of the evidence
13th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Gilded bronze bell on a three-footed base. Its handle stacks a square, sphere, pyramid, crescent and jewel.
Historically recorded use
Ritual bell with a pagoda-shaped handle; the museum interpretation assigns its geometric parts to the five cosmic elements.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The source names earth, water, fire, wind and air. The last term is not translated here as a universally valid doctrine of the aether without additional evidence. The bell and its base remain shown together.
Before designing
Native institutional original photograph embedded unchanged; complete view or precisely localised component of a scroll. No new isolated signs, no local upscaling and no missing strokes added. A raster facsimile is not an engraving-ready outline.
Research draft. The source names earth, water, fire, wind and air. The last term is not translated here into a universally valid doctrine of the ether without further evidence. The bell and its base are shown together. Unaltered original JPEG bytes and documented pixel viewport. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The source names earth, water, fire, wind and air. The last term is not translated here into a universally valid doctrine of the ether without further evidence. The bell and its base are shown together. Unaltered original JPEG bytes and documented pixel viewport.
Source location: Met 1975.268.170; complete current primary original view
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Bell with Pagoda-Shaped Handle (Tōrei) and Three-Footed Stand (Kongōban), 1975.268.170; The Harry G. C. Packard Collection of Asian Art, Gift of Harry G. C. Packard, and Purchase, Fletcher, Rogers, Harris Brisbane Dick, and Louis V. Bell Funds, Joseph Pulitzer Bequest, and The Annenberg Fund Inc. Gift, 1975; Open Access.
Source location: Met 1975.268.170; object 36117; current object description and specific native original photograph
The current object page was read via web access, the Met object API was fully archived, and the individual original photograph was visually checked. Unattested ways of wearing the object or private protective effects have not been added. Text and API dating remain separate where they differ.
Source location: Open Access images under CC0; the specific isPublicDomain status is given in the individual object metadata
For each image, the release is combined with the current object API and the Public-Domain designation on the specific object page. Open metadata alone does not imply rights to third-party photographs.
Five-pointed vajra bell (Gokorei), Japan, early 14th century
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Japan, Kamakura period (1185–1333) Japan · early 1300s
A bell of esoteric Buddhism, used together with a vajra; the five points and bell opening are associated by the museum with the six perfections. The inventory names it as five-pointed. Points visible in perspective are not supplemented to create a modern idealised diagram. Not a documented jewellery amulet.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Japan, Kamakura period (1185–1333)
Region
Japan
Date of the evidence
early 1300s
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A bell of esoteric Buddhism, used together with a vajra; the five points and bell opening are associated by the museum with the six perfections. The inventory names it as five-pointed. Points visible in perspective are not supplemented to create a modern idealised diagram. Not a documented jewellery amulet.
Historically recorded use
A bell of esoteric Buddhism, used together with a vajra; the five points and bell opening are associated by the museum with the six perfections.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The designation as five-pointed comes from the inventory. Points visible in perspective are not supplemented to make a modernised ideal diagram. No evidenced use as a jewellery amulet.
Before designing
Gold-coloured bell with a relief-decorated body, lotus collar and multi-pointed vajra handle; the photographic angle does not show all the points separately. Original photograph as a complete facsimile; not approved for manufacture and no contours have been added.
Research draft. The description as five-pointed comes from the inventory. Points visible in perspective are not supplemented to create a modern idealised diagram. No attested jewellery amulet. All native JPEG bytes and the full image crop remain unchanged. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The description as five-pointed comes from the inventory. Points visible in perspective are not supplemented to create a modern idealised diagram. No attested jewellery amulet. All native JPEG bytes and the full image crop remain unchanged.
Source location: 2016.38; complete actually photographed main image view
Source location: Individual inventory 2016.38; object ID 284355; title, dating, culture, material and image link
The designation as five-pointed comes from the inventory. Points visible in perspective are not supplemented to make a modernised ideal diagram. No evidenced use as a jewellery amulet.
Vajra ritual implement of the Heian period; the museum description explains the diamond- or thunderbolt-like symbolism. Dating and provenance follow the individual inventory record. Ritual use is not recast as an unsupported use as a neck amulet.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Japan, Heian period (794–1185)
Region
Japan
Date of the evidence
900s
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Vajra ritual implement of the Heian period; the museum description explains the diamond- or thunderbolt-like symbolism. Dating and provenance follow the individual inventory record. Ritual use is not recast as an unsupported use as a neck amulet.
Historically recorded use
Heian-period vajra ritual implement; the museum description explains the diamond- or thunderbolt-like symbolism.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Dating and provenance follow the individual inventory record. Ritual use is not reinterpreted as an unsupported use as a neck amulet.
Before designing
Bronze rod photographed horizontally, closed at both ends, with a segmented handle and tips that converge in an arc. Original photograph as a complete facsimile; no manufacturing approval and no added outlines.
Research draft. Dating and provenance follow the individual inventory record. Ritual use is not reinterpreted as an unsupported use as a neck amulet. All native JPEG bytes and the full image area remain unchanged. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Dating and provenance follow the individual inventory record. Ritual use is not reinterpreted as an unsupported use as a neck amulet. All native JPEG bytes and the full image area remain unchanged.
Source location: 1954.785; complete actually photographed main image view
Egyptian amulet tradition of the Middle Kingdom Egypt; exact findspot not stated · 1980–1801 BC; 12th Dynasty according to the museum catalogue
Dark turquoise-green star with five raised arms of unequal length and small losses in the glossy glaze. The original photograph shows the actual irregular outline.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Egyptian amulet tradition of the Middle Kingdom
Region
Egypt; exact findspot not stated
Date of the evidence
1980–1801 BC; 12th Dynasty according to the museum catalogue
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Dark turquoise-green star with five raised arms of unequal length and small losses in the glossy glaze. The original photograph shows the actual irregular outline.
Historically recorded use
The museum catalogues the five-pointed form as a star amulet. The object source consulted names neither a particular star nor a planetary or zodiacal attribution.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 1914.793.7. No evidence of a later occult pentagram: the historical star form is neither supplemented with additional connecting lines nor assigned to a modern five-part elemental theory.
Before designing
Unchanged, complete native museum view(s), including background and present-day damage. Historical facsimile; separate outline preparation and manufacturing review required.
Research draft. Dark turquoise-green star with five raised arms of unequal length and small flaws in the glossy glaze. The original photograph shows the actual irregular outline. Unaltered complete native museum view(s), including background and present-day damage. Historical facsimile; separate outline preparation and manufacturing checks required. Regular HTTP200 original retrieval on 12.10.2026. Current image retrieval HTTP403; current object page confirms the exact image URL, dimensions and CC0 unchanged. No fresh successful image retrieval is claimed. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Dark turquoise-green star with five raised arms of unequal length and small flaws in the glossy glaze. The original photograph shows the actual irregular outline. Unaltered complete native museum view(s), including background and present-day damage. Historical facsimile; separate outline preparation and manufacturing checks required. Regular HTTP200 original retrieval on 12.10.2026. Current image retrieval HTTP403; current object page confirms the exact image URL, dimensions and CC0 unchanged. No fresh successful image retrieval is claimed.
Source location: 1914.793.7; 1 complete native museum view(s)
Javanese esoteric Buddhism Indonesia, Java · Around the 10th century
Bronze vajra with clustered prongs at both ends and a shaped central grip.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Javanese esoteric Buddhism
Region
Indonesia, Java
Date of the evidence
Around the 10th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Bronze vajra with clustered prongs at both ends and a shaped central grip.
Historically recorded use
The museum text describes the use of such vajras together with mantras and hand gestures. Four outer prongs mark the cardinal directions around a central axis.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The ritual context is generally attested for this type of object; the original owners and specific mantras of this specimen are unknown. No neck amulet is documented.
Before designing
Native institutional original photograph embedded unchanged; complete view or precisely localised component of a scroll. No new isolated signs, no local upscaling and no missing strokes added. A raster facsimile is not an engraving-ready outline.
Research draft. The ritual context is generally attested for this type of implement; the original owners and specific mantras of this example are unknown. No neck amulet is attested. Original JPEG bytes unchanged and pixel viewport documented. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The ritual context is generally attested for this type of implement; the original owners and specific mantras of this example are unknown. No neck amulet is attested. Original JPEG bytes unchanged and pixel viewport documented.
Source location: Met 1987.142.297; complete current primary original view
Source location: Met 1987.142.297; object 39090; current object description and specific native original capture
The current object page was read via web access, the Met object API was fully archived, and the individual original photograph was visually checked. Unattested ways of wearing the object or private protective effects have not been added. Text and API dating remain separate where they differ.
Source location: Open Access images under CC0; the specific isPublicDomain status is given in the individual object metadata
For each image, the release is combined with the current object API and the Public-Domain designation on the specific object page. Open metadata alone does not imply rights to third-party photographs.
Gabriel – first lunar sequence of signs – MS.4667, p.291
Original image · source evidence
Historical spirit sigil
French early modern grimoire tradition; Traitté des Esprits du petit payzan Reformée French-speaking; place of manufacture unknown; current location London · Mid-18th century; dating of the specific Wellcome manuscript
A sequence of free-angle and arched signs with a horizontal bar, at whose ends inward-facing crescents and small circles appear; a short central branch ends in an open angle. The French Moon section assigns this expressly named character to a named spirit figure and a ritual instruction. This attests to a historical text of use; an actual effect or a worn neck amulet is not established.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French early modern grimoire tradition; Traitté des Esprits du petit payzan Reformée
Region
French-speaking; place of manufacture unknown; current location London
Date of the evidence
Mid-18th century; dating of the specific Wellcome manuscript
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A sequence of free-angle and arched signs with a horizontal bar, at whose ends inward-facing crescents and small circles appear; a short central branch ends in an open angle. The French Moon section assigns this expressly named character to a named spirit figure and a ritual instruction. This attests to a historical text of use; an actual effect or a worn neck amulet is not established.
Historically recorded use
The French Moon section assigns this explicitly named character to a named spirit figure and a ritual instruction. This is evidence of a historical text on use; an actual effect or a worn neck amulet is not attested.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The lunar section begins on p.291 with two mentions of Gabriel around Phul. The first individual paragraph about Gabriel describes the lower sequence of signs as his character. The later second sequence of Gabriel on p.293 is explicitly a different character, not the invention of a new being. Date of the specific manuscript: mid-18th century. Pseudo-Solomon is a transmitted attribution, not evidence of ancient authorship. The new manuscript variant does not replace an earlier printed witness.
Before designing
Unchanged native full-page JPEG embedded in the SVG; only the visible figure area is bounded by the viewport. Paper, colours, show-through writing and existing traces are retained. No outline transcription, added lines or approval for engraving.
Research draft. The lunar section begins on p.291 with two mentions of Gabriel around Phul. The first individual paragraph on Gabriel identifies the lower sequence of signs as his character. The later second sequence for Gabriel on p.293 is explicitly a different character, not a newly invented being. Unaltered native full-page JPEG embedded in the SVG; only the visible figure area is restricted by the viewport. Paper, colours, show-through and existing traces are retained. No outline transcription, line additions or engraving approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The lunar section begins on p.291 with two mentions of Gabriel around Phul. The first individual paragraph on Gabriel identifies the lower sequence of signs as his character. The later second sequence for Gabriel on p.293 is explicitly a different character, not a newly invented being. Unaltered native full-page JPEG embedded in the SVG; only the visible figure area is restricted by the viewport. Paper, colours, show-through and existing traces are retained. No outline transcription, line additions or engraving approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.4667, Traitté des Esprits du petit payzan Reformée, handwritten p.291;Canvas position307/465;Gabriel;Moon section
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Gabriel – erste Mond-Zeichenfolge – MS.4667, S.291. Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts; Datierung der konkreten Wellcome-Handschrift. Source: Wellcome Collection. Public Domain Mark.
Source location: MS.4667; second treatise pp.272–295
Institutional text names 21 spirit signatures and dates the specific manuscript to the mid-18th century. It is not a manuscript by the ancient Solomon.
Gabriel – second lunar sequence of characters – MS.4667, p.293
Original image · source evidence
Historical spirit sigil
French early modern grimoire tradition; Traitté des Esprits du petit payzan Reformée French-speaking; place of manufacture unknown; current location London · Mid-18th century; dating of the specific Wellcome manuscript
Horizontal sequence with a vertical cross-stem, a small ladder-like field, a long stem forked at the bottom and free-standing arch signs. The French lunar section explicitly assigns this named character to a named spirit figure and a ritual instruction. This documents a historical text of use; an actual effect or a worn neck amulet is not demonstrated.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French early modern grimoire tradition; Traitté des Esprits du petit payzan Reformée
Region
French-speaking; place of manufacture unknown; current location London
Date of the evidence
Mid-18th century; dating of the specific Wellcome manuscript
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Horizontal sequence with a vertical cross-stem, a small ladder-like field, a long stem forked at the bottom and free-standing arch signs. The French lunar section explicitly assigns this named character to a named spirit figure and a ritual instruction. This documents a historical text of use; an actual effect or a worn neck amulet is not demonstrated.
Historically recorded use
The French Moon section assigns this explicitly named character to a named spirit figure and a ritual instruction. This is evidence of a historical text on use; an actual effect or a worn neck amulet is not attested.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The second paragraph on Gabriel begins at the bottom of p.292 and continues on p.293. The following individual sequence is explicitly his character; the concluding sentence distinguishes the first and last characters. These are two image sequences belonging to the same transmitted name group. Date of the specific manuscript: mid-18th century. Pseudo-Solomon is a transmitted attribution, not evidence of ancient authorship. The new manuscript variant does not replace an older printed witness.
Before designing
Unchanged native full-page JPEG embedded in the SVG; only the visible figure area is bounded by the viewport. Paper, colours, show-through writing and existing traces are retained. No outline transcription, added lines or approval for engraving.
Research draft. The second Gabriel paragraph begins at the bottom of p. 292 and continues on p. 293. The following individual series is explicitly identified as his character; the concluding sentence distinguishes the first and last character. These are two image sequences of the same transmitted group of names. Unaltered native full-page JPEG embedded in the SVG; only the visible figure area is limited by the viewport. Paper, colours, show-through writing and existing traces are retained. No contour transcription, line completion or engraving approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The second Gabriel paragraph begins at the bottom of p. 292 and continues on p. 293. The following individual series is explicitly identified as his character; the concluding sentence distinguishes the first and last character. These are two image sequences of the same transmitted group of names. Unaltered native full-page JPEG embedded in the SVG; only the visible figure area is limited by the viewport. Paper, colours, show-through writing and existing traces are retained. No contour transcription, line completion or engraving approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.4667, Traitté des Esprits du petit payzan Reformée, handwritten p.293; canvas position 309/465; Gabriel; Moon section
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Gabriel – zweite Mond-Zeichenfolge – MS.4667, S.293. Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts; Datierung der konkreten Wellcome-Handschrift. Source: Wellcome Collection. Public Domain Mark.
Source location: MS.4667; second treatise pp.272–295
Institutional text names 21 spirit signatures and dates the specific manuscript to the mid-18th century. It is not a manuscript by the ancient Solomon.
Jet pendant with undeciphered magical writing – Nishapur
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Islamically influenced Nishapur; specific religious attribution unspecified Iran, Nishapur (excavation site) · 9th–10th century; API 800–999
Surviving part of a faceted cylindrical pendant with incised signs on two faces and a four-legged animal on another face. Two complete museum photographs show different sides of the same damaged object.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Islamically influenced Nishapur; specific religious attribution unspecified
Region
Iran, Nishapur (excavation site)
Date of the evidence
9th–10th century; API 800–999
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Surviving part of a faceted cylindrical pendant with incised signs on two faces and a four-legged animal on another face. Two complete museum photographs show different sides of the same damaged object.
Historically recorded use
The Met describes the small jet object as a protective pendant bearing magical signs. The danger it was intended to guard against is unknown; the sequence of signs has not been deciphered as ordinary word text.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
No conversion into an invented alphabet, no filling of gaps, and no specific protective effect or religious affiliation is claimed. The wording ‘magical script’ follows the museum’s interpretation.
Before designing
Unaltered native museum photographs as reference; no sign reconstruction, no engraving-ready outline.
Research draft. Surviving part of a faceted cylindrical pendant with incised signs on two faces and a four-legged animal on another face. Two complete museum photographs show different sides of the same damaged object. No conversion into an invented alphabet, no completion of missing areas, and no particular protective effect or religious affiliation is claimed. The wording ‘magical writing’ follows the museum’s interpretation. Native raster files unchanged; no manufacturing outlines. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Surviving part of a faceted cylindrical pendant with incised signs on two faces and a four-legged animal on another face. Two complete museum photographs show different sides of the same damaged object. No conversion into an invented alphabet, no completion of missing areas, and no particular protective effect or religious affiliation is claimed. The wording ‘magical writing’ follows the museum’s interpretation. Native raster files unchanged; no manufacturing outlines.
Source location: 40.170.404; 2 complete native museum photograph(s)
Jet seal with an ambiguous divine formula – Nishapur
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Iran; early Islamic seals and possible talismans Iran, Nishapur · 10th–11th century
Small engraved jet stone with characters and provision for suspension; no actual seal impression is newly reconstructed.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Iran; early Islamic seals and possible talismans
Region
Iran, Nishapur
Date of the evidence
10th–11th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Small engraved jet stone with characters and provision for suspension; no actual seal impression is newly reconstructed.
Historically recorded use
Depending on how the inscription is read, the museum considers use as a document seal or an additional talismanic use possible.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The readings cited by the institution distinguish general trust in God from a formula containing the name Ali. The person, Shi‘i affiliation and talisman function remain alternatives. The figure is not presented as a confirmed worn protective amulet.
Before designing
Unaltered complete institutional image; material losses, inscriptions and present-day object condition are retained. No formula added, sigil redrawn or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. The readings given by the institution distinguish general trust in God from a formula containing the name Ali. The person, Shi‘i affiliation and talisman function remain alternatives. The figure is not presented as a securely attested worn protective amulet. Complete original JPEG bytes; losses of writing and material are not supplemented. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The readings given by the institution distinguish general trust in God from a formula containing the name Ali. The person, Shi‘i affiliation and talisman function remain alternatives. The figure is not presented as a securely attested worn protective amulet. Complete original JPEG bytes; losses of writing and material are not supplemented.
Source location: Object ID 449671; inventory 39.40.141; current individual API retrieval and institutional page text
Current API attribution, inventory number, material, date and specifically linked CC0 images; curatorial statements additionally checked against the institutional web page text. Direct native HTML retrieval returns 429 and is not presented as archived HTML.
Source location: Specific image/metadata permission additionally checked for each object
The general institutional CC0 rule can be used only together with an individual object/image relation; the failed image retrieval remains visible in the retrieval report.
Lens-shaped agate with incised rows of letters in a diminishing arrangement. The open primary image shows this side with losses; the prayer side is evidenced here only by the museum text and edition.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Roman
Region
Roman world
Date of the evidence
100–250 AD
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Lens-shaped agate with incised rows of letters in a diminishing arrangement. The open primary image shows this side with losses; the prayer side is evidenced here only by the museum text and edition.
Historically recorded use
The damaged agate gem bears a variant of Ablanathanalba, whose repetition is shortened in a wing-like form, and, on the other side, a plea for Gaia to be freed from fever. The longer supplement mentioning further ailments is a modern comparative reconstruction based on magical papyri, not a fully preserved ancient wording.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 73.AN.1. pterygoma is the name of the arrangement. Missing letters and the supplemented continuation of the prayer are neither described as extant nor reproduced in the image.
Before designing
Native museum photograph as a historical reference; damage, writing and present-day photographic condition unaltered. No manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete native JPEG photograph without cropping, resampling, retouching or added glyphs. Lenticular agate with rows of incised letters in a diminishing arrangement. The open primary photograph shows this side with losses; the prayer side is evidenced here only by museum text and the edition. No manufacturing approval. A reverse described in the catalogue is not available here as a photograph. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete native JPEG photograph without cropping, resampling, retouching or added glyphs. Lenticular agate with rows of incised letters in a diminishing arrangement. The open primary photograph shows this side with losses; the prayer side is evidenced here only by museum text and the edition. No manufacturing approval. A reverse described in the catalogue is not available here as a photograph.
Source location: 73.AN.1; fully attributed museum photograph
Source location: The J. Paul Getty Museum Journal 8 (1980), pp. 181–188
Complete PDF text actually retrieved; Aurelia and Gaia read as specific to the object. Modern additions, the old inventory designation and the lost capsule are distinguished from surviving image evidence.
Roman amulet culture France; Paris as findspot or place of collection · Gallo-Roman; catalogue period 52 BC–AD 486
A simple 4 cm-long phallus pendant made of copper alloy; two original views show its form. Found in October 1898 on Rue des Ursins on the Île de la Cité.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Roman amulet culture
Region
France; Paris as findspot or place of collection
Date of the evidence
Gallo-Roman; catalogue period 52 BC–AD 486
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A simple 4 cm-long phallus pendant made of copper alloy; two original views show its form. Found in October 1898 on Rue des Ursins on the Île de la Cité.
Historically recorded use
Pendant catalogued as an amulet; no specific additional protective formula is attested in the record.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The broad dating corresponds exclusively to the period classification; the find year is not the date of manufacture.
Before designing
Unchanged complete museum photographs in separate views; no drawn additions, normalisation or approval for manufacture.
Research draft. The broad dating corresponds exclusively to the period classification; the find year is not a date of manufacture. The 4k JPEG renditions supplied by the museum remain fully intact in their native bytes; no local image editing and no claimed camera master. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The broad dating corresponds exclusively to the period classification; the find year is not a date of manufacture. The 4k JPEG renditions supplied by the museum remain fully intact in their native bytes; no local image editing and no claimed camera master.
Nordic medieval written amulets Gammel Hviding, south-west Jutland, Denmark · 1000–1100 AD according to RuneS; late Viking Age according to the museum
Narrow rectangular bronze rod, tapering slightly towards one end, with younger runes on several sides. All four institutionally photographed sides, A, B, C and D, are shown separately.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Nordic medieval written amulets
Region
Gammel Hviding, south-west Jutland, Denmark
Date of the evidence
1000–1100 AD according to RuneS; late Viking Age according to the museum
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Narrow rectangular bronze rod, tapering slightly towards one end, with younger runes on several sides. All four institutionally photographed sides, A, B, C and D, are shown separately.
Historically recorded use
Bronze runic amulet with inscribed sides. RuneS identifies the runic tradition and uncertain readings; no clear individual intention of use can be inferred from this.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
RuneS SJy 76 / Find 1175 links the older Nationalmuseet images with D 331/2009. Body complete, inscription partly preserved; catalogue length 6.3 cm, RuneS 6.4 cm. Uncertain possible words and missing strokes are not expanded into a complete magical text. The photography date 2010 is not a manufacturing date.
Before designing
Photographed surviving original form with wear, folds, perforation and any broken edges. No addition of invisible parts of lettering and no invented geometric reconstruction. The source-based photographic view is a checked reference, not yet a manufacturing outline.
Research draft. The designated sides of the specific historical find are shown with unchanged JPEG bytes. RuneS SJy 76 / Find 1175 links the older Nationalmuseet images to D 331/2009. Body complete, inscription partially preserved; catalogue length 6.3 cm, RuneS 6.4 cm. Uncertain possible words and missing strokes are not supplemented to make a complete spell text. The photograph date 2010 is not a date of manufacture. Four sides are retained as separate views. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The designated sides of the specific historical find are shown with unchanged JPEG bytes. RuneS SJy 76 / Find 1175 links the older Nationalmuseet images to D 331/2009. Body complete, inscription partially preserved; catalogue length 6.3 cm, RuneS 6.4 cm. Uncertain possible words and missing strokes are not supplemented to make a complete spell text. The photograph date 2010 is not a date of manufacture. Four sides are retained as separate views.
Source location: D 331/2009; DMR-145624, DMR-145631, DMR-145638, DMR-145611
RuneS SJy 76 / Find 1175 links the earlier Nationalmuseet images with D 331/2009. Body complete, inscription partly preserved; catalogue length 6.3 cm, RuneS 6.4 cm. Uncertain possible words and missing strokes are not completed into a full spell text. The photography date 2010 is not a date of manufacture. Specific material, find and object details come from the institutional raw record for this object page.
RuneS / Niedersächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen
Source location: SJy 76; D 331/2009; 1000–1100
Archaeological dating, bronze object, body complete and inscription incomplete. The page refers to all four Nationalmuseet images used, of the same inventory item. Uncertain readings remain uncertain; the separate image licence is from the museum, not from the general RuneS data licence.
Image-specific JSON-LD identifies the actual JPEG URL and CC BY-SA 4.0. Arnold Mikkelsen / Nationalmuseet, Danmark. The original file and its native pixel dimensions are preserved separately; the TIFF resolution stated in the catalogue is not applied to the supplied JPEG. The connection to inventory D 331/2009 is established by RuneS Fund 1175.
Image-specific JSON-LD identifies the actual JPEG URL and CC BY-SA 4.0. Arnold Mikkelsen / Nationalmuseet, Danmark. The original file and its native pixel dimensions are preserved separately; the TIFF resolution stated in the catalogue is not applied to the supplied JPEG. The connection to inventory D 331/2009 is established by RuneS Fund 1175.
Image-specific JSON-LD identifies the actual JPEG URL and CC BY-SA 4.0. Arnold Mikkelsen / Nationalmuseet, Danmark. The original file and its native pixel dimensions are preserved separately; the TIFF resolution stated in the catalogue is not applied to the supplied JPEG. The connection to inventory D 331/2009 is established by RuneS Fund 1175.
Image-specific JSON-LD identifies the actual JPEG URL and CC BY-SA 4.0. Arnold Mikkelsen / Nationalmuseet, Danmark. The original file and its native pixel dimensions are preserved separately; the TIFF resolution stated in the catalogue is not applied to the supplied JPEG. The connection to inventory D 331/2009 is established by RuneS Fund 1175.
Scandinavian Viking Age symbol and jewellery culture Gammel Lejre, Zealand · Viking Age (catalogue attribution)
Small bronze Thor’s hammer, with its shaft sharply bent and broken at the suspension area.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Scandinavian Viking Age symbol and jewellery culture
Region
Gammel Lejre, Zealand
Date of the evidence
Viking Age (catalogue attribution)
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Small bronze Thor’s hammer, with its shaft sharply bent and broken at the suspension area.
Historically recorded use
Historical hammer-shaped jewellery or symbolic object; its specific use and the owner’s personal intention are not recorded.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The deformation is retained in the image. It cannot be established with certainty from this that it was originally made as a closed loop.
Before designing
Unchanged original photographs as image reference. Individual views are shown separately alongside one another; no engraving outline has been added and no manufacturing approval has been given.
Research draft. The deformation is retained in the image. It cannot be determined with certainty from this whether it was originally made as a closed loop. Each image is complete and retains its original native JPEG bytes; separate views do not constitute a historical overall form. Presentation files, not TIFF masters. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The deformation is retained in the image. It cannot be determined with certainty from this whether it was originally made as a closed loop. Each image is complete and retains its original native JPEG bytes; separate views do not constitute a historical overall form. Presentation files, not TIFF masters.
Use of the template: CC BY-SA 4.0 with attribution and share-alike
Jonas Bruhn Johansen / Nationalmuseet, Danmark; C 49765; DO-104110; CC BY-SA 4.0. Jonas Bruhn Johansen / Nationalmuseet, Danmark; C 49765; DO-104108; CC BY-SA 4.0.
Individual institutional object record. Find, registration and photography dates are not treated as manufacturing dates. Uncertain signs and functional identifications remain qualified.
Gammelby: lead Thor’s hammer with perforated handle
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Nordic historical amulet and image traditions Gammelby, Denmark; findspot identifier 070513 · Viking Age according to the individual museum classification
Small lead hammer pendant with a crossbar head and a perforated shaft for suspension.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Nordic historical amulet and image traditions
Region
Gammelby, Denmark; findspot identifier 070513
Date of the evidence
Viking Age according to the individual museum classification
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Small lead hammer pendant with a crossbar head and a perforated shaft for suspension.
Historically recorded use
The museum describes it as an amulet or amulet candidate. The surviving form is historically attested; specific spiritual use and efficacy are described only to the extent supported by the individual evidence.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The identification as a Thor’s hammer/amulet comes from the museum. No runic spell is documented on the object; it supplements concrete hammer forms, not an invented new bind-rune.
Before designing
Unaltered historical museum views with surviving damage, corrosion and any scales. No retouching, and no additions to missing writing or lines. The facsimile provides a source reference and requires a separate manufacturing outline.
Research draft. Small lead hammer pendant with crosspiece and perforated shaft for suspension. Its identification as a Thor’s hammer/amulet comes from the museum. No runic inscription is documented on the piece; it adds specific hammer forms, not an invented new bind-rune. The named object views are shown side by side; this is not a claimed historical arrangement of signs. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Small lead hammer pendant with crosspiece and perforated shaft for suspension. Its identification as a Thor’s hammer/amulet comes from the museum. No runic inscription is documented on the piece; it adds specific hammer forms, not an invented new bind-rune. The named object views are shown side by side; this is not a claimed historical arrangement of signs.
The identification as Thor’s hammer/amulet comes from the museum. No runic inscription is documented on the object; it adds concrete hammer forms, not an invented new bind-rune. Individual object classification, material, find events and images are taken from the museum’s raw data block.
The individual ImageObject in the museum JSON-LD names this JPEG URL and CC BY-SA 4.0. Image credit: Nikita Helena Andersen / Nationalmuseet, Danmark. The actual JPEG pixel dimensions are checked; the larger TIFF catalogue dimensions are not applied to the JPEG used.
The individual ImageObject in the museum JSON-LD names this JPEG URL and CC BY-SA 4.0. Image credit: Nikita Helena Andersen / Nationalmuseet, Danmark. The actual JPEG pixel dimensions are checked; the larger TIFF catalogue dimensions are not applied to the JPEG used.
Birth of Pallas and Sol with Venus – Atalanta fugiens 1618, Emblem 23
Original image · source evidence
Alchemical-theosophical symbolic image
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art Oppenheim, Germany; place of printing · 1618; first publication of the work 1617
In the foreground lies a bearded figure, whose head is touched by a standing man holding a tool. A small armed figure appears in the background; on the right, a couple lie beneath a cloth.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art
Region
Oppenheim, Germany; place of printing
Date of the evidence
1618; first publication of the work 1617
Type of evidence
Textual evidence
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
In the foreground lies a bearded figure, whose head is touched by a standing man holding a tool. A small armed figure appears in the background; on the right, a couple lie beneath a cloth.
Historically recorded use
The motto names the birth of Pallas on Rhodes, the golden rain and Sol with Venus. These mythological names refer to Maier’s historical emblem attribution. Historical book illustration with epigram and associated discourse; no evidenced neck pendant.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
An individually located emblem in the specific 1618 Oppenheimer print; the first publication in 1617 is distinct from this. Part of the same work and the same copy, not an independent amulet object. Individual use as a worn amulet, ancient origin of this graphic and efficacy are not evidenced.
Before designing
Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view with motto, image, epigram, printed page number and side margin notes. Paper, stains, binding shadows and any coloured areas are retained. Institutional presentation resolution 2880×3442; larger master 4291×5129 documented separately. Historical image evidence without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view with motto, image, epigram, printed page number and side margin notes. Paper, stains, binding shadows and any coloured areas are retained. Institutional presentation resolution 2880×3442; larger master 4291×5129 documented separately. Historical image evidence without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view with motto, image, epigram, printed page number and side margin notes. Paper, stains, binding shadows and any coloured areas are retained. Institutional presentation resolution 2880×3442; larger master 4291×5129 documented separately. Historical image evidence without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: QD25 .M354 1618, Emblem 23, printed p. 101; institutional individual inventory ht24wk262; Large JPG 2880×3442
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Courtesy of Science History Institute; Michael Maier, Atalanta fugiens (Oppenheim 1618), Emblem 23, S.101; engraver Matthaeus Merian; Public Domain Mark 1.0.
Source location: QD25 .M354 1618; Oppenheim, Johann-Theodor de Bry; complete work with 50 emblems
Copy used from 1618; the work's first publication in 1617 is attested separately. Historical alchemical emblem, epigram and musical context. No evidence for 30 independent works, worn amulets or present-day claims of efficacy. Individual image rights additionally checked for each inventory item.
The motto names the birth of Pallas on Rhodes, golden rain and Sol with Venus. These mythological names refer to Maier’s historical emblem attribution. The original title, English institutional counter-label, date 1618 and specific PDM image release correspond to the individual page.
Germanic runic script Reference: Gotland · Elder Futhark; check model dating separately
Sign g.
Research draftSource-based vector template
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Germanic runic script
Region
Reference: Gotland
Date of the evidence
Elder Futhark; check model dating separately
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Description
Sign g.
Historically recorded use
Written signs
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Historical letter; the normalised older form of the name is reconstructed. No individual amulet effect is inferred from the name.
Before designing
Unicode shows a normalised letter form. For manufacture, select a specific historical character variant and check it against the find.
Research draft. Normalised editorial letter form ᚷ (U+16B7); hand-set, font-free line geometry, with no use of a font file. Do not present as a faithful Kylver facsimile or an individually attested amulet sign. Names are reconstructed; no individual magical effect is inferred. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Vector template: Normalised editorial letter form ᚷ (U+16B7); hand-set, font-free line geometry, with no use of a font file. Do not present as a faithful Kylver facsimile or an individually attested amulet sign. Names are reconstructed; no individual magical effect is inferred.
Source location: G 88 / Kylver; sequence A I, character 7; normalised Unicode letter U+16B7
Normalised editorial letter form ᚷ (U+16B7); hand-set, font-free line geometry, with no use of a font file. Do not present as a faithful Kylver facsimile or an individually attested amulet sign. Names are reconstructed; no individual magical effect is inferred.
Niedersächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, RuneS
Source location: Signs 11458–11482; sequence A I
Scholarly names and transliterations; the names are catalogue designations, not recorded explanations of the names in the ancient incision. Kylver places p before ï and d before o.
The current Ancient-India guide associates BM 1956,0725.8.b with the Sambas Buddha 1956,0725.8.a, 700–800 and Candravarma. No freely licensed complete front/back image of the damaged silver strips; direct retrieval returns 403. The find within the statue remains distinct from a worn neck amulet.
Religious text
Buddhist text deposition Borneo, Sambas · 8th century
Two rectangular silver strips inscribed on both sides.
Research draftSpecific model required
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Buddhist text deposition
Region
Borneo, Sambas
Date of the evidence
8th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Description
Two rectangular silver strips inscribed on both sides.
Historically recorded use
Folded religious texts in the base of a silver Buddha figure.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The find context in a deposit is evidenced; no body amulet or specific health claims can be inferred from the catalogue. The current Ancient-India guide 2025 confirms the statue find 1956,0725.8.a/b, Sambas 700–800 and the religious silver text in Candravarma’s name; no claim of effect or use as a necklace is inferred.
Before designing
The current Ancient-India guide associates BM 1956,0725.8.b with the Sambas Buddha 1956,0725.8.a, 700–800 and Candravarma. No freely licensed complete front/back image of the damaged silver strips; direct retrieval returns 403. The find within the statue remains distinct from a worn neck amulet.
Research draft. The current Ancient-India guide associates BM 1956,0725.8.b with the Sambas Buddha 1956,0725.8.a, 700–800 and Candravarma. No freely licensed complete front/back image of the damaged silver strips; direct retrieval returns 403. The find within the statue remains distinct from a worn neck amulet. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Source location: Section Sambas, Borneo, AD 700–800; explicitly 1956,0725.8.a and b
The guide names the religious silver text from inside the Buddha as being in the name of the local ruler Candravarma. Find context: inside the statue; no attested use as a necklace. Only the text in the search index was read; there is no complete freely licensed image of the writing.
Search index evidence – complete source page not yet checked · Checked on:
Folded runic lead sheet from Alvastra – sub-inventory 430
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Scandinavian runic traditions Sweden · Museum dating 1100 – 1500; Medieval period
Short folded lead strip with visible incised marks on the exposed surfaces. Covered areas remain unexplored.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Scandinavian runic traditions
Region
Sweden
Date of the evidence
Museum dating 1100 – 1500; Medieval period
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Short folded lead strip with visible incised marks on the exposed surfaces. Covered areas remain unexplored.
Historically recorded use
A specific find of medieval runic evidence; no complete formula or particular protective function has been added.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Individual museum inventory 616230_HST. Based on the current SHM object page and the media specifically attributed there. The search API contains some discrepant, outdated date fields; these are not adopted as dates of manufacture. No new rune reading, free translation of the formula or completion of lost forms.
Before designing
The transmitted state of the object serves as a historical reference. No reconstruction of invisible, folded or damaged areas; transfer for manufacture must be assessed separately.
Research draft. Unchanged native institutional WebP views, complete, in an SVG layout; no camera master is claimed and no outline is reconstructed. Several views are explicitly separate photographs of the same inventory item. Short folded lead strip with visible incised marks on the exposed surfaces. Hidden areas remain unexplored. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Unchanged native institutional WebP views, complete, in an SVG layout; no camera master is claimed and no outline is reconstructed. Several views are explicitly separate photographs of the same inventory item. Short folded lead strip with visible incised marks on the exposed surfaces. Hidden areas remain unexplored.
Source location: 616230_HST; native media 547cc706-fb01-4024-b046-d0affd6a430b
Source location: 616230_HST; acquisition number 22111
Identity, current dating, material, findspot and individual media attribution. Date of manufacture and modern find or acquisition date remain distinct.
Scandinavian runic traditions Sweden · Museum dating 600–799; Vendel period, Viking Age
Multiple-fold lead sheet with runes on the visible outer surfaces. Two native views retain the folds, damage and concealed surfaces.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Scandinavian runic traditions
Region
Sweden
Date of the evidence
Museum dating 600–799; Vendel period, Viking Age
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Multiple-fold lead sheet with runes on the visible outer surfaces. Two native views retain the folds, damage and concealed surfaces.
Historically recorded use
The museum dates the rune evidence to the 7th–8th century on the basis of the palaeographic description by Magnus Källström. The complete inscription and amulet use are not established.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Individual museum accession 1371973_HST. Based on the current SHM object page and the media precisely linked there. The search API contains some differing, outdated date fields; these are not adopted as dates of manufacture. No new rune reading, free translation of a formula or completion of lost forms.
Before designing
The transmitted state of the object serves as a historical reference. No reconstruction of invisible, folded or damaged areas; transfer for manufacture must be assessed separately.
Research draft. Unchanged native institutional WebP views in full within an SVG layout; no camera master is claimed and no outline has been reconstructed. Multiple views are explicitly separate photographs of the same inventory item. Multiple-fold lead sheet with runes on the visible outer surfaces. Two native views retain folds, damage and obscured surfaces. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Unchanged native institutional WebP views in full within an SVG layout; no camera master is claimed and no outline has been reconstructed. Multiple views are explicitly separate photographs of the same inventory item. Multiple-fold lead sheet with runes on the visible outer surfaces. Two native views retain folds, damage and obscured surfaces.
Source location: 1371973_HST; native media b4f22c84-d78a-4611-9bd2-2b6016c6197e, e50599a6-1289-4c5d-b232-a8cb108e03da
Radon, Jenny. Historiska museet/SHM. 1371973_HST. CC BY 4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/; Radon, Jenny. Historiska museet/SHM. 1371973_HST. CC BY 4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Identity, current dating, material, findspot and individual media attribution. Date of manufacture and modern find or acquisition date remain distinct.
Byzantium, Byzantine period, 6th–7th centuries Byzantine cultural sphere · 500s–600s
Rock crystal set in gold, with a possible amuletic function; the museum explicitly describes its original function as unclear. The earlier interpretation as a container for holy oil or relics was disproved by the solid crystal core. No cavity or sacred contents are claimed.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Byzantium, Byzantine period, 6th–7th centuries
Region
Byzantine cultural sphere
Date of the evidence
500s–600s
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Rock crystal set in gold, with a possible amuletic function; the museum explicitly describes its original function as unclear. The earlier interpretation as a container for holy oil or relics was disproved by the solid crystal core. No cavity or sacred contents are claimed.
Historically recorded use
Rock crystal set in gold, with a possible amuletic function; the museum explicitly describes its original function as unclear.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The former interpretation as a container for holy oil or relics was disproved by the solid crystal core. No cavity or holy contents are claimed.
Before designing
Long clear crystal with gold end fittings, small red stones and narrow side chains against a dark background. Original image as a complete facsimile; no manufacturing approval and no added outlines.
Research draft. The earlier interpretation as a container for holy oil or relics was disproved by the solid crystal core. No cavity or sacred contents are claimed. All native JPEG bytes and the full image framing remain unchanged. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The earlier interpretation as a container for holy oil or relics was disproved by the solid crystal core. No cavity or sacred contents are claimed. All native JPEG bytes and the full image framing remain unchanged.
Source location: 1953.640; complete main image view actually photographed
Winged figure with serpent staffs – attribution to Basilius, Key 2, Musaeum 1678
Original image · source evidence
Alchemical-theosophical symbolic image
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art Frankfurt am Main, Germany; place of printing · 1678; specific copy used
A naked winged figure holds two serpent staffs. Two armed men flank it; the sun, moon and other animal symbols appear below and behind.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art
Region
Frankfurt am Main, Germany; place of printing
Date of the evidence
1678; specific copy used
Type of evidence
Textual evidence
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A naked winged figure holds two serpent staffs. Two armed men flank it; the sun, moon and other animal symbols appear below and behind.
Historically recorded use
Located as Key 2 in the printed sequence of Twelve Keys attributed to Basilius Valentinus. Image and text form an alchemical book allegory; no further interpretations of substances are added without evidence. Historical book illustration; use as an actual neck pendant is not attested.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
A historically located printed component of the specific 1678 example; not a new independent historical text and not an evidenced worn amulet. Efficacy and suitability for manufacture are not evidenced. The transmitted author’s name is given as a title attribution; no identity as a medieval monk or dating of this image to the 15th century is confirmed.
Before designing
Complete, unchanged institutional Large-JPEG page view 2880×2777px. The separately offered larger master 5242×5055px was not supplied as a downloaded file. Image, writing, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete, unchanged institutional Large-JPEG page view 2880×2777px. The separately offered larger master 5242×5055px was not supplied as a downloaded file. Image, writing, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete, unchanged institutional Large-JPEG page view 2880×2777px. The separately offered larger master 5242×5055px was not supplied as a downloaded file. Image, writing, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: QD25 .M87315 1678; attribution to Basil, Clavis 2, printed p. 396; viewer index 46, individual inventory 7s75dd429; Large JPG 2880×2777
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Courtesy of Science History Institute; Musaeum Hermeticum Reformatum et Amplificatum, used edition 1678; QD25 .M87315 1678; Basilius-Zuschreibung, Clavis 2, gedruckte S. 396; Viewerindex 46, Einzelinventar 7s75dd429; Public Domain Mark 1.0.
Source location: QD25 .M87315 1678; Frankfurt am Main, Hermann à Sande
Specific complete volume with 70 institutional digital images. Main title and catalogue date 1678; several bound component titles bear 1677. The 30 images captured are components of this single volume. The transmitted author names are attributions in the printed work; no confirmed biography of a medieval monk.
Source location: QD25 .M87315 1678; attribution to Basilius, Clavis 2, printed p. 396; viewer index 46, individual inventory 7s75dd429
Located as key 2 in the printed sequence of twelve keys under the attribution to Basilius Valentinus. Image and text form an alchemical book allegory; further interpretations of the substances are not added without basis. Its individual institutional metadata has been checked against PDM.
Winged figure above serpent circle – attribution to Basil, Key 9, Musaeum 1678
Original image · source evidence
Alchemical-theosophical symbolic image
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art Frankfurt am Main, Germany; place of printing · 1678; specific copy used
A winged human figure with outstretched arms stands above a circle containing three interlocking snakes. Sun and moon symbols and a star-like ground belong to the scene.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art
Region
Frankfurt am Main, Germany; place of printing
Date of the evidence
1678; specific copy used
Type of evidence
Textual evidence
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A winged human figure with outstretched arms stands above a circle containing three interlocking snakes. Sun and moon symbols and a star-like ground belong to the scene.
Historically recorded use
Located as key 9 in the printed sequence of Twelve Keys, under the attribution to Basilius Valentinus. Image and text form an alchemical book allegory; further interpretations of substances are not added speculatively. Historical book illustration; actual use as a neck pendant is not attested.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
A historically located printed component of the specific 1678 example; not a new independent historical text and not an evidenced worn amulet. Efficacy and suitability for manufacture are not evidenced. The transmitted author’s name is given as a title attribution; no identity as a medieval monk or dating of this image to the 15th century is confirmed.
Before designing
Complete, unaltered institutional full-page JPEG view, 2880×3151px. The separately offered larger master, 4701×5143px, was not provided as the downloaded file. Image, writing, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile, not a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete, unaltered institutional full-page JPEG view, 2880×3151px. The separately offered larger master, 4701×5143px, was not provided as the downloaded file. Image, writing, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile, not a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete, unaltered institutional full-page JPEG view, 2880×3151px. The separately offered larger master, 4701×5143px, was not provided as the downloaded file. Image, writing, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile, not a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: QD25 .M87315 1678; attribution to Basilius, Clavis 9, printed p. 415; viewer index 53, individual inventory 8w32r683f; Large JPG 2880×3151
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Courtesy of Science History Institute; Musaeum Hermeticum Reformatum et Amplificatum, used edition 1678; QD25 .M87315 1678; Basilius-Zuschreibung, Clavis 9, gedruckte S. 415; Viewerindex 53, Einzelinventar 8w32r683f; Public Domain Mark 1.0.
Source location: QD25 .M87315 1678; Frankfurt am Main, Hermann à Sande
Specific complete volume with 70 institutional digital images. Main title and catalogue date 1678; several bound component titles bear 1677. The 30 images captured are components of this single volume. The transmitted author names are attributions in the printed work; no confirmed biography of a medieval monk.
Source location: QD25 .M87315 1678; attribution to Basil, Clavis 9, printed p. 415; viewer index 53, individual inventory 8w32r683f
Located as Key 9 in the printed sequence of Twelve Keys under the attribution to Basilius Valentinus. Image and text form an alchemical book allegory; interpretations of the substances beyond this are not freely added. Individual institutional metadata checked against PDM.
Winged dragon and animals – attribution to Basilius, Key 3, Musaeum 1678
Original image · source evidence
Alchemical-theosophical symbolic image
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art Frankfurt am Main, Germany; place of printing · 1678; specific copy used
A large winged dragon lies in the foreground of a mountainous landscape. Other animals and birds are scattered across the background.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art
Region
Frankfurt am Main, Germany; place of printing
Date of the evidence
1678; specific copy used
Type of evidence
Textual evidence
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A large winged dragon lies in the foreground of a mountainous landscape. Other animals and birds are scattered across the background.
Historically recorded use
Located as key 3 in the printed sequence of Twelve Keys attributed to Basilius Valentinus. Image and text form an alchemical book allegory; interpretations of substances beyond this are not freely added. Historical book illustration; actual use as a neck pendant is not attested.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
A historically located printed component of the specific 1678 example; not a new independent historical text and not an evidenced worn amulet. Efficacy and suitability for manufacture are not evidenced. The transmitted author’s name is given as a title attribution; no identity as a medieval monk or dating of this image to the 15th century is confirmed.
Before designing
Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view, 2880×2750px. The larger master, 5240×5003px, offered separately, was not provided as a downloaded file. Image, text, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view, 2880×2750px. The larger master, 5240×5003px, offered separately, was not provided as a downloaded file. Image, text, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view, 2880×2750px. The larger master, 5240×5003px, offered separately, was not provided as a downloaded file. Image, text, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: QD25 .M87315 1678; Basilius attribution, Clavis 3, printed p. 398; viewer index 47, individual inventory 4t64gp129; Large JPG 2880×2750
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Courtesy of Science History Institute; Musaeum Hermeticum Reformatum et Amplificatum, used edition 1678; QD25 .M87315 1678; Basilius-Zuschreibung, Clavis 3, gedruckte S. 398; Viewerindex 47, Einzelinventar 4t64gp129; Public Domain Mark 1.0.
Source location: QD25 .M87315 1678; Frankfurt am Main, Hermann à Sande
Specific complete volume with 70 institutional digital images. Main title and catalogue date 1678; several bound component titles bear 1677. The 30 images captured are components of this single volume. The transmitted author names are attributions in the printed work; no confirmed biography of a medieval monk.
Source location: QD25 .M87315 1678; attribution to Basilius, Clavis 3, printed p. 398; viewer index 47, individual inventory 4t64gp129
Located as Key 3 in the printed sequence of Twelve Keys attributed to Basilius Valentinus. Image and text form an alchemical book allegory; no further interpretations of substances are added without evidence. Checked against the institution’s own individual metadata with PDM.
Female head in profile with a wing and carefully worked facial features.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Archaic Italy; Etruscan, Greek and Italic visual traditions
Region
Italy
Date of the evidence
525–480 B.C.
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Female head in profile with a wing and carefully worked facial features.
Historically recorded use
The catalogue treats several perforations and signs of wear as indications of prolonged use as an amulet ornament; attachment to clothing is also considered.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The exact form and original wearer are unknown. Funerary use for a girl remains hypothetical; the wing does not make the figure a securely identified angel.
Before designing
Unmodified native institutional photographic source; no invented glyph additions, no isolated vector outline and no manufacturing approval. Historical evidence and comparative interpretation remain separate.
Research draft. The precise form and original wearer are unknown. Funerary use for a girl remains hypothetical; the wing does not make the figure a securely identified angel. Complete original JPEG bytes; losses to the writing and material have not been filled in. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The precise form and original wearer are unknown. Funerary use for a girl remains hypothetical; the wing does not make the figure a securely identified angel. Complete original JPEG bytes; losses to the writing and material have not been filled in.
Source location: 76.AO.85.2; complete, actually photographed main image view
Scholarly comparison and interpretation are presented separately from secure object form and actual use. Photograph separately from current collection metadata relation.
Early modern transmission of magical gem images Antwerp; current collection at Museum Plantin-Moretus · 1657 (printing date of the image witness)
A crowned, winged rider sits on a horse walking to the right and raises one hand. Letters appear on either side of the animal. The CBd identifies the rider as Eros and the letters as Iao; sufficient information about the reverse is lacking.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern transmission of magical gem images
Region
Antwerp; current collection at Museum Plantin-Moretus
Date of the evidence
1657 (printing date of the image witness)
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A crowned, winged rider sits on a horse walking to the right and raises one hand. Letters appear on either side of the animal. The CBd identifies the rider as Eros and the letters as Iao; sufficient information about the reverse is lacking.
Historically recorded use
Antiquarian documentation of an image transmitted as a gem motif. No evidence that this paper sheet itself served as a worn amulet.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Historical printed witness from 1657, recorded in the scholarly gem catalogue as a transmitted drawing. The printing date confirms the historical transmission of the image; it does not independently prove the depicted stone’s age, authenticity or personal use as an amulet. The designation as a gem motif does not attribute a guaranteed effect.
Before designing
Unaltered native museum JPEG in SVG with a documented crop of the complete numbered image group. Related pages remain visible together. No added lines or substitute letters; historical image reference without vector transcription and without manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Historical printed witness of 1657, recorded in the scholarly gem catalogue as a transmitted drawing. The print date confirms the historical transmission of the image; it does not independently prove the age or authenticity of the stone depicted, or its personal use as an amulet. Calling it a gem motif does not attribute a guaranteed effect. Unaltered native museum JPEG embedded in the SVG, with a documented crop of the complete numbered image group. Related pages remain visible together. No added lines or substitute letters; historical image reference without vector transcription and without manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historical printed witness of 1657, recorded in the scholarly gem catalogue as a transmitted drawing. The print date confirms the historical transmission of the image; it does not independently prove the age or authenticity of the stone depicted, or its personal use as an amulet. Calling it a gem motif does not attribute a guaranteed effect. Unaltered native museum JPEG embedded in the SVG, with a documented crop of the complete numbered image group. Related pages remain visible together. No added lines or substitute letters; historical image reference without vector transcription and without manufacturing approval.
Source location: Museum Plantin-Moretus, PK.OP.07410; Tabula I, figure 2; CBd-2784
Ancient Egyptian religion Egypt · Evidence 664–332 BC; Late Period
Scarab with two separately made bird wings.
Research draftSource-based vector template
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Ancient Egyptian religion
Region
Egypt
Date of the evidence
Evidence 664–332 BC; Late Period
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Description
Scarab with two separately made bird wings.
Historically recorded use
Attached to mummy bandages in the hope of rebirth.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Met 25.5.1a–c; small holes attest to attachment to bandages.
Before designing
Check the specific historical variant and object image against a source before using it; do not design a newly combined sigil.
Research draft. Source-based outline of the actual three-part amulet 25.5.1a–c. The lateral bird wings remain separate parts with the spacing shown in the museum image; no modern beetle wings have been added. The main visible feather boundaries and wing-case grooves have been transferred in simplified form; small attachment holes and glaze details have not been traced completely. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Vector template: Source-based outline of the actual three-part amulet 25.5.1a–c. The lateral bird wings remain separate parts with the spacing shown in the museum image; no modern beetle wings have been added. The main visible feather boundaries and wing-case grooves have been transferred in simplified form; small attachment holes and glaze details have not been traced completely.
Source location: 25.5.1a–c; top view of the three separately made amulet parts, main museum image
Source-based outline of the actual three-part amulet 25.5.1a–c. The lateral bird wings remain separate parts with the spacing shown in the museum image; no modern beetle wings have been added. The main visible feather boundaries and wing-case grooves have been transferred in simplified form; small attachment holes and glaze details have not been traced completely.
Winged and unwinged lion – Atalanta fugiens 1618, Emblem 16
Original image · source evidence
Alchemical-theosophical symbolic image
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art Oppenheim, Germany; place of printing · 1618; first publication of the work 1617
Two lions touch one another in a landscape. One has large wings, the other none; their raised tails remain distinguishable from one another.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art
Region
Oppenheim, Germany; place of printing
Date of the evidence
1618; first publication of the work 1617
Type of evidence
Textual evidence
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Two lions touch one another in a landscape. One has large wings, the other none; their raised tails remain distinguishable from one another.
Historically recorded use
The motto distinguishes the lion without wings from the other lion with wings. Further correspondences with substances or planets are not freely added. Historical book illustration with epigram and associated discourse; not an evidenced neck pendant.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
An individually located emblem in the specific 1618 Oppenheimer print; the first publication in 1617 is distinct from this. Part of the same work and the same copy, not an independent amulet object. Individual use as a worn amulet, ancient origin of this graphic and efficacy are not evidenced.
Before designing
Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view with motto, image, epigram, printed page number and side margin notes. Paper, stains, binding shadows and any coloured areas are retained. Institutional presentation resolution 2880×3442; larger master 4291×5129 documented separately. Historical image evidence without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view with motto, image, epigram, printed page number and side margin notes. Paper, stains, binding shadows and any coloured areas are retained. Institutional presentation resolution 2880×3442; larger master 4291×5129 documented separately. Historical image evidence without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view with motto, image, epigram, printed page number and side margin notes. Paper, stains, binding shadows and any coloured areas are retained. Institutional presentation resolution 2880×3442; larger master 4291×5129 documented separately. Historical image evidence without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: QD25 .M354 1618, Emblem 16, printed p. 73; institutional individual inventory n296x0031; Large JPG 2880×3442
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Courtesy of Science History Institute; Michael Maier, Atalanta fugiens (Oppenheim 1618), Emblem 16, S.73; engraver Matthaeus Merian; Public Domain Mark 1.0.
Source location: QD25 .M354 1618; Oppenheim, Johann-Theodor de Bry; complete work with 50 emblems
Copy used from 1618; the work's first publication in 1617 is attested separately. Historical alchemical emblem, epigram and musical context. No evidence for 30 independent works, worn amulets or present-day claims of efficacy. Individual image rights additionally checked for each inventory item.
The motto distinguishes the lion without wings from the other lion with wings. Further associations with substances or planets are not freely added. The original title, English institutional counter-label, date 1618 and specific PDM image release correspond to the individual page.
Elongated frontal head with incised hair, lateral and upper wing forms, and a large perforation above the face. The surface is cracked and corroded in places.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Etruscan
Region
Italy
Date of the evidence
c. 525–480 BC
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Elongated frontal head with incised hair, lateral and upper wing forms, and a large perforation above the face. The surface is cracked and corroded in places.
Historically recorded use
The Getty catalogue lists the heavily weathered amber as a winged female head. It compares the form with archaic Etruscan pictorial traditions. The surviving features of the wings and head provide evidence for a historical image, but do not allow the secure identification of an individual goddess or a protective ritual.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 77.AO.81.29; catalogue no. 16, object 103TEW. The current short description mentions a large headdress and corrosion; the specialist catalogue explains the winged image form. The difference in descriptive detail remains clear.
Before designing
Complete native museum photograph as a historical reference; damage and present-day photographic elements remain visible. No contour reconstruction, no production approval.
Research draft. Unchanged complete native museum image; no raster transformation or addition of old outlines. Historical reference, not manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Unchanged complete native museum image; no raster transformation or addition of old outlines. Historical reference, not manufacturing approval.
Source location: J. Paul Getty Museum; 77.AO.81.29; 103TEW
Current Native individual object page with specific CC0 photo attribution and text separately identified as CC BY 4.0. JSON-LD extracted unchanged from this HTML.
Complete institutional specialist catalogue: dating, condition, provenance and explicitly weighed interpretations of the image and function. The catalogue text is scholarly commentary; no original excavation documentation is claimed.
Vulture and another bird with a scroll – Atalanta fugiens 1618, Emblem 43
Original image · source evidence
Alchemical-theosophical symbolic image
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art Oppenheim, Germany; place of printing · 1618; specific copy used
A large vulture stands on a rock; another large bird is in the foreground of the mountainous landscape. A scroll runs across the scene.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art
Region
Oppenheim, Germany; place of printing
Date of the evidence
1618; specific copy used
Type of evidence
Textual evidence
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A large vulture stands on a rock; another large bird is in the foreground of the mountainous landscape. A scroll runs across the scene.
Historically recorded use
The motto calls for listening to the truthful vulture; a particular alchemical bird allegory is transmitted. Historical book illustration; use as an actual pendant is not documented.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Individually located historical printed component from the specific 1618 copy, not a new independent historical text and not an attested worn amulet. Effect and suitability for manufacture are not established. Work first published in 1617; the print used here is from 1618.
Before designing
Complete unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view 2880×3442px. The separately offered larger master 4291×5129px was not supplied as a downloaded file. Image, writing, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view 2880×3442px. The separately offered larger master 4291×5129px was not supplied as a downloaded file. Image, writing, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view 2880×3442px. The separately offered larger master 4291×5129px was not supplied as a downloaded file. Image, writing, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: QD25 .M354 1618; emblem 43, printed p. 181; individual inventory 0p0967933; Large JPG 2880×3442
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Courtesy of Science History Institute; Atalanta fugiens, used edition 1618; QD25 .M354 1618; Emblem 43, gedruckte S. 181; Einzelinventar 0p0967933; Public Domain Mark 1.0.
The same specifically identified copy as for the 30 emblems already included; this batch adds only the remaining 20 individual sheets. First publication in 1617 and the edition used, 1618, are distinguished.
The motto calls for listening to the truthful vulture; a particular alchemical bird allegory is transmitted. Checked against PDM using the institution’s own item-level metadata.
Ancient Egyptian amulets and historical symbol forms Egypt · c. 2110–2030 BC
Stocky bird in profile with a large lateral perforation.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Ancient Egyptian amulets and historical symbol forms
Region
Egypt
Date of the evidence
c. 2110–2030 BC
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Stocky bird in profile with a large lateral perforation.
Historically recorded use
Animal-shaped ivory amulet, identified in the catalogue as a vulture.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The animal form is documented. A specific identification of the goddess as Nechbet is not inferred from this record. The date range follows the legible catalogue dating; the differing numerical API values are preserved separately in the evidence record.
Before designing
Original black-and-white photograph; not transformed into a spread-winged vulture. CC0 raster reference; not a verified manufacturing file. Engraving or casting requires separately verified contour preparation.
Research draft. Original black-and-white photograph; not transformed into a spread-winged vulture. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Original black-and-white photograph; not transformed into a spread-winged vulture.
Source location: Met 65.46.11; selected original photograph
Source location: Met 65.46.11; object 545862; API title, objectDate, medium, geography, images
Directly archived institutional object record for this exact inventory item. Image form also checked visually; named function and attribution only to the extent documented in each case.
Two lions form a connected, opposed figurative composition.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Archaic Italy; Etruscan, Greek and Italic visual traditions
Region
Italy
Date of the evidence
600–550 B.C.
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Two lions form a connected, opposed figurative composition.
Historically recorded use
The repetition of powerful animals and the nature of the amber are discussed in the catalogue as possible amuletic enhancement and protection symbolism.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The interpretation follows comparative objects and image typology. Neither a specific deity nor a specific historical owner has been established.
Before designing
Unmodified native institutional photographic source; no invented glyph additions, no isolated vector outline and no manufacturing approval. Historical evidence and comparative interpretation remain separate.
Research draft. The interpretation follows comparative objects and image typology. Neither a particular deity nor a particular historical owner is evidenced. Complete original JPEG bytes; losses to the writing and material are not filled in. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The interpretation follows comparative objects and image typology. Neither a particular deity nor a particular historical owner is evidenced. Complete original JPEG bytes; losses to the writing and material are not filled in.
Source location: 77.AO.81.3; complete actually photographed main image view
Scholarly comparison and interpretation are presented separately from secure object form and actual use. Photograph separately from current collection metadata relation.
Crossed vajras on a Chinese ritual box (Met 29.110.90a, b)
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Chinese esoteric Buddhism of the Ming period China · Mid-16th century; Ming dynasty
Round cloisonné lidded box with blue ground, floral tendrils and four-rayed vajra ends arranged in a cross. Two original photographs document the lid and underside with a modern inventory inscription.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Chinese esoteric Buddhism of the Ming period
Region
China
Date of the evidence
Mid-16th century; Ming dynasty
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Round cloisonné lidded box with blue ground, floral tendrils and four-rayed vajra ends arranged in a cross. Two original photographs document the lid and underside with a modern inventory inscription.
Historically recorded use
The Met interprets the crossed pair of vajras as indicating Buddhist ritual use and suggests a container for incense. The function as an incense burner remains explicitly a museum hypothesis; there is no evidence of a worn protective amulet.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
A lidded box under one inventory number, not two independent objects or motifs. No attribution to a cardinal direction, protective function or inscription has been invented. The institution’s search interval of 1534–1566 refines the textual dating to the mid-16th century, without proving an exact year of manufacture.
Before designing
Unaltered native original photographs as historical reference; no new engraving outline and no manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Round cloisonné lidded box with a blue ground, floral scrolls and four-rayed vajra ends arranged in a cross. Two original photographs show the lid and the underside with a modern inventory inscription. One box with a lid under one inventory number, not two independent objects or motifs. No attribution of compass directions, protection or inscriptions has been invented. The institutional search interval 1534–1566 refines the textual dating to the mid-16th century without proving an exact year of manufacture. Native raster files unchanged, no manufacturing outlines. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Round cloisonné lidded box with a blue ground, floral scrolls and four-rayed vajra ends arranged in a cross. Two original photographs show the lid and the underside with a modern inventory inscription. One box with a lid under one inventory number, not two independent objects or motifs. No attribution of compass directions, protection or inscriptions has been invented. The institutional search interval 1534–1566 refines the textual dating to the mid-16th century without proving an exact year of manufacture. Native raster files unchanged, no manufacturing outlines.
Source location: 29.110.90a, b; 2 complete native original photographs
Crowned woman with heart and plant staff – attribution to Basilius, key 5, Musaeum 1678
Original image · source evidence
Alchemical-theosophical symbolic image
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art Frankfurt am Main, Germany; place of printing · 1678; specific copy used
A crowned woman holds a heart-shaped object and a branching staff. A man with a musical instrument stands on the right; the sun, figures and a lion appear on the left.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art
Region
Frankfurt am Main, Germany; place of printing
Date of the evidence
1678; specific copy used
Type of evidence
Textual evidence
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A crowned woman holds a heart-shaped object and a branching staff. A man with a musical instrument stands on the right; the sun, figures and a lion appear on the left.
Historically recorded use
Located as key 5 in the printed sequence of Twelve Keys under the attribution to Basilius Valentinus. Image and text form an alchemical book allegory; further interpretations of substances are not freely added. Historical book illustration; actual use as a neck pendant is not attested.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
A historically located printed component of the specific 1678 example; not a new independent historical text and not an evidenced worn amulet. Efficacy and suitability for manufacture are not evidenced. The transmitted author’s name is given as a title attribution; no identity as a medieval monk or dating of this image to the 15th century is confirmed.
Before designing
Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view, 2880×2750px. The larger master, 5240×5003px, offered separately, was not provided as a downloaded file. Image, text, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view, 2880×2750px. The larger master, 5240×5003px, offered separately, was not provided as a downloaded file. Image, text, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view, 2880×2750px. The larger master, 5240×5003px, offered separately, was not provided as a downloaded file. Image, text, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: QD25 .M87315 1678; attribution to Basilius, Clavis 5, printed p. 402; viewer index 49, individual inventory v118rf31m; Large JPG 2880×2750
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Courtesy of Science History Institute; Musaeum Hermeticum Reformatum et Amplificatum, used edition 1678; QD25 .M87315 1678; Basilius-Zuschreibung, Clavis 5, gedruckte S. 402; Viewerindex 49, Einzelinventar v118rf31m; Public Domain Mark 1.0.
Source location: QD25 .M87315 1678; Frankfurt am Main, Hermann à Sande
Specific complete volume with 70 institutional digital images. Main title and catalogue date 1678; several bound component titles bear 1677. The 30 images captured are components of this single volume. The transmitted author names are attributions in the printed work; no confirmed biography of a medieval monk.
Source location: QD25 .M87315 1678; attribution to Basilius, Clavis 5, printed p. 402; viewer index 49, individual inventory v118rf31m
Located as key 5 in the printed sequence of Twelve Keys under the attribution to Basilius Valentinus. Image and text form an alchemical book allegory; further interpretations of the substances are not freely added. Individual institutional metadata checked against PDM.
Frontal female face in amber, with a two-row radiate crown and empty eye sockets. The present-day joining of the front and back sections, as well as missing areas, remains visible.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Etruscan
Region
Italy
Date of the evidence
c. 550–525 BC
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Frontal female face in amber, with a two-row radiate crown and empty eye sockets. The present-day joining of the front and back sections, as well as missing areas, remains visible.
Historically recorded use
The specialist catalogue discusses a female deity or sphinx as a possible identification of the image. Two parts, initially inventoried separately, were recognised by the museum as belonging together and joined. Since there is no suspension hole, use as a jewellery inlay rather than as a freely hanging pendant also remains possible.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Main inventory 76.AO.85.1 and back section 76.AO.86; catalogue no. 10, object 103WN5. The current object page and the specialist catalogue identify the separate parts. Missing eye inlays, attachments and a certain deity identification are not reconstructed.
Before designing
Complete native museum photograph as a historical reference; damage and present-day photographic elements remain visible. No contour reconstruction, no production approval.
Research draft. Unchanged complete native museum image; no raster transformation or addition of old outlines. Historical reference, not manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Unchanged complete native museum image; no raster transformation or addition of old outlines. Historical reference, not manufacturing approval.
Source location: J. Paul Getty Museum; 76.AO.85.1; 103WN5
Current Native individual object page with specific CC0 photo attribution and text separately identified as CC BY 4.0. JSON-LD extracted unchanged from this HTML.
Complete institutional specialist catalogue: dating, condition, provenance and explicitly weighed interpretations of the image and function. The catalogue text is scholarly commentary; no original excavation documentation is claimed.
Gemstone with Osiris in canopic-jar form – 83.AN.437.44
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Roman Imperial period; Mediterranean and Egyptian religious glyptic Mediterranean; exact location unknown · 2nd century AD
Face of Osiris above a canopic-jar-like vessel body, carved in stone.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Roman Imperial period; Mediterranean and Egyptian religious glyptic
Region
Mediterranean; exact location unknown
Date of the evidence
2nd century AD
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Face of Osiris above a canopic-jar-like vessel body, carved in stone.
Historically recorded use
The museum identifies the ancient image form as canopic Osiris. The gem is concrete evidence of religious imagery.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
A protective, magical or amuletic use of this individual stone is not established in the primary description. Damage and missing parts are not supplemented.
Before designing
Unmodified native institutional photographic source; no invented glyph additions, no isolated vector outline and no manufacturing approval. Historical evidence and comparative interpretation remain separate.
Research draft. A protective, magical or amuletic use of this individual stone is not established in the primary description. Damage and missing parts are not filled in. Complete original JPEG bytes; losses of inscription and material are not filled in. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: A protective, magical or amuletic use of this individual stone is not established in the primary description. Damage and missing parts are not filled in. Complete original JPEG bytes; losses of inscription and material are not filled in.
Source location: 83.AN.437.44; complete actually photographed main image view
Initial and final letters of Genesis: two tablets in Agrippa
Original image · source evidence
Text amulet
Biblical letter combinations in Christian Renaissance Kabbalah Cologne, Germany · Original print 1533
Two framed groups, each consisting of five Hebrew letters with dots above, side by side with the printed page headings In parte anteriore and A tergo.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Biblical letter combinations in Christian Renaissance Kabbalah
Region
Cologne, Germany
Date of the evidence
Original print 1533
Type of evidence
Textual evidence
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Two framed groups, each consisting of five Hebrew letters with dots above, side by side with the printed page headings In parte anteriore and A tergo.
Historically recorded use
Agrippa connects the initial and final letters of the first five verses of Genesis with a historical protective intention against terrors, spirits and various dangers.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The depiction is reproduced with its original side headings. The letter sequences in the running text and beneath the illustrations have not been silently standardised. The text is not a modern recommendation about danger or protection.
Before designing
Unchanged historical printed image as a source-based image reference. The SVG contains original JPEG bytes in documented pixel views, with no traced or newly invented glyphs. Not an approved engraving path; manufacture and legibility must be checked separately.
Research draft. The depiction is reproduced including its original page headings. The attribution of letter sequences in the running text and beneath the images has not been silently normalised. The text is not a modern safety or protection recommendation. Unchanged native JPEG bytes; documented pixel views only, with no raster re-encoding or added glyphs. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The depiction is reproduced including its original page headings. The attribution of letter sequences in the running text and beneath the images has not been silently normalised. The text is not a modern safety or protection recommendation. Unchanged native JPEG bytes; documented pixel views only, with no raster re-encoding or added glyphs.
Source location: Liber III, Chapter XI, p. CCXXXI; both framed letter tables, including their original page headings
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa von Nettesheim, De occulta philosophia libri tres, Köln 1533; Stiftung der Werke von C.G. Jung, Zürich / e-rara; DOI 10.3931/e-rara-4309.
Source location: VD16 ZV 269; Liber III, Chapter XI, printed pp. CCXXIX–CCXXXI; DOI 10.3931/e-rara-4309
Original print of 1533 and its completely preserved illustrations. Three distinct print variants; the front and reverse of a sign together each form one entry. No identification with a surviving Jewish metal amulet.
Source location: licence: Public Domain Mark; Canvases 1343445–1343448
The current institutional manifest and title page explain PDM. The unchanged Full/Full-JPEG bytes from the institutional IIIF image server are used; no locally re-encoded raster images.
Geometric nota with joined circular and polygonal fields – Clm 30010, f.14v
Original image · source evidence
Historical knowledge-ritual figure
Latin Ars notoria tradition in the broader sense; BSB catalogue title Place of manufacture unknown; current collection in Munich · 14th century; dating of the specific parchment codex, not an exact year of 1301
A large rounded text panel with bevelled upper corners sits above five small double circles. Below, a broad curved band bears a sequence of triangular, square, round and multiply jagged fields. The handwritten heading identifies it as the Geometrie-Nota. The different forms and their writing are transmitted together; they are neither standardised as modern logo shapes nor counted individually. Historical practice associated prayers and contemplation of such figures with the pursuit of knowledge. No actual effect or surviving worn amulet is evidenced.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Latin Ars notoria tradition in the broader sense; BSB catalogue title
Region
Place of manufacture unknown; current collection in Munich
Date of the evidence
14th century; dating of the specific parchment codex, not an exact year of 1301
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A large rounded text panel with bevelled upper corners sits above five small double circles. Below, a broad curved band bears a sequence of triangular, square, round and multiply jagged fields. The handwritten heading identifies it as the Geometrie-Nota. The different forms and their writing are transmitted together; they are neither standardised as modern logo shapes nor counted individually. Historical practice associated prayers and contemplation of such figures with the pursuit of knowledge. No actual effect or surviving worn amulet is evidenced.
Historically recorded use
The handwritten heading labels the geometrical nota. The different forms and their writing are transmitted together; they are neither standardised as modern logo forms nor counted individually. Historical practice associated prayers and contemplation of such figures with the pursuit of knowledge. No actual effect or surviving worn amulet is evidenced.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
A specific Latin parchment codex of the 14th century, now Clm 30010; catalogue title Ars notoria. The BSB identifies depictions of the Artes liberales except music, together with magical prayers and explanatory text on f.15v–16r. No narrower textual recension or historical author is specified here. The modern navigation metadata and MARC data contain 1301 as a technical value, whereas the visible catalogue dating gives only 14th century; therefore no exact year is stated. Seven localised figure/sign ensembles from the same copy are source variants, not seven new traditions.
Before designing
Unaltered native full-page JPEG bytes from the institutional IIIF service are embedded in the SVG. Only the SVG viewport limits the visible area of the leaf. This is the supplied JPEG presentation, not a verified TIFF master. Faint writing, irregular geometry and existing ageing are retained. No raster repair, line completion, outline transcription or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. A specific 14th-century Latin parchment codex, now Clm 30010; catalogue title Ars notoria. The BSB names depictions of the Artes liberales except music, with magical prayers and explanatory text on f.15v–16r. No narrower textual recension or historical author is specified here. The modern navigation metadata and MARC data contain 1301 as a technical value, whereas the visible catalogue dating gives only 14th century; therefore no exact year is given. Seven localised figure/sign ensembles from the same copy are source variants, not seven new traditions. Unaltered native full-page JPEG bytes from the institutional IIIF service are embedded in the SVG. Only the SVG viewport limits the visible page area. This is the supplied JPEG presentation, not a verified TIFF master. Faint writing, irregular geometry and existing ageing are retained. No raster repair, line additions, outline transcription or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: A specific 14th-century Latin parchment codex, now Clm 30010; catalogue title Ars notoria. The BSB names depictions of the Artes liberales except music, with magical prayers and explanatory text on f.15v–16r. No narrower textual recension or historical author is specified here. The modern navigation metadata and MARC data contain 1301 as a technical value, whereas the visible catalogue dating gives only 14th century; therefore no exact year is given. Seven localised figure/sign ensembles from the same copy are source variants, not seven new traditions. Unaltered native full-page JPEG bytes from the institutional IIIF service are embedded in the SVG. Only the SVG viewport limits the visible page area. This is the supplied JPEG presentation, not a verified TIFF master. Faint writing, irregular geometry and existing ageing are retained. No raster repair, line additions, outline transcription or manufacturing approval.
Source location: Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Clm 30010, catalogue title Ars notoria; folio 14v; Canvas position 34/53, institutional Canvas label (0034); image bsb00137282_00034. Folio numbering follows the visible recto numerals and folio sequence; the IIIF label itself gives only the image position.
Source location: BV035952023; BSB 991019740539707356; MARC 264/300/500/990
The written-out dating of the 14th century remains authoritative; the technical figure 1301 is not adopted as the exact year of creation. Formerly in the Phillipps Collection; modern half-leather binding.
Additional explicit CC0 evidence for catalogue metadata. The individual PDM declaration for the specific digitisation remains the separate basis for the image.
Geometric reverse figure of a Soninke script amulet – B10.F4
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Islamic West African writing tradition in a Caribbean transmission context Caribbean? Possibly Saint-Domingue, now Haiti, or Jamaica · 18th century; institutional TEI range 1750–1784
On the reverse, in one corner, is a dense figure made of interconnected brown lines and small extensions. The front, folds and damage of the same sheet are separately archived privately for comparison.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Islamic West African writing tradition in a Caribbean transmission context
Region
Caribbean? Possibly Saint-Domingue, now Haiti, or Jamaica
Date of the evidence
18th century; institutional TEI range 1750–1784
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
On the reverse, in one corner, is a dense figure made of interconnected brown lines and small extensions. The front, folds and damage of the same sheet are separately archived privately for comparison.
Historically recorded use
A large written amulet on European paper, designed to be folded. The front contains repeated Koranic verses as well as individual Soninke words in Arabic script; the reverse bears a geometric figure.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Library Company B10.F4, Pierre Eugène Du Simitière Collection; paper 385 × 315 mm, 39 lines in two columns. Provenance remains an institutional conjecture. The object is not presented as certainly made in Africa solely because of its West African script.
Before designing
The reference is a viewport of the fully preserved reverse figure; native JPEG bytes and the complete leaf remain archived. It is not interpreted as a modern universal magical form.
Research draft. Unchanged native OPenn web JPEG file; the SVG viewport shows the reverse figure in a corner of the sheet. The front is archived privately as context. No line, ink or missing edge has been added. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Unchanged native OPenn web JPEG file; the SVG viewport shows the reverse figure in a corner of the sheet. The front is archived privately as context. No line, ink or missing edge has been added.
Source location: B10.F4, OPenn Side 2, 9807_0001_web.jpg
Early modern European ritual magic and demonology German- and Latin-language manuscript context; current holding in London; place of creation not established · Around 1775; physical catalogue [1775?], IIIF c.1775
Twelve black geometric signs stand in four rows of three. Their forms combine circles, crosses, triangles, rectangles, arcs and interwoven lines; above them is a two-line handwritten heading. The complete sheet, including the margins and visible leaf number, is retained.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern European ritual magic and demonology
Region
German- and Latin-language manuscript context; current holding in London; place of creation not established
Date of the evidence
Around 1775; physical catalogue [1775?], IIIF c.1775
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Twelve black geometric signs stand in four rows of three. Their forms combine circles, crosses, triangles, rectangles, arcs and interwoven lines; above them is a two-line handwritten heading. The complete sheet, including the margins and visible leaf number, is retained.
Historically recorded use
Drawing sheet from a German- and Latin-language magical compendium. The institutional catalogue describes three pages of magical and Kabbalistic signs and 31 watercolours of demons. This transmission context does not evidence individual use or effect.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
A specific leaf component of a single manuscript, MS.1766; no additional physical inventory for each sign and no new universal tradition. The institutional dating [1775?] on the object page and c.1775 in the IIIF are retained side by side as approximate datings. Anno 1057 is part of the historical title and not a date of manufacture. The folio reference 3r comes from the IIIF label; the present digital position is 9/112. The individual signs and heading are not independently transcribed or normalised here, nor newly assigned to particular beings. Individual ritual practice, wearing as an amulet and actual efficacy of this leaf are not evidenced.
Before designing
Complete native whole-sheet JPEG in an SVG wrapper; margins, visible folio number, ink strokes and signs of ageing are retained. No raster re-encoding, additions, isolated rearrangement or vectorisation. Source reference without an outline draft and without manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Specific folio component of a single manuscript MS.1766; no additional physical inventory for each sign and no new universal tradition. The institutional dating [1775?] on the object page and c.1775 in the IIIF are retained side by side as approximate dates. Anno 1057 is part of the historical title and not a date of manufacture. The folio reference 3r comes from the IIIF label; the current position in the digitisation is 9/112. The individual signs and heading are not independently transcribed or normalised here, nor newly assigned to particular beings. Individual ritual performance, wearing as an amulet and actual efficacy of this leaf are not evidenced. Complete native full-page JPEG in an SVG wrapper; page margins, visible leaf number, ink strokes and signs of ageing are retained. No raster re-encoding, additions, isolated rearrangement or vectorisation. Source reference without a design outline and without manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Specific folio component of a single manuscript MS.1766; no additional physical inventory for each sign and no new universal tradition. The institutional dating [1775?] on the object page and c.1775 in the IIIF are retained side by side as approximate dates. Anno 1057 is part of the historical title and not a date of manufacture. The folio reference 3r comes from the IIIF label; the current position in the digitisation is 9/112. The individual signs and heading are not independently transcribed or normalised here, nor newly assigned to particular beings. Individual ritual performance, wearing as an amulet and actual efficacy of this leaf are not evidenced. Complete native full-page JPEG in an SVG wrapper; page margins, visible leaf number, ink strokes and signs of ageing are retained. No raster re-encoding, additions, isolated rearrangement or vectorisation. Source reference without a design outline and without manufacturing approval.
Source location: MS.1766; work ug24vw3b; Date and Publication/Creation [1775?]; Online/Public Domain Mark
Institutional object page with shelfmark, uncertain dating [1775?], description of three drawing sheets and 31 demon watercolours, and specific PDM release. The title entry Anno 1057 is not a date of manufacture.
Source location: Work ID ug24vw3b; title, description and image-service identifier b1968583x
Fresh API response connects title, description and physical work ID to the digitised item. This short API response itself contains no date field; the dating is evidenced by the object page and IIIF.
Source location: Digital surrogate b1968583x; MS.1766; Canvas positions 9/112 and 11/112, labels 3r and 4r
A fresh institutional manifest contains the signature MS.1766, dating c.1775, attribution to Wellcome Collection, the specific Public Domain Mark, 112 Canvases and the folio assignments for 3r and 4r. The older digital API ID cvnpwy8d linked in the manifest returns 404 when retrieved individually today; the physical work record and IIIF remain separately evidenced successfully.
Geometric row of signs with star, quadrilateral, triangle and oval – Clm 30010, f.11r
Original image · source evidence
Historical knowledge-ritual figure
Latin Ars notoria tradition in the broader sense; BSB catalogue title Place of manufacture unknown; current collection in Munich · 14th century; dating of the specific parchment codex, not an exact year of 1301
A red five-pointed star shape, a quadrilateral, an upright triangle and a long oval alternate with four pairs of vertical strokes. The line of signs follows a prayer section. The wording above the row refers to signs and their contemplation; the forms are preserved as a single transmitted line. Historical practice associated prayers and contemplation of such figures with the pursuit of knowledge. No actual effect or surviving worn amulet is evidenced.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Latin Ars notoria tradition in the broader sense; BSB catalogue title
Region
Place of manufacture unknown; current collection in Munich
Date of the evidence
14th century; dating of the specific parchment codex, not an exact year of 1301
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A red five-pointed star shape, a quadrilateral, an upright triangle and a long oval alternate with four pairs of vertical strokes. The line of signs follows a prayer section. The wording above the row refers to signs and their contemplation; the forms are preserved as a single transmitted line. Historical practice associated prayers and contemplation of such figures with the pursuit of knowledge. No actual effect or surviving worn amulet is evidenced.
Historically recorded use
The line of signs follows a prayer section. The wording above the row refers to signs and their contemplation; the forms are preserved as a single transmitted line. Historical practice associated prayers and contemplation of such figures with the pursuit of knowledge. No actual effect or surviving worn amulet is attested.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
A specific Latin parchment codex of the 14th century, now Clm 30010; catalogue title Ars notoria. The BSB identifies depictions of the Artes liberales except music, together with magical prayers and explanatory text on f.15v–16r. No narrower textual recension or historical author is specified here. The modern navigation metadata and MARC data contain 1301 as a technical value, whereas the visible catalogue dating gives only 14th century; therefore no exact year is stated. Seven localised figure/sign ensembles from the same copy are source variants, not seven new traditions.
Before designing
Unaltered native full-page JPEG bytes from the institutional IIIF service are embedded in the SVG. Only the SVG viewport limits the visible area of the leaf. This is the supplied JPEG presentation, not a verified TIFF master. Faint writing, irregular geometry and existing ageing are retained. No raster repair, line completion, outline transcription or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. A specific 14th-century Latin parchment codex, now Clm 30010; catalogue title Ars notoria. The BSB names depictions of the Artes liberales except music, with magical prayers and explanatory text on f.15v–16r. No narrower textual recension or historical author is specified here. The modern navigation metadata and MARC data contain 1301 as a technical value, whereas the visible catalogue dating gives only 14th century; therefore no exact year is given. Seven localised figure/sign ensembles from the same copy are source variants, not seven new traditions. Unaltered native full-page JPEG bytes from the institutional IIIF service are embedded in the SVG. Only the SVG viewport limits the visible page area. This is the supplied JPEG presentation, not a verified TIFF master. Faint writing, irregular geometry and existing ageing are retained. No raster repair, line additions, outline transcription or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: A specific 14th-century Latin parchment codex, now Clm 30010; catalogue title Ars notoria. The BSB names depictions of the Artes liberales except music, with magical prayers and explanatory text on f.15v–16r. No narrower textual recension or historical author is specified here. The modern navigation metadata and MARC data contain 1301 as a technical value, whereas the visible catalogue dating gives only 14th century; therefore no exact year is given. Seven localised figure/sign ensembles from the same copy are source variants, not seven new traditions. Unaltered native full-page JPEG bytes from the institutional IIIF service are embedded in the SVG. Only the SVG viewport limits the visible page area. This is the supplied JPEG presentation, not a verified TIFF master. Faint writing, irregular geometry and existing ageing are retained. No raster repair, line additions, outline transcription or manufacturing approval.
Source location: Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Clm 30010, catalogue title Ars notoria; folio 11r; Canvas position 27/53, institutional Canvas label (0027); image bsb00137282_00027. Folio numbering follows visible recto numerals and the folio sequence; the IIIF label itself gives only the image position.
Source location: BV035952023; BSB 991019740539707356; MARC 264/300/500/990
The written-out dating of the 14th century remains authoritative; the technical figure 1301 is not adopted as the exact year of creation. Formerly in the Phillipps Collection; modern half-leather binding.
Additional explicit CC0 evidence for catalogue metadata. The individual PDM declaration for the specific digitisation remains the separate basis for the image.
Scandinavian runic traditions Sweden · Broadly assigned to the Iron Age in the current museum catalogue (500 BCE–1100); no object-specific origin in the 6th century BCE is claimed
The native museum photograph shows two rolled bronze sheets together. The faint traces of runes and concealed areas remain in the transmitted state.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Scandinavian runic traditions
Region
Sweden
Date of the evidence
Broadly assigned to the Iron Age in the current museum catalogue (500 BCE–1100); no object-specific origin in the 6th century BCE is claimed
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
The native museum photograph shows two rolled bronze sheets together. The faint traces of runes and concealed areas remain in the transmitted state.
Historically recorded use
Historical runic find; the brief individual catalogue entry does not attest a specific protective function or a deciphered formula.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Individual museum inventory 38670_HST. Based on the current SHM object page and the media precisely associated with it there. The search API sometimes contains differing, outdated date fields; these are not adopted as manufacturing dates. No new rune reading, free translation of the formula or completion of lost forms.
Before designing
The transmitted state of the object serves as a historical reference. No reconstruction of invisible, folded or damaged areas; transfer for manufacture must be assessed separately.
Research draft. Unaltered native institutional WebP views in full within an SVG layout; no camera master is claimed, and no outline has been reconstructed. Several views are explicitly separate photographs of the same inventory item. The native museum photograph shows two rolled bronze sheets together. The faint runic traces and obscured areas remain as transmitted. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Unaltered native institutional WebP views in full within an SVG layout; no camera master is claimed, and no outline has been reconstructed. Several views are explicitly separate photographs of the same inventory item. The native museum photograph shows two rolled bronze sheets together. The faint runic traces and obscured areas remain as transmitted.
Source location: 38670_HST; native media e51f3a86-b503-42f7-abe7-d11016c24f32
Source location: 38670_HST; acquisition number 32391
Identity, current dating, material, findspot and individual media attribution. Date of manufacture and modern find or acquisition date remain distinct.
Minoan amulet objects Crete, Greece · c. 2300–2000 BC
Elongated dark stone object with a lengthwise groove and numerous incised transverse and oblique lines; one end is rounded and thickened. The surface has pale deposits and traces of wear.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Minoan amulet objects
Region
Crete, Greece
Date of the evidence
c. 2300–2000 BC
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Elongated dark stone object with a lengthwise groove and numerous incised transverse and oblique lines; one end is rounded and thickened. The surface has pale deposits and traces of wear.
Historically recorded use
The museum explicitly describes the object as a carved amulet. The current catalogue does not specify a particular protective function, way of wearing it or historical interpretation of the signs.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The description of the form is based on the single museum photograph actually examined. No particular body part, deity, script or healing function is inferred from the form. The API names the culture as Greek (Minoan); the dating remains a museum attribution.
Before designing
Complete, unaltered institutional main photograph as a raster facsimile in SVG. No outline has been added; no manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Elongated dark stone object with a longitudinal groove and numerous lines cut across and diagonally; one end is rounded and thickened. The surface has pale deposits and surface marks. The description of its form is based on the single museum image actually examined. No particular body part, deity, script or healing function is inferred from the form. The API gives the culture as Greek (Minoan); the dating remains a museum attribution. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Elongated dark stone object with a longitudinal groove and numerous lines cut across and diagonally; one end is rounded and thickened. The surface has pale deposits and surface marks. The description of its form is based on the single museum image actually examined. No particular body part, deity, script or healing function is inferred from the form. The API gives the culture as Greek (Minoan); the dating remains a museum attribution.
Source location: Getty 2001.14.38; complete main photograph (a single object)
Source location: Inventory 2001.14.38; current HTML/JSON-LD details
Object identity, material, dating, rights and main image UUID. JSON-LD is part of the freshly loaded HTML response; this is not a claim that the portal was visited in a rendered browser.
Face fragment: amulet or inlay – Princeton y1961-251
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Ancient Egyptian amulet and image tradition Egypt; specific findspot not established here · New Kingdom, c. 1550–1070 BC according to the object page and API; IIIF also contains 1550–1300 BC.
Grey slate, 3.2 × 3.2 cm. Dark facial profile facing right with an openwork eye area, incised lines and an irregular rear boundary; not a complete figure.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Ancient Egyptian amulet and image tradition
Region
Egypt; specific findspot not established here
Date of the evidence
New Kingdom, c. 1550–1070 BC according to the object page and API; IIIF also contains 1550–1300 BC.
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Grey slate, 3.2 × 3.2 cm. Dark facial profile facing right with an openwork eye area, incised lines and an irregular rear boundary; not a complete figure.
Historically recorded use
The institutional functional identification remains explicitly alternative: amulet or inlay. It cannot be inferred from this that it was a protective pendant certainly worn by someone.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
No deity or person is named without source evidence. The object page and API give 1550–1070 BCE; the IIIF title additionally contains a differing range, 1550–1300 BCE. The photograph depicts the surviving state, not a reconstruction.
Before designing
Complete native museum photographs as historical image references; no reconstructed outline and no manufacturing approval.
Research draft. No deity or person is named without source evidence. The object page and API give 1550–1070 BC; the IIIF title additionally contains a divergent range of 1550–1300 BC. The photograph shows the preserved state, not a reconstruction. Native JPEG bytes unmodified; no local raster editing, tracing or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: No deity or person is named without source evidence. The object page and API give 1550–1070 BC; the IIIF title additionally contains a divergent range of 1550–1300 BC. The photograph shows the preserved state, not a reconstruction. Native JPEG bytes unmodified; no local raster editing, tracing or manufacturing approval.
Scandinavian Viking Age symbol and jewellery culture Gjerrild By, Jutland · Viking Age (catalogue attribution)
Two associated fragments of a silver hammer: pointed head and shaft with an approximately spherical eye. The surface is irregularly blistered.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Scandinavian Viking Age symbol and jewellery culture
Region
Gjerrild By, Jutland
Date of the evidence
Viking Age (catalogue attribution)
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Two associated fragments of a silver hammer: pointed head and shaft with an approximately spherical eye. The surface is irregularly blistered.
Historically recorded use
Historical hammer-shaped jewellery or symbolic object; its specific use and the owner’s personal intention are not recorded.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The photographs leave a visible gap at the break. No join or lost decoration has been added; the museum classifies the object as Viking Age.
Before designing
Unchanged original photographs as image reference. Individual views are shown separately alongside one another; no engraving outline has been added and no manufacturing approval has been given.
Research draft. The photographs preserve a visible gap at the break. No join or lost decoration has been added; the museum classifies the object as Viking Age. Each capture is complete and retains its unaltered native JPEG bytes; the separate views do not constitute a historical whole form. Presentation files, not TIFF masters. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The photographs preserve a visible gap at the break. No join or lost decoration has been added; the museum classifies the object as Viking Age. Each capture is complete and retains its unaltered native JPEG bytes; the separate views do not constitute a historical whole form. Presentation files, not TIFF masters.
Individual institutional object record. Find, registration and photography dates are not treated as manufacturing dates. Uncertain signs and functional identifications remain qualified.
Gl. Rye – lead amulet with high-relief inscription
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Danish medieval writing and protective culture Gl. Rye, Jutland · Medieval (catalogue attribution; no more precise date of manufacture)
Approximately square lead plaque with a bent-over edge and tall rune-like signs.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Danish medieval writing and protective culture
Region
Gl. Rye, Jutland
Date of the evidence
Medieval (catalogue attribution; no more precise date of manufacture)
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Approximately square lead plaque with a bent-over edge and tall rune-like signs.
Historically recorded use
Classified by the museum as a medieval lead amulet; an individual protective intention has not been fully deciphered.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The catalogue cautiously describes the signs as rune-like. Their form and historical classification are supported by evidence; their precise linguistic meaning remains open.
Before designing
Unchanged original photographs as image reference. Individual views are shown separately alongside one another; no engraving outline has been added and no manufacturing approval has been given.
Research draft. The signs are cautiously described as rune-like in the catalogue. Their form and historical classification are evidenced; a precise linguistic meaning remains open. Each photograph is complete and retains its unchanged native JPEG bytes; separate views are not a historical whole form. Presentation files, not TIFF masters. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The signs are cautiously described as rune-like in the catalogue. Their form and historical classification are evidenced; a precise linguistic meaning remains open. Each photograph is complete and retains its unchanged native JPEG bytes; separate views are not a historical whole form. Presentation files, not TIFF masters.
Source location: D 1101/2022; DMR-239545, DMR-239546
Use of the template: CC BY-SA 4.0 with attribution and share-alike
Rasmus Bak Meng / Nationalmuseet, Danmark; D 1101/2022; DMR-239545; CC BY-SA 4.0. Rasmus Bak Meng / Nationalmuseet, Danmark; D 1101/2022; DMR-239546; CC BY-SA 4.0.
Individual institutional object record. Find, registration and photography dates are not treated as manufacturing dates. Uncertain signs and functional identifications remain qualified.
Gl. Ullerupgård – Lead fragment with cross figures
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Danish medieval writing and protective culture Cf. Ullerupgård, Jutland · Medieval (catalogue attribution; no more precise date of manufacture)
A broken lead tablet bears several cross figures on both surfaces. According to the museum description, one long edge may belong to an earlier fold.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Danish medieval writing and protective culture
Region
Cf. Ullerupgård, Jutland
Date of the evidence
Medieval (catalogue attribution; no more precise date of manufacture)
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A broken lead tablet bears several cross figures on both surfaces. According to the museum description, one long edge may belong to an earlier fold.
Historically recorded use
Classified by the museum as a medieval lead amulet; an individual protective intention has not been fully deciphered.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The former overall form and possible further inscription have not survived. No additional individual meaning is invented for the cross figures.
Before designing
Unchanged original photographs as image reference. Individual views are shown separately alongside one another; no engraving outline has been added and no manufacturing approval has been given.
Research draft. The earlier overall form and any possible further inscription have not survived. No additional individual meaning is invented for the cross figures. Each photograph is complete and retains its unchanged native JPEG bytes; separate views are not a historical overall form. Presentation files, not TIFF masters. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The earlier overall form and any possible further inscription have not survived. No additional individual meaning is invented for the cross figures. Each photograph is complete and retains its unchanged native JPEG bytes; separate views are not a historical overall form. Presentation files, not TIFF masters.
Source location: D 1270/2021; DMR-232224, DMR-232225
Use of the template: CC BY-SA 4.0 with attribution and share-alike
Rasmus Bak Meng / Nationalmuseet, Danmark; D 1270/2021; DMR-232224; CC BY-SA 4.0. Rasmus Bak Meng / Nationalmuseet, Danmark; D 1270/2021; DMR-232225; CC BY-SA 4.0.
Individual institutional object record. Find, registration and photography dates are not treated as manufacturing dates. Uncertain signs and functional identifications remain qualified.
Late Antiquity Eastern Mediterranean · 4th century AD
Amber-coloured glass, 2.2 × 1.9 cm; the image shows the broken and reassembled piece with the original image field.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Late Antiquity
Region
Eastern Mediterranean
Date of the evidence
4th century AD
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Amber-coloured glass, 2.2 × 1.9 cm; the image shows the broken and reassembled piece with the original image field.
Historically recorded use
Small glass object catalogued as an amulet, with a stamped palm tree.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The museum inventory number covers a–b: no artificial division into two motifs. No unsupported religion-specific meaning is assigned here to the palm tree.
Before designing
Native museum captures as source references; independent views without additions or new symbolic interpretations.
Research draft. The museum inventory number comprises a–b: no artificial division into two motifs. No unsupported religion-specific meaning is assigned here to the palm tree. JPEG renditions remain unchanged in their native bytes; no local raster editing or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The museum inventory number comprises a–b: no artificial division into two motifs. No unsupported religion-specific meaning is assigned here to the palm tree. JPEG renditions remain unchanged in their native bytes; no local raster editing or manufacturing approval.
Source location: y1946-225 a-b; complete native museum images
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Princeton University Art Museum; Inventar y1946-225 a-b; Image courtesy of the Princeton University Art Museum; institutionell als Public Domain freigegeben.
Glass amulet with script signs, China, 18th century
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
China, 18th-century amulet culture China · 18th century
Chinese glass amulet from the 18th century, Met inventory 54.180. The orange, approximately rectangular plaque combines two central characters with openwork tendrils at the edges. The museum calls the piece an amulet. The object source consulted here gives neither a verified reading of the characters nor a specific protective effect.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
China, 18th-century amulet culture
Region
China
Date of the evidence
18th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Chinese glass amulet from the 18th century, Met inventory 54.180. The orange, approximately rectangular plaque combines two central characters with openwork tendrils at the edges. The museum calls the piece an amulet. The object source consulted here gives neither a verified reading of the characters nor a specific protective effect.
Historically recorded use
Catalogued by the museum as a Chinese amulet; the record gives no specific personal wearer or individual protective function.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The individual inventory, 18th-century dating, origin in China and glass material are institutionally attested. The API lists 1700–1799. No independent translation of the signs is added. The original text measurements and structured measurement fields, some named differently, remain archived unchanged.
Before designing
Orange rectangular glass plate with two vertical written characters in the centre and openwork tendrils. The native image shows the photographed front view against a light background. The facsimile contains unaltered native JPEG bytes and the complete photographed image area. No added graphics and no manufacturing approval.
Research draft. The individual inventory number, 18th-century dating, origin in China and glass material are institutionally documented. The API gives 1700–1799. No independent translation of the characters is added. The original text measurements and the structured measurement fields, which are partly labelled differently, remain archived unchanged. No reliable independent translation of the characters; no unphotographed reverse reconstructed. Native JPEG bytes and full image area unchanged. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The individual inventory number, 18th-century dating, origin in China and glass material are institutionally documented. The API gives 1700–1799. No independent translation of the characters is added. The original text measurements and the structured measurement fields, which are partly labelled differently, remain archived unchanged. No reliable independent translation of the characters; no unphotographed reverse reconstructed. Native JPEG bytes and full image area unchanged.
Source location: Inventory 54.180; complete photographed main view from the individual API record
Source location: Individual inventory 54.180; object ID 60642; dating, material, origin, native main image and isPublicDomain=true
The individual inventory, 18th-century dating, origin in China and glass material are institutionally attested. The API lists 1700–1799. No independent translation of the signs is added. The original text measurements and structured measurement fields, some named differently, remain archived unchanged.
Source location: Open Access section; CC0 release of the public-domain work images marked accordingly
The general policy alone is not sufficient: each image used is additionally tied to an individual inventory number, its native primaryImage link and isPublicDomain=true. Rights apply to the selected images, not to all Met files as a blanket rule.
Glass head with headband and turquoise beard (Getty 2004.10)
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Punic apotropaic glass head pendants; divergent portal attribution documented Mediterranean region; specialist catalogue: probably Carthage · Mid-7th–5th century BCE according to the specialist catalogue; portal: 5th–4th century BCE
Yellowish face, broad dark forehead band, sculpted nose and round eyes preserved to varying degrees. Turquoise-coloured areas surround the lower head; the mouth and suspension loop are lost.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Punic apotropaic glass head pendants; divergent portal attribution documented
Mid-7th–5th century BCE according to the specialist catalogue; portal: 5th–4th century BCE
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Yellowish face, broad dark forehead band, sculpted nose and round eyes preserved to varying degrees. Turquoise-coloured areas surround the lower head; the mouth and suspension loop are lost.
Historically recorded use
The Getty specialist catalogue attributes an apotropaic, that is, harm-averting character to the group of Punic glass pendants. An individual wearer or specific protective formula is unknown.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The damage is retained in the facsimile. The identification as a male head with smooth hair and a beard comes from the specialist catalogue, not from an added drawing. Four related individual objects, not four distinct traditions. Dating, culture and other discrepancies are retained below.
Before designing
Unaltered institutional photographs as an SVG raster facsimile; no lost details restored and not approved for manufacture. One verified main view; not a complete all-round reconstruction.
Research draft. Yellowish face, broad dark brow band, modelled nose and round eyes preserved to differing degrees. Turquoise-coloured areas surround the lower head; the mouth and suspension loop are lost. The damage is retained in the facsimile. The identification as a male head with smooth hair and beard comes from the specialist catalogue, not from an added drawing. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Yellowish face, broad dark brow band, modelled nose and round eyes preserved to differing degrees. Turquoise-coloured areas surround the lower head; the mouth and suspension loop are lost. The damage is retained in the facsimile. The identification as a male head with smooth hair and beard comes from the specialist catalogue, not from an added drawing.
Source location: Getty 2004.10; complete main view of a single object
Source location: Ancient Glass, cat. 544, Comments and Comparanda
Apotropaic use of the pendant group; no precise attribution to a deity or individual healing purpose. The example object 2003.206 is not newly profiled.
Creed and blessing for the owner on an amulet case
Inv. 8/1987 identified again in the current museum text. Publicly linked photographs have no stated open commercial image licence. The complete Kufic inscription, including the owner's name and later replacement side, must not be reconstructed from modern standard type. No sufficiently precise freely usable image witness found.
Text amulet
Islamic amulet culture of the Samanid period Iran or Afghanistan · 10th–11th century
Kufic inscription with the Muslim profession of faith and a blessing for Hasan ibn Ahmad.
Research draftSpecific model required
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Islamic amulet culture of the Samanid period
Region
Iran or Afghanistan
Date of the evidence
10th–11th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Description
Kufic inscription with the Muslim profession of faith and a blessing for Hasan ibn Ahmad.
Historically recorded use
Hanging box for an invocation or a verse from the Quran.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 8/1987: the owner’s name Hasan ibn Ahmad is part of the original Kufic inscription. According to the current museum catalogue, a loose page was replaced later; its text must not be presented as an original finding without being labelled as such.
Before designing
Check variant 8/1987, including the lettering; mark personal elements editorially and do not present modern text as original.
Research draft. Inv. 8/1987 identified again in the current museum text. Publicly linked photographs have no stated open commercial image licence. The complete Kufic inscription, including the owner's name and later replacement side, must not be reconstructed from modern standard type. No sufficiently precise freely usable image witness found. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Source location: Inv. 8/1987; Iran or Afghanistan; 10th–11th century
The current canonical object page replaces the obsolete path. It describes a blessing for the owner Hasan ibn Ahmad, three hanging loops and a loose page replaced later; the writing on that page is not necessarily part of the original evidence. Image files are not identified as freely licensed.
Glass dolphin amulet with pierced eye (Getty 2003.456)
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Roman and Late Antique glass amulets Eastern Mediterranean; probably Syro-Palestinian according to the specialist catalogue · 3rd–5th century AD according to the specialist catalogue; collection page: 4th century AD
Small curved dolphin with raised tail fin and large eye opening. Blue glass areas, pale weathered surfaces and bubbles remain visible.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Roman and Late Antique glass amulets
Region
Eastern Mediterranean; probably Syro-Palestinian according to the specialist catalogue
Date of the evidence
3rd–5th century AD according to the specialist catalogue; collection page: 4th century AD
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Small curved dolphin with raised tail fin and large eye opening. Blue glass areas, pale weathered surfaces and bubbles remain visible.
Historically recorded use
The specialist catalogue describes the perforated glass object as a dolphin amulet. The opening at the eye accommodated the thread. No specific protective spell or individual wearer is evidenced.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The collection page gives 4th century and Byzantine; the specialist catalogue gives 3rd–5th century and Roman. It describes shaping by working, while the collection page says casting; 2.4 cm versus 2.6 cm is also retained as a measurement discrepancy. Numerical years index only the broader specialist-catalogue interval.
Before designing
Complete, unaltered institutional main photograph as a raster facsimile in SVG. No outline has been added; no manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Small curved dolphin with raised tail fin and large eye opening. Blue glass areas, pale weathered surfaces and bubbles remain visible. The collection page gives 4th century and Byzantine; the specialist catalogue gives 3rd–5th century and Roman. It describes shaping by working, while the collection page says casting; 2.4 cm versus 2.6 cm is also retained as a measurement discrepancy. Numerical years index only the broader specialist-catalogue interval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Small curved dolphin with raised tail fin and large eye opening. Blue glass areas, pale weathered surfaces and bubbles remain visible. The collection page gives 4th century and Byzantine; the specialist catalogue gives 3rd–5th century and Roman. It describes shaping by working, while the collection page says casting; 2.4 cm versus 2.6 cm is also retained as a measurement discrepancy. Numerical years index only the broader specialist-catalogue interval.
Source location: Getty 2003.456; complete main image (one individual object)
Source location: Inventory 2003.456; current HTML/JSON-LD data
Object identity, material, dating, rights and main image UUID. JSON-LD is part of the freshly loaded HTML response; this is not a claim that the portal was visited in a rendered browser.
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic English-language manuscript tradition · Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Marginal drawing beside the numbered name.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic
Region
English-language manuscript tradition
Date of the evidence
Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Private facsimile mirror; see the shared source criticism for manuscript attribution and dating. No evidence of Solomonic authorship. Source review completed 2026-10-04: identity confirmed against the actual historical holdings catalogue and by comparison of title and image witnesses; current BL interim metadata French/1572 remains documented as a conflicting finding. The individual seal area can be used as a low-resolution historical raster facsimile; it is not a newly invented sign or one taken from Mathers/Crowley.
Before designing
Compare the original marginal drawing; do not transfer a modern edition graphic. The unchanged native JPEG image object is available as an SVG crop; ink losses, stains and copying artefacts remain visible. No manufacturing approval or smoothed engraving outline.
Research draft. Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval.
Source location: Manuscript p.4, marginal mark by no.10 (Buer); Spreadp 010, left; mirror PDF p. 9, native JPEG object 58 0 R, pixel viewport [187, 76, 44, 39]
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Anonyme englische Handschrift, British Library Sloane MS 2731; historische Originalabbildung im privaten Grimorium-Faksimile. Bestandskatalog-Abgleich: Samuel Ayscough 1782, Bd. II S. 876–877.
The seven image spreads were viewed in the browser; one specifically located marginal sign for each name entry. Only the pictured manuscript pages serve as graphic evidence, not translations or the host’s modern individual seal graphics. The attribution to Sloane 2731 remains a checked mirror reference with a metadata conflict: the BL interim catalogue gives 1572/French, although the text shown is English. MacLean transcribes a writing note dated 18 January 1686 for 2731; Peterson discusses 1572/(1687?). Therefore, neither a precise year nor Solomonic authorship is securely established. Name spellings, together with the number and page location, serve to identify the entries; difficult-to-read passages need to be compared again against the institutional original. Shared provenance and use are grouped here; there are no 72 copied descriptions of effects. Source review completed 2026-10-04: Ayscough’s actual catalogue scan, 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, describes no. 2731 with the English title visible on p008 and a five-part structure; no. 3847/Ptolemy/H.G./1572 is listed separately. The BL interim catalogue conflict remains documented, but following comparison with the original catalogue and image evidence it no longer prevents identification. Native JPEGs of the PDF image objects are embedded unchanged; no modern redrawings are used. The private microfilm digitisation chain cannot be documented in detail.
Source location: Sloane MS 2731; Record 040-002115103
The currently read institutional interim record gives 1572 and French. This conflicts with the English facsimile tradition and the later manuscript description. This record is treated as evidence of a conflict, not as evidence for the 72 seal figures in 1572. Cross-check dated 2026-10-04: Ayscough 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, lists the English-titled Lemegeton as no. 2731 and separately the Ptolemy/H.G. witness of 1572 as no. 3847. The interim metadata record is therefore retained as a conflicting current catalogue finding, not as the dating of the seal images.
Source location: Section British Library MS.Sloane 2731;32 folios, oblong folio
Descriptive manuscript note by an independent researcher, not an institutional catalogue: transcribes the writing start date in the margin as 18 January 1686. This is the basis for the cautious dating to the late 17th century; there is no independent palaeographic confirmation of the date.
Research edition with manuscript comparison: the Lemegeton in this form dates to the 17th century; 2731 has contradictory dating 1572/(1687?). Explains dependencies on prints after 1641, including 1671, and editorial interventions in later editions. Modern edition illustrations are not the graphic templates used.
Source location: Goetia, name entries 1–72; main exemplar Sloane 3825
Control source for names and sequence. The edition follows mainly Sloane 3825, not the Sloane 2731 depicted here; its folio numbers are therefore not carried over. The editor’s drawings and copyright statements belong to the modern edition, not the 17th century. No modern drawings have been used.
British Library: historische Handschrift Sloane MS 2731; Grimorium: privater Faksimile-Bildspiegel
Source location: PDF title image p. 5, seal spreads p009–p015 on PDF pp. 6/9/13/17/21/25/30; native JPEG image objects 47/58/70/82/94/106/120
Only original two-dimensional manuscript images were examined, not the modern transcription/translation or newly drawn gold symbols. The title incipit, five-part structure, landscape format, old Museo-Britannico stamps and named marginal signs agree with Ayscough 1782 and the descriptions prepared through direct examination of originals by Peterson/McLean. The editor explicitly designates these historical facsimile images as Public Domain; their own modern text edition is separately CC-BY 4.0. The exact microfilm capture/digitisation chain remains unsubstantiated at the private mirror; no new institutional digitisation is claimed.
British Museum, historischer Bestandskatalog von Samuel Ayscough; Digitalisat des Getty Research Institute via Internet Archive
Source location: Volume II, printed pp. 876–877, entries 2731 and 3847; IIIF scans 364/365
Contemporary inventory catalogue, published in 1782 with the Trustees’ permission. No. 2731 bears the English title of the five-part Little Key with spirit names and seals. No. 3847 is listed separately as Clavicula/Ptolemy/H.G./1572. Both original pages were read visually; the current incorrect French/1572 metadata record was not adopted as the image dating. Scan of the Getty collection, Call number 9922691770001551.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 876; IIIF image 364, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Visually confirmed original scan: No. 3847 is the Ptolemy witness copied in 1572; No. 2731 begins separately with the English Little-Key title incipit. Do not equate it with OCR folio index 363: the IIIF image index is offset by one.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 877; IIIF image 365, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Continuation of entry no. 2731: visible apparition and five parts; checked together with p. 876 and the title page of the manuscript facsimile. No evidence for French/1572 in this English Lemegeton.
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic English-language manuscript tradition · Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Marginal drawing beside the numbered name.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic
Region
English-language manuscript tradition
Date of the evidence
Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Private facsimile mirror; see the shared source criticism for manuscript attribution and dating. No evidence of Solomonic authorship. Source review completed 2026-10-04: identity confirmed against the actual historical holdings catalogue and by comparison of title and image witnesses; current BL interim metadata French/1572 remains documented as a conflicting finding. The individual seal area can be used as a low-resolution historical raster facsimile; it is not a newly invented sign or one taken from Mathers/Crowley.
Before designing
Compare the original marginal drawing; do not transfer a modern edition graphic. The unchanged native JPEG image object is available as an SVG crop; ink losses, stains and copying artefacts remain visible. No manufacturing approval or smoothed engraving outline.
Research draft. Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval.
Source location: Manuscript p. 4, marginal sign beside no. 11 (Gusion); spread 010, left; mirror PDF p. 9, native JPEG object 58 0 R, pixel viewport [178, 139, 48, 27]
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Anonyme englische Handschrift, British Library Sloane MS 2731; historische Originalabbildung im privaten Grimorium-Faksimile. Bestandskatalog-Abgleich: Samuel Ayscough 1782, Bd. II S. 876–877.
The seven image spreads were viewed in the browser; one specifically located marginal sign for each name entry. Only the pictured manuscript pages serve as graphic evidence, not translations or the host’s modern individual seal graphics. The attribution to Sloane 2731 remains a checked mirror reference with a metadata conflict: the BL interim catalogue gives 1572/French, although the text shown is English. MacLean transcribes a writing note dated 18 January 1686 for 2731; Peterson discusses 1572/(1687?). Therefore, neither a precise year nor Solomonic authorship is securely established. Name spellings, together with the number and page location, serve to identify the entries; difficult-to-read passages need to be compared again against the institutional original. Shared provenance and use are grouped here; there are no 72 copied descriptions of effects. Source review completed 2026-10-04: Ayscough’s actual catalogue scan, 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, describes no. 2731 with the English title visible on p008 and a five-part structure; no. 3847/Ptolemy/H.G./1572 is listed separately. The BL interim catalogue conflict remains documented, but following comparison with the original catalogue and image evidence it no longer prevents identification. Native JPEGs of the PDF image objects are embedded unchanged; no modern redrawings are used. The private microfilm digitisation chain cannot be documented in detail.
Source location: Sloane MS 2731; Record 040-002115103
The currently read institutional interim record gives 1572 and French. This conflicts with the English facsimile tradition and the later manuscript description. This record is treated as evidence of a conflict, not as evidence for the 72 seal figures in 1572. Cross-check dated 2026-10-04: Ayscough 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, lists the English-titled Lemegeton as no. 2731 and separately the Ptolemy/H.G. witness of 1572 as no. 3847. The interim metadata record is therefore retained as a conflicting current catalogue finding, not as the dating of the seal images.
Source location: Section British Library MS.Sloane 2731;32 folios, oblong folio
Descriptive manuscript note by an independent researcher, not an institutional catalogue: transcribes the writing start date in the margin as 18 January 1686. This is the basis for the cautious dating to the late 17th century; there is no independent palaeographic confirmation of the date.
Research edition with manuscript comparison: the Lemegeton in this form dates to the 17th century; 2731 has contradictory dating 1572/(1687?). Explains dependencies on prints after 1641, including 1671, and editorial interventions in later editions. Modern edition illustrations are not the graphic templates used.
Source location: Goetia, name entries 1–72; main exemplar Sloane 3825
Control source for names and sequence. The edition follows mainly Sloane 3825, not the Sloane 2731 depicted here; its folio numbers are therefore not carried over. The editor’s drawings and copyright statements belong to the modern edition, not the 17th century. No modern drawings have been used.
British Library: historische Handschrift Sloane MS 2731; Grimorium: privater Faksimile-Bildspiegel
Source location: PDF title image p. 5, seal spreads p009–p015 on PDF pp. 6/9/13/17/21/25/30; native JPEG image objects 47/58/70/82/94/106/120
Only original two-dimensional manuscript images were examined, not the modern transcription/translation or newly drawn gold symbols. The title incipit, five-part structure, landscape format, old Museo-Britannico stamps and named marginal signs agree with Ayscough 1782 and the descriptions prepared through direct examination of originals by Peterson/McLean. The editor explicitly designates these historical facsimile images as Public Domain; their own modern text edition is separately CC-BY 4.0. The exact microfilm capture/digitisation chain remains unsubstantiated at the private mirror; no new institutional digitisation is claimed.
British Museum, historischer Bestandskatalog von Samuel Ayscough; Digitalisat des Getty Research Institute via Internet Archive
Source location: Volume II, printed pp. 876–877, entries 2731 and 3847; IIIF scans 364/365
Contemporary inventory catalogue, published in 1782 with the Trustees’ permission. No. 2731 bears the English title of the five-part Little Key with spirit names and seals. No. 3847 is listed separately as Clavicula/Ptolemy/H.G./1572. Both original pages were read visually; the current incorrect French/1572 metadata record was not adopted as the image dating. Scan of the Getty collection, Call number 9922691770001551.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 876; IIIF image 364, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Visually confirmed original scan: No. 3847 is the Ptolemy witness copied in 1572; No. 2731 begins separately with the English Little-Key title incipit. Do not equate it with OCR folio index 363: the IIIF image index is offset by one.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 877; IIIF image 365, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Continuation of entry no. 2731: visible apparition and five parts; checked together with p. 876 and the title page of the manuscript facsimile. No evidence for French/1572 in this English Lemegeton.
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic English-language manuscript tradition · Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Marginal drawing beside the numbered name.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic
Region
English-language manuscript tradition
Date of the evidence
Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Private facsimile mirror; see the shared source criticism for manuscript attribution and dating. No evidence of Solomonic authorship. Source review completed 2026-10-04: identity confirmed against the actual historical holdings catalogue and by comparison of title and image witnesses; current BL interim metadata French/1572 remains documented as a conflicting finding. The individual seal area can be used as a low-resolution historical raster facsimile; it is not a newly invented sign or one taken from Mathers/Crowley.
Before designing
Compare the original marginal drawing; do not transfer a modern edition graphic. The unchanged native JPEG image object is available as an SVG crop; ink losses, stains and copying artefacts remain visible. No manufacturing approval or smoothed engraving outline.
Research draft. Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval.
Source location: Manuscript p.4, marginal mark by no.12 (Sitri); Spreadp 010, left; mirror PDF p. 9, native JPEG object 58 0 R, pixel viewport [179, 175, 40, 33]
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Anonyme englische Handschrift, British Library Sloane MS 2731; historische Originalabbildung im privaten Grimorium-Faksimile. Bestandskatalog-Abgleich: Samuel Ayscough 1782, Bd. II S. 876–877.
The seven image spreads were viewed in the browser; one specifically located marginal sign for each name entry. Only the pictured manuscript pages serve as graphic evidence, not translations or the host’s modern individual seal graphics. The attribution to Sloane 2731 remains a checked mirror reference with a metadata conflict: the BL interim catalogue gives 1572/French, although the text shown is English. MacLean transcribes a writing note dated 18 January 1686 for 2731; Peterson discusses 1572/(1687?). Therefore, neither a precise year nor Solomonic authorship is securely established. Name spellings, together with the number and page location, serve to identify the entries; difficult-to-read passages need to be compared again against the institutional original. Shared provenance and use are grouped here; there are no 72 copied descriptions of effects. Source review completed 2026-10-04: Ayscough’s actual catalogue scan, 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, describes no. 2731 with the English title visible on p008 and a five-part structure; no. 3847/Ptolemy/H.G./1572 is listed separately. The BL interim catalogue conflict remains documented, but following comparison with the original catalogue and image evidence it no longer prevents identification. Native JPEGs of the PDF image objects are embedded unchanged; no modern redrawings are used. The private microfilm digitisation chain cannot be documented in detail.
Source location: Sloane MS 2731; Record 040-002115103
The currently read institutional interim record gives 1572 and French. This conflicts with the English facsimile tradition and the later manuscript description. This record is treated as evidence of a conflict, not as evidence for the 72 seal figures in 1572. Cross-check dated 2026-10-04: Ayscough 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, lists the English-titled Lemegeton as no. 2731 and separately the Ptolemy/H.G. witness of 1572 as no. 3847. The interim metadata record is therefore retained as a conflicting current catalogue finding, not as the dating of the seal images.
Source location: Section British Library MS.Sloane 2731;32 folios, oblong folio
Descriptive manuscript note by an independent researcher, not an institutional catalogue: transcribes the writing start date in the margin as 18 January 1686. This is the basis for the cautious dating to the late 17th century; there is no independent palaeographic confirmation of the date.
Research edition with manuscript comparison: the Lemegeton in this form dates to the 17th century; 2731 has contradictory dating 1572/(1687?). Explains dependencies on prints after 1641, including 1671, and editorial interventions in later editions. Modern edition illustrations are not the graphic templates used.
Source location: Goetia, name entries 1–72; main exemplar Sloane 3825
Control source for names and sequence. The edition follows mainly Sloane 3825, not the Sloane 2731 depicted here; its folio numbers are therefore not carried over. The editor’s drawings and copyright statements belong to the modern edition, not the 17th century. No modern drawings have been used.
British Library: historische Handschrift Sloane MS 2731; Grimorium: privater Faksimile-Bildspiegel
Source location: PDF title image p. 5, seal spreads p009–p015 on PDF pp. 6/9/13/17/21/25/30; native JPEG image objects 47/58/70/82/94/106/120
Only original two-dimensional manuscript images were examined, not the modern transcription/translation or newly drawn gold symbols. The title incipit, five-part structure, landscape format, old Museo-Britannico stamps and named marginal signs agree with Ayscough 1782 and the descriptions prepared through direct examination of originals by Peterson/McLean. The editor explicitly designates these historical facsimile images as Public Domain; their own modern text edition is separately CC-BY 4.0. The exact microfilm capture/digitisation chain remains unsubstantiated at the private mirror; no new institutional digitisation is claimed.
British Museum, historischer Bestandskatalog von Samuel Ayscough; Digitalisat des Getty Research Institute via Internet Archive
Source location: Volume II, printed pp. 876–877, entries 2731 and 3847; IIIF scans 364/365
Contemporary inventory catalogue, published in 1782 with the Trustees’ permission. No. 2731 bears the English title of the five-part Little Key with spirit names and seals. No. 3847 is listed separately as Clavicula/Ptolemy/H.G./1572. Both original pages were read visually; the current incorrect French/1572 metadata record was not adopted as the image dating. Scan of the Getty collection, Call number 9922691770001551.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 876; IIIF image 364, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Visually confirmed original scan: No. 3847 is the Ptolemy witness copied in 1572; No. 2731 begins separately with the English Little-Key title incipit. Do not equate it with OCR folio index 363: the IIIF image index is offset by one.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 877; IIIF image 365, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Continuation of entry no. 2731: visible apparition and five parts; checked together with p. 876 and the title page of the manuscript facsimile. No evidence for French/1572 in this English Lemegeton.
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic English-language manuscript tradition · Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Marginal drawing beside the numbered name.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic
Region
English-language manuscript tradition
Date of the evidence
Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Private facsimile mirror; see the shared source criticism for manuscript attribution and dating. No evidence of Solomonic authorship. Source review completed 2026-10-04: identity confirmed against the actual historical holdings catalogue and by comparison of title and image witnesses; current BL interim metadata French/1572 remains documented as a conflicting finding. The individual seal area can be used as a low-resolution historical raster facsimile; it is not a newly invented sign or one taken from Mathers/Crowley.
Before designing
Compare the original marginal drawing; do not transfer a modern edition graphic. The unchanged native JPEG image object is available as an SVG crop; ink losses, stains and copying artefacts remain visible. No manufacturing approval or smoothed engraving outline.
Research draft. Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval.
Source location: Handwritten p. 4, marginal sign beside no. 13 (Beleth); Spreadp 010, left; mirror PDF p. 9, native JPEG object 58 0 R, pixel viewport [155, 277, 78, 43]
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Anonyme englische Handschrift, British Library Sloane MS 2731; historische Originalabbildung im privaten Grimorium-Faksimile. Bestandskatalog-Abgleich: Samuel Ayscough 1782, Bd. II S. 876–877.
The seven image spreads were viewed in the browser; one specifically located marginal sign for each name entry. Only the pictured manuscript pages serve as graphic evidence, not translations or the host’s modern individual seal graphics. The attribution to Sloane 2731 remains a checked mirror reference with a metadata conflict: the BL interim catalogue gives 1572/French, although the text shown is English. MacLean transcribes a writing note dated 18 January 1686 for 2731; Peterson discusses 1572/(1687?). Therefore, neither a precise year nor Solomonic authorship is securely established. Name spellings, together with the number and page location, serve to identify the entries; difficult-to-read passages need to be compared again against the institutional original. Shared provenance and use are grouped here; there are no 72 copied descriptions of effects. Source review completed 2026-10-04: Ayscough’s actual catalogue scan, 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, describes no. 2731 with the English title visible on p008 and a five-part structure; no. 3847/Ptolemy/H.G./1572 is listed separately. The BL interim catalogue conflict remains documented, but following comparison with the original catalogue and image evidence it no longer prevents identification. Native JPEGs of the PDF image objects are embedded unchanged; no modern redrawings are used. The private microfilm digitisation chain cannot be documented in detail.
Source location: Sloane MS 2731; Record 040-002115103
The currently read institutional interim record gives 1572 and French. This conflicts with the English facsimile tradition and the later manuscript description. This record is treated as evidence of a conflict, not as evidence for the 72 seal figures in 1572. Cross-check dated 2026-10-04: Ayscough 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, lists the English-titled Lemegeton as no. 2731 and separately the Ptolemy/H.G. witness of 1572 as no. 3847. The interim metadata record is therefore retained as a conflicting current catalogue finding, not as the dating of the seal images.
Source location: Section British Library MS.Sloane 2731;32 folios, oblong folio
Descriptive manuscript note by an independent researcher, not an institutional catalogue: transcribes the writing start date in the margin as 18 January 1686. This is the basis for the cautious dating to the late 17th century; there is no independent palaeographic confirmation of the date.
Research edition with manuscript comparison: the Lemegeton in this form dates to the 17th century; 2731 has contradictory dating 1572/(1687?). Explains dependencies on prints after 1641, including 1671, and editorial interventions in later editions. Modern edition illustrations are not the graphic templates used.
Source location: Goetia, name entries 1–72; main exemplar Sloane 3825
Control source for names and sequence. The edition follows mainly Sloane 3825, not the Sloane 2731 depicted here; its folio numbers are therefore not carried over. The editor’s drawings and copyright statements belong to the modern edition, not the 17th century. No modern drawings have been used.
British Library: historische Handschrift Sloane MS 2731; Grimorium: privater Faksimile-Bildspiegel
Source location: PDF title image p. 5, seal spreads p009–p015 on PDF pp. 6/9/13/17/21/25/30; native JPEG image objects 47/58/70/82/94/106/120
Only original two-dimensional manuscript images were examined, not the modern transcription/translation or newly drawn gold symbols. The title incipit, five-part structure, landscape format, old Museo-Britannico stamps and named marginal signs agree with Ayscough 1782 and the descriptions prepared through direct examination of originals by Peterson/McLean. The editor explicitly designates these historical facsimile images as Public Domain; their own modern text edition is separately CC-BY 4.0. The exact microfilm capture/digitisation chain remains unsubstantiated at the private mirror; no new institutional digitisation is claimed.
British Museum, historischer Bestandskatalog von Samuel Ayscough; Digitalisat des Getty Research Institute via Internet Archive
Source location: Volume II, printed pp. 876–877, entries 2731 and 3847; IIIF scans 364/365
Contemporary inventory catalogue, published in 1782 with the Trustees’ permission. No. 2731 bears the English title of the five-part Little Key with spirit names and seals. No. 3847 is listed separately as Clavicula/Ptolemy/H.G./1572. Both original pages were read visually; the current incorrect French/1572 metadata record was not adopted as the image dating. Scan of the Getty collection, Call number 9922691770001551.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 876; IIIF image 364, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Visually confirmed original scan: No. 3847 is the Ptolemy witness copied in 1572; No. 2731 begins separately with the English Little-Key title incipit. Do not equate it with OCR folio index 363: the IIIF image index is offset by one.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 877; IIIF image 365, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Continuation of entry no. 2731: visible apparition and five parts; checked together with p. 876 and the title page of the manuscript facsimile. No evidence for French/1572 in this English Lemegeton.
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic English-language manuscript tradition · Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Marginal drawing beside the numbered name.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic
Region
English-language manuscript tradition
Date of the evidence
Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Private facsimile mirror; see the shared source criticism for manuscript attribution and dating. No evidence of Solomonic authorship. Source review completed 2026-10-04: identity confirmed against the actual historical holdings catalogue and by comparison of title and image witnesses; current BL interim metadata French/1572 remains documented as a conflicting finding. The individual seal area can be used as a low-resolution historical raster facsimile; it is not a newly invented sign or one taken from Mathers/Crowley.
Before designing
Compare the original marginal drawing; do not transfer a modern edition graphic. The unchanged native JPEG image object is available as an SVG crop; ink losses, stains and copying artefacts remain visible. No manufacturing approval or smoothed engraving outline.
Research draft. Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval.
Source location: Manuscript p. 4, marginal sign at no. 14 (Leraje); Spreadp 010, left; mirror PDF p. 9, native JPEG object 58 0 R, pixel viewport [170, 344, 46, 34]
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Anonyme englische Handschrift, British Library Sloane MS 2731; historische Originalabbildung im privaten Grimorium-Faksimile. Bestandskatalog-Abgleich: Samuel Ayscough 1782, Bd. II S. 876–877.
The seven image spreads were viewed in the browser; one specifically located marginal sign for each name entry. Only the pictured manuscript pages serve as graphic evidence, not translations or the host’s modern individual seal graphics. The attribution to Sloane 2731 remains a checked mirror reference with a metadata conflict: the BL interim catalogue gives 1572/French, although the text shown is English. MacLean transcribes a writing note dated 18 January 1686 for 2731; Peterson discusses 1572/(1687?). Therefore, neither a precise year nor Solomonic authorship is securely established. Name spellings, together with the number and page location, serve to identify the entries; difficult-to-read passages need to be compared again against the institutional original. Shared provenance and use are grouped here; there are no 72 copied descriptions of effects. Source review completed 2026-10-04: Ayscough’s actual catalogue scan, 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, describes no. 2731 with the English title visible on p008 and a five-part structure; no. 3847/Ptolemy/H.G./1572 is listed separately. The BL interim catalogue conflict remains documented, but following comparison with the original catalogue and image evidence it no longer prevents identification. Native JPEGs of the PDF image objects are embedded unchanged; no modern redrawings are used. The private microfilm digitisation chain cannot be documented in detail.
Source location: Sloane MS 2731; Record 040-002115103
The currently read institutional interim record gives 1572 and French. This conflicts with the English facsimile tradition and the later manuscript description. This record is treated as evidence of a conflict, not as evidence for the 72 seal figures in 1572. Cross-check dated 2026-10-04: Ayscough 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, lists the English-titled Lemegeton as no. 2731 and separately the Ptolemy/H.G. witness of 1572 as no. 3847. The interim metadata record is therefore retained as a conflicting current catalogue finding, not as the dating of the seal images.
Source location: Section British Library MS.Sloane 2731;32 folios, oblong folio
Descriptive manuscript note by an independent researcher, not an institutional catalogue: transcribes the writing start date in the margin as 18 January 1686. This is the basis for the cautious dating to the late 17th century; there is no independent palaeographic confirmation of the date.
Research edition with manuscript comparison: the Lemegeton in this form dates to the 17th century; 2731 has contradictory dating 1572/(1687?). Explains dependencies on prints after 1641, including 1671, and editorial interventions in later editions. Modern edition illustrations are not the graphic templates used.
Source location: Goetia, name entries 1–72; main exemplar Sloane 3825
Control source for names and sequence. The edition follows mainly Sloane 3825, not the Sloane 2731 depicted here; its folio numbers are therefore not carried over. The editor’s drawings and copyright statements belong to the modern edition, not the 17th century. No modern drawings have been used.
British Library: historische Handschrift Sloane MS 2731; Grimorium: privater Faksimile-Bildspiegel
Source location: PDF title image p. 5, seal spreads p009–p015 on PDF pp. 6/9/13/17/21/25/30; native JPEG image objects 47/58/70/82/94/106/120
Only original two-dimensional manuscript images were examined, not the modern transcription/translation or newly drawn gold symbols. The title incipit, five-part structure, landscape format, old Museo-Britannico stamps and named marginal signs agree with Ayscough 1782 and the descriptions prepared through direct examination of originals by Peterson/McLean. The editor explicitly designates these historical facsimile images as Public Domain; their own modern text edition is separately CC-BY 4.0. The exact microfilm capture/digitisation chain remains unsubstantiated at the private mirror; no new institutional digitisation is claimed.
British Museum, historischer Bestandskatalog von Samuel Ayscough; Digitalisat des Getty Research Institute via Internet Archive
Source location: Volume II, printed pp. 876–877, entries 2731 and 3847; IIIF scans 364/365
Contemporary inventory catalogue, published in 1782 with the Trustees’ permission. No. 2731 bears the English title of the five-part Little Key with spirit names and seals. No. 3847 is listed separately as Clavicula/Ptolemy/H.G./1572. Both original pages were read visually; the current incorrect French/1572 metadata record was not adopted as the image dating. Scan of the Getty collection, Call number 9922691770001551.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 876; IIIF image 364, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Visually confirmed original scan: No. 3847 is the Ptolemy witness copied in 1572; No. 2731 begins separately with the English Little-Key title incipit. Do not equate it with OCR folio index 363: the IIIF image index is offset by one.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 877; IIIF image 365, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Continuation of entry no. 2731: visible apparition and five parts; checked together with p. 876 and the title page of the manuscript facsimile. No evidence for French/1572 in this English Lemegeton.
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic English-language manuscript tradition · Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Marginal drawing beside the numbered name.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic
Region
English-language manuscript tradition
Date of the evidence
Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Private facsimile mirror; see the shared source criticism for manuscript attribution and dating. No evidence of Solomonic authorship. Source review completed 2026-10-04: identity confirmed against the actual historical holdings catalogue and by comparison of title and image witnesses; current BL interim metadata French/1572 remains documented as a conflicting finding. The individual seal area can be used as a low-resolution historical raster facsimile; it is not a newly invented sign or one taken from Mathers/Crowley.
Before designing
Compare the original marginal drawing; do not transfer a modern edition graphic. The unchanged native JPEG image object is available as an SVG crop; ink losses, stains and copying artefacts remain visible. No manufacturing approval or smoothed engraving outline.
Research draft. Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval.
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Anonyme englische Handschrift, British Library Sloane MS 2731; historische Originalabbildung im privaten Grimorium-Faksimile. Bestandskatalog-Abgleich: Samuel Ayscough 1782, Bd. II S. 876–877.
The seven image spreads were viewed in the browser; one specifically located marginal sign for each name entry. Only the pictured manuscript pages serve as graphic evidence, not translations or the host’s modern individual seal graphics. The attribution to Sloane 2731 remains a checked mirror reference with a metadata conflict: the BL interim catalogue gives 1572/French, although the text shown is English. MacLean transcribes a writing note dated 18 January 1686 for 2731; Peterson discusses 1572/(1687?). Therefore, neither a precise year nor Solomonic authorship is securely established. Name spellings, together with the number and page location, serve to identify the entries; difficult-to-read passages need to be compared again against the institutional original. Shared provenance and use are grouped here; there are no 72 copied descriptions of effects. Source review completed 2026-10-04: Ayscough’s actual catalogue scan, 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, describes no. 2731 with the English title visible on p008 and a five-part structure; no. 3847/Ptolemy/H.G./1572 is listed separately. The BL interim catalogue conflict remains documented, but following comparison with the original catalogue and image evidence it no longer prevents identification. Native JPEGs of the PDF image objects are embedded unchanged; no modern redrawings are used. The private microfilm digitisation chain cannot be documented in detail.
Source location: Sloane MS 2731; Record 040-002115103
The currently read institutional interim record gives 1572 and French. This conflicts with the English facsimile tradition and the later manuscript description. This record is treated as evidence of a conflict, not as evidence for the 72 seal figures in 1572. Cross-check dated 2026-10-04: Ayscough 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, lists the English-titled Lemegeton as no. 2731 and separately the Ptolemy/H.G. witness of 1572 as no. 3847. The interim metadata record is therefore retained as a conflicting current catalogue finding, not as the dating of the seal images.
Source location: Section British Library MS.Sloane 2731;32 folios, oblong folio
Descriptive manuscript note by an independent researcher, not an institutional catalogue: transcribes the writing start date in the margin as 18 January 1686. This is the basis for the cautious dating to the late 17th century; there is no independent palaeographic confirmation of the date.
Research edition with manuscript comparison: the Lemegeton in this form dates to the 17th century; 2731 has contradictory dating 1572/(1687?). Explains dependencies on prints after 1641, including 1671, and editorial interventions in later editions. Modern edition illustrations are not the graphic templates used.
Source location: Goetia, name entries 1–72; main exemplar Sloane 3825
Control source for names and sequence. The edition follows mainly Sloane 3825, not the Sloane 2731 depicted here; its folio numbers are therefore not carried over. The editor’s drawings and copyright statements belong to the modern edition, not the 17th century. No modern drawings have been used.
British Library: historische Handschrift Sloane MS 2731; Grimorium: privater Faksimile-Bildspiegel
Source location: PDF title image p. 5, seal spreads p009–p015 on PDF pp. 6/9/13/17/21/25/30; native JPEG image objects 47/58/70/82/94/106/120
Only original two-dimensional manuscript images were examined, not the modern transcription/translation or newly drawn gold symbols. The title incipit, five-part structure, landscape format, old Museo-Britannico stamps and named marginal signs agree with Ayscough 1782 and the descriptions prepared through direct examination of originals by Peterson/McLean. The editor explicitly designates these historical facsimile images as Public Domain; their own modern text edition is separately CC-BY 4.0. The exact microfilm capture/digitisation chain remains unsubstantiated at the private mirror; no new institutional digitisation is claimed.
British Museum, historischer Bestandskatalog von Samuel Ayscough; Digitalisat des Getty Research Institute via Internet Archive
Source location: Volume II, printed pp. 876–877, entries 2731 and 3847; IIIF scans 364/365
Contemporary inventory catalogue, published in 1782 with the Trustees’ permission. No. 2731 bears the English title of the five-part Little Key with spirit names and seals. No. 3847 is listed separately as Clavicula/Ptolemy/H.G./1572. Both original pages were read visually; the current incorrect French/1572 metadata record was not adopted as the image dating. Scan of the Getty collection, Call number 9922691770001551.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 876; IIIF image 364, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Visually confirmed original scan: No. 3847 is the Ptolemy witness copied in 1572; No. 2731 begins separately with the English Little-Key title incipit. Do not equate it with OCR folio index 363: the IIIF image index is offset by one.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 877; IIIF image 365, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Continuation of entry no. 2731: visible apparition and five parts; checked together with p. 876 and the title page of the manuscript facsimile. No evidence for French/1572 in this English Lemegeton.
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic English-language manuscript tradition · Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Marginal drawing beside the numbered name.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic
Region
English-language manuscript tradition
Date of the evidence
Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Private facsimile mirror; see the shared source criticism for manuscript attribution and dating. No evidence of Solomonic authorship. Source review completed 2026-10-04: identity confirmed against the actual historical holdings catalogue and by comparison of title and image witnesses; current BL interim metadata French/1572 remains documented as a conflicting finding. The individual seal area can be used as a low-resolution historical raster facsimile; it is not a newly invented sign or one taken from Mathers/Crowley.
Before designing
Compare the original marginal drawing; do not transfer a modern edition graphic. The unchanged native JPEG image object is available as an SVG crop; ink losses, stains and copying artefacts remain visible. No manufacturing approval or smoothed engraving outline.
Research draft. Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval.
Source location: Handwritten p. 5, marginal sign beside no. 16 (Zepar); spreadp 010, right; mirror PDF p. 9, native JPEG object 58 0 R, pixel viewport [1243, 95, 47, 37]
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Anonyme englische Handschrift, British Library Sloane MS 2731; historische Originalabbildung im privaten Grimorium-Faksimile. Bestandskatalog-Abgleich: Samuel Ayscough 1782, Bd. II S. 876–877.
The seven image spreads were viewed in the browser; one specifically located marginal sign for each name entry. Only the pictured manuscript pages serve as graphic evidence, not translations or the host’s modern individual seal graphics. The attribution to Sloane 2731 remains a checked mirror reference with a metadata conflict: the BL interim catalogue gives 1572/French, although the text shown is English. MacLean transcribes a writing note dated 18 January 1686 for 2731; Peterson discusses 1572/(1687?). Therefore, neither a precise year nor Solomonic authorship is securely established. Name spellings, together with the number and page location, serve to identify the entries; difficult-to-read passages need to be compared again against the institutional original. Shared provenance and use are grouped here; there are no 72 copied descriptions of effects. Source review completed 2026-10-04: Ayscough’s actual catalogue scan, 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, describes no. 2731 with the English title visible on p008 and a five-part structure; no. 3847/Ptolemy/H.G./1572 is listed separately. The BL interim catalogue conflict remains documented, but following comparison with the original catalogue and image evidence it no longer prevents identification. Native JPEGs of the PDF image objects are embedded unchanged; no modern redrawings are used. The private microfilm digitisation chain cannot be documented in detail.
Source location: Sloane MS 2731; Record 040-002115103
The currently read institutional interim record gives 1572 and French. This conflicts with the English facsimile tradition and the later manuscript description. This record is treated as evidence of a conflict, not as evidence for the 72 seal figures in 1572. Cross-check dated 2026-10-04: Ayscough 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, lists the English-titled Lemegeton as no. 2731 and separately the Ptolemy/H.G. witness of 1572 as no. 3847. The interim metadata record is therefore retained as a conflicting current catalogue finding, not as the dating of the seal images.
Source location: Section British Library MS.Sloane 2731;32 folios, oblong folio
Descriptive manuscript note by an independent researcher, not an institutional catalogue: transcribes the writing start date in the margin as 18 January 1686. This is the basis for the cautious dating to the late 17th century; there is no independent palaeographic confirmation of the date.
Research edition with manuscript comparison: the Lemegeton in this form dates to the 17th century; 2731 has contradictory dating 1572/(1687?). Explains dependencies on prints after 1641, including 1671, and editorial interventions in later editions. Modern edition illustrations are not the graphic templates used.
Source location: Goetia, name entries 1–72; main exemplar Sloane 3825
Control source for names and sequence. The edition follows mainly Sloane 3825, not the Sloane 2731 depicted here; its folio numbers are therefore not carried over. The editor’s drawings and copyright statements belong to the modern edition, not the 17th century. No modern drawings have been used.
British Library: historische Handschrift Sloane MS 2731; Grimorium: privater Faksimile-Bildspiegel
Source location: PDF title image p. 5, seal spreads p009–p015 on PDF pp. 6/9/13/17/21/25/30; native JPEG image objects 47/58/70/82/94/106/120
Only original two-dimensional manuscript images were examined, not the modern transcription/translation or newly drawn gold symbols. The title incipit, five-part structure, landscape format, old Museo-Britannico stamps and named marginal signs agree with Ayscough 1782 and the descriptions prepared through direct examination of originals by Peterson/McLean. The editor explicitly designates these historical facsimile images as Public Domain; their own modern text edition is separately CC-BY 4.0. The exact microfilm capture/digitisation chain remains unsubstantiated at the private mirror; no new institutional digitisation is claimed.
British Museum, historischer Bestandskatalog von Samuel Ayscough; Digitalisat des Getty Research Institute via Internet Archive
Source location: Volume II, printed pp. 876–877, entries 2731 and 3847; IIIF scans 364/365
Contemporary inventory catalogue, published in 1782 with the Trustees’ permission. No. 2731 bears the English title of the five-part Little Key with spirit names and seals. No. 3847 is listed separately as Clavicula/Ptolemy/H.G./1572. Both original pages were read visually; the current incorrect French/1572 metadata record was not adopted as the image dating. Scan of the Getty collection, Call number 9922691770001551.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 876; IIIF image 364, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Visually confirmed original scan: No. 3847 is the Ptolemy witness copied in 1572; No. 2731 begins separately with the English Little-Key title incipit. Do not equate it with OCR folio index 363: the IIIF image index is offset by one.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 877; IIIF image 365, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Continuation of entry no. 2731: visible apparition and five parts; checked together with p. 876 and the title page of the manuscript facsimile. No evidence for French/1572 in this English Lemegeton.
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic English-language manuscript tradition · Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Marginal drawing beside the numbered name.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic
Region
English-language manuscript tradition
Date of the evidence
Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Private facsimile mirror; see the shared source criticism for manuscript attribution and dating. No evidence of Solomonic authorship. Source review completed 2026-10-04: identity confirmed against the actual historical holdings catalogue and by comparison of title and image witnesses; current BL interim metadata French/1572 remains documented as a conflicting finding. The individual seal area can be used as a low-resolution historical raster facsimile; it is not a newly invented sign or one taken from Mathers/Crowley.
Before designing
Compare the original marginal drawing; do not transfer a modern edition graphic. The unchanged native JPEG image object is available as an SVG crop; ink losses, stains and copying artefacts remain visible. No manufacturing approval or smoothed engraving outline.
Research draft. Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval.
Source location: Manuscript p.5, marginal sign at no.17 (Botis); Spreadp 010, right; mirror PDF p. 9, native JPEG object 58 0 R, pixel viewport [1241, 158, 48, 32]
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Anonyme englische Handschrift, British Library Sloane MS 2731; historische Originalabbildung im privaten Grimorium-Faksimile. Bestandskatalog-Abgleich: Samuel Ayscough 1782, Bd. II S. 876–877.
The seven image spreads were viewed in the browser; one specifically located marginal sign for each name entry. Only the pictured manuscript pages serve as graphic evidence, not translations or the host’s modern individual seal graphics. The attribution to Sloane 2731 remains a checked mirror reference with a metadata conflict: the BL interim catalogue gives 1572/French, although the text shown is English. MacLean transcribes a writing note dated 18 January 1686 for 2731; Peterson discusses 1572/(1687?). Therefore, neither a precise year nor Solomonic authorship is securely established. Name spellings, together with the number and page location, serve to identify the entries; difficult-to-read passages need to be compared again against the institutional original. Shared provenance and use are grouped here; there are no 72 copied descriptions of effects. Source review completed 2026-10-04: Ayscough’s actual catalogue scan, 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, describes no. 2731 with the English title visible on p008 and a five-part structure; no. 3847/Ptolemy/H.G./1572 is listed separately. The BL interim catalogue conflict remains documented, but following comparison with the original catalogue and image evidence it no longer prevents identification. Native JPEGs of the PDF image objects are embedded unchanged; no modern redrawings are used. The private microfilm digitisation chain cannot be documented in detail.
Source location: Sloane MS 2731; Record 040-002115103
The currently read institutional interim record gives 1572 and French. This conflicts with the English facsimile tradition and the later manuscript description. This record is treated as evidence of a conflict, not as evidence for the 72 seal figures in 1572. Cross-check dated 2026-10-04: Ayscough 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, lists the English-titled Lemegeton as no. 2731 and separately the Ptolemy/H.G. witness of 1572 as no. 3847. The interim metadata record is therefore retained as a conflicting current catalogue finding, not as the dating of the seal images.
Source location: Section British Library MS.Sloane 2731;32 folios, oblong folio
Descriptive manuscript note by an independent researcher, not an institutional catalogue: transcribes the writing start date in the margin as 18 January 1686. This is the basis for the cautious dating to the late 17th century; there is no independent palaeographic confirmation of the date.
Research edition with manuscript comparison: the Lemegeton in this form dates to the 17th century; 2731 has contradictory dating 1572/(1687?). Explains dependencies on prints after 1641, including 1671, and editorial interventions in later editions. Modern edition illustrations are not the graphic templates used.
Source location: Goetia, name entries 1–72; main exemplar Sloane 3825
Control source for names and sequence. The edition follows mainly Sloane 3825, not the Sloane 2731 depicted here; its folio numbers are therefore not carried over. The editor’s drawings and copyright statements belong to the modern edition, not the 17th century. No modern drawings have been used.
British Library: historische Handschrift Sloane MS 2731; Grimorium: privater Faksimile-Bildspiegel
Source location: PDF title image p. 5, seal spreads p009–p015 on PDF pp. 6/9/13/17/21/25/30; native JPEG image objects 47/58/70/82/94/106/120
Only original two-dimensional manuscript images were examined, not the modern transcription/translation or newly drawn gold symbols. The title incipit, five-part structure, landscape format, old Museo-Britannico stamps and named marginal signs agree with Ayscough 1782 and the descriptions prepared through direct examination of originals by Peterson/McLean. The editor explicitly designates these historical facsimile images as Public Domain; their own modern text edition is separately CC-BY 4.0. The exact microfilm capture/digitisation chain remains unsubstantiated at the private mirror; no new institutional digitisation is claimed.
British Museum, historischer Bestandskatalog von Samuel Ayscough; Digitalisat des Getty Research Institute via Internet Archive
Source location: Volume II, printed pp. 876–877, entries 2731 and 3847; IIIF scans 364/365
Contemporary inventory catalogue, published in 1782 with the Trustees’ permission. No. 2731 bears the English title of the five-part Little Key with spirit names and seals. No. 3847 is listed separately as Clavicula/Ptolemy/H.G./1572. Both original pages were read visually; the current incorrect French/1572 metadata record was not adopted as the image dating. Scan of the Getty collection, Call number 9922691770001551.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 876; IIIF image 364, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Visually confirmed original scan: No. 3847 is the Ptolemy witness copied in 1572; No. 2731 begins separately with the English Little-Key title incipit. Do not equate it with OCR folio index 363: the IIIF image index is offset by one.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 877; IIIF image 365, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Continuation of entry no. 2731: visible apparition and five parts; checked together with p. 876 and the title page of the manuscript facsimile. No evidence for French/1572 in this English Lemegeton.
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic English-language manuscript tradition · Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Marginal drawing beside the numbered name.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic
Region
English-language manuscript tradition
Date of the evidence
Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Private facsimile mirror; see the shared source criticism for manuscript attribution and dating. No evidence of Solomonic authorship. Source review completed 2026-10-04: identity confirmed against the actual historical holdings catalogue and by comparison of title and image witnesses; current BL interim metadata French/1572 remains documented as a conflicting finding. The individual seal area can be used as a low-resolution historical raster facsimile; it is not a newly invented sign or one taken from Mathers/Crowley.
Before designing
Compare the original marginal drawing; do not transfer a modern edition graphic. The unchanged native JPEG image object is available as an SVG crop; ink losses, stains and copying artefacts remain visible. No manufacturing approval or smoothed engraving outline.
Research draft. Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval.
Source location: Manuscript p.5, marginal mark beside no.18 (Bathin); Spreadp 010, right; mirror PDF p. 9, native JPEG object 58 0 R, pixel viewport [1204, 198, 80, 46]
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Anonyme englische Handschrift, British Library Sloane MS 2731; historische Originalabbildung im privaten Grimorium-Faksimile. Bestandskatalog-Abgleich: Samuel Ayscough 1782, Bd. II S. 876–877.
The seven image spreads were viewed in the browser; one specifically located marginal sign for each name entry. Only the pictured manuscript pages serve as graphic evidence, not translations or the host’s modern individual seal graphics. The attribution to Sloane 2731 remains a checked mirror reference with a metadata conflict: the BL interim catalogue gives 1572/French, although the text shown is English. MacLean transcribes a writing note dated 18 January 1686 for 2731; Peterson discusses 1572/(1687?). Therefore, neither a precise year nor Solomonic authorship is securely established. Name spellings, together with the number and page location, serve to identify the entries; difficult-to-read passages need to be compared again against the institutional original. Shared provenance and use are grouped here; there are no 72 copied descriptions of effects. Source review completed 2026-10-04: Ayscough’s actual catalogue scan, 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, describes no. 2731 with the English title visible on p008 and a five-part structure; no. 3847/Ptolemy/H.G./1572 is listed separately. The BL interim catalogue conflict remains documented, but following comparison with the original catalogue and image evidence it no longer prevents identification. Native JPEGs of the PDF image objects are embedded unchanged; no modern redrawings are used. The private microfilm digitisation chain cannot be documented in detail.
Source location: Sloane MS 2731; Record 040-002115103
The currently read institutional interim record gives 1572 and French. This conflicts with the English facsimile tradition and the later manuscript description. This record is treated as evidence of a conflict, not as evidence for the 72 seal figures in 1572. Cross-check dated 2026-10-04: Ayscough 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, lists the English-titled Lemegeton as no. 2731 and separately the Ptolemy/H.G. witness of 1572 as no. 3847. The interim metadata record is therefore retained as a conflicting current catalogue finding, not as the dating of the seal images.
Source location: Section British Library MS.Sloane 2731;32 folios, oblong folio
Descriptive manuscript note by an independent researcher, not an institutional catalogue: transcribes the writing start date in the margin as 18 January 1686. This is the basis for the cautious dating to the late 17th century; there is no independent palaeographic confirmation of the date.
Research edition with manuscript comparison: the Lemegeton in this form dates to the 17th century; 2731 has contradictory dating 1572/(1687?). Explains dependencies on prints after 1641, including 1671, and editorial interventions in later editions. Modern edition illustrations are not the graphic templates used.
Source location: Goetia, name entries 1–72; main exemplar Sloane 3825
Control source for names and sequence. The edition follows mainly Sloane 3825, not the Sloane 2731 depicted here; its folio numbers are therefore not carried over. The editor’s drawings and copyright statements belong to the modern edition, not the 17th century. No modern drawings have been used.
British Library: historische Handschrift Sloane MS 2731; Grimorium: privater Faksimile-Bildspiegel
Source location: PDF title image p. 5, seal spreads p009–p015 on PDF pp. 6/9/13/17/21/25/30; native JPEG image objects 47/58/70/82/94/106/120
Only original two-dimensional manuscript images were examined, not the modern transcription/translation or newly drawn gold symbols. The title incipit, five-part structure, landscape format, old Museo-Britannico stamps and named marginal signs agree with Ayscough 1782 and the descriptions prepared through direct examination of originals by Peterson/McLean. The editor explicitly designates these historical facsimile images as Public Domain; their own modern text edition is separately CC-BY 4.0. The exact microfilm capture/digitisation chain remains unsubstantiated at the private mirror; no new institutional digitisation is claimed.
British Museum, historischer Bestandskatalog von Samuel Ayscough; Digitalisat des Getty Research Institute via Internet Archive
Source location: Volume II, printed pp. 876–877, entries 2731 and 3847; IIIF scans 364/365
Contemporary inventory catalogue, published in 1782 with the Trustees’ permission. No. 2731 bears the English title of the five-part Little Key with spirit names and seals. No. 3847 is listed separately as Clavicula/Ptolemy/H.G./1572. Both original pages were read visually; the current incorrect French/1572 metadata record was not adopted as the image dating. Scan of the Getty collection, Call number 9922691770001551.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 876; IIIF image 364, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Visually confirmed original scan: No. 3847 is the Ptolemy witness copied in 1572; No. 2731 begins separately with the English Little-Key title incipit. Do not equate it with OCR folio index 363: the IIIF image index is offset by one.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 877; IIIF image 365, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Continuation of entry no. 2731: visible apparition and five parts; checked together with p. 876 and the title page of the manuscript facsimile. No evidence for French/1572 in this English Lemegeton.
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic English-language manuscript tradition · Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Marginal drawing beside the numbered name.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic
Region
English-language manuscript tradition
Date of the evidence
Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Private facsimile mirror; see the shared source criticism for manuscript attribution and dating. No evidence of Solomonic authorship. Source review completed 2026-10-04: identity confirmed against the actual historical holdings catalogue and by comparison of title and image witnesses; current BL interim metadata French/1572 remains documented as a conflicting finding. The individual seal area can be used as a low-resolution historical raster facsimile; it is not a newly invented sign or one taken from Mathers/Crowley.
Before designing
Compare the original marginal drawing; do not transfer a modern edition graphic. The unchanged native JPEG image object is available as an SVG crop; ink losses, stains and copying artefacts remain visible. No manufacturing approval or smoothed engraving outline.
Research draft. Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval.
Source location: Manuscript p.5, marginal sign by no.19 (Saleos); Spreadp 010, right; mirror PDF p. 9, native JPEG object 58 0 R, pixel viewport [1213, 247, 64, 38]
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Anonyme englische Handschrift, British Library Sloane MS 2731; historische Originalabbildung im privaten Grimorium-Faksimile. Bestandskatalog-Abgleich: Samuel Ayscough 1782, Bd. II S. 876–877.
The seven image spreads were viewed in the browser; one specifically located marginal sign for each name entry. Only the pictured manuscript pages serve as graphic evidence, not translations or the host’s modern individual seal graphics. The attribution to Sloane 2731 remains a checked mirror reference with a metadata conflict: the BL interim catalogue gives 1572/French, although the text shown is English. MacLean transcribes a writing note dated 18 January 1686 for 2731; Peterson discusses 1572/(1687?). Therefore, neither a precise year nor Solomonic authorship is securely established. Name spellings, together with the number and page location, serve to identify the entries; difficult-to-read passages need to be compared again against the institutional original. Shared provenance and use are grouped here; there are no 72 copied descriptions of effects. Source review completed 2026-10-04: Ayscough’s actual catalogue scan, 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, describes no. 2731 with the English title visible on p008 and a five-part structure; no. 3847/Ptolemy/H.G./1572 is listed separately. The BL interim catalogue conflict remains documented, but following comparison with the original catalogue and image evidence it no longer prevents identification. Native JPEGs of the PDF image objects are embedded unchanged; no modern redrawings are used. The private microfilm digitisation chain cannot be documented in detail.
Source location: Sloane MS 2731; Record 040-002115103
The currently read institutional interim record gives 1572 and French. This conflicts with the English facsimile tradition and the later manuscript description. This record is treated as evidence of a conflict, not as evidence for the 72 seal figures in 1572. Cross-check dated 2026-10-04: Ayscough 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, lists the English-titled Lemegeton as no. 2731 and separately the Ptolemy/H.G. witness of 1572 as no. 3847. The interim metadata record is therefore retained as a conflicting current catalogue finding, not as the dating of the seal images.
Source location: Section British Library MS.Sloane 2731;32 folios, oblong folio
Descriptive manuscript note by an independent researcher, not an institutional catalogue: transcribes the writing start date in the margin as 18 January 1686. This is the basis for the cautious dating to the late 17th century; there is no independent palaeographic confirmation of the date.
Research edition with manuscript comparison: the Lemegeton in this form dates to the 17th century; 2731 has contradictory dating 1572/(1687?). Explains dependencies on prints after 1641, including 1671, and editorial interventions in later editions. Modern edition illustrations are not the graphic templates used.
Source location: Goetia, name entries 1–72; main exemplar Sloane 3825
Control source for names and sequence. The edition follows mainly Sloane 3825, not the Sloane 2731 depicted here; its folio numbers are therefore not carried over. The editor’s drawings and copyright statements belong to the modern edition, not the 17th century. No modern drawings have been used.
British Library: historische Handschrift Sloane MS 2731; Grimorium: privater Faksimile-Bildspiegel
Source location: PDF title image p. 5, seal spreads p009–p015 on PDF pp. 6/9/13/17/21/25/30; native JPEG image objects 47/58/70/82/94/106/120
Only original two-dimensional manuscript images were examined, not the modern transcription/translation or newly drawn gold symbols. The title incipit, five-part structure, landscape format, old Museo-Britannico stamps and named marginal signs agree with Ayscough 1782 and the descriptions prepared through direct examination of originals by Peterson/McLean. The editor explicitly designates these historical facsimile images as Public Domain; their own modern text edition is separately CC-BY 4.0. The exact microfilm capture/digitisation chain remains unsubstantiated at the private mirror; no new institutional digitisation is claimed.
British Museum, historischer Bestandskatalog von Samuel Ayscough; Digitalisat des Getty Research Institute via Internet Archive
Source location: Volume II, printed pp. 876–877, entries 2731 and 3847; IIIF scans 364/365
Contemporary inventory catalogue, published in 1782 with the Trustees’ permission. No. 2731 bears the English title of the five-part Little Key with spirit names and seals. No. 3847 is listed separately as Clavicula/Ptolemy/H.G./1572. Both original pages were read visually; the current incorrect French/1572 metadata record was not adopted as the image dating. Scan of the Getty collection, Call number 9922691770001551.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 876; IIIF image 364, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Visually confirmed original scan: No. 3847 is the Ptolemy witness copied in 1572; No. 2731 begins separately with the English Little-Key title incipit. Do not equate it with OCR folio index 363: the IIIF image index is offset by one.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 877; IIIF image 365, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Continuation of entry no. 2731: visible apparition and five parts; checked together with p. 876 and the title page of the manuscript facsimile. No evidence for French/1572 in this English Lemegeton.
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic English-language manuscript tradition · Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Marginal drawing beside the numbered name.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic
Region
English-language manuscript tradition
Date of the evidence
Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Private facsimile mirror; see the shared source criticism for manuscript attribution and dating. No evidence of Solomonic authorship. Source review completed 2026-10-04: identity confirmed against the actual historical holdings catalogue and by comparison of title and image witnesses; current BL interim metadata French/1572 remains documented as a conflicting finding. The individual seal area can be used as a low-resolution historical raster facsimile; it is not a newly invented sign or one taken from Mathers/Crowley.
Before designing
Compare the original marginal drawing; do not transfer a modern edition graphic. The unchanged native JPEG image object is available as an SVG crop; ink losses, stains and copying artefacts remain visible. No manufacturing approval or smoothed engraving outline.
Research draft. Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval.
Source location: Manuscript p.2, marginal mark by no.1 (Baell); Spreadp 009, left; mirror PDF p. 6, native JPEG object 47 0 R, pixel viewport [137, 217, 43, 39]
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Anonyme englische Handschrift, British Library Sloane MS 2731; historische Originalabbildung im privaten Grimorium-Faksimile. Bestandskatalog-Abgleich: Samuel Ayscough 1782, Bd. II S. 876–877.
The seven image spreads were viewed in the browser; one specifically located marginal sign for each name entry. Only the pictured manuscript pages serve as graphic evidence, not translations or the host’s modern individual seal graphics. The attribution to Sloane 2731 remains a checked mirror reference with a metadata conflict: the BL interim catalogue gives 1572/French, although the text shown is English. MacLean transcribes a writing note dated 18 January 1686 for 2731; Peterson discusses 1572/(1687?). Therefore, neither a precise year nor Solomonic authorship is securely established. Name spellings, together with the number and page location, serve to identify the entries; difficult-to-read passages need to be compared again against the institutional original. Shared provenance and use are grouped here; there are no 72 copied descriptions of effects. Source review completed 2026-10-04: Ayscough’s actual catalogue scan, 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, describes no. 2731 with the English title visible on p008 and a five-part structure; no. 3847/Ptolemy/H.G./1572 is listed separately. The BL interim catalogue conflict remains documented, but following comparison with the original catalogue and image evidence it no longer prevents identification. Native JPEGs of the PDF image objects are embedded unchanged; no modern redrawings are used. The private microfilm digitisation chain cannot be documented in detail.
Source location: Sloane MS 2731; Record 040-002115103
The currently read institutional interim record gives 1572 and French. This conflicts with the English facsimile tradition and the later manuscript description. This record is treated as evidence of a conflict, not as evidence for the 72 seal figures in 1572. Cross-check dated 2026-10-04: Ayscough 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, lists the English-titled Lemegeton as no. 2731 and separately the Ptolemy/H.G. witness of 1572 as no. 3847. The interim metadata record is therefore retained as a conflicting current catalogue finding, not as the dating of the seal images.
Source location: Section British Library MS.Sloane 2731;32 folios, oblong folio
Descriptive manuscript note by an independent researcher, not an institutional catalogue: transcribes the writing start date in the margin as 18 January 1686. This is the basis for the cautious dating to the late 17th century; there is no independent palaeographic confirmation of the date.
Research edition with manuscript comparison: the Lemegeton in this form dates to the 17th century; 2731 has contradictory dating 1572/(1687?). Explains dependencies on prints after 1641, including 1671, and editorial interventions in later editions. Modern edition illustrations are not the graphic templates used.
Source location: Goetia, name entries 1–72; main exemplar Sloane 3825
Control source for names and sequence. The edition follows mainly Sloane 3825, not the Sloane 2731 depicted here; its folio numbers are therefore not carried over. The editor’s drawings and copyright statements belong to the modern edition, not the 17th century. No modern drawings have been used.
British Library: historische Handschrift Sloane MS 2731; Grimorium: privater Faksimile-Bildspiegel
Source location: PDF title image p. 5, seal spreads p009–p015 on PDF pp. 6/9/13/17/21/25/30; native JPEG image objects 47/58/70/82/94/106/120
Only original two-dimensional manuscript images were examined, not the modern transcription/translation or newly drawn gold symbols. The title incipit, five-part structure, landscape format, old Museo-Britannico stamps and named marginal signs agree with Ayscough 1782 and the descriptions prepared through direct examination of originals by Peterson/McLean. The editor explicitly designates these historical facsimile images as Public Domain; their own modern text edition is separately CC-BY 4.0. The exact microfilm capture/digitisation chain remains unsubstantiated at the private mirror; no new institutional digitisation is claimed.
British Museum, historischer Bestandskatalog von Samuel Ayscough; Digitalisat des Getty Research Institute via Internet Archive
Source location: Volume II, printed pp. 876–877, entries 2731 and 3847; IIIF scans 364/365
Contemporary inventory catalogue, published in 1782 with the Trustees’ permission. No. 2731 bears the English title of the five-part Little Key with spirit names and seals. No. 3847 is listed separately as Clavicula/Ptolemy/H.G./1572. Both original pages were read visually; the current incorrect French/1572 metadata record was not adopted as the image dating. Scan of the Getty collection, Call number 9922691770001551.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 876; IIIF image 364, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Visually confirmed original scan: No. 3847 is the Ptolemy witness copied in 1572; No. 2731 begins separately with the English Little-Key title incipit. Do not equate it with OCR folio index 363: the IIIF image index is offset by one.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 877; IIIF image 365, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Continuation of entry no. 2731: visible apparition and five parts; checked together with p. 876 and the title page of the manuscript facsimile. No evidence for French/1572 in this English Lemegeton.
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic English-language manuscript tradition · Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Marginal drawing beside the numbered name.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic
Region
English-language manuscript tradition
Date of the evidence
Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Private facsimile mirror; see the shared source criticism for manuscript attribution and dating. No evidence of Solomonic authorship. Source review completed 2026-10-04: identity confirmed against the actual historical holdings catalogue and by comparison of title and image witnesses; current BL interim metadata French/1572 remains documented as a conflicting finding. The individual seal area can be used as a low-resolution historical raster facsimile; it is not a newly invented sign or one taken from Mathers/Crowley.
Before designing
Compare the original marginal drawing; do not transfer a modern edition graphic. The unchanged native JPEG image object is available as an SVG crop; ink losses, stains and copying artefacts remain visible. No manufacturing approval or smoothed engraving outline.
Research draft. Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval.
Source location: Handwritten p.5, marginal mark beside no.20 (Purson); Spreadp 010, right; mirrored PDF p. 9, native JPEG object 58 0 R, pixel viewport [1218, 309, 48, 52]
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Anonyme englische Handschrift, British Library Sloane MS 2731; historische Originalabbildung im privaten Grimorium-Faksimile. Bestandskatalog-Abgleich: Samuel Ayscough 1782, Bd. II S. 876–877.
The seven image spreads were viewed in the browser; one specifically located marginal sign for each name entry. Only the pictured manuscript pages serve as graphic evidence, not translations or the host’s modern individual seal graphics. The attribution to Sloane 2731 remains a checked mirror reference with a metadata conflict: the BL interim catalogue gives 1572/French, although the text shown is English. MacLean transcribes a writing note dated 18 January 1686 for 2731; Peterson discusses 1572/(1687?). Therefore, neither a precise year nor Solomonic authorship is securely established. Name spellings, together with the number and page location, serve to identify the entries; difficult-to-read passages need to be compared again against the institutional original. Shared provenance and use are grouped here; there are no 72 copied descriptions of effects. Source review completed 2026-10-04: Ayscough’s actual catalogue scan, 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, describes no. 2731 with the English title visible on p008 and a five-part structure; no. 3847/Ptolemy/H.G./1572 is listed separately. The BL interim catalogue conflict remains documented, but following comparison with the original catalogue and image evidence it no longer prevents identification. Native JPEGs of the PDF image objects are embedded unchanged; no modern redrawings are used. The private microfilm digitisation chain cannot be documented in detail.
Source location: Sloane MS 2731; Record 040-002115103
The currently read institutional interim record gives 1572 and French. This conflicts with the English facsimile tradition and the later manuscript description. This record is treated as evidence of a conflict, not as evidence for the 72 seal figures in 1572. Cross-check dated 2026-10-04: Ayscough 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, lists the English-titled Lemegeton as no. 2731 and separately the Ptolemy/H.G. witness of 1572 as no. 3847. The interim metadata record is therefore retained as a conflicting current catalogue finding, not as the dating of the seal images.
Source location: Section British Library MS.Sloane 2731;32 folios, oblong folio
Descriptive manuscript note by an independent researcher, not an institutional catalogue: transcribes the writing start date in the margin as 18 January 1686. This is the basis for the cautious dating to the late 17th century; there is no independent palaeographic confirmation of the date.
Research edition with manuscript comparison: the Lemegeton in this form dates to the 17th century; 2731 has contradictory dating 1572/(1687?). Explains dependencies on prints after 1641, including 1671, and editorial interventions in later editions. Modern edition illustrations are not the graphic templates used.
Source location: Goetia, name entries 1–72; main exemplar Sloane 3825
Control source for names and sequence. The edition follows mainly Sloane 3825, not the Sloane 2731 depicted here; its folio numbers are therefore not carried over. The editor’s drawings and copyright statements belong to the modern edition, not the 17th century. No modern drawings have been used.
British Library: historische Handschrift Sloane MS 2731; Grimorium: privater Faksimile-Bildspiegel
Source location: PDF title image p. 5, seal spreads p009–p015 on PDF pp. 6/9/13/17/21/25/30; native JPEG image objects 47/58/70/82/94/106/120
Only original two-dimensional manuscript images were examined, not the modern transcription/translation or newly drawn gold symbols. The title incipit, five-part structure, landscape format, old Museo-Britannico stamps and named marginal signs agree with Ayscough 1782 and the descriptions prepared through direct examination of originals by Peterson/McLean. The editor explicitly designates these historical facsimile images as Public Domain; their own modern text edition is separately CC-BY 4.0. The exact microfilm capture/digitisation chain remains unsubstantiated at the private mirror; no new institutional digitisation is claimed.
British Museum, historischer Bestandskatalog von Samuel Ayscough; Digitalisat des Getty Research Institute via Internet Archive
Source location: Volume II, printed pp. 876–877, entries 2731 and 3847; IIIF scans 364/365
Contemporary inventory catalogue, published in 1782 with the Trustees’ permission. No. 2731 bears the English title of the five-part Little Key with spirit names and seals. No. 3847 is listed separately as Clavicula/Ptolemy/H.G./1572. Both original pages were read visually; the current incorrect French/1572 metadata record was not adopted as the image dating. Scan of the Getty collection, Call number 9922691770001551.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 876; IIIF image 364, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Visually confirmed original scan: No. 3847 is the Ptolemy witness copied in 1572; No. 2731 begins separately with the English Little-Key title incipit. Do not equate it with OCR folio index 363: the IIIF image index is offset by one.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 877; IIIF image 365, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Continuation of entry no. 2731: visible apparition and five parts; checked together with p. 876 and the title page of the manuscript facsimile. No evidence for French/1572 in this English Lemegeton.
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic English-language manuscript tradition · Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Marginal drawing beside the numbered name.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic
Region
English-language manuscript tradition
Date of the evidence
Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Private facsimile mirror; see the shared source criticism for manuscript attribution and dating. No evidence of Solomonic authorship. Source review completed 2026-10-04: identity confirmed against the actual historical holdings catalogue and by comparison of title and image witnesses; current BL interim metadata French/1572 remains documented as a conflicting finding. The individual seal area can be used as a low-resolution historical raster facsimile; it is not a newly invented sign or one taken from Mathers/Crowley.
Before designing
Compare the original marginal drawing; do not transfer a modern edition graphic. The unchanged native JPEG image object is available as an SVG crop; ink losses, stains and copying artefacts remain visible. No manufacturing approval or smoothed engraving outline.
Research draft. Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval.
Source location: Manuscript p. 5, marginal sign beside no. 21 (Marax); spread 010, right; mirror PDF p. 9, native JPEG object 58 0 R, pixel viewport [1213, 384, 52, 28]
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Anonyme englische Handschrift, British Library Sloane MS 2731; historische Originalabbildung im privaten Grimorium-Faksimile. Bestandskatalog-Abgleich: Samuel Ayscough 1782, Bd. II S. 876–877.
The seven image spreads were viewed in the browser; one specifically located marginal sign for each name entry. Only the pictured manuscript pages serve as graphic evidence, not translations or the host’s modern individual seal graphics. The attribution to Sloane 2731 remains a checked mirror reference with a metadata conflict: the BL interim catalogue gives 1572/French, although the text shown is English. MacLean transcribes a writing note dated 18 January 1686 for 2731; Peterson discusses 1572/(1687?). Therefore, neither a precise year nor Solomonic authorship is securely established. Name spellings, together with the number and page location, serve to identify the entries; difficult-to-read passages need to be compared again against the institutional original. Shared provenance and use are grouped here; there are no 72 copied descriptions of effects. Source review completed 2026-10-04: Ayscough’s actual catalogue scan, 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, describes no. 2731 with the English title visible on p008 and a five-part structure; no. 3847/Ptolemy/H.G./1572 is listed separately. The BL interim catalogue conflict remains documented, but following comparison with the original catalogue and image evidence it no longer prevents identification. Native JPEGs of the PDF image objects are embedded unchanged; no modern redrawings are used. The private microfilm digitisation chain cannot be documented in detail.
Source location: Sloane MS 2731; Record 040-002115103
The currently read institutional interim record gives 1572 and French. This conflicts with the English facsimile tradition and the later manuscript description. This record is treated as evidence of a conflict, not as evidence for the 72 seal figures in 1572. Cross-check dated 2026-10-04: Ayscough 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, lists the English-titled Lemegeton as no. 2731 and separately the Ptolemy/H.G. witness of 1572 as no. 3847. The interim metadata record is therefore retained as a conflicting current catalogue finding, not as the dating of the seal images.
Source location: Section British Library MS.Sloane 2731;32 folios, oblong folio
Descriptive manuscript note by an independent researcher, not an institutional catalogue: transcribes the writing start date in the margin as 18 January 1686. This is the basis for the cautious dating to the late 17th century; there is no independent palaeographic confirmation of the date.
Research edition with manuscript comparison: the Lemegeton in this form dates to the 17th century; 2731 has contradictory dating 1572/(1687?). Explains dependencies on prints after 1641, including 1671, and editorial interventions in later editions. Modern edition illustrations are not the graphic templates used.
Source location: Goetia, name entries 1–72; main exemplar Sloane 3825
Control source for names and sequence. The edition follows mainly Sloane 3825, not the Sloane 2731 depicted here; its folio numbers are therefore not carried over. The editor’s drawings and copyright statements belong to the modern edition, not the 17th century. No modern drawings have been used.
British Library: historische Handschrift Sloane MS 2731; Grimorium: privater Faksimile-Bildspiegel
Source location: PDF title image p. 5, seal spreads p009–p015 on PDF pp. 6/9/13/17/21/25/30; native JPEG image objects 47/58/70/82/94/106/120
Only original two-dimensional manuscript images were examined, not the modern transcription/translation or newly drawn gold symbols. The title incipit, five-part structure, landscape format, old Museo-Britannico stamps and named marginal signs agree with Ayscough 1782 and the descriptions prepared through direct examination of originals by Peterson/McLean. The editor explicitly designates these historical facsimile images as Public Domain; their own modern text edition is separately CC-BY 4.0. The exact microfilm capture/digitisation chain remains unsubstantiated at the private mirror; no new institutional digitisation is claimed.
British Museum, historischer Bestandskatalog von Samuel Ayscough; Digitalisat des Getty Research Institute via Internet Archive
Source location: Volume II, printed pp. 876–877, entries 2731 and 3847; IIIF scans 364/365
Contemporary inventory catalogue, published in 1782 with the Trustees’ permission. No. 2731 bears the English title of the five-part Little Key with spirit names and seals. No. 3847 is listed separately as Clavicula/Ptolemy/H.G./1572. Both original pages were read visually; the current incorrect French/1572 metadata record was not adopted as the image dating. Scan of the Getty collection, Call number 9922691770001551.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 876; IIIF image 364, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Visually confirmed original scan: No. 3847 is the Ptolemy witness copied in 1572; No. 2731 begins separately with the English Little-Key title incipit. Do not equate it with OCR folio index 363: the IIIF image index is offset by one.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 877; IIIF image 365, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Continuation of entry no. 2731: visible apparition and five parts; checked together with p. 876 and the title page of the manuscript facsimile. No evidence for French/1572 in this English Lemegeton.
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic English-language manuscript tradition · Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Marginal drawing beside the numbered name.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic
Region
English-language manuscript tradition
Date of the evidence
Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Private facsimile mirror; see the shared source criticism for manuscript attribution and dating. No evidence of Solomonic authorship. Source review completed 2026-10-04: identity confirmed against the actual historical holdings catalogue and by comparison of title and image witnesses; current BL interim metadata French/1572 remains documented as a conflicting finding. The individual seal area can be used as a low-resolution historical raster facsimile; it is not a newly invented sign or one taken from Mathers/Crowley.
Before designing
Compare the original marginal drawing; do not transfer a modern edition graphic. The unchanged native JPEG image object is available as an SVG crop; ink losses, stains and copying artefacts remain visible. No manufacturing approval or smoothed engraving outline.
Research draft. Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval.
Source location: Manuscript p.5, marginal sign at No.22 (Ipos); Spreadp 010, right; mirror PDF p. 9, native JPEG object 58 0 R, pixel viewport [1211, 423, 49, 50]
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Anonyme englische Handschrift, British Library Sloane MS 2731; historische Originalabbildung im privaten Grimorium-Faksimile. Bestandskatalog-Abgleich: Samuel Ayscough 1782, Bd. II S. 876–877.
The seven image spreads were viewed in the browser; one specifically located marginal sign for each name entry. Only the pictured manuscript pages serve as graphic evidence, not translations or the host’s modern individual seal graphics. The attribution to Sloane 2731 remains a checked mirror reference with a metadata conflict: the BL interim catalogue gives 1572/French, although the text shown is English. MacLean transcribes a writing note dated 18 January 1686 for 2731; Peterson discusses 1572/(1687?). Therefore, neither a precise year nor Solomonic authorship is securely established. Name spellings, together with the number and page location, serve to identify the entries; difficult-to-read passages need to be compared again against the institutional original. Shared provenance and use are grouped here; there are no 72 copied descriptions of effects. Source review completed 2026-10-04: Ayscough’s actual catalogue scan, 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, describes no. 2731 with the English title visible on p008 and a five-part structure; no. 3847/Ptolemy/H.G./1572 is listed separately. The BL interim catalogue conflict remains documented, but following comparison with the original catalogue and image evidence it no longer prevents identification. Native JPEGs of the PDF image objects are embedded unchanged; no modern redrawings are used. The private microfilm digitisation chain cannot be documented in detail.
Source location: Sloane MS 2731; Record 040-002115103
The currently read institutional interim record gives 1572 and French. This conflicts with the English facsimile tradition and the later manuscript description. This record is treated as evidence of a conflict, not as evidence for the 72 seal figures in 1572. Cross-check dated 2026-10-04: Ayscough 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, lists the English-titled Lemegeton as no. 2731 and separately the Ptolemy/H.G. witness of 1572 as no. 3847. The interim metadata record is therefore retained as a conflicting current catalogue finding, not as the dating of the seal images.
Source location: Section British Library MS.Sloane 2731;32 folios, oblong folio
Descriptive manuscript note by an independent researcher, not an institutional catalogue: transcribes the writing start date in the margin as 18 January 1686. This is the basis for the cautious dating to the late 17th century; there is no independent palaeographic confirmation of the date.
Research edition with manuscript comparison: the Lemegeton in this form dates to the 17th century; 2731 has contradictory dating 1572/(1687?). Explains dependencies on prints after 1641, including 1671, and editorial interventions in later editions. Modern edition illustrations are not the graphic templates used.
Source location: Goetia, name entries 1–72; main exemplar Sloane 3825
Control source for names and sequence. The edition follows mainly Sloane 3825, not the Sloane 2731 depicted here; its folio numbers are therefore not carried over. The editor’s drawings and copyright statements belong to the modern edition, not the 17th century. No modern drawings have been used.
British Library: historische Handschrift Sloane MS 2731; Grimorium: privater Faksimile-Bildspiegel
Source location: PDF title image p. 5, seal spreads p009–p015 on PDF pp. 6/9/13/17/21/25/30; native JPEG image objects 47/58/70/82/94/106/120
Only original two-dimensional manuscript images were examined, not the modern transcription/translation or newly drawn gold symbols. The title incipit, five-part structure, landscape format, old Museo-Britannico stamps and named marginal signs agree with Ayscough 1782 and the descriptions prepared through direct examination of originals by Peterson/McLean. The editor explicitly designates these historical facsimile images as Public Domain; their own modern text edition is separately CC-BY 4.0. The exact microfilm capture/digitisation chain remains unsubstantiated at the private mirror; no new institutional digitisation is claimed.
British Museum, historischer Bestandskatalog von Samuel Ayscough; Digitalisat des Getty Research Institute via Internet Archive
Source location: Volume II, printed pp. 876–877, entries 2731 and 3847; IIIF scans 364/365
Contemporary inventory catalogue, published in 1782 with the Trustees’ permission. No. 2731 bears the English title of the five-part Little Key with spirit names and seals. No. 3847 is listed separately as Clavicula/Ptolemy/H.G./1572. Both original pages were read visually; the current incorrect French/1572 metadata record was not adopted as the image dating. Scan of the Getty collection, Call number 9922691770001551.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 876; IIIF image 364, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Visually confirmed original scan: No. 3847 is the Ptolemy witness copied in 1572; No. 2731 begins separately with the English Little-Key title incipit. Do not equate it with OCR folio index 363: the IIIF image index is offset by one.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 877; IIIF image 365, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Continuation of entry no. 2731: visible apparition and five parts; checked together with p. 876 and the title page of the manuscript facsimile. No evidence for French/1572 in this English Lemegeton.
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic English-language manuscript tradition · Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Marginal drawing beside the numbered name.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic
Region
English-language manuscript tradition
Date of the evidence
Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Private facsimile mirror; see the shared source criticism for manuscript attribution and dating. No evidence of Solomonic authorship. Source review completed 2026-10-04: identity confirmed against the actual historical holdings catalogue and by comparison of title and image witnesses; current BL interim metadata French/1572 remains documented as a conflicting finding. The individual seal area can be used as a low-resolution historical raster facsimile; it is not a newly invented sign or one taken from Mathers/Crowley.
Before designing
Compare the original marginal drawing; do not transfer a modern edition graphic. The unchanged native JPEG image object is available as an SVG crop; ink losses, stains and copying artefacts remain visible. No manufacturing approval or smoothed engraving outline.
Research draft. Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval.
Source location: Manuscript p.6, marginal sign by no.23 (Aim); Spreadp 011, left; mirror PDF p. 13, native JPEG object 70 0 R, pixel viewport [156, 111, 73, 36]
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Anonyme englische Handschrift, British Library Sloane MS 2731; historische Originalabbildung im privaten Grimorium-Faksimile. Bestandskatalog-Abgleich: Samuel Ayscough 1782, Bd. II S. 876–877.
The seven image spreads were viewed in the browser; one specifically located marginal sign for each name entry. Only the pictured manuscript pages serve as graphic evidence, not translations or the host’s modern individual seal graphics. The attribution to Sloane 2731 remains a checked mirror reference with a metadata conflict: the BL interim catalogue gives 1572/French, although the text shown is English. MacLean transcribes a writing note dated 18 January 1686 for 2731; Peterson discusses 1572/(1687?). Therefore, neither a precise year nor Solomonic authorship is securely established. Name spellings, together with the number and page location, serve to identify the entries; difficult-to-read passages need to be compared again against the institutional original. Shared provenance and use are grouped here; there are no 72 copied descriptions of effects. Source review completed 2026-10-04: Ayscough’s actual catalogue scan, 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, describes no. 2731 with the English title visible on p008 and a five-part structure; no. 3847/Ptolemy/H.G./1572 is listed separately. The BL interim catalogue conflict remains documented, but following comparison with the original catalogue and image evidence it no longer prevents identification. Native JPEGs of the PDF image objects are embedded unchanged; no modern redrawings are used. The private microfilm digitisation chain cannot be documented in detail.
Source location: Sloane MS 2731; Record 040-002115103
The currently read institutional interim record gives 1572 and French. This conflicts with the English facsimile tradition and the later manuscript description. This record is treated as evidence of a conflict, not as evidence for the 72 seal figures in 1572. Cross-check dated 2026-10-04: Ayscough 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, lists the English-titled Lemegeton as no. 2731 and separately the Ptolemy/H.G. witness of 1572 as no. 3847. The interim metadata record is therefore retained as a conflicting current catalogue finding, not as the dating of the seal images.
Source location: Section British Library MS.Sloane 2731;32 folios, oblong folio
Descriptive manuscript note by an independent researcher, not an institutional catalogue: transcribes the writing start date in the margin as 18 January 1686. This is the basis for the cautious dating to the late 17th century; there is no independent palaeographic confirmation of the date.
Research edition with manuscript comparison: the Lemegeton in this form dates to the 17th century; 2731 has contradictory dating 1572/(1687?). Explains dependencies on prints after 1641, including 1671, and editorial interventions in later editions. Modern edition illustrations are not the graphic templates used.
Source location: Goetia, name entries 1–72; main exemplar Sloane 3825
Control source for names and sequence. The edition follows mainly Sloane 3825, not the Sloane 2731 depicted here; its folio numbers are therefore not carried over. The editor’s drawings and copyright statements belong to the modern edition, not the 17th century. No modern drawings have been used.
British Library: historische Handschrift Sloane MS 2731; Grimorium: privater Faksimile-Bildspiegel
Source location: PDF title image p. 5, seal spreads p009–p015 on PDF pp. 6/9/13/17/21/25/30; native JPEG image objects 47/58/70/82/94/106/120
Only original two-dimensional manuscript images were examined, not the modern transcription/translation or newly drawn gold symbols. The title incipit, five-part structure, landscape format, old Museo-Britannico stamps and named marginal signs agree with Ayscough 1782 and the descriptions prepared through direct examination of originals by Peterson/McLean. The editor explicitly designates these historical facsimile images as Public Domain; their own modern text edition is separately CC-BY 4.0. The exact microfilm capture/digitisation chain remains unsubstantiated at the private mirror; no new institutional digitisation is claimed.
British Museum, historischer Bestandskatalog von Samuel Ayscough; Digitalisat des Getty Research Institute via Internet Archive
Source location: Volume II, printed pp. 876–877, entries 2731 and 3847; IIIF scans 364/365
Contemporary inventory catalogue, published in 1782 with the Trustees’ permission. No. 2731 bears the English title of the five-part Little Key with spirit names and seals. No. 3847 is listed separately as Clavicula/Ptolemy/H.G./1572. Both original pages were read visually; the current incorrect French/1572 metadata record was not adopted as the image dating. Scan of the Getty collection, Call number 9922691770001551.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 876; IIIF image 364, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Visually confirmed original scan: No. 3847 is the Ptolemy witness copied in 1572; No. 2731 begins separately with the English Little-Key title incipit. Do not equate it with OCR folio index 363: the IIIF image index is offset by one.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 877; IIIF image 365, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Continuation of entry no. 2731: visible apparition and five parts; checked together with p. 876 and the title page of the manuscript facsimile. No evidence for French/1572 in this English Lemegeton.
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic English-language manuscript tradition · Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Marginal drawing beside the numbered name.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic
Region
English-language manuscript tradition
Date of the evidence
Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Private facsimile mirror; see the shared source criticism for manuscript attribution and dating. No evidence of Solomonic authorship. Source review completed 2026-10-04: identity confirmed against the actual historical holdings catalogue and by comparison of title and image witnesses; current BL interim metadata French/1572 remains documented as a conflicting finding. The individual seal area can be used as a low-resolution historical raster facsimile; it is not a newly invented sign or one taken from Mathers/Crowley.
Before designing
Compare the original marginal drawing; do not transfer a modern edition graphic. The unchanged native JPEG image object is available as an SVG crop; ink losses, stains and copying artefacts remain visible. No manufacturing approval or smoothed engraving outline.
Research draft. Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval.
Source location: Handwritten p.6, marginal sign by no.24 (Naberius); Spreadp 011, left; mirror PDF p. 13, native JPEG object 70 0 R, pixel viewport [150, 162, 78, 41]
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Anonyme englische Handschrift, British Library Sloane MS 2731; historische Originalabbildung im privaten Grimorium-Faksimile. Bestandskatalog-Abgleich: Samuel Ayscough 1782, Bd. II S. 876–877.
The seven image spreads were viewed in the browser; one specifically located marginal sign for each name entry. Only the pictured manuscript pages serve as graphic evidence, not translations or the host’s modern individual seal graphics. The attribution to Sloane 2731 remains a checked mirror reference with a metadata conflict: the BL interim catalogue gives 1572/French, although the text shown is English. MacLean transcribes a writing note dated 18 January 1686 for 2731; Peterson discusses 1572/(1687?). Therefore, neither a precise year nor Solomonic authorship is securely established. Name spellings, together with the number and page location, serve to identify the entries; difficult-to-read passages need to be compared again against the institutional original. Shared provenance and use are grouped here; there are no 72 copied descriptions of effects. Source review completed 2026-10-04: Ayscough’s actual catalogue scan, 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, describes no. 2731 with the English title visible on p008 and a five-part structure; no. 3847/Ptolemy/H.G./1572 is listed separately. The BL interim catalogue conflict remains documented, but following comparison with the original catalogue and image evidence it no longer prevents identification. Native JPEGs of the PDF image objects are embedded unchanged; no modern redrawings are used. The private microfilm digitisation chain cannot be documented in detail.
Source location: Sloane MS 2731; Record 040-002115103
The currently read institutional interim record gives 1572 and French. This conflicts with the English facsimile tradition and the later manuscript description. This record is treated as evidence of a conflict, not as evidence for the 72 seal figures in 1572. Cross-check dated 2026-10-04: Ayscough 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, lists the English-titled Lemegeton as no. 2731 and separately the Ptolemy/H.G. witness of 1572 as no. 3847. The interim metadata record is therefore retained as a conflicting current catalogue finding, not as the dating of the seal images.
Source location: Section British Library MS.Sloane 2731;32 folios, oblong folio
Descriptive manuscript note by an independent researcher, not an institutional catalogue: transcribes the writing start date in the margin as 18 January 1686. This is the basis for the cautious dating to the late 17th century; there is no independent palaeographic confirmation of the date.
Research edition with manuscript comparison: the Lemegeton in this form dates to the 17th century; 2731 has contradictory dating 1572/(1687?). Explains dependencies on prints after 1641, including 1671, and editorial interventions in later editions. Modern edition illustrations are not the graphic templates used.
Source location: Goetia, name entries 1–72; main exemplar Sloane 3825
Control source for names and sequence. The edition follows mainly Sloane 3825, not the Sloane 2731 depicted here; its folio numbers are therefore not carried over. The editor’s drawings and copyright statements belong to the modern edition, not the 17th century. No modern drawings have been used.
British Library: historische Handschrift Sloane MS 2731; Grimorium: privater Faksimile-Bildspiegel
Source location: PDF title image p. 5, seal spreads p009–p015 on PDF pp. 6/9/13/17/21/25/30; native JPEG image objects 47/58/70/82/94/106/120
Only original two-dimensional manuscript images were examined, not the modern transcription/translation or newly drawn gold symbols. The title incipit, five-part structure, landscape format, old Museo-Britannico stamps and named marginal signs agree with Ayscough 1782 and the descriptions prepared through direct examination of originals by Peterson/McLean. The editor explicitly designates these historical facsimile images as Public Domain; their own modern text edition is separately CC-BY 4.0. The exact microfilm capture/digitisation chain remains unsubstantiated at the private mirror; no new institutional digitisation is claimed.
British Museum, historischer Bestandskatalog von Samuel Ayscough; Digitalisat des Getty Research Institute via Internet Archive
Source location: Volume II, printed pp. 876–877, entries 2731 and 3847; IIIF scans 364/365
Contemporary inventory catalogue, published in 1782 with the Trustees’ permission. No. 2731 bears the English title of the five-part Little Key with spirit names and seals. No. 3847 is listed separately as Clavicula/Ptolemy/H.G./1572. Both original pages were read visually; the current incorrect French/1572 metadata record was not adopted as the image dating. Scan of the Getty collection, Call number 9922691770001551.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 876; IIIF image 364, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Visually confirmed original scan: No. 3847 is the Ptolemy witness copied in 1572; No. 2731 begins separately with the English Little-Key title incipit. Do not equate it with OCR folio index 363: the IIIF image index is offset by one.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 877; IIIF image 365, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Continuation of entry no. 2731: visible apparition and five parts; checked together with p. 876 and the title page of the manuscript facsimile. No evidence for French/1572 in this English Lemegeton.
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic English-language manuscript tradition · Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Marginal drawing beside the numbered name.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic
Region
English-language manuscript tradition
Date of the evidence
Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Private facsimile mirror; see the shared source criticism for manuscript attribution and dating. No evidence of Solomonic authorship. Source review completed 2026-10-04: identity confirmed against the actual historical holdings catalogue and by comparison of title and image witnesses; current BL interim metadata French/1572 remains documented as a conflicting finding. The individual seal area can be used as a low-resolution historical raster facsimile; it is not a newly invented sign or one taken from Mathers/Crowley.
Before designing
Compare the original marginal drawing; do not transfer a modern edition graphic. The unchanged native JPEG image object is available as an SVG crop; ink losses, stains and copying artefacts remain visible. No manufacturing approval or smoothed engraving outline.
Research draft. Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval.
Source location: Manuscript p.6, marginal mark beside no.25 (Glasya Labolas); Spreadp 011, left; mirror PDF p. 13, native JPEG object 70 0 R, pixel viewport [156, 231, 55, 39]
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Anonyme englische Handschrift, British Library Sloane MS 2731; historische Originalabbildung im privaten Grimorium-Faksimile. Bestandskatalog-Abgleich: Samuel Ayscough 1782, Bd. II S. 876–877.
The seven image spreads were viewed in the browser; one specifically located marginal sign for each name entry. Only the pictured manuscript pages serve as graphic evidence, not translations or the host’s modern individual seal graphics. The attribution to Sloane 2731 remains a checked mirror reference with a metadata conflict: the BL interim catalogue gives 1572/French, although the text shown is English. MacLean transcribes a writing note dated 18 January 1686 for 2731; Peterson discusses 1572/(1687?). Therefore, neither a precise year nor Solomonic authorship is securely established. Name spellings, together with the number and page location, serve to identify the entries; difficult-to-read passages need to be compared again against the institutional original. Shared provenance and use are grouped here; there are no 72 copied descriptions of effects. Source review completed 2026-10-04: Ayscough’s actual catalogue scan, 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, describes no. 2731 with the English title visible on p008 and a five-part structure; no. 3847/Ptolemy/H.G./1572 is listed separately. The BL interim catalogue conflict remains documented, but following comparison with the original catalogue and image evidence it no longer prevents identification. Native JPEGs of the PDF image objects are embedded unchanged; no modern redrawings are used. The private microfilm digitisation chain cannot be documented in detail.
Source location: Sloane MS 2731; Record 040-002115103
The currently read institutional interim record gives 1572 and French. This conflicts with the English facsimile tradition and the later manuscript description. This record is treated as evidence of a conflict, not as evidence for the 72 seal figures in 1572. Cross-check dated 2026-10-04: Ayscough 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, lists the English-titled Lemegeton as no. 2731 and separately the Ptolemy/H.G. witness of 1572 as no. 3847. The interim metadata record is therefore retained as a conflicting current catalogue finding, not as the dating of the seal images.
Source location: Section British Library MS.Sloane 2731;32 folios, oblong folio
Descriptive manuscript note by an independent researcher, not an institutional catalogue: transcribes the writing start date in the margin as 18 January 1686. This is the basis for the cautious dating to the late 17th century; there is no independent palaeographic confirmation of the date.
Research edition with manuscript comparison: the Lemegeton in this form dates to the 17th century; 2731 has contradictory dating 1572/(1687?). Explains dependencies on prints after 1641, including 1671, and editorial interventions in later editions. Modern edition illustrations are not the graphic templates used.
Source location: Goetia, name entries 1–72; main exemplar Sloane 3825
Control source for names and sequence. The edition follows mainly Sloane 3825, not the Sloane 2731 depicted here; its folio numbers are therefore not carried over. The editor’s drawings and copyright statements belong to the modern edition, not the 17th century. No modern drawings have been used.
British Library: historische Handschrift Sloane MS 2731; Grimorium: privater Faksimile-Bildspiegel
Source location: PDF title image p. 5, seal spreads p009–p015 on PDF pp. 6/9/13/17/21/25/30; native JPEG image objects 47/58/70/82/94/106/120
Only original two-dimensional manuscript images were examined, not the modern transcription/translation or newly drawn gold symbols. The title incipit, five-part structure, landscape format, old Museo-Britannico stamps and named marginal signs agree with Ayscough 1782 and the descriptions prepared through direct examination of originals by Peterson/McLean. The editor explicitly designates these historical facsimile images as Public Domain; their own modern text edition is separately CC-BY 4.0. The exact microfilm capture/digitisation chain remains unsubstantiated at the private mirror; no new institutional digitisation is claimed.
British Museum, historischer Bestandskatalog von Samuel Ayscough; Digitalisat des Getty Research Institute via Internet Archive
Source location: Volume II, printed pp. 876–877, entries 2731 and 3847; IIIF scans 364/365
Contemporary inventory catalogue, published in 1782 with the Trustees’ permission. No. 2731 bears the English title of the five-part Little Key with spirit names and seals. No. 3847 is listed separately as Clavicula/Ptolemy/H.G./1572. Both original pages were read visually; the current incorrect French/1572 metadata record was not adopted as the image dating. Scan of the Getty collection, Call number 9922691770001551.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 876; IIIF image 364, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Visually confirmed original scan: No. 3847 is the Ptolemy witness copied in 1572; No. 2731 begins separately with the English Little-Key title incipit. Do not equate it with OCR folio index 363: the IIIF image index is offset by one.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 877; IIIF image 365, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Continuation of entry no. 2731: visible apparition and five parts; checked together with p. 876 and the title page of the manuscript facsimile. No evidence for French/1572 in this English Lemegeton.
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic English-language manuscript tradition · Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Marginal drawing beside the numbered name.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic
Region
English-language manuscript tradition
Date of the evidence
Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Private facsimile mirror; see the shared source criticism for manuscript attribution and dating. No evidence of Solomonic authorship. Source review completed 2026-10-04: identity confirmed against the actual historical holdings catalogue and by comparison of title and image witnesses; current BL interim metadata French/1572 remains documented as a conflicting finding. The individual seal area can be used as a low-resolution historical raster facsimile; it is not a newly invented sign or one taken from Mathers/Crowley.
Before designing
Compare the original marginal drawing; do not transfer a modern edition graphic. The unchanged native JPEG image object is available as an SVG crop; ink losses, stains and copying artefacts remain visible. No manufacturing approval or smoothed engraving outline.
Research draft. Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-identical; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and individual remnants of original annotations are retained. Not an engraving-ready vector and not manufacturing approval. The selection is the first marginal figure, labelled directly with Bune; the additional second Bune figure in the inner margin is not part of this individual asset. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-identical; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and individual remnants of original annotations are retained. Not an engraving-ready vector and not manufacturing approval. The selection is the first marginal figure, labelled directly with Bune; the additional second Bune figure in the inner margin is not part of this individual asset.
Source location: Manuscript p. 6, marginal sign beside no. 26 (Bune); Spreadp 011, left; mirror PDF p. 13, native JPEG object 70 0 R, pixel viewport [149, 299, 75, 42]
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Anonyme englische Handschrift, British Library Sloane MS 2731; historische Originalabbildung im privaten Grimorium-Faksimile. Bestandskatalog-Abgleich: Samuel Ayscough 1782, Bd. II S. 876–877.
The seven image spreads were viewed in the browser; one specifically located marginal sign for each name entry. Only the pictured manuscript pages serve as graphic evidence, not translations or the host’s modern individual seal graphics. The attribution to Sloane 2731 remains a checked mirror reference with a metadata conflict: the BL interim catalogue gives 1572/French, although the text shown is English. MacLean transcribes a writing note dated 18 January 1686 for 2731; Peterson discusses 1572/(1687?). Therefore, neither a precise year nor Solomonic authorship is securely established. Name spellings, together with the number and page location, serve to identify the entries; difficult-to-read passages need to be compared again against the institutional original. Shared provenance and use are grouped here; there are no 72 copied descriptions of effects. Source review completed 2026-10-04: Ayscough’s actual catalogue scan, 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, describes no. 2731 with the English title visible on p008 and a five-part structure; no. 3847/Ptolemy/H.G./1572 is listed separately. The BL interim catalogue conflict remains documented, but following comparison with the original catalogue and image evidence it no longer prevents identification. Native JPEGs of the PDF image objects are embedded unchanged; no modern redrawings are used. The private microfilm digitisation chain cannot be documented in detail.
Source location: Sloane MS 2731; Record 040-002115103
The currently read institutional interim record gives 1572 and French. This conflicts with the English facsimile tradition and the later manuscript description. This record is treated as evidence of a conflict, not as evidence for the 72 seal figures in 1572. Cross-check dated 2026-10-04: Ayscough 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, lists the English-titled Lemegeton as no. 2731 and separately the Ptolemy/H.G. witness of 1572 as no. 3847. The interim metadata record is therefore retained as a conflicting current catalogue finding, not as the dating of the seal images.
Source location: Section British Library MS.Sloane 2731;32 folios, oblong folio
Descriptive manuscript note by an independent researcher, not an institutional catalogue: transcribes the writing start date in the margin as 18 January 1686. This is the basis for the cautious dating to the late 17th century; there is no independent palaeographic confirmation of the date.
Research edition with manuscript comparison: the Lemegeton in this form dates to the 17th century; 2731 has contradictory dating 1572/(1687?). Explains dependencies on prints after 1641, including 1671, and editorial interventions in later editions. Modern edition illustrations are not the graphic templates used.
Source location: Goetia, name entries 1–72; main exemplar Sloane 3825
Control source for names and sequence. The edition follows mainly Sloane 3825, not the Sloane 2731 depicted here; its folio numbers are therefore not carried over. The editor’s drawings and copyright statements belong to the modern edition, not the 17th century. No modern drawings have been used.
British Library: historische Handschrift Sloane MS 2731; Grimorium: privater Faksimile-Bildspiegel
Source location: PDF title image p. 5, seal spreads p009–p015 on PDF pp. 6/9/13/17/21/25/30; native JPEG image objects 47/58/70/82/94/106/120
Only original two-dimensional manuscript images were examined, not the modern transcription/translation or newly drawn gold symbols. The title incipit, five-part structure, landscape format, old Museo-Britannico stamps and named marginal signs agree with Ayscough 1782 and the descriptions prepared through direct examination of originals by Peterson/McLean. The editor explicitly designates these historical facsimile images as Public Domain; their own modern text edition is separately CC-BY 4.0. The exact microfilm capture/digitisation chain remains unsubstantiated at the private mirror; no new institutional digitisation is claimed.
British Museum, historischer Bestandskatalog von Samuel Ayscough; Digitalisat des Getty Research Institute via Internet Archive
Source location: Volume II, printed pp. 876–877, entries 2731 and 3847; IIIF scans 364/365
Contemporary inventory catalogue, published in 1782 with the Trustees’ permission. No. 2731 bears the English title of the five-part Little Key with spirit names and seals. No. 3847 is listed separately as Clavicula/Ptolemy/H.G./1572. Both original pages were read visually; the current incorrect French/1572 metadata record was not adopted as the image dating. Scan of the Getty collection, Call number 9922691770001551.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 876; IIIF image 364, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Visually confirmed original scan: No. 3847 is the Ptolemy witness copied in 1572; No. 2731 begins separately with the English Little-Key title incipit. Do not equate it with OCR folio index 363: the IIIF image index is offset by one.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 877; IIIF image 365, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Continuation of entry no. 2731: visible apparition and five parts; checked together with p. 876 and the title page of the manuscript facsimile. No evidence for French/1572 in this English Lemegeton.
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic English-language manuscript tradition · Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Marginal drawing beside the numbered name.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic
Region
English-language manuscript tradition
Date of the evidence
Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Private facsimile mirror; see the shared source criticism for manuscript attribution and dating. No evidence of Solomonic authorship. Source review completed 2026-10-04: identity confirmed against the actual historical holdings catalogue and by comparison of title and image witnesses; current BL interim metadata French/1572 remains documented as a conflicting finding. The individual seal area can be used as a low-resolution historical raster facsimile; it is not a newly invented sign or one taken from Mathers/Crowley.
Before designing
Compare the original marginal drawing; do not transfer a modern edition graphic. The unchanged native JPEG image object is available as an SVG crop; ink losses, stains and copying artefacts remain visible. No manufacturing approval or smoothed engraving outline.
Research draft. Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval.
Source location: Handwritten p.6, marginal mark by no.27 (Ronobe); Spreadp 011, left; mirror PDF p. 13, native JPEG object 70 0 R, pixel viewport [163, 356, 44, 35]
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Anonyme englische Handschrift, British Library Sloane MS 2731; historische Originalabbildung im privaten Grimorium-Faksimile. Bestandskatalog-Abgleich: Samuel Ayscough 1782, Bd. II S. 876–877.
The seven image spreads were viewed in the browser; one specifically located marginal sign for each name entry. Only the pictured manuscript pages serve as graphic evidence, not translations or the host’s modern individual seal graphics. The attribution to Sloane 2731 remains a checked mirror reference with a metadata conflict: the BL interim catalogue gives 1572/French, although the text shown is English. MacLean transcribes a writing note dated 18 January 1686 for 2731; Peterson discusses 1572/(1687?). Therefore, neither a precise year nor Solomonic authorship is securely established. Name spellings, together with the number and page location, serve to identify the entries; difficult-to-read passages need to be compared again against the institutional original. Shared provenance and use are grouped here; there are no 72 copied descriptions of effects. Source review completed 2026-10-04: Ayscough’s actual catalogue scan, 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, describes no. 2731 with the English title visible on p008 and a five-part structure; no. 3847/Ptolemy/H.G./1572 is listed separately. The BL interim catalogue conflict remains documented, but following comparison with the original catalogue and image evidence it no longer prevents identification. Native JPEGs of the PDF image objects are embedded unchanged; no modern redrawings are used. The private microfilm digitisation chain cannot be documented in detail.
Source location: Sloane MS 2731; Record 040-002115103
The currently read institutional interim record gives 1572 and French. This conflicts with the English facsimile tradition and the later manuscript description. This record is treated as evidence of a conflict, not as evidence for the 72 seal figures in 1572. Cross-check dated 2026-10-04: Ayscough 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, lists the English-titled Lemegeton as no. 2731 and separately the Ptolemy/H.G. witness of 1572 as no. 3847. The interim metadata record is therefore retained as a conflicting current catalogue finding, not as the dating of the seal images.
Source location: Section British Library MS.Sloane 2731;32 folios, oblong folio
Descriptive manuscript note by an independent researcher, not an institutional catalogue: transcribes the writing start date in the margin as 18 January 1686. This is the basis for the cautious dating to the late 17th century; there is no independent palaeographic confirmation of the date.
Research edition with manuscript comparison: the Lemegeton in this form dates to the 17th century; 2731 has contradictory dating 1572/(1687?). Explains dependencies on prints after 1641, including 1671, and editorial interventions in later editions. Modern edition illustrations are not the graphic templates used.
Source location: Goetia, name entries 1–72; main exemplar Sloane 3825
Control source for names and sequence. The edition follows mainly Sloane 3825, not the Sloane 2731 depicted here; its folio numbers are therefore not carried over. The editor’s drawings and copyright statements belong to the modern edition, not the 17th century. No modern drawings have been used.
British Library: historische Handschrift Sloane MS 2731; Grimorium: privater Faksimile-Bildspiegel
Source location: PDF title image p. 5, seal spreads p009–p015 on PDF pp. 6/9/13/17/21/25/30; native JPEG image objects 47/58/70/82/94/106/120
Only original two-dimensional manuscript images were examined, not the modern transcription/translation or newly drawn gold symbols. The title incipit, five-part structure, landscape format, old Museo-Britannico stamps and named marginal signs agree with Ayscough 1782 and the descriptions prepared through direct examination of originals by Peterson/McLean. The editor explicitly designates these historical facsimile images as Public Domain; their own modern text edition is separately CC-BY 4.0. The exact microfilm capture/digitisation chain remains unsubstantiated at the private mirror; no new institutional digitisation is claimed.
British Museum, historischer Bestandskatalog von Samuel Ayscough; Digitalisat des Getty Research Institute via Internet Archive
Source location: Volume II, printed pp. 876–877, entries 2731 and 3847; IIIF scans 364/365
Contemporary inventory catalogue, published in 1782 with the Trustees’ permission. No. 2731 bears the English title of the five-part Little Key with spirit names and seals. No. 3847 is listed separately as Clavicula/Ptolemy/H.G./1572. Both original pages were read visually; the current incorrect French/1572 metadata record was not adopted as the image dating. Scan of the Getty collection, Call number 9922691770001551.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 876; IIIF image 364, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Visually confirmed original scan: No. 3847 is the Ptolemy witness copied in 1572; No. 2731 begins separately with the English Little-Key title incipit. Do not equate it with OCR folio index 363: the IIIF image index is offset by one.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 877; IIIF image 365, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Continuation of entry no. 2731: visible apparition and five parts; checked together with p. 876 and the title page of the manuscript facsimile. No evidence for French/1572 in this English Lemegeton.
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic English-language manuscript tradition · Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Marginal drawing beside the numbered name.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic
Region
English-language manuscript tradition
Date of the evidence
Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Private facsimile mirror; see the shared source criticism for manuscript attribution and dating. No evidence of Solomonic authorship. Source review completed 2026-10-04: identity confirmed against the actual historical holdings catalogue and by comparison of title and image witnesses; current BL interim metadata French/1572 remains documented as a conflicting finding. The individual seal area can be used as a low-resolution historical raster facsimile; it is not a newly invented sign or one taken from Mathers/Crowley.
Before designing
Compare the original marginal drawing; do not transfer a modern edition graphic. The unchanged native JPEG image object is available as an SVG crop; ink losses, stains and copying artefacts remain visible. No manufacturing approval or smoothed engraving outline.
Research draft. Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval.
Source location: Manuscript p.6, marginal sign by no.28 (Berith); Spreadp 011, left; mirror PDF p. 13, native JPEG object 70 0 R, pixel viewport [151, 393, 59, 57]
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Anonyme englische Handschrift, British Library Sloane MS 2731; historische Originalabbildung im privaten Grimorium-Faksimile. Bestandskatalog-Abgleich: Samuel Ayscough 1782, Bd. II S. 876–877.
The seven image spreads were viewed in the browser; one specifically located marginal sign for each name entry. Only the pictured manuscript pages serve as graphic evidence, not translations or the host’s modern individual seal graphics. The attribution to Sloane 2731 remains a checked mirror reference with a metadata conflict: the BL interim catalogue gives 1572/French, although the text shown is English. MacLean transcribes a writing note dated 18 January 1686 for 2731; Peterson discusses 1572/(1687?). Therefore, neither a precise year nor Solomonic authorship is securely established. Name spellings, together with the number and page location, serve to identify the entries; difficult-to-read passages need to be compared again against the institutional original. Shared provenance and use are grouped here; there are no 72 copied descriptions of effects. Source review completed 2026-10-04: Ayscough’s actual catalogue scan, 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, describes no. 2731 with the English title visible on p008 and a five-part structure; no. 3847/Ptolemy/H.G./1572 is listed separately. The BL interim catalogue conflict remains documented, but following comparison with the original catalogue and image evidence it no longer prevents identification. Native JPEGs of the PDF image objects are embedded unchanged; no modern redrawings are used. The private microfilm digitisation chain cannot be documented in detail.
Source location: Sloane MS 2731; Record 040-002115103
The currently read institutional interim record gives 1572 and French. This conflicts with the English facsimile tradition and the later manuscript description. This record is treated as evidence of a conflict, not as evidence for the 72 seal figures in 1572. Cross-check dated 2026-10-04: Ayscough 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, lists the English-titled Lemegeton as no. 2731 and separately the Ptolemy/H.G. witness of 1572 as no. 3847. The interim metadata record is therefore retained as a conflicting current catalogue finding, not as the dating of the seal images.
Source location: Section British Library MS.Sloane 2731;32 folios, oblong folio
Descriptive manuscript note by an independent researcher, not an institutional catalogue: transcribes the writing start date in the margin as 18 January 1686. This is the basis for the cautious dating to the late 17th century; there is no independent palaeographic confirmation of the date.
Research edition with manuscript comparison: the Lemegeton in this form dates to the 17th century; 2731 has contradictory dating 1572/(1687?). Explains dependencies on prints after 1641, including 1671, and editorial interventions in later editions. Modern edition illustrations are not the graphic templates used.
Source location: Goetia, name entries 1–72; main exemplar Sloane 3825
Control source for names and sequence. The edition follows mainly Sloane 3825, not the Sloane 2731 depicted here; its folio numbers are therefore not carried over. The editor’s drawings and copyright statements belong to the modern edition, not the 17th century. No modern drawings have been used.
British Library: historische Handschrift Sloane MS 2731; Grimorium: privater Faksimile-Bildspiegel
Source location: PDF title image p. 5, seal spreads p009–p015 on PDF pp. 6/9/13/17/21/25/30; native JPEG image objects 47/58/70/82/94/106/120
Only original two-dimensional manuscript images were examined, not the modern transcription/translation or newly drawn gold symbols. The title incipit, five-part structure, landscape format, old Museo-Britannico stamps and named marginal signs agree with Ayscough 1782 and the descriptions prepared through direct examination of originals by Peterson/McLean. The editor explicitly designates these historical facsimile images as Public Domain; their own modern text edition is separately CC-BY 4.0. The exact microfilm capture/digitisation chain remains unsubstantiated at the private mirror; no new institutional digitisation is claimed.
British Museum, historischer Bestandskatalog von Samuel Ayscough; Digitalisat des Getty Research Institute via Internet Archive
Source location: Volume II, printed pp. 876–877, entries 2731 and 3847; IIIF scans 364/365
Contemporary inventory catalogue, published in 1782 with the Trustees’ permission. No. 2731 bears the English title of the five-part Little Key with spirit names and seals. No. 3847 is listed separately as Clavicula/Ptolemy/H.G./1572. Both original pages were read visually; the current incorrect French/1572 metadata record was not adopted as the image dating. Scan of the Getty collection, Call number 9922691770001551.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 876; IIIF image 364, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Visually confirmed original scan: No. 3847 is the Ptolemy witness copied in 1572; No. 2731 begins separately with the English Little-Key title incipit. Do not equate it with OCR folio index 363: the IIIF image index is offset by one.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 877; IIIF image 365, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Continuation of entry no. 2731: visible apparition and five parts; checked together with p. 876 and the title page of the manuscript facsimile. No evidence for French/1572 in this English Lemegeton.
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic English-language manuscript tradition · Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Marginal drawing beside the numbered name.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic
Region
English-language manuscript tradition
Date of the evidence
Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Private facsimile mirror; see the shared source criticism for manuscript attribution and dating. No evidence of Solomonic authorship. Source review completed 2026-10-04: identity confirmed against the actual historical holdings catalogue and by comparison of title and image witnesses; current BL interim metadata French/1572 remains documented as a conflicting finding. The individual seal area can be used as a low-resolution historical raster facsimile; it is not a newly invented sign or one taken from Mathers/Crowley.
Before designing
Compare the original marginal drawing; do not transfer a modern edition graphic. The unchanged native JPEG image object is available as an SVG crop; ink losses, stains and copying artefacts remain visible. No manufacturing approval or smoothed engraving outline.
Research draft. Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval.
Source location: Handwritten p.7, marginal sign by No.29 (Astaroth); Spreadp 011, right; mirror PDF p. 13, native JPEG object 70 0 R, pixel viewport [1202, 149, 71, 71]
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Anonyme englische Handschrift, British Library Sloane MS 2731; historische Originalabbildung im privaten Grimorium-Faksimile. Bestandskatalog-Abgleich: Samuel Ayscough 1782, Bd. II S. 876–877.
The seven image spreads were viewed in the browser; one specifically located marginal sign for each name entry. Only the pictured manuscript pages serve as graphic evidence, not translations or the host’s modern individual seal graphics. The attribution to Sloane 2731 remains a checked mirror reference with a metadata conflict: the BL interim catalogue gives 1572/French, although the text shown is English. MacLean transcribes a writing note dated 18 January 1686 for 2731; Peterson discusses 1572/(1687?). Therefore, neither a precise year nor Solomonic authorship is securely established. Name spellings, together with the number and page location, serve to identify the entries; difficult-to-read passages need to be compared again against the institutional original. Shared provenance and use are grouped here; there are no 72 copied descriptions of effects. Source review completed 2026-10-04: Ayscough’s actual catalogue scan, 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, describes no. 2731 with the English title visible on p008 and a five-part structure; no. 3847/Ptolemy/H.G./1572 is listed separately. The BL interim catalogue conflict remains documented, but following comparison with the original catalogue and image evidence it no longer prevents identification. Native JPEGs of the PDF image objects are embedded unchanged; no modern redrawings are used. The private microfilm digitisation chain cannot be documented in detail.
Source location: Sloane MS 2731; Record 040-002115103
The currently read institutional interim record gives 1572 and French. This conflicts with the English facsimile tradition and the later manuscript description. This record is treated as evidence of a conflict, not as evidence for the 72 seal figures in 1572. Cross-check dated 2026-10-04: Ayscough 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, lists the English-titled Lemegeton as no. 2731 and separately the Ptolemy/H.G. witness of 1572 as no. 3847. The interim metadata record is therefore retained as a conflicting current catalogue finding, not as the dating of the seal images.
Source location: Section British Library MS.Sloane 2731;32 folios, oblong folio
Descriptive manuscript note by an independent researcher, not an institutional catalogue: transcribes the writing start date in the margin as 18 January 1686. This is the basis for the cautious dating to the late 17th century; there is no independent palaeographic confirmation of the date.
Research edition with manuscript comparison: the Lemegeton in this form dates to the 17th century; 2731 has contradictory dating 1572/(1687?). Explains dependencies on prints after 1641, including 1671, and editorial interventions in later editions. Modern edition illustrations are not the graphic templates used.
Source location: Goetia, name entries 1–72; main exemplar Sloane 3825
Control source for names and sequence. The edition follows mainly Sloane 3825, not the Sloane 2731 depicted here; its folio numbers are therefore not carried over. The editor’s drawings and copyright statements belong to the modern edition, not the 17th century. No modern drawings have been used.
British Library: historische Handschrift Sloane MS 2731; Grimorium: privater Faksimile-Bildspiegel
Source location: PDF title image p. 5, seal spreads p009–p015 on PDF pp. 6/9/13/17/21/25/30; native JPEG image objects 47/58/70/82/94/106/120
Only original two-dimensional manuscript images were examined, not the modern transcription/translation or newly drawn gold symbols. The title incipit, five-part structure, landscape format, old Museo-Britannico stamps and named marginal signs agree with Ayscough 1782 and the descriptions prepared through direct examination of originals by Peterson/McLean. The editor explicitly designates these historical facsimile images as Public Domain; their own modern text edition is separately CC-BY 4.0. The exact microfilm capture/digitisation chain remains unsubstantiated at the private mirror; no new institutional digitisation is claimed.
British Museum, historischer Bestandskatalog von Samuel Ayscough; Digitalisat des Getty Research Institute via Internet Archive
Source location: Volume II, printed pp. 876–877, entries 2731 and 3847; IIIF scans 364/365
Contemporary inventory catalogue, published in 1782 with the Trustees’ permission. No. 2731 bears the English title of the five-part Little Key with spirit names and seals. No. 3847 is listed separately as Clavicula/Ptolemy/H.G./1572. Both original pages were read visually; the current incorrect French/1572 metadata record was not adopted as the image dating. Scan of the Getty collection, Call number 9922691770001551.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 876; IIIF image 364, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Visually confirmed original scan: No. 3847 is the Ptolemy witness copied in 1572; No. 2731 begins separately with the English Little-Key title incipit. Do not equate it with OCR folio index 363: the IIIF image index is offset by one.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 877; IIIF image 365, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Continuation of entry no. 2731: visible apparition and five parts; checked together with p. 876 and the title page of the manuscript facsimile. No evidence for French/1572 in this English Lemegeton.
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic English-language manuscript tradition · Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Marginal drawing beside the numbered name.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic
Region
English-language manuscript tradition
Date of the evidence
Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Private facsimile mirror; see the shared source criticism for manuscript attribution and dating. No evidence of Solomonic authorship. Source review completed 2026-10-04: identity confirmed against the actual historical holdings catalogue and by comparison of title and image witnesses; current BL interim metadata French/1572 remains documented as a conflicting finding. The individual seal area can be used as a low-resolution historical raster facsimile; it is not a newly invented sign or one taken from Mathers/Crowley.
Before designing
Compare the original marginal drawing; do not transfer a modern edition graphic. The unchanged native JPEG image object is available as an SVG crop; ink losses, stains and copying artefacts remain visible. No manufacturing approval or smoothed engraving outline.
Research draft. Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval.
Source location: Handwritten p.2, marginal mark by no.2 (Agares); Spreadp 009, left; mirror PDF p. 6, native JPEG object 47 0 R, pixel viewport [134, 311, 45, 42]
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Anonyme englische Handschrift, British Library Sloane MS 2731; historische Originalabbildung im privaten Grimorium-Faksimile. Bestandskatalog-Abgleich: Samuel Ayscough 1782, Bd. II S. 876–877.
The seven image spreads were viewed in the browser; one specifically located marginal sign for each name entry. Only the pictured manuscript pages serve as graphic evidence, not translations or the host’s modern individual seal graphics. The attribution to Sloane 2731 remains a checked mirror reference with a metadata conflict: the BL interim catalogue gives 1572/French, although the text shown is English. MacLean transcribes a writing note dated 18 January 1686 for 2731; Peterson discusses 1572/(1687?). Therefore, neither a precise year nor Solomonic authorship is securely established. Name spellings, together with the number and page location, serve to identify the entries; difficult-to-read passages need to be compared again against the institutional original. Shared provenance and use are grouped here; there are no 72 copied descriptions of effects. Source review completed 2026-10-04: Ayscough’s actual catalogue scan, 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, describes no. 2731 with the English title visible on p008 and a five-part structure; no. 3847/Ptolemy/H.G./1572 is listed separately. The BL interim catalogue conflict remains documented, but following comparison with the original catalogue and image evidence it no longer prevents identification. Native JPEGs of the PDF image objects are embedded unchanged; no modern redrawings are used. The private microfilm digitisation chain cannot be documented in detail.
Source location: Sloane MS 2731; Record 040-002115103
The currently read institutional interim record gives 1572 and French. This conflicts with the English facsimile tradition and the later manuscript description. This record is treated as evidence of a conflict, not as evidence for the 72 seal figures in 1572. Cross-check dated 2026-10-04: Ayscough 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, lists the English-titled Lemegeton as no. 2731 and separately the Ptolemy/H.G. witness of 1572 as no. 3847. The interim metadata record is therefore retained as a conflicting current catalogue finding, not as the dating of the seal images.
Source location: Section British Library MS.Sloane 2731;32 folios, oblong folio
Descriptive manuscript note by an independent researcher, not an institutional catalogue: transcribes the writing start date in the margin as 18 January 1686. This is the basis for the cautious dating to the late 17th century; there is no independent palaeographic confirmation of the date.
Research edition with manuscript comparison: the Lemegeton in this form dates to the 17th century; 2731 has contradictory dating 1572/(1687?). Explains dependencies on prints after 1641, including 1671, and editorial interventions in later editions. Modern edition illustrations are not the graphic templates used.
Source location: Goetia, name entries 1–72; main exemplar Sloane 3825
Control source for names and sequence. The edition follows mainly Sloane 3825, not the Sloane 2731 depicted here; its folio numbers are therefore not carried over. The editor’s drawings and copyright statements belong to the modern edition, not the 17th century. No modern drawings have been used.
British Library: historische Handschrift Sloane MS 2731; Grimorium: privater Faksimile-Bildspiegel
Source location: PDF title image p. 5, seal spreads p009–p015 on PDF pp. 6/9/13/17/21/25/30; native JPEG image objects 47/58/70/82/94/106/120
Only original two-dimensional manuscript images were examined, not the modern transcription/translation or newly drawn gold symbols. The title incipit, five-part structure, landscape format, old Museo-Britannico stamps and named marginal signs agree with Ayscough 1782 and the descriptions prepared through direct examination of originals by Peterson/McLean. The editor explicitly designates these historical facsimile images as Public Domain; their own modern text edition is separately CC-BY 4.0. The exact microfilm capture/digitisation chain remains unsubstantiated at the private mirror; no new institutional digitisation is claimed.
British Museum, historischer Bestandskatalog von Samuel Ayscough; Digitalisat des Getty Research Institute via Internet Archive
Source location: Volume II, printed pp. 876–877, entries 2731 and 3847; IIIF scans 364/365
Contemporary inventory catalogue, published in 1782 with the Trustees’ permission. No. 2731 bears the English title of the five-part Little Key with spirit names and seals. No. 3847 is listed separately as Clavicula/Ptolemy/H.G./1572. Both original pages were read visually; the current incorrect French/1572 metadata record was not adopted as the image dating. Scan of the Getty collection, Call number 9922691770001551.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 876; IIIF image 364, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Visually confirmed original scan: No. 3847 is the Ptolemy witness copied in 1572; No. 2731 begins separately with the English Little-Key title incipit. Do not equate it with OCR folio index 363: the IIIF image index is offset by one.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 877; IIIF image 365, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Continuation of entry no. 2731: visible apparition and five parts; checked together with p. 876 and the title page of the manuscript facsimile. No evidence for French/1572 in this English Lemegeton.
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic English-language manuscript tradition · Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Marginal drawing beside the numbered name.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic
Region
English-language manuscript tradition
Date of the evidence
Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Private facsimile mirror; see the shared source criticism for manuscript attribution and dating. No evidence of Solomonic authorship. Source review completed 2026-10-04: identity confirmed against the actual historical holdings catalogue and by comparison of title and image witnesses; current BL interim metadata French/1572 remains documented as a conflicting finding. The individual seal area can be used as a low-resolution historical raster facsimile; it is not a newly invented sign or one taken from Mathers/Crowley.
Before designing
Compare the original marginal drawing; do not transfer a modern edition graphic. The unchanged native JPEG image object is available as an SVG crop; ink losses, stains and copying artefacts remain visible. No manufacturing approval or smoothed engraving outline.
Research draft. Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval.
Source location: Manuscript p.7, marginal sign by no.30 (Forneus); Spreadp 011, right; mirror PDF p. 13, native JPEG object 70 0 R, pixel viewport [1181, 235, 116, 48]
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Anonyme englische Handschrift, British Library Sloane MS 2731; historische Originalabbildung im privaten Grimorium-Faksimile. Bestandskatalog-Abgleich: Samuel Ayscough 1782, Bd. II S. 876–877.
The seven image spreads were viewed in the browser; one specifically located marginal sign for each name entry. Only the pictured manuscript pages serve as graphic evidence, not translations or the host’s modern individual seal graphics. The attribution to Sloane 2731 remains a checked mirror reference with a metadata conflict: the BL interim catalogue gives 1572/French, although the text shown is English. MacLean transcribes a writing note dated 18 January 1686 for 2731; Peterson discusses 1572/(1687?). Therefore, neither a precise year nor Solomonic authorship is securely established. Name spellings, together with the number and page location, serve to identify the entries; difficult-to-read passages need to be compared again against the institutional original. Shared provenance and use are grouped here; there are no 72 copied descriptions of effects. Source review completed 2026-10-04: Ayscough’s actual catalogue scan, 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, describes no. 2731 with the English title visible on p008 and a five-part structure; no. 3847/Ptolemy/H.G./1572 is listed separately. The BL interim catalogue conflict remains documented, but following comparison with the original catalogue and image evidence it no longer prevents identification. Native JPEGs of the PDF image objects are embedded unchanged; no modern redrawings are used. The private microfilm digitisation chain cannot be documented in detail.
Source location: Sloane MS 2731; Record 040-002115103
The currently read institutional interim record gives 1572 and French. This conflicts with the English facsimile tradition and the later manuscript description. This record is treated as evidence of a conflict, not as evidence for the 72 seal figures in 1572. Cross-check dated 2026-10-04: Ayscough 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, lists the English-titled Lemegeton as no. 2731 and separately the Ptolemy/H.G. witness of 1572 as no. 3847. The interim metadata record is therefore retained as a conflicting current catalogue finding, not as the dating of the seal images.
Source location: Section British Library MS.Sloane 2731;32 folios, oblong folio
Descriptive manuscript note by an independent researcher, not an institutional catalogue: transcribes the writing start date in the margin as 18 January 1686. This is the basis for the cautious dating to the late 17th century; there is no independent palaeographic confirmation of the date.
Research edition with manuscript comparison: the Lemegeton in this form dates to the 17th century; 2731 has contradictory dating 1572/(1687?). Explains dependencies on prints after 1641, including 1671, and editorial interventions in later editions. Modern edition illustrations are not the graphic templates used.
Source location: Goetia, name entries 1–72; main exemplar Sloane 3825
Control source for names and sequence. The edition follows mainly Sloane 3825, not the Sloane 2731 depicted here; its folio numbers are therefore not carried over. The editor’s drawings and copyright statements belong to the modern edition, not the 17th century. No modern drawings have been used.
British Library: historische Handschrift Sloane MS 2731; Grimorium: privater Faksimile-Bildspiegel
Source location: PDF title image p. 5, seal spreads p009–p015 on PDF pp. 6/9/13/17/21/25/30; native JPEG image objects 47/58/70/82/94/106/120
Only original two-dimensional manuscript images were examined, not the modern transcription/translation or newly drawn gold symbols. The title incipit, five-part structure, landscape format, old Museo-Britannico stamps and named marginal signs agree with Ayscough 1782 and the descriptions prepared through direct examination of originals by Peterson/McLean. The editor explicitly designates these historical facsimile images as Public Domain; their own modern text edition is separately CC-BY 4.0. The exact microfilm capture/digitisation chain remains unsubstantiated at the private mirror; no new institutional digitisation is claimed.
British Museum, historischer Bestandskatalog von Samuel Ayscough; Digitalisat des Getty Research Institute via Internet Archive
Source location: Volume II, printed pp. 876–877, entries 2731 and 3847; IIIF scans 364/365
Contemporary inventory catalogue, published in 1782 with the Trustees’ permission. No. 2731 bears the English title of the five-part Little Key with spirit names and seals. No. 3847 is listed separately as Clavicula/Ptolemy/H.G./1572. Both original pages were read visually; the current incorrect French/1572 metadata record was not adopted as the image dating. Scan of the Getty collection, Call number 9922691770001551.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 876; IIIF image 364, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Visually confirmed original scan: No. 3847 is the Ptolemy witness copied in 1572; No. 2731 begins separately with the English Little-Key title incipit. Do not equate it with OCR folio index 363: the IIIF image index is offset by one.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 877; IIIF image 365, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Continuation of entry no. 2731: visible apparition and five parts; checked together with p. 876 and the title page of the manuscript facsimile. No evidence for French/1572 in this English Lemegeton.
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic English-language manuscript tradition · Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Marginal drawing beside the numbered name.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic
Region
English-language manuscript tradition
Date of the evidence
Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Private facsimile mirror; see the shared source criticism for manuscript attribution and dating. No evidence of Solomonic authorship. Source review completed 2026-10-04: identity confirmed against the actual historical holdings catalogue and by comparison of title and image witnesses; current BL interim metadata French/1572 remains documented as a conflicting finding. The individual seal area can be used as a low-resolution historical raster facsimile; it is not a newly invented sign or one taken from Mathers/Crowley.
Before designing
Compare the original marginal drawing; do not transfer a modern edition graphic. The unchanged native JPEG image object is available as an SVG crop; ink losses, stains and copying artefacts remain visible. No manufacturing approval or smoothed engraving outline.
Research draft. Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval.
Source location: Manuscript p. 7, marginal mark at no. 31 (Foras); Spreadp 011, right; mirror PDF p. 13, native JPEG object 70 0 R, pixel viewport [1203, 305, 74, 39]
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Anonyme englische Handschrift, British Library Sloane MS 2731; historische Originalabbildung im privaten Grimorium-Faksimile. Bestandskatalog-Abgleich: Samuel Ayscough 1782, Bd. II S. 876–877.
The seven image spreads were viewed in the browser; one specifically located marginal sign for each name entry. Only the pictured manuscript pages serve as graphic evidence, not translations or the host’s modern individual seal graphics. The attribution to Sloane 2731 remains a checked mirror reference with a metadata conflict: the BL interim catalogue gives 1572/French, although the text shown is English. MacLean transcribes a writing note dated 18 January 1686 for 2731; Peterson discusses 1572/(1687?). Therefore, neither a precise year nor Solomonic authorship is securely established. Name spellings, together with the number and page location, serve to identify the entries; difficult-to-read passages need to be compared again against the institutional original. Shared provenance and use are grouped here; there are no 72 copied descriptions of effects. Source review completed 2026-10-04: Ayscough’s actual catalogue scan, 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, describes no. 2731 with the English title visible on p008 and a five-part structure; no. 3847/Ptolemy/H.G./1572 is listed separately. The BL interim catalogue conflict remains documented, but following comparison with the original catalogue and image evidence it no longer prevents identification. Native JPEGs of the PDF image objects are embedded unchanged; no modern redrawings are used. The private microfilm digitisation chain cannot be documented in detail.
Source location: Sloane MS 2731; Record 040-002115103
The currently read institutional interim record gives 1572 and French. This conflicts with the English facsimile tradition and the later manuscript description. This record is treated as evidence of a conflict, not as evidence for the 72 seal figures in 1572. Cross-check dated 2026-10-04: Ayscough 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, lists the English-titled Lemegeton as no. 2731 and separately the Ptolemy/H.G. witness of 1572 as no. 3847. The interim metadata record is therefore retained as a conflicting current catalogue finding, not as the dating of the seal images.
Source location: Section British Library MS.Sloane 2731;32 folios, oblong folio
Descriptive manuscript note by an independent researcher, not an institutional catalogue: transcribes the writing start date in the margin as 18 January 1686. This is the basis for the cautious dating to the late 17th century; there is no independent palaeographic confirmation of the date.
Research edition with manuscript comparison: the Lemegeton in this form dates to the 17th century; 2731 has contradictory dating 1572/(1687?). Explains dependencies on prints after 1641, including 1671, and editorial interventions in later editions. Modern edition illustrations are not the graphic templates used.
Source location: Goetia, name entries 1–72; main exemplar Sloane 3825
Control source for names and sequence. The edition follows mainly Sloane 3825, not the Sloane 2731 depicted here; its folio numbers are therefore not carried over. The editor’s drawings and copyright statements belong to the modern edition, not the 17th century. No modern drawings have been used.
British Library: historische Handschrift Sloane MS 2731; Grimorium: privater Faksimile-Bildspiegel
Source location: PDF title image p. 5, seal spreads p009–p015 on PDF pp. 6/9/13/17/21/25/30; native JPEG image objects 47/58/70/82/94/106/120
Only original two-dimensional manuscript images were examined, not the modern transcription/translation or newly drawn gold symbols. The title incipit, five-part structure, landscape format, old Museo-Britannico stamps and named marginal signs agree with Ayscough 1782 and the descriptions prepared through direct examination of originals by Peterson/McLean. The editor explicitly designates these historical facsimile images as Public Domain; their own modern text edition is separately CC-BY 4.0. The exact microfilm capture/digitisation chain remains unsubstantiated at the private mirror; no new institutional digitisation is claimed.
British Museum, historischer Bestandskatalog von Samuel Ayscough; Digitalisat des Getty Research Institute via Internet Archive
Source location: Volume II, printed pp. 876–877, entries 2731 and 3847; IIIF scans 364/365
Contemporary inventory catalogue, published in 1782 with the Trustees’ permission. No. 2731 bears the English title of the five-part Little Key with spirit names and seals. No. 3847 is listed separately as Clavicula/Ptolemy/H.G./1572. Both original pages were read visually; the current incorrect French/1572 metadata record was not adopted as the image dating. Scan of the Getty collection, Call number 9922691770001551.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 876; IIIF image 364, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Visually confirmed original scan: No. 3847 is the Ptolemy witness copied in 1572; No. 2731 begins separately with the English Little-Key title incipit. Do not equate it with OCR folio index 363: the IIIF image index is offset by one.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 877; IIIF image 365, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Continuation of entry no. 2731: visible apparition and five parts; checked together with p. 876 and the title page of the manuscript facsimile. No evidence for French/1572 in this English Lemegeton.
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic English-language manuscript tradition · Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Marginal drawing beside the numbered name.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic
Region
English-language manuscript tradition
Date of the evidence
Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Private facsimile mirror; see the shared source criticism for manuscript attribution and dating. No evidence of Solomonic authorship. Source review completed 2026-10-04: identity confirmed against the actual historical holdings catalogue and by comparison of title and image witnesses; current BL interim metadata French/1572 remains documented as a conflicting finding. The individual seal area can be used as a low-resolution historical raster facsimile; it is not a newly invented sign or one taken from Mathers/Crowley.
Before designing
Compare the original marginal drawing; do not transfer a modern edition graphic. The unchanged native JPEG image object is available as an SVG crop; ink losses, stains and copying artefacts remain visible. No manufacturing approval or smoothed engraving outline.
Research draft. Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval.
Source location: Handwritten p. 7, marginal sign by no. 32 (Asmoday); spread 011, right; mirror PDF p. 13, native JPEG object 70 0 R, pixel viewport [1215, 384, 66, 62]
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Anonyme englische Handschrift, British Library Sloane MS 2731; historische Originalabbildung im privaten Grimorium-Faksimile. Bestandskatalog-Abgleich: Samuel Ayscough 1782, Bd. II S. 876–877.
The seven image spreads were viewed in the browser; one specifically located marginal sign for each name entry. Only the pictured manuscript pages serve as graphic evidence, not translations or the host’s modern individual seal graphics. The attribution to Sloane 2731 remains a checked mirror reference with a metadata conflict: the BL interim catalogue gives 1572/French, although the text shown is English. MacLean transcribes a writing note dated 18 January 1686 for 2731; Peterson discusses 1572/(1687?). Therefore, neither a precise year nor Solomonic authorship is securely established. Name spellings, together with the number and page location, serve to identify the entries; difficult-to-read passages need to be compared again against the institutional original. Shared provenance and use are grouped here; there are no 72 copied descriptions of effects. Source review completed 2026-10-04: Ayscough’s actual catalogue scan, 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, describes no. 2731 with the English title visible on p008 and a five-part structure; no. 3847/Ptolemy/H.G./1572 is listed separately. The BL interim catalogue conflict remains documented, but following comparison with the original catalogue and image evidence it no longer prevents identification. Native JPEGs of the PDF image objects are embedded unchanged; no modern redrawings are used. The private microfilm digitisation chain cannot be documented in detail.
Source location: Sloane MS 2731; Record 040-002115103
The currently read institutional interim record gives 1572 and French. This conflicts with the English facsimile tradition and the later manuscript description. This record is treated as evidence of a conflict, not as evidence for the 72 seal figures in 1572. Cross-check dated 2026-10-04: Ayscough 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, lists the English-titled Lemegeton as no. 2731 and separately the Ptolemy/H.G. witness of 1572 as no. 3847. The interim metadata record is therefore retained as a conflicting current catalogue finding, not as the dating of the seal images.
Source location: Section British Library MS.Sloane 2731;32 folios, oblong folio
Descriptive manuscript note by an independent researcher, not an institutional catalogue: transcribes the writing start date in the margin as 18 January 1686. This is the basis for the cautious dating to the late 17th century; there is no independent palaeographic confirmation of the date.
Research edition with manuscript comparison: the Lemegeton in this form dates to the 17th century; 2731 has contradictory dating 1572/(1687?). Explains dependencies on prints after 1641, including 1671, and editorial interventions in later editions. Modern edition illustrations are not the graphic templates used.
Source location: Goetia, name entries 1–72; main exemplar Sloane 3825
Control source for names and sequence. The edition follows mainly Sloane 3825, not the Sloane 2731 depicted here; its folio numbers are therefore not carried over. The editor’s drawings and copyright statements belong to the modern edition, not the 17th century. No modern drawings have been used.
British Library: historische Handschrift Sloane MS 2731; Grimorium: privater Faksimile-Bildspiegel
Source location: PDF title image p. 5, seal spreads p009–p015 on PDF pp. 6/9/13/17/21/25/30; native JPEG image objects 47/58/70/82/94/106/120
Only original two-dimensional manuscript images were examined, not the modern transcription/translation or newly drawn gold symbols. The title incipit, five-part structure, landscape format, old Museo-Britannico stamps and named marginal signs agree with Ayscough 1782 and the descriptions prepared through direct examination of originals by Peterson/McLean. The editor explicitly designates these historical facsimile images as Public Domain; their own modern text edition is separately CC-BY 4.0. The exact microfilm capture/digitisation chain remains unsubstantiated at the private mirror; no new institutional digitisation is claimed.
British Museum, historischer Bestandskatalog von Samuel Ayscough; Digitalisat des Getty Research Institute via Internet Archive
Source location: Volume II, printed pp. 876–877, entries 2731 and 3847; IIIF scans 364/365
Contemporary inventory catalogue, published in 1782 with the Trustees’ permission. No. 2731 bears the English title of the five-part Little Key with spirit names and seals. No. 3847 is listed separately as Clavicula/Ptolemy/H.G./1572. Both original pages were read visually; the current incorrect French/1572 metadata record was not adopted as the image dating. Scan of the Getty collection, Call number 9922691770001551.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 876; IIIF image 364, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Visually confirmed original scan: No. 3847 is the Ptolemy witness copied in 1572; No. 2731 begins separately with the English Little-Key title incipit. Do not equate it with OCR folio index 363: the IIIF image index is offset by one.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 877; IIIF image 365, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Continuation of entry no. 2731: visible apparition and five parts; checked together with p. 876 and the title page of the manuscript facsimile. No evidence for French/1572 in this English Lemegeton.
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic English-language manuscript tradition · Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Marginal drawing beside the numbered name.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic
Region
English-language manuscript tradition
Date of the evidence
Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Private facsimile mirror; see the shared source criticism for manuscript attribution and dating. No evidence of Solomonic authorship. Source review completed 2026-10-04: identity confirmed against the actual historical holdings catalogue and by comparison of title and image witnesses; current BL interim metadata French/1572 remains documented as a conflicting finding. The individual seal area can be used as a low-resolution historical raster facsimile; it is not a newly invented sign or one taken from Mathers/Crowley.
Before designing
Compare the original marginal drawing; do not transfer a modern edition graphic. The unchanged native JPEG image object is available as an SVG crop; ink losses, stains and copying artefacts remain visible. No manufacturing approval or smoothed engraving outline.
Research draft. Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval.
Source location: Manuscript p.8, marginal mark beside No.33 (Gaap); Spreadp 012, left; mirror PDF p. 17, native JPEG object 82 0 R, pixel viewport [151, 184, 79, 49]
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Anonyme englische Handschrift, British Library Sloane MS 2731; historische Originalabbildung im privaten Grimorium-Faksimile. Bestandskatalog-Abgleich: Samuel Ayscough 1782, Bd. II S. 876–877.
The seven image spreads were viewed in the browser; one specifically located marginal sign for each name entry. Only the pictured manuscript pages serve as graphic evidence, not translations or the host’s modern individual seal graphics. The attribution to Sloane 2731 remains a checked mirror reference with a metadata conflict: the BL interim catalogue gives 1572/French, although the text shown is English. MacLean transcribes a writing note dated 18 January 1686 for 2731; Peterson discusses 1572/(1687?). Therefore, neither a precise year nor Solomonic authorship is securely established. Name spellings, together with the number and page location, serve to identify the entries; difficult-to-read passages need to be compared again against the institutional original. Shared provenance and use are grouped here; there are no 72 copied descriptions of effects. Source review completed 2026-10-04: Ayscough’s actual catalogue scan, 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, describes no. 2731 with the English title visible on p008 and a five-part structure; no. 3847/Ptolemy/H.G./1572 is listed separately. The BL interim catalogue conflict remains documented, but following comparison with the original catalogue and image evidence it no longer prevents identification. Native JPEGs of the PDF image objects are embedded unchanged; no modern redrawings are used. The private microfilm digitisation chain cannot be documented in detail.
Source location: Sloane MS 2731; Record 040-002115103
The currently read institutional interim record gives 1572 and French. This conflicts with the English facsimile tradition and the later manuscript description. This record is treated as evidence of a conflict, not as evidence for the 72 seal figures in 1572. Cross-check dated 2026-10-04: Ayscough 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, lists the English-titled Lemegeton as no. 2731 and separately the Ptolemy/H.G. witness of 1572 as no. 3847. The interim metadata record is therefore retained as a conflicting current catalogue finding, not as the dating of the seal images.
Source location: Section British Library MS.Sloane 2731;32 folios, oblong folio
Descriptive manuscript note by an independent researcher, not an institutional catalogue: transcribes the writing start date in the margin as 18 January 1686. This is the basis for the cautious dating to the late 17th century; there is no independent palaeographic confirmation of the date.
Research edition with manuscript comparison: the Lemegeton in this form dates to the 17th century; 2731 has contradictory dating 1572/(1687?). Explains dependencies on prints after 1641, including 1671, and editorial interventions in later editions. Modern edition illustrations are not the graphic templates used.
Source location: Goetia, name entries 1–72; main exemplar Sloane 3825
Control source for names and sequence. The edition follows mainly Sloane 3825, not the Sloane 2731 depicted here; its folio numbers are therefore not carried over. The editor’s drawings and copyright statements belong to the modern edition, not the 17th century. No modern drawings have been used.
British Library: historische Handschrift Sloane MS 2731; Grimorium: privater Faksimile-Bildspiegel
Source location: PDF title image p. 5, seal spreads p009–p015 on PDF pp. 6/9/13/17/21/25/30; native JPEG image objects 47/58/70/82/94/106/120
Only original two-dimensional manuscript images were examined, not the modern transcription/translation or newly drawn gold symbols. The title incipit, five-part structure, landscape format, old Museo-Britannico stamps and named marginal signs agree with Ayscough 1782 and the descriptions prepared through direct examination of originals by Peterson/McLean. The editor explicitly designates these historical facsimile images as Public Domain; their own modern text edition is separately CC-BY 4.0. The exact microfilm capture/digitisation chain remains unsubstantiated at the private mirror; no new institutional digitisation is claimed.
British Museum, historischer Bestandskatalog von Samuel Ayscough; Digitalisat des Getty Research Institute via Internet Archive
Source location: Volume II, printed pp. 876–877, entries 2731 and 3847; IIIF scans 364/365
Contemporary inventory catalogue, published in 1782 with the Trustees’ permission. No. 2731 bears the English title of the five-part Little Key with spirit names and seals. No. 3847 is listed separately as Clavicula/Ptolemy/H.G./1572. Both original pages were read visually; the current incorrect French/1572 metadata record was not adopted as the image dating. Scan of the Getty collection, Call number 9922691770001551.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 876; IIIF image 364, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Visually confirmed original scan: No. 3847 is the Ptolemy witness copied in 1572; No. 2731 begins separately with the English Little-Key title incipit. Do not equate it with OCR folio index 363: the IIIF image index is offset by one.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 877; IIIF image 365, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Continuation of entry no. 2731: visible apparition and five parts; checked together with p. 876 and the title page of the manuscript facsimile. No evidence for French/1572 in this English Lemegeton.
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic English-language manuscript tradition · Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Marginal drawing beside the numbered name.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic
Region
English-language manuscript tradition
Date of the evidence
Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Private facsimile mirror; see the shared source criticism for manuscript attribution and dating. No evidence of Solomonic authorship. Source review completed 2026-10-04: identity confirmed against the actual historical holdings catalogue and by comparison of title and image witnesses; current BL interim metadata French/1572 remains documented as a conflicting finding. The individual seal area can be used as a low-resolution historical raster facsimile; it is not a newly invented sign or one taken from Mathers/Crowley.
Before designing
Compare the original marginal drawing; do not transfer a modern edition graphic. The unchanged native JPEG image object is available as an SVG crop; ink losses, stains and copying artefacts remain visible. No manufacturing approval or smoothed engraving outline.
Research draft. Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval.
Source location: Handwritten p.8, marginal sign by no.34 (Furfur); Spreadp 012, left; mirror PDF p. 17, native JPEG object 82 0 R, pixel viewport [150, 285, 75, 48]
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Anonyme englische Handschrift, British Library Sloane MS 2731; historische Originalabbildung im privaten Grimorium-Faksimile. Bestandskatalog-Abgleich: Samuel Ayscough 1782, Bd. II S. 876–877.
The seven image spreads were viewed in the browser; one specifically located marginal sign for each name entry. Only the pictured manuscript pages serve as graphic evidence, not translations or the host’s modern individual seal graphics. The attribution to Sloane 2731 remains a checked mirror reference with a metadata conflict: the BL interim catalogue gives 1572/French, although the text shown is English. MacLean transcribes a writing note dated 18 January 1686 for 2731; Peterson discusses 1572/(1687?). Therefore, neither a precise year nor Solomonic authorship is securely established. Name spellings, together with the number and page location, serve to identify the entries; difficult-to-read passages need to be compared again against the institutional original. Shared provenance and use are grouped here; there are no 72 copied descriptions of effects. Source review completed 2026-10-04: Ayscough’s actual catalogue scan, 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, describes no. 2731 with the English title visible on p008 and a five-part structure; no. 3847/Ptolemy/H.G./1572 is listed separately. The BL interim catalogue conflict remains documented, but following comparison with the original catalogue and image evidence it no longer prevents identification. Native JPEGs of the PDF image objects are embedded unchanged; no modern redrawings are used. The private microfilm digitisation chain cannot be documented in detail.
Source location: Sloane MS 2731; Record 040-002115103
The currently read institutional interim record gives 1572 and French. This conflicts with the English facsimile tradition and the later manuscript description. This record is treated as evidence of a conflict, not as evidence for the 72 seal figures in 1572. Cross-check dated 2026-10-04: Ayscough 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, lists the English-titled Lemegeton as no. 2731 and separately the Ptolemy/H.G. witness of 1572 as no. 3847. The interim metadata record is therefore retained as a conflicting current catalogue finding, not as the dating of the seal images.
Source location: Section British Library MS.Sloane 2731;32 folios, oblong folio
Descriptive manuscript note by an independent researcher, not an institutional catalogue: transcribes the writing start date in the margin as 18 January 1686. This is the basis for the cautious dating to the late 17th century; there is no independent palaeographic confirmation of the date.
Research edition with manuscript comparison: the Lemegeton in this form dates to the 17th century; 2731 has contradictory dating 1572/(1687?). Explains dependencies on prints after 1641, including 1671, and editorial interventions in later editions. Modern edition illustrations are not the graphic templates used.
Source location: Goetia, name entries 1–72; main exemplar Sloane 3825
Control source for names and sequence. The edition follows mainly Sloane 3825, not the Sloane 2731 depicted here; its folio numbers are therefore not carried over. The editor’s drawings and copyright statements belong to the modern edition, not the 17th century. No modern drawings have been used.
British Library: historische Handschrift Sloane MS 2731; Grimorium: privater Faksimile-Bildspiegel
Source location: PDF title image p. 5, seal spreads p009–p015 on PDF pp. 6/9/13/17/21/25/30; native JPEG image objects 47/58/70/82/94/106/120
Only original two-dimensional manuscript images were examined, not the modern transcription/translation or newly drawn gold symbols. The title incipit, five-part structure, landscape format, old Museo-Britannico stamps and named marginal signs agree with Ayscough 1782 and the descriptions prepared through direct examination of originals by Peterson/McLean. The editor explicitly designates these historical facsimile images as Public Domain; their own modern text edition is separately CC-BY 4.0. The exact microfilm capture/digitisation chain remains unsubstantiated at the private mirror; no new institutional digitisation is claimed.
British Museum, historischer Bestandskatalog von Samuel Ayscough; Digitalisat des Getty Research Institute via Internet Archive
Source location: Volume II, printed pp. 876–877, entries 2731 and 3847; IIIF scans 364/365
Contemporary inventory catalogue, published in 1782 with the Trustees’ permission. No. 2731 bears the English title of the five-part Little Key with spirit names and seals. No. 3847 is listed separately as Clavicula/Ptolemy/H.G./1572. Both original pages were read visually; the current incorrect French/1572 metadata record was not adopted as the image dating. Scan of the Getty collection, Call number 9922691770001551.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 876; IIIF image 364, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Visually confirmed original scan: No. 3847 is the Ptolemy witness copied in 1572; No. 2731 begins separately with the English Little-Key title incipit. Do not equate it with OCR folio index 363: the IIIF image index is offset by one.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 877; IIIF image 365, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Continuation of entry no. 2731: visible apparition and five parts; checked together with p. 876 and the title page of the manuscript facsimile. No evidence for French/1572 in this English Lemegeton.
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic English-language manuscript tradition · Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Marginal drawing beside the numbered name.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic
Region
English-language manuscript tradition
Date of the evidence
Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Private facsimile mirror; see the shared source criticism for manuscript attribution and dating. No evidence of Solomonic authorship. Source review completed 2026-10-04: identity confirmed against the actual historical holdings catalogue and by comparison of title and image witnesses; current BL interim metadata French/1572 remains documented as a conflicting finding. The individual seal area can be used as a low-resolution historical raster facsimile; it is not a newly invented sign or one taken from Mathers/Crowley.
Before designing
Compare the original marginal drawing; do not transfer a modern edition graphic. The unchanged native JPEG image object is available as an SVG crop; ink losses, stains and copying artefacts remain visible. No manufacturing approval or smoothed engraving outline.
Research draft. Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval.
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Anonyme englische Handschrift, British Library Sloane MS 2731; historische Originalabbildung im privaten Grimorium-Faksimile. Bestandskatalog-Abgleich: Samuel Ayscough 1782, Bd. II S. 876–877.
The seven image spreads were viewed in the browser; one specifically located marginal sign for each name entry. Only the pictured manuscript pages serve as graphic evidence, not translations or the host’s modern individual seal graphics. The attribution to Sloane 2731 remains a checked mirror reference with a metadata conflict: the BL interim catalogue gives 1572/French, although the text shown is English. MacLean transcribes a writing note dated 18 January 1686 for 2731; Peterson discusses 1572/(1687?). Therefore, neither a precise year nor Solomonic authorship is securely established. Name spellings, together with the number and page location, serve to identify the entries; difficult-to-read passages need to be compared again against the institutional original. Shared provenance and use are grouped here; there are no 72 copied descriptions of effects. Source review completed 2026-10-04: Ayscough’s actual catalogue scan, 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, describes no. 2731 with the English title visible on p008 and a five-part structure; no. 3847/Ptolemy/H.G./1572 is listed separately. The BL interim catalogue conflict remains documented, but following comparison with the original catalogue and image evidence it no longer prevents identification. Native JPEGs of the PDF image objects are embedded unchanged; no modern redrawings are used. The private microfilm digitisation chain cannot be documented in detail.
Source location: Sloane MS 2731; Record 040-002115103
The currently read institutional interim record gives 1572 and French. This conflicts with the English facsimile tradition and the later manuscript description. This record is treated as evidence of a conflict, not as evidence for the 72 seal figures in 1572. Cross-check dated 2026-10-04: Ayscough 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, lists the English-titled Lemegeton as no. 2731 and separately the Ptolemy/H.G. witness of 1572 as no. 3847. The interim metadata record is therefore retained as a conflicting current catalogue finding, not as the dating of the seal images.
Source location: Section British Library MS.Sloane 2731;32 folios, oblong folio
Descriptive manuscript note by an independent researcher, not an institutional catalogue: transcribes the writing start date in the margin as 18 January 1686. This is the basis for the cautious dating to the late 17th century; there is no independent palaeographic confirmation of the date.
Research edition with manuscript comparison: the Lemegeton in this form dates to the 17th century; 2731 has contradictory dating 1572/(1687?). Explains dependencies on prints after 1641, including 1671, and editorial interventions in later editions. Modern edition illustrations are not the graphic templates used.
Source location: Goetia, name entries 1–72; main exemplar Sloane 3825
Control source for names and sequence. The edition follows mainly Sloane 3825, not the Sloane 2731 depicted here; its folio numbers are therefore not carried over. The editor’s drawings and copyright statements belong to the modern edition, not the 17th century. No modern drawings have been used.
British Library: historische Handschrift Sloane MS 2731; Grimorium: privater Faksimile-Bildspiegel
Source location: PDF title image p. 5, seal spreads p009–p015 on PDF pp. 6/9/13/17/21/25/30; native JPEG image objects 47/58/70/82/94/106/120
Only original two-dimensional manuscript images were examined, not the modern transcription/translation or newly drawn gold symbols. The title incipit, five-part structure, landscape format, old Museo-Britannico stamps and named marginal signs agree with Ayscough 1782 and the descriptions prepared through direct examination of originals by Peterson/McLean. The editor explicitly designates these historical facsimile images as Public Domain; their own modern text edition is separately CC-BY 4.0. The exact microfilm capture/digitisation chain remains unsubstantiated at the private mirror; no new institutional digitisation is claimed.
British Museum, historischer Bestandskatalog von Samuel Ayscough; Digitalisat des Getty Research Institute via Internet Archive
Source location: Volume II, printed pp. 876–877, entries 2731 and 3847; IIIF scans 364/365
Contemporary inventory catalogue, published in 1782 with the Trustees’ permission. No. 2731 bears the English title of the five-part Little Key with spirit names and seals. No. 3847 is listed separately as Clavicula/Ptolemy/H.G./1572. Both original pages were read visually; the current incorrect French/1572 metadata record was not adopted as the image dating. Scan of the Getty collection, Call number 9922691770001551.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 876; IIIF image 364, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Visually confirmed original scan: No. 3847 is the Ptolemy witness copied in 1572; No. 2731 begins separately with the English Little-Key title incipit. Do not equate it with OCR folio index 363: the IIIF image index is offset by one.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 877; IIIF image 365, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Continuation of entry no. 2731: visible apparition and five parts; checked together with p. 876 and the title page of the manuscript facsimile. No evidence for French/1572 in this English Lemegeton.
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic English-language manuscript tradition · Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Marginal drawing beside the numbered name.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic
Region
English-language manuscript tradition
Date of the evidence
Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Private facsimile mirror; see the shared source criticism for manuscript attribution and dating. No evidence of Solomonic authorship. Source review completed 2026-10-04: identity confirmed against the actual historical holdings catalogue and by comparison of title and image witnesses; current BL interim metadata French/1572 remains documented as a conflicting finding. The individual seal area can be used as a low-resolution historical raster facsimile; it is not a newly invented sign or one taken from Mathers/Crowley.
Before designing
Compare the original marginal drawing; do not transfer a modern edition graphic. The unchanged native JPEG image object is available as an SVG crop; ink losses, stains and copying artefacts remain visible. No manufacturing approval or smoothed engraving outline.
Research draft. Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval.
Source location: Manuscript p. 9, marginal mark by no. 36 (Stolas); Spreadp 012, right; mirror PDF p. 17, native JPEG object 82 0 R, pixel viewport [1200, 82, 86, 48]
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Anonyme englische Handschrift, British Library Sloane MS 2731; historische Originalabbildung im privaten Grimorium-Faksimile. Bestandskatalog-Abgleich: Samuel Ayscough 1782, Bd. II S. 876–877.
The seven image spreads were viewed in the browser; one specifically located marginal sign for each name entry. Only the pictured manuscript pages serve as graphic evidence, not translations or the host’s modern individual seal graphics. The attribution to Sloane 2731 remains a checked mirror reference with a metadata conflict: the BL interim catalogue gives 1572/French, although the text shown is English. MacLean transcribes a writing note dated 18 January 1686 for 2731; Peterson discusses 1572/(1687?). Therefore, neither a precise year nor Solomonic authorship is securely established. Name spellings, together with the number and page location, serve to identify the entries; difficult-to-read passages need to be compared again against the institutional original. Shared provenance and use are grouped here; there are no 72 copied descriptions of effects. Source review completed 2026-10-04: Ayscough’s actual catalogue scan, 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, describes no. 2731 with the English title visible on p008 and a five-part structure; no. 3847/Ptolemy/H.G./1572 is listed separately. The BL interim catalogue conflict remains documented, but following comparison with the original catalogue and image evidence it no longer prevents identification. Native JPEGs of the PDF image objects are embedded unchanged; no modern redrawings are used. The private microfilm digitisation chain cannot be documented in detail.
Source location: Sloane MS 2731; Record 040-002115103
The currently read institutional interim record gives 1572 and French. This conflicts with the English facsimile tradition and the later manuscript description. This record is treated as evidence of a conflict, not as evidence for the 72 seal figures in 1572. Cross-check dated 2026-10-04: Ayscough 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, lists the English-titled Lemegeton as no. 2731 and separately the Ptolemy/H.G. witness of 1572 as no. 3847. The interim metadata record is therefore retained as a conflicting current catalogue finding, not as the dating of the seal images.
Source location: Section British Library MS.Sloane 2731;32 folios, oblong folio
Descriptive manuscript note by an independent researcher, not an institutional catalogue: transcribes the writing start date in the margin as 18 January 1686. This is the basis for the cautious dating to the late 17th century; there is no independent palaeographic confirmation of the date.
Research edition with manuscript comparison: the Lemegeton in this form dates to the 17th century; 2731 has contradictory dating 1572/(1687?). Explains dependencies on prints after 1641, including 1671, and editorial interventions in later editions. Modern edition illustrations are not the graphic templates used.
Source location: Goetia, name entries 1–72; main exemplar Sloane 3825
Control source for names and sequence. The edition follows mainly Sloane 3825, not the Sloane 2731 depicted here; its folio numbers are therefore not carried over. The editor’s drawings and copyright statements belong to the modern edition, not the 17th century. No modern drawings have been used.
British Library: historische Handschrift Sloane MS 2731; Grimorium: privater Faksimile-Bildspiegel
Source location: PDF title image p. 5, seal spreads p009–p015 on PDF pp. 6/9/13/17/21/25/30; native JPEG image objects 47/58/70/82/94/106/120
Only original two-dimensional manuscript images were examined, not the modern transcription/translation or newly drawn gold symbols. The title incipit, five-part structure, landscape format, old Museo-Britannico stamps and named marginal signs agree with Ayscough 1782 and the descriptions prepared through direct examination of originals by Peterson/McLean. The editor explicitly designates these historical facsimile images as Public Domain; their own modern text edition is separately CC-BY 4.0. The exact microfilm capture/digitisation chain remains unsubstantiated at the private mirror; no new institutional digitisation is claimed.
British Museum, historischer Bestandskatalog von Samuel Ayscough; Digitalisat des Getty Research Institute via Internet Archive
Source location: Volume II, printed pp. 876–877, entries 2731 and 3847; IIIF scans 364/365
Contemporary inventory catalogue, published in 1782 with the Trustees’ permission. No. 2731 bears the English title of the five-part Little Key with spirit names and seals. No. 3847 is listed separately as Clavicula/Ptolemy/H.G./1572. Both original pages were read visually; the current incorrect French/1572 metadata record was not adopted as the image dating. Scan of the Getty collection, Call number 9922691770001551.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 876; IIIF image 364, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Visually confirmed original scan: No. 3847 is the Ptolemy witness copied in 1572; No. 2731 begins separately with the English Little-Key title incipit. Do not equate it with OCR folio index 363: the IIIF image index is offset by one.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 877; IIIF image 365, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Continuation of entry no. 2731: visible apparition and five parts; checked together with p. 876 and the title page of the manuscript facsimile. No evidence for French/1572 in this English Lemegeton.
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic English-language manuscript tradition · Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Marginal drawing beside the numbered name.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic
Region
English-language manuscript tradition
Date of the evidence
Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Private facsimile mirror; see the shared source criticism for manuscript attribution and dating. No evidence of Solomonic authorship. Source review completed 2026-10-04: identity confirmed against the actual historical holdings catalogue and by comparison of title and image witnesses; current BL interim metadata French/1572 remains documented as a conflicting finding. The individual seal area can be used as a low-resolution historical raster facsimile; it is not a newly invented sign or one taken from Mathers/Crowley.
Before designing
Compare the original marginal drawing; do not transfer a modern edition graphic. The unchanged native JPEG image object is available as an SVG crop; ink losses, stains and copying artefacts remain visible. No manufacturing approval or smoothed engraving outline.
Research draft. Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval.
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Anonyme englische Handschrift, British Library Sloane MS 2731; historische Originalabbildung im privaten Grimorium-Faksimile. Bestandskatalog-Abgleich: Samuel Ayscough 1782, Bd. II S. 876–877.
The seven image spreads were viewed in the browser; one specifically located marginal sign for each name entry. Only the pictured manuscript pages serve as graphic evidence, not translations or the host’s modern individual seal graphics. The attribution to Sloane 2731 remains a checked mirror reference with a metadata conflict: the BL interim catalogue gives 1572/French, although the text shown is English. MacLean transcribes a writing note dated 18 January 1686 for 2731; Peterson discusses 1572/(1687?). Therefore, neither a precise year nor Solomonic authorship is securely established. Name spellings, together with the number and page location, serve to identify the entries; difficult-to-read passages need to be compared again against the institutional original. Shared provenance and use are grouped here; there are no 72 copied descriptions of effects. Source review completed 2026-10-04: Ayscough’s actual catalogue scan, 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, describes no. 2731 with the English title visible on p008 and a five-part structure; no. 3847/Ptolemy/H.G./1572 is listed separately. The BL interim catalogue conflict remains documented, but following comparison with the original catalogue and image evidence it no longer prevents identification. Native JPEGs of the PDF image objects are embedded unchanged; no modern redrawings are used. The private microfilm digitisation chain cannot be documented in detail.
Source location: Sloane MS 2731; Record 040-002115103
The currently read institutional interim record gives 1572 and French. This conflicts with the English facsimile tradition and the later manuscript description. This record is treated as evidence of a conflict, not as evidence for the 72 seal figures in 1572. Cross-check dated 2026-10-04: Ayscough 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, lists the English-titled Lemegeton as no. 2731 and separately the Ptolemy/H.G. witness of 1572 as no. 3847. The interim metadata record is therefore retained as a conflicting current catalogue finding, not as the dating of the seal images.
Source location: Section British Library MS.Sloane 2731;32 folios, oblong folio
Descriptive manuscript note by an independent researcher, not an institutional catalogue: transcribes the writing start date in the margin as 18 January 1686. This is the basis for the cautious dating to the late 17th century; there is no independent palaeographic confirmation of the date.
Research edition with manuscript comparison: the Lemegeton in this form dates to the 17th century; 2731 has contradictory dating 1572/(1687?). Explains dependencies on prints after 1641, including 1671, and editorial interventions in later editions. Modern edition illustrations are not the graphic templates used.
Source location: Goetia, name entries 1–72; main exemplar Sloane 3825
Control source for names and sequence. The edition follows mainly Sloane 3825, not the Sloane 2731 depicted here; its folio numbers are therefore not carried over. The editor’s drawings and copyright statements belong to the modern edition, not the 17th century. No modern drawings have been used.
British Library: historische Handschrift Sloane MS 2731; Grimorium: privater Faksimile-Bildspiegel
Source location: PDF title image p. 5, seal spreads p009–p015 on PDF pp. 6/9/13/17/21/25/30; native JPEG image objects 47/58/70/82/94/106/120
Only original two-dimensional manuscript images were examined, not the modern transcription/translation or newly drawn gold symbols. The title incipit, five-part structure, landscape format, old Museo-Britannico stamps and named marginal signs agree with Ayscough 1782 and the descriptions prepared through direct examination of originals by Peterson/McLean. The editor explicitly designates these historical facsimile images as Public Domain; their own modern text edition is separately CC-BY 4.0. The exact microfilm capture/digitisation chain remains unsubstantiated at the private mirror; no new institutional digitisation is claimed.
British Museum, historischer Bestandskatalog von Samuel Ayscough; Digitalisat des Getty Research Institute via Internet Archive
Source location: Volume II, printed pp. 876–877, entries 2731 and 3847; IIIF scans 364/365
Contemporary inventory catalogue, published in 1782 with the Trustees’ permission. No. 2731 bears the English title of the five-part Little Key with spirit names and seals. No. 3847 is listed separately as Clavicula/Ptolemy/H.G./1572. Both original pages were read visually; the current incorrect French/1572 metadata record was not adopted as the image dating. Scan of the Getty collection, Call number 9922691770001551.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 876; IIIF image 364, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Visually confirmed original scan: No. 3847 is the Ptolemy witness copied in 1572; No. 2731 begins separately with the English Little-Key title incipit. Do not equate it with OCR folio index 363: the IIIF image index is offset by one.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 877; IIIF image 365, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Continuation of entry no. 2731: visible apparition and five parts; checked together with p. 876 and the title page of the manuscript facsimile. No evidence for French/1572 in this English Lemegeton.
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic English-language manuscript tradition · Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Marginal drawing beside the numbered name.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic
Region
English-language manuscript tradition
Date of the evidence
Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Private facsimile mirror; see the shared source criticism for manuscript attribution and dating. No evidence of Solomonic authorship. Source review completed 2026-10-04: identity confirmed against the actual historical holdings catalogue and by comparison of title and image witnesses; current BL interim metadata French/1572 remains documented as a conflicting finding. The individual seal area can be used as a low-resolution historical raster facsimile; it is not a newly invented sign or one taken from Mathers/Crowley.
Before designing
Compare the original marginal drawing; do not transfer a modern edition graphic. The unchanged native JPEG image object is available as an SVG crop; ink losses, stains and copying artefacts remain visible. No manufacturing approval or smoothed engraving outline.
Research draft. Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval.
Source location: Handwritten p.9, marginal mark at no.38 (Halphas); Spreadp 012, right; mirrored PDF p. 17, native JPEG object 82 0 R, pixel viewport [1217, 211, 49, 33]
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Anonyme englische Handschrift, British Library Sloane MS 2731; historische Originalabbildung im privaten Grimorium-Faksimile. Bestandskatalog-Abgleich: Samuel Ayscough 1782, Bd. II S. 876–877.
The seven image spreads were viewed in the browser; one specifically located marginal sign for each name entry. Only the pictured manuscript pages serve as graphic evidence, not translations or the host’s modern individual seal graphics. The attribution to Sloane 2731 remains a checked mirror reference with a metadata conflict: the BL interim catalogue gives 1572/French, although the text shown is English. MacLean transcribes a writing note dated 18 January 1686 for 2731; Peterson discusses 1572/(1687?). Therefore, neither a precise year nor Solomonic authorship is securely established. Name spellings, together with the number and page location, serve to identify the entries; difficult-to-read passages need to be compared again against the institutional original. Shared provenance and use are grouped here; there are no 72 copied descriptions of effects. Source review completed 2026-10-04: Ayscough’s actual catalogue scan, 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, describes no. 2731 with the English title visible on p008 and a five-part structure; no. 3847/Ptolemy/H.G./1572 is listed separately. The BL interim catalogue conflict remains documented, but following comparison with the original catalogue and image evidence it no longer prevents identification. Native JPEGs of the PDF image objects are embedded unchanged; no modern redrawings are used. The private microfilm digitisation chain cannot be documented in detail.
Source location: Sloane MS 2731; Record 040-002115103
The currently read institutional interim record gives 1572 and French. This conflicts with the English facsimile tradition and the later manuscript description. This record is treated as evidence of a conflict, not as evidence for the 72 seal figures in 1572. Cross-check dated 2026-10-04: Ayscough 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, lists the English-titled Lemegeton as no. 2731 and separately the Ptolemy/H.G. witness of 1572 as no. 3847. The interim metadata record is therefore retained as a conflicting current catalogue finding, not as the dating of the seal images.
Source location: Section British Library MS.Sloane 2731;32 folios, oblong folio
Descriptive manuscript note by an independent researcher, not an institutional catalogue: transcribes the writing start date in the margin as 18 January 1686. This is the basis for the cautious dating to the late 17th century; there is no independent palaeographic confirmation of the date.
Research edition with manuscript comparison: the Lemegeton in this form dates to the 17th century; 2731 has contradictory dating 1572/(1687?). Explains dependencies on prints after 1641, including 1671, and editorial interventions in later editions. Modern edition illustrations are not the graphic templates used.
Source location: Goetia, name entries 1–72; main exemplar Sloane 3825
Control source for names and sequence. The edition follows mainly Sloane 3825, not the Sloane 2731 depicted here; its folio numbers are therefore not carried over. The editor’s drawings and copyright statements belong to the modern edition, not the 17th century. No modern drawings have been used.
British Library: historische Handschrift Sloane MS 2731; Grimorium: privater Faksimile-Bildspiegel
Source location: PDF title image p. 5, seal spreads p009–p015 on PDF pp. 6/9/13/17/21/25/30; native JPEG image objects 47/58/70/82/94/106/120
Only original two-dimensional manuscript images were examined, not the modern transcription/translation or newly drawn gold symbols. The title incipit, five-part structure, landscape format, old Museo-Britannico stamps and named marginal signs agree with Ayscough 1782 and the descriptions prepared through direct examination of originals by Peterson/McLean. The editor explicitly designates these historical facsimile images as Public Domain; their own modern text edition is separately CC-BY 4.0. The exact microfilm capture/digitisation chain remains unsubstantiated at the private mirror; no new institutional digitisation is claimed.
British Museum, historischer Bestandskatalog von Samuel Ayscough; Digitalisat des Getty Research Institute via Internet Archive
Source location: Volume II, printed pp. 876–877, entries 2731 and 3847; IIIF scans 364/365
Contemporary inventory catalogue, published in 1782 with the Trustees’ permission. No. 2731 bears the English title of the five-part Little Key with spirit names and seals. No. 3847 is listed separately as Clavicula/Ptolemy/H.G./1572. Both original pages were read visually; the current incorrect French/1572 metadata record was not adopted as the image dating. Scan of the Getty collection, Call number 9922691770001551.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 876; IIIF image 364, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Visually confirmed original scan: No. 3847 is the Ptolemy witness copied in 1572; No. 2731 begins separately with the English Little-Key title incipit. Do not equate it with OCR folio index 363: the IIIF image index is offset by one.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 877; IIIF image 365, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Continuation of entry no. 2731: visible apparition and five parts; checked together with p. 876 and the title page of the manuscript facsimile. No evidence for French/1572 in this English Lemegeton.
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic English-language manuscript tradition · Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Marginal drawing beside the numbered name.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic
Region
English-language manuscript tradition
Date of the evidence
Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Private facsimile mirror; see the shared source criticism for manuscript attribution and dating. No evidence of Solomonic authorship. Source review completed 2026-10-04: identity confirmed against the actual historical holdings catalogue and by comparison of title and image witnesses; current BL interim metadata French/1572 remains documented as a conflicting finding. The individual seal area can be used as a low-resolution historical raster facsimile; it is not a newly invented sign or one taken from Mathers/Crowley.
Before designing
Compare the original marginal drawing; do not transfer a modern edition graphic. The unchanged native JPEG image object is available as an SVG crop; ink losses, stains and copying artefacts remain visible. No manufacturing approval or smoothed engraving outline.
Research draft. Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval.
Source location: Manuscript p. 9, marginal mark beside no. 39 (Malphas); Spreadp 012, right; mirror PDF p. 17, native JPEG object 82 0 R, pixel viewport [1212, 293, 55, 37]
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Anonyme englische Handschrift, British Library Sloane MS 2731; historische Originalabbildung im privaten Grimorium-Faksimile. Bestandskatalog-Abgleich: Samuel Ayscough 1782, Bd. II S. 876–877.
The seven image spreads were viewed in the browser; one specifically located marginal sign for each name entry. Only the pictured manuscript pages serve as graphic evidence, not translations or the host’s modern individual seal graphics. The attribution to Sloane 2731 remains a checked mirror reference with a metadata conflict: the BL interim catalogue gives 1572/French, although the text shown is English. MacLean transcribes a writing note dated 18 January 1686 for 2731; Peterson discusses 1572/(1687?). Therefore, neither a precise year nor Solomonic authorship is securely established. Name spellings, together with the number and page location, serve to identify the entries; difficult-to-read passages need to be compared again against the institutional original. Shared provenance and use are grouped here; there are no 72 copied descriptions of effects. Source review completed 2026-10-04: Ayscough’s actual catalogue scan, 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, describes no. 2731 with the English title visible on p008 and a five-part structure; no. 3847/Ptolemy/H.G./1572 is listed separately. The BL interim catalogue conflict remains documented, but following comparison with the original catalogue and image evidence it no longer prevents identification. Native JPEGs of the PDF image objects are embedded unchanged; no modern redrawings are used. The private microfilm digitisation chain cannot be documented in detail.
Source location: Sloane MS 2731; Record 040-002115103
The currently read institutional interim record gives 1572 and French. This conflicts with the English facsimile tradition and the later manuscript description. This record is treated as evidence of a conflict, not as evidence for the 72 seal figures in 1572. Cross-check dated 2026-10-04: Ayscough 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, lists the English-titled Lemegeton as no. 2731 and separately the Ptolemy/H.G. witness of 1572 as no. 3847. The interim metadata record is therefore retained as a conflicting current catalogue finding, not as the dating of the seal images.
Source location: Section British Library MS.Sloane 2731;32 folios, oblong folio
Descriptive manuscript note by an independent researcher, not an institutional catalogue: transcribes the writing start date in the margin as 18 January 1686. This is the basis for the cautious dating to the late 17th century; there is no independent palaeographic confirmation of the date.
Research edition with manuscript comparison: the Lemegeton in this form dates to the 17th century; 2731 has contradictory dating 1572/(1687?). Explains dependencies on prints after 1641, including 1671, and editorial interventions in later editions. Modern edition illustrations are not the graphic templates used.
Source location: Goetia, name entries 1–72; main exemplar Sloane 3825
Control source for names and sequence. The edition follows mainly Sloane 3825, not the Sloane 2731 depicted here; its folio numbers are therefore not carried over. The editor’s drawings and copyright statements belong to the modern edition, not the 17th century. No modern drawings have been used.
British Library: historische Handschrift Sloane MS 2731; Grimorium: privater Faksimile-Bildspiegel
Source location: PDF title image p. 5, seal spreads p009–p015 on PDF pp. 6/9/13/17/21/25/30; native JPEG image objects 47/58/70/82/94/106/120
Only original two-dimensional manuscript images were examined, not the modern transcription/translation or newly drawn gold symbols. The title incipit, five-part structure, landscape format, old Museo-Britannico stamps and named marginal signs agree with Ayscough 1782 and the descriptions prepared through direct examination of originals by Peterson/McLean. The editor explicitly designates these historical facsimile images as Public Domain; their own modern text edition is separately CC-BY 4.0. The exact microfilm capture/digitisation chain remains unsubstantiated at the private mirror; no new institutional digitisation is claimed.
British Museum, historischer Bestandskatalog von Samuel Ayscough; Digitalisat des Getty Research Institute via Internet Archive
Source location: Volume II, printed pp. 876–877, entries 2731 and 3847; IIIF scans 364/365
Contemporary inventory catalogue, published in 1782 with the Trustees’ permission. No. 2731 bears the English title of the five-part Little Key with spirit names and seals. No. 3847 is listed separately as Clavicula/Ptolemy/H.G./1572. Both original pages were read visually; the current incorrect French/1572 metadata record was not adopted as the image dating. Scan of the Getty collection, Call number 9922691770001551.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 876; IIIF image 364, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Visually confirmed original scan: No. 3847 is the Ptolemy witness copied in 1572; No. 2731 begins separately with the English Little-Key title incipit. Do not equate it with OCR folio index 363: the IIIF image index is offset by one.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 877; IIIF image 365, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Continuation of entry no. 2731: visible apparition and five parts; checked together with p. 876 and the title page of the manuscript facsimile. No evidence for French/1572 in this English Lemegeton.
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic English-language manuscript tradition · Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Marginal drawing beside the numbered name.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic
Region
English-language manuscript tradition
Date of the evidence
Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Private facsimile mirror; see the shared source criticism for manuscript attribution and dating. No evidence of Solomonic authorship. Source review completed 2026-10-04: identity confirmed against the actual historical holdings catalogue and by comparison of title and image witnesses; current BL interim metadata French/1572 remains documented as a conflicting finding. The individual seal area can be used as a low-resolution historical raster facsimile; it is not a newly invented sign or one taken from Mathers/Crowley.
Before designing
Compare the original marginal drawing; do not transfer a modern edition graphic. The unchanged native JPEG image object is available as an SVG crop; ink losses, stains and copying artefacts remain visible. No manufacturing approval or smoothed engraving outline.
Research draft. Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval.
Source location: Handwritten p.2, marginal sign by no.3 (Vassago); Spreadp 009, left; mirror PDF p. 6, native JPEG object 47 0 R, pixel viewport [138, 368, 35, 30]
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Anonyme englische Handschrift, British Library Sloane MS 2731; historische Originalabbildung im privaten Grimorium-Faksimile. Bestandskatalog-Abgleich: Samuel Ayscough 1782, Bd. II S. 876–877.
The seven image spreads were viewed in the browser; one specifically located marginal sign for each name entry. Only the pictured manuscript pages serve as graphic evidence, not translations or the host’s modern individual seal graphics. The attribution to Sloane 2731 remains a checked mirror reference with a metadata conflict: the BL interim catalogue gives 1572/French, although the text shown is English. MacLean transcribes a writing note dated 18 January 1686 for 2731; Peterson discusses 1572/(1687?). Therefore, neither a precise year nor Solomonic authorship is securely established. Name spellings, together with the number and page location, serve to identify the entries; difficult-to-read passages need to be compared again against the institutional original. Shared provenance and use are grouped here; there are no 72 copied descriptions of effects. Source review completed 2026-10-04: Ayscough’s actual catalogue scan, 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, describes no. 2731 with the English title visible on p008 and a five-part structure; no. 3847/Ptolemy/H.G./1572 is listed separately. The BL interim catalogue conflict remains documented, but following comparison with the original catalogue and image evidence it no longer prevents identification. Native JPEGs of the PDF image objects are embedded unchanged; no modern redrawings are used. The private microfilm digitisation chain cannot be documented in detail.
Source location: Sloane MS 2731; Record 040-002115103
The currently read institutional interim record gives 1572 and French. This conflicts with the English facsimile tradition and the later manuscript description. This record is treated as evidence of a conflict, not as evidence for the 72 seal figures in 1572. Cross-check dated 2026-10-04: Ayscough 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, lists the English-titled Lemegeton as no. 2731 and separately the Ptolemy/H.G. witness of 1572 as no. 3847. The interim metadata record is therefore retained as a conflicting current catalogue finding, not as the dating of the seal images.
Source location: Section British Library MS.Sloane 2731;32 folios, oblong folio
Descriptive manuscript note by an independent researcher, not an institutional catalogue: transcribes the writing start date in the margin as 18 January 1686. This is the basis for the cautious dating to the late 17th century; there is no independent palaeographic confirmation of the date.
Research edition with manuscript comparison: the Lemegeton in this form dates to the 17th century; 2731 has contradictory dating 1572/(1687?). Explains dependencies on prints after 1641, including 1671, and editorial interventions in later editions. Modern edition illustrations are not the graphic templates used.
Source location: Goetia, name entries 1–72; main exemplar Sloane 3825
Control source for names and sequence. The edition follows mainly Sloane 3825, not the Sloane 2731 depicted here; its folio numbers are therefore not carried over. The editor’s drawings and copyright statements belong to the modern edition, not the 17th century. No modern drawings have been used.
British Library: historische Handschrift Sloane MS 2731; Grimorium: privater Faksimile-Bildspiegel
Source location: PDF title image p. 5, seal spreads p009–p015 on PDF pp. 6/9/13/17/21/25/30; native JPEG image objects 47/58/70/82/94/106/120
Only original two-dimensional manuscript images were examined, not the modern transcription/translation or newly drawn gold symbols. The title incipit, five-part structure, landscape format, old Museo-Britannico stamps and named marginal signs agree with Ayscough 1782 and the descriptions prepared through direct examination of originals by Peterson/McLean. The editor explicitly designates these historical facsimile images as Public Domain; their own modern text edition is separately CC-BY 4.0. The exact microfilm capture/digitisation chain remains unsubstantiated at the private mirror; no new institutional digitisation is claimed.
British Museum, historischer Bestandskatalog von Samuel Ayscough; Digitalisat des Getty Research Institute via Internet Archive
Source location: Volume II, printed pp. 876–877, entries 2731 and 3847; IIIF scans 364/365
Contemporary inventory catalogue, published in 1782 with the Trustees’ permission. No. 2731 bears the English title of the five-part Little Key with spirit names and seals. No. 3847 is listed separately as Clavicula/Ptolemy/H.G./1572. Both original pages were read visually; the current incorrect French/1572 metadata record was not adopted as the image dating. Scan of the Getty collection, Call number 9922691770001551.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 876; IIIF image 364, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Visually confirmed original scan: No. 3847 is the Ptolemy witness copied in 1572; No. 2731 begins separately with the English Little-Key title incipit. Do not equate it with OCR folio index 363: the IIIF image index is offset by one.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 877; IIIF image 365, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Continuation of entry no. 2731: visible apparition and five parts; checked together with p. 876 and the title page of the manuscript facsimile. No evidence for French/1572 in this English Lemegeton.
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic English-language manuscript tradition · Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Marginal drawing beside the numbered name.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic
Region
English-language manuscript tradition
Date of the evidence
Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Private facsimile mirror; see the shared source criticism for manuscript attribution and dating. No evidence of Solomonic authorship. Source review completed 2026-10-04: identity confirmed against the actual historical holdings catalogue and by comparison of title and image witnesses; current BL interim metadata French/1572 remains documented as a conflicting finding. The individual seal area can be used as a low-resolution historical raster facsimile; it is not a newly invented sign or one taken from Mathers/Crowley.
Before designing
Compare the original marginal drawing; do not transfer a modern edition graphic. The unchanged native JPEG image object is available as an SVG crop; ink losses, stains and copying artefacts remain visible. No manufacturing approval or smoothed engraving outline.
Research draft. Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval.
Source location: Handwritten p. 9, marginal mark beside no. 40 (space); Spread p 012, right; mirror PDF p. 17, native JPEG object 82 0 R, pixel viewport [1205, 346, 87, 43]
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Anonyme englische Handschrift, British Library Sloane MS 2731; historische Originalabbildung im privaten Grimorium-Faksimile. Bestandskatalog-Abgleich: Samuel Ayscough 1782, Bd. II S. 876–877.
The seven image spreads were viewed in the browser; one specifically located marginal sign for each name entry. Only the pictured manuscript pages serve as graphic evidence, not translations or the host’s modern individual seal graphics. The attribution to Sloane 2731 remains a checked mirror reference with a metadata conflict: the BL interim catalogue gives 1572/French, although the text shown is English. MacLean transcribes a writing note dated 18 January 1686 for 2731; Peterson discusses 1572/(1687?). Therefore, neither a precise year nor Solomonic authorship is securely established. Name spellings, together with the number and page location, serve to identify the entries; difficult-to-read passages need to be compared again against the institutional original. Shared provenance and use are grouped here; there are no 72 copied descriptions of effects. Source review completed 2026-10-04: Ayscough’s actual catalogue scan, 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, describes no. 2731 with the English title visible on p008 and a five-part structure; no. 3847/Ptolemy/H.G./1572 is listed separately. The BL interim catalogue conflict remains documented, but following comparison with the original catalogue and image evidence it no longer prevents identification. Native JPEGs of the PDF image objects are embedded unchanged; no modern redrawings are used. The private microfilm digitisation chain cannot be documented in detail.
Source location: Sloane MS 2731; Record 040-002115103
The currently read institutional interim record gives 1572 and French. This conflicts with the English facsimile tradition and the later manuscript description. This record is treated as evidence of a conflict, not as evidence for the 72 seal figures in 1572. Cross-check dated 2026-10-04: Ayscough 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, lists the English-titled Lemegeton as no. 2731 and separately the Ptolemy/H.G. witness of 1572 as no. 3847. The interim metadata record is therefore retained as a conflicting current catalogue finding, not as the dating of the seal images.
Source location: Section British Library MS.Sloane 2731;32 folios, oblong folio
Descriptive manuscript note by an independent researcher, not an institutional catalogue: transcribes the writing start date in the margin as 18 January 1686. This is the basis for the cautious dating to the late 17th century; there is no independent palaeographic confirmation of the date.
Research edition with manuscript comparison: the Lemegeton in this form dates to the 17th century; 2731 has contradictory dating 1572/(1687?). Explains dependencies on prints after 1641, including 1671, and editorial interventions in later editions. Modern edition illustrations are not the graphic templates used.
Source location: Goetia, name entries 1–72; main exemplar Sloane 3825
Control source for names and sequence. The edition follows mainly Sloane 3825, not the Sloane 2731 depicted here; its folio numbers are therefore not carried over. The editor’s drawings and copyright statements belong to the modern edition, not the 17th century. No modern drawings have been used.
British Library: historische Handschrift Sloane MS 2731; Grimorium: privater Faksimile-Bildspiegel
Source location: PDF title image p. 5, seal spreads p009–p015 on PDF pp. 6/9/13/17/21/25/30; native JPEG image objects 47/58/70/82/94/106/120
Only original two-dimensional manuscript images were examined, not the modern transcription/translation or newly drawn gold symbols. The title incipit, five-part structure, landscape format, old Museo-Britannico stamps and named marginal signs agree with Ayscough 1782 and the descriptions prepared through direct examination of originals by Peterson/McLean. The editor explicitly designates these historical facsimile images as Public Domain; their own modern text edition is separately CC-BY 4.0. The exact microfilm capture/digitisation chain remains unsubstantiated at the private mirror; no new institutional digitisation is claimed.
British Museum, historischer Bestandskatalog von Samuel Ayscough; Digitalisat des Getty Research Institute via Internet Archive
Source location: Volume II, printed pp. 876–877, entries 2731 and 3847; IIIF scans 364/365
Contemporary inventory catalogue, published in 1782 with the Trustees’ permission. No. 2731 bears the English title of the five-part Little Key with spirit names and seals. No. 3847 is listed separately as Clavicula/Ptolemy/H.G./1572. Both original pages were read visually; the current incorrect French/1572 metadata record was not adopted as the image dating. Scan of the Getty collection, Call number 9922691770001551.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 876; IIIF image 364, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Visually confirmed original scan: No. 3847 is the Ptolemy witness copied in 1572; No. 2731 begins separately with the English Little-Key title incipit. Do not equate it with OCR folio index 363: the IIIF image index is offset by one.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 877; IIIF image 365, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Continuation of entry no. 2731: visible apparition and five parts; checked together with p. 876 and the title page of the manuscript facsimile. No evidence for French/1572 in this English Lemegeton.
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic English-language manuscript tradition · Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Marginal drawing beside the numbered name.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic
Region
English-language manuscript tradition
Date of the evidence
Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Private facsimile mirror; see the shared source criticism for manuscript attribution and dating. No evidence of Solomonic authorship. Source review completed 2026-10-04: identity confirmed against the actual historical holdings catalogue and by comparison of title and image witnesses; current BL interim metadata French/1572 remains documented as a conflicting finding. The individual seal area can be used as a low-resolution historical raster facsimile; it is not a newly invented sign or one taken from Mathers/Crowley.
Before designing
Compare the original marginal drawing; do not transfer a modern edition graphic. The unchanged native JPEG image object is available as an SVG crop; ink losses, stains and copying artefacts remain visible. No manufacturing approval or smoothed engraving outline.
Research draft. Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval.
Source location: Handwritten p.9, marginal sign at no.41 (Focalor); Spreadp 012, right; mirror PDF p. 17, native JPEG object 82 0 R, pixel viewport [1208, 420, 88, 44]
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Anonyme englische Handschrift, British Library Sloane MS 2731; historische Originalabbildung im privaten Grimorium-Faksimile. Bestandskatalog-Abgleich: Samuel Ayscough 1782, Bd. II S. 876–877.
The seven image spreads were viewed in the browser; one specifically located marginal sign for each name entry. Only the pictured manuscript pages serve as graphic evidence, not translations or the host’s modern individual seal graphics. The attribution to Sloane 2731 remains a checked mirror reference with a metadata conflict: the BL interim catalogue gives 1572/French, although the text shown is English. MacLean transcribes a writing note dated 18 January 1686 for 2731; Peterson discusses 1572/(1687?). Therefore, neither a precise year nor Solomonic authorship is securely established. Name spellings, together with the number and page location, serve to identify the entries; difficult-to-read passages need to be compared again against the institutional original. Shared provenance and use are grouped here; there are no 72 copied descriptions of effects. Source review completed 2026-10-04: Ayscough’s actual catalogue scan, 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, describes no. 2731 with the English title visible on p008 and a five-part structure; no. 3847/Ptolemy/H.G./1572 is listed separately. The BL interim catalogue conflict remains documented, but following comparison with the original catalogue and image evidence it no longer prevents identification. Native JPEGs of the PDF image objects are embedded unchanged; no modern redrawings are used. The private microfilm digitisation chain cannot be documented in detail.
Source location: Sloane MS 2731; Record 040-002115103
The currently read institutional interim record gives 1572 and French. This conflicts with the English facsimile tradition and the later manuscript description. This record is treated as evidence of a conflict, not as evidence for the 72 seal figures in 1572. Cross-check dated 2026-10-04: Ayscough 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, lists the English-titled Lemegeton as no. 2731 and separately the Ptolemy/H.G. witness of 1572 as no. 3847. The interim metadata record is therefore retained as a conflicting current catalogue finding, not as the dating of the seal images.
Source location: Section British Library MS.Sloane 2731;32 folios, oblong folio
Descriptive manuscript note by an independent researcher, not an institutional catalogue: transcribes the writing start date in the margin as 18 January 1686. This is the basis for the cautious dating to the late 17th century; there is no independent palaeographic confirmation of the date.
Research edition with manuscript comparison: the Lemegeton in this form dates to the 17th century; 2731 has contradictory dating 1572/(1687?). Explains dependencies on prints after 1641, including 1671, and editorial interventions in later editions. Modern edition illustrations are not the graphic templates used.
Source location: Goetia, name entries 1–72; main exemplar Sloane 3825
Control source for names and sequence. The edition follows mainly Sloane 3825, not the Sloane 2731 depicted here; its folio numbers are therefore not carried over. The editor’s drawings and copyright statements belong to the modern edition, not the 17th century. No modern drawings have been used.
British Library: historische Handschrift Sloane MS 2731; Grimorium: privater Faksimile-Bildspiegel
Source location: PDF title image p. 5, seal spreads p009–p015 on PDF pp. 6/9/13/17/21/25/30; native JPEG image objects 47/58/70/82/94/106/120
Only original two-dimensional manuscript images were examined, not the modern transcription/translation or newly drawn gold symbols. The title incipit, five-part structure, landscape format, old Museo-Britannico stamps and named marginal signs agree with Ayscough 1782 and the descriptions prepared through direct examination of originals by Peterson/McLean. The editor explicitly designates these historical facsimile images as Public Domain; their own modern text edition is separately CC-BY 4.0. The exact microfilm capture/digitisation chain remains unsubstantiated at the private mirror; no new institutional digitisation is claimed.
British Museum, historischer Bestandskatalog von Samuel Ayscough; Digitalisat des Getty Research Institute via Internet Archive
Source location: Volume II, printed pp. 876–877, entries 2731 and 3847; IIIF scans 364/365
Contemporary inventory catalogue, published in 1782 with the Trustees’ permission. No. 2731 bears the English title of the five-part Little Key with spirit names and seals. No. 3847 is listed separately as Clavicula/Ptolemy/H.G./1572. Both original pages were read visually; the current incorrect French/1572 metadata record was not adopted as the image dating. Scan of the Getty collection, Call number 9922691770001551.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 876; IIIF image 364, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Visually confirmed original scan: No. 3847 is the Ptolemy witness copied in 1572; No. 2731 begins separately with the English Little-Key title incipit. Do not equate it with OCR folio index 363: the IIIF image index is offset by one.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 877; IIIF image 365, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Continuation of entry no. 2731: visible apparition and five parts; checked together with p. 876 and the title page of the manuscript facsimile. No evidence for French/1572 in this English Lemegeton.
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic English-language manuscript tradition · Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Marginal drawing beside the numbered name.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic
Region
English-language manuscript tradition
Date of the evidence
Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Private facsimile mirror; see the shared source criticism for manuscript attribution and dating. No evidence of Solomonic authorship. Source review completed 2026-10-04: identity confirmed against the actual historical holdings catalogue and by comparison of title and image witnesses; current BL interim metadata French/1572 remains documented as a conflicting finding. The individual seal area can be used as a low-resolution historical raster facsimile; it is not a newly invented sign or one taken from Mathers/Crowley.
Before designing
Compare the original marginal drawing; do not transfer a modern edition graphic. The unchanged native JPEG image object is available as an SVG crop; ink losses, stains and copying artefacts remain visible. No manufacturing approval or smoothed engraving outline.
Research draft. Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-identical; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small source-pixel margin. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and remnants of individual original annotations are retained. Not an engraving-ready vector and no manufacturing approval. The right-hand seal area is already overlaid by a large ink stain in the historical image; this is reproduced in full and not supplemented. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-identical; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small source-pixel margin. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and remnants of individual original annotations are retained. Not an engraving-ready vector and no manufacturing approval. The right-hand seal area is already overlaid by a large ink stain in the historical image; this is reproduced in full and not supplemented.
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Anonyme englische Handschrift, British Library Sloane MS 2731; historische Originalabbildung im privaten Grimorium-Faksimile. Bestandskatalog-Abgleich: Samuel Ayscough 1782, Bd. II S. 876–877.
The seven image spreads were viewed in the browser; one specifically located marginal sign for each name entry. Only the pictured manuscript pages serve as graphic evidence, not translations or the host’s modern individual seal graphics. The attribution to Sloane 2731 remains a checked mirror reference with a metadata conflict: the BL interim catalogue gives 1572/French, although the text shown is English. MacLean transcribes a writing note dated 18 January 1686 for 2731; Peterson discusses 1572/(1687?). Therefore, neither a precise year nor Solomonic authorship is securely established. Name spellings, together with the number and page location, serve to identify the entries; difficult-to-read passages need to be compared again against the institutional original. Shared provenance and use are grouped here; there are no 72 copied descriptions of effects. Source review completed 2026-10-04: Ayscough’s actual catalogue scan, 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, describes no. 2731 with the English title visible on p008 and a five-part structure; no. 3847/Ptolemy/H.G./1572 is listed separately. The BL interim catalogue conflict remains documented, but following comparison with the original catalogue and image evidence it no longer prevents identification. Native JPEGs of the PDF image objects are embedded unchanged; no modern redrawings are used. The private microfilm digitisation chain cannot be documented in detail.
Source location: Sloane MS 2731; Record 040-002115103
The currently read institutional interim record gives 1572 and French. This conflicts with the English facsimile tradition and the later manuscript description. This record is treated as evidence of a conflict, not as evidence for the 72 seal figures in 1572. Cross-check dated 2026-10-04: Ayscough 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, lists the English-titled Lemegeton as no. 2731 and separately the Ptolemy/H.G. witness of 1572 as no. 3847. The interim metadata record is therefore retained as a conflicting current catalogue finding, not as the dating of the seal images.
Source location: Section British Library MS.Sloane 2731;32 folios, oblong folio
Descriptive manuscript note by an independent researcher, not an institutional catalogue: transcribes the writing start date in the margin as 18 January 1686. This is the basis for the cautious dating to the late 17th century; there is no independent palaeographic confirmation of the date.
Research edition with manuscript comparison: the Lemegeton in this form dates to the 17th century; 2731 has contradictory dating 1572/(1687?). Explains dependencies on prints after 1641, including 1671, and editorial interventions in later editions. Modern edition illustrations are not the graphic templates used.
Source location: Goetia, name entries 1–72; main exemplar Sloane 3825
Control source for names and sequence. The edition follows mainly Sloane 3825, not the Sloane 2731 depicted here; its folio numbers are therefore not carried over. The editor’s drawings and copyright statements belong to the modern edition, not the 17th century. No modern drawings have been used.
British Library: historische Handschrift Sloane MS 2731; Grimorium: privater Faksimile-Bildspiegel
Source location: PDF title image p. 5, seal spreads p009–p015 on PDF pp. 6/9/13/17/21/25/30; native JPEG image objects 47/58/70/82/94/106/120
Only original two-dimensional manuscript images were examined, not the modern transcription/translation or newly drawn gold symbols. The title incipit, five-part structure, landscape format, old Museo-Britannico stamps and named marginal signs agree with Ayscough 1782 and the descriptions prepared through direct examination of originals by Peterson/McLean. The editor explicitly designates these historical facsimile images as Public Domain; their own modern text edition is separately CC-BY 4.0. The exact microfilm capture/digitisation chain remains unsubstantiated at the private mirror; no new institutional digitisation is claimed.
British Museum, historischer Bestandskatalog von Samuel Ayscough; Digitalisat des Getty Research Institute via Internet Archive
Source location: Volume II, printed pp. 876–877, entries 2731 and 3847; IIIF scans 364/365
Contemporary inventory catalogue, published in 1782 with the Trustees’ permission. No. 2731 bears the English title of the five-part Little Key with spirit names and seals. No. 3847 is listed separately as Clavicula/Ptolemy/H.G./1572. Both original pages were read visually; the current incorrect French/1572 metadata record was not adopted as the image dating. Scan of the Getty collection, Call number 9922691770001551.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 876; IIIF image 364, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Visually confirmed original scan: No. 3847 is the Ptolemy witness copied in 1572; No. 2731 begins separately with the English Little-Key title incipit. Do not equate it with OCR folio index 363: the IIIF image index is offset by one.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 877; IIIF image 365, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Continuation of entry no. 2731: visible apparition and five parts; checked together with p. 876 and the title page of the manuscript facsimile. No evidence for French/1572 in this English Lemegeton.
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic English-language manuscript tradition · Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Marginal drawing beside the numbered name.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic
Region
English-language manuscript tradition
Date of the evidence
Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Private facsimile mirror; see the shared source criticism for manuscript attribution and dating. No evidence of Solomonic authorship. Source review completed 2026-10-04: identity confirmed against the actual historical holdings catalogue and by comparison of title and image witnesses; current BL interim metadata French/1572 remains documented as a conflicting finding. The individual seal area can be used as a low-resolution historical raster facsimile; it is not a newly invented sign or one taken from Mathers/Crowley.
Before designing
Compare the original marginal drawing; do not transfer a modern edition graphic. The unchanged native JPEG image object is available as an SVG crop; ink losses, stains and copying artefacts remain visible. No manufacturing approval or smoothed engraving outline.
Research draft. Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval.
Source location: Handwritten p.10, marginal sign at no.43 (Sabnack); Spreadp 013, left; mirror PDF p. 21, native JPEG object 94 0 R, pixel viewport [148, 174, 80, 45]
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Anonyme englische Handschrift, British Library Sloane MS 2731; historische Originalabbildung im privaten Grimorium-Faksimile. Bestandskatalog-Abgleich: Samuel Ayscough 1782, Bd. II S. 876–877.
The seven image spreads were viewed in the browser; one specifically located marginal sign for each name entry. Only the pictured manuscript pages serve as graphic evidence, not translations or the host’s modern individual seal graphics. The attribution to Sloane 2731 remains a checked mirror reference with a metadata conflict: the BL interim catalogue gives 1572/French, although the text shown is English. MacLean transcribes a writing note dated 18 January 1686 for 2731; Peterson discusses 1572/(1687?). Therefore, neither a precise year nor Solomonic authorship is securely established. Name spellings, together with the number and page location, serve to identify the entries; difficult-to-read passages need to be compared again against the institutional original. Shared provenance and use are grouped here; there are no 72 copied descriptions of effects. Source review completed 2026-10-04: Ayscough’s actual catalogue scan, 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, describes no. 2731 with the English title visible on p008 and a five-part structure; no. 3847/Ptolemy/H.G./1572 is listed separately. The BL interim catalogue conflict remains documented, but following comparison with the original catalogue and image evidence it no longer prevents identification. Native JPEGs of the PDF image objects are embedded unchanged; no modern redrawings are used. The private microfilm digitisation chain cannot be documented in detail.
Source location: Sloane MS 2731; Record 040-002115103
The currently read institutional interim record gives 1572 and French. This conflicts with the English facsimile tradition and the later manuscript description. This record is treated as evidence of a conflict, not as evidence for the 72 seal figures in 1572. Cross-check dated 2026-10-04: Ayscough 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, lists the English-titled Lemegeton as no. 2731 and separately the Ptolemy/H.G. witness of 1572 as no. 3847. The interim metadata record is therefore retained as a conflicting current catalogue finding, not as the dating of the seal images.
Source location: Section British Library MS.Sloane 2731;32 folios, oblong folio
Descriptive manuscript note by an independent researcher, not an institutional catalogue: transcribes the writing start date in the margin as 18 January 1686. This is the basis for the cautious dating to the late 17th century; there is no independent palaeographic confirmation of the date.
Research edition with manuscript comparison: the Lemegeton in this form dates to the 17th century; 2731 has contradictory dating 1572/(1687?). Explains dependencies on prints after 1641, including 1671, and editorial interventions in later editions. Modern edition illustrations are not the graphic templates used.
Source location: Goetia, name entries 1–72; main exemplar Sloane 3825
Control source for names and sequence. The edition follows mainly Sloane 3825, not the Sloane 2731 depicted here; its folio numbers are therefore not carried over. The editor’s drawings and copyright statements belong to the modern edition, not the 17th century. No modern drawings have been used.
British Library: historische Handschrift Sloane MS 2731; Grimorium: privater Faksimile-Bildspiegel
Source location: PDF title image p. 5, seal spreads p009–p015 on PDF pp. 6/9/13/17/21/25/30; native JPEG image objects 47/58/70/82/94/106/120
Only original two-dimensional manuscript images were examined, not the modern transcription/translation or newly drawn gold symbols. The title incipit, five-part structure, landscape format, old Museo-Britannico stamps and named marginal signs agree with Ayscough 1782 and the descriptions prepared through direct examination of originals by Peterson/McLean. The editor explicitly designates these historical facsimile images as Public Domain; their own modern text edition is separately CC-BY 4.0. The exact microfilm capture/digitisation chain remains unsubstantiated at the private mirror; no new institutional digitisation is claimed.
British Museum, historischer Bestandskatalog von Samuel Ayscough; Digitalisat des Getty Research Institute via Internet Archive
Source location: Volume II, printed pp. 876–877, entries 2731 and 3847; IIIF scans 364/365
Contemporary inventory catalogue, published in 1782 with the Trustees’ permission. No. 2731 bears the English title of the five-part Little Key with spirit names and seals. No. 3847 is listed separately as Clavicula/Ptolemy/H.G./1572. Both original pages were read visually; the current incorrect French/1572 metadata record was not adopted as the image dating. Scan of the Getty collection, Call number 9922691770001551.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 876; IIIF image 364, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Visually confirmed original scan: No. 3847 is the Ptolemy witness copied in 1572; No. 2731 begins separately with the English Little-Key title incipit. Do not equate it with OCR folio index 363: the IIIF image index is offset by one.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 877; IIIF image 365, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Continuation of entry no. 2731: visible apparition and five parts; checked together with p. 876 and the title page of the manuscript facsimile. No evidence for French/1572 in this English Lemegeton.
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic English-language manuscript tradition · Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Marginal drawing beside the numbered name.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic
Region
English-language manuscript tradition
Date of the evidence
Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Private facsimile mirror; see the shared source criticism for manuscript attribution and dating. No evidence of Solomonic authorship. Source review completed 2026-10-04: identity confirmed against the actual historical holdings catalogue and by comparison of title and image witnesses; current BL interim metadata French/1572 remains documented as a conflicting finding. The individual seal area can be used as a low-resolution historical raster facsimile; it is not a newly invented sign or one taken from Mathers/Crowley.
Before designing
Compare the original marginal drawing; do not transfer a modern edition graphic. The unchanged native JPEG image object is available as an SVG crop; ink losses, stains and copying artefacts remain visible. No manufacturing approval or smoothed engraving outline.
Research draft. Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval.
Source location: Manuscript p.10, marginal sign at no.44 (Shax); Spreadp 013, left; mirror PDF p. 21, native JPEG object 94 0 R, pixel viewport [138, 236, 77, 43]
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Anonyme englische Handschrift, British Library Sloane MS 2731; historische Originalabbildung im privaten Grimorium-Faksimile. Bestandskatalog-Abgleich: Samuel Ayscough 1782, Bd. II S. 876–877.
The seven image spreads were viewed in the browser; one specifically located marginal sign for each name entry. Only the pictured manuscript pages serve as graphic evidence, not translations or the host’s modern individual seal graphics. The attribution to Sloane 2731 remains a checked mirror reference with a metadata conflict: the BL interim catalogue gives 1572/French, although the text shown is English. MacLean transcribes a writing note dated 18 January 1686 for 2731; Peterson discusses 1572/(1687?). Therefore, neither a precise year nor Solomonic authorship is securely established. Name spellings, together with the number and page location, serve to identify the entries; difficult-to-read passages need to be compared again against the institutional original. Shared provenance and use are grouped here; there are no 72 copied descriptions of effects. Source review completed 2026-10-04: Ayscough’s actual catalogue scan, 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, describes no. 2731 with the English title visible on p008 and a five-part structure; no. 3847/Ptolemy/H.G./1572 is listed separately. The BL interim catalogue conflict remains documented, but following comparison with the original catalogue and image evidence it no longer prevents identification. Native JPEGs of the PDF image objects are embedded unchanged; no modern redrawings are used. The private microfilm digitisation chain cannot be documented in detail.
Source location: Sloane MS 2731; Record 040-002115103
The currently read institutional interim record gives 1572 and French. This conflicts with the English facsimile tradition and the later manuscript description. This record is treated as evidence of a conflict, not as evidence for the 72 seal figures in 1572. Cross-check dated 2026-10-04: Ayscough 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, lists the English-titled Lemegeton as no. 2731 and separately the Ptolemy/H.G. witness of 1572 as no. 3847. The interim metadata record is therefore retained as a conflicting current catalogue finding, not as the dating of the seal images.
Source location: Section British Library MS.Sloane 2731;32 folios, oblong folio
Descriptive manuscript note by an independent researcher, not an institutional catalogue: transcribes the writing start date in the margin as 18 January 1686. This is the basis for the cautious dating to the late 17th century; there is no independent palaeographic confirmation of the date.
Research edition with manuscript comparison: the Lemegeton in this form dates to the 17th century; 2731 has contradictory dating 1572/(1687?). Explains dependencies on prints after 1641, including 1671, and editorial interventions in later editions. Modern edition illustrations are not the graphic templates used.
Source location: Goetia, name entries 1–72; main exemplar Sloane 3825
Control source for names and sequence. The edition follows mainly Sloane 3825, not the Sloane 2731 depicted here; its folio numbers are therefore not carried over. The editor’s drawings and copyright statements belong to the modern edition, not the 17th century. No modern drawings have been used.
British Library: historische Handschrift Sloane MS 2731; Grimorium: privater Faksimile-Bildspiegel
Source location: PDF title image p. 5, seal spreads p009–p015 on PDF pp. 6/9/13/17/21/25/30; native JPEG image objects 47/58/70/82/94/106/120
Only original two-dimensional manuscript images were examined, not the modern transcription/translation or newly drawn gold symbols. The title incipit, five-part structure, landscape format, old Museo-Britannico stamps and named marginal signs agree with Ayscough 1782 and the descriptions prepared through direct examination of originals by Peterson/McLean. The editor explicitly designates these historical facsimile images as Public Domain; their own modern text edition is separately CC-BY 4.0. The exact microfilm capture/digitisation chain remains unsubstantiated at the private mirror; no new institutional digitisation is claimed.
British Museum, historischer Bestandskatalog von Samuel Ayscough; Digitalisat des Getty Research Institute via Internet Archive
Source location: Volume II, printed pp. 876–877, entries 2731 and 3847; IIIF scans 364/365
Contemporary inventory catalogue, published in 1782 with the Trustees’ permission. No. 2731 bears the English title of the five-part Little Key with spirit names and seals. No. 3847 is listed separately as Clavicula/Ptolemy/H.G./1572. Both original pages were read visually; the current incorrect French/1572 metadata record was not adopted as the image dating. Scan of the Getty collection, Call number 9922691770001551.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 876; IIIF image 364, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Visually confirmed original scan: No. 3847 is the Ptolemy witness copied in 1572; No. 2731 begins separately with the English Little-Key title incipit. Do not equate it with OCR folio index 363: the IIIF image index is offset by one.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 877; IIIF image 365, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Continuation of entry no. 2731: visible apparition and five parts; checked together with p. 876 and the title page of the manuscript facsimile. No evidence for French/1572 in this English Lemegeton.
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic English-language manuscript tradition · Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Marginal drawing beside the numbered name.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic
Region
English-language manuscript tradition
Date of the evidence
Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Private facsimile mirror; see the shared source criticism for manuscript attribution and dating. No evidence of Solomonic authorship. Source review completed 2026-10-04: identity confirmed against the actual historical holdings catalogue and by comparison of title and image witnesses; current BL interim metadata French/1572 remains documented as a conflicting finding. The individual seal area can be used as a low-resolution historical raster facsimile; it is not a newly invented sign or one taken from Mathers/Crowley.
Before designing
Compare the original marginal drawing; do not transfer a modern edition graphic. The unchanged native JPEG image object is available as an SVG crop; ink losses, stains and copying artefacts remain visible. No manufacturing approval or smoothed engraving outline.
Research draft. Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval.
Source location: Manuscript p.10, marginal mark at no.45 (Vine); Spreadp 013, left; mirror PDF p. 21, native JPEG object 94 0 R, pixel viewport [141, 305, 66, 44]
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Anonyme englische Handschrift, British Library Sloane MS 2731; historische Originalabbildung im privaten Grimorium-Faksimile. Bestandskatalog-Abgleich: Samuel Ayscough 1782, Bd. II S. 876–877.
The seven image spreads were viewed in the browser; one specifically located marginal sign for each name entry. Only the pictured manuscript pages serve as graphic evidence, not translations or the host’s modern individual seal graphics. The attribution to Sloane 2731 remains a checked mirror reference with a metadata conflict: the BL interim catalogue gives 1572/French, although the text shown is English. MacLean transcribes a writing note dated 18 January 1686 for 2731; Peterson discusses 1572/(1687?). Therefore, neither a precise year nor Solomonic authorship is securely established. Name spellings, together with the number and page location, serve to identify the entries; difficult-to-read passages need to be compared again against the institutional original. Shared provenance and use are grouped here; there are no 72 copied descriptions of effects. Source review completed 2026-10-04: Ayscough’s actual catalogue scan, 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, describes no. 2731 with the English title visible on p008 and a five-part structure; no. 3847/Ptolemy/H.G./1572 is listed separately. The BL interim catalogue conflict remains documented, but following comparison with the original catalogue and image evidence it no longer prevents identification. Native JPEGs of the PDF image objects are embedded unchanged; no modern redrawings are used. The private microfilm digitisation chain cannot be documented in detail.
Source location: Sloane MS 2731; Record 040-002115103
The currently read institutional interim record gives 1572 and French. This conflicts with the English facsimile tradition and the later manuscript description. This record is treated as evidence of a conflict, not as evidence for the 72 seal figures in 1572. Cross-check dated 2026-10-04: Ayscough 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, lists the English-titled Lemegeton as no. 2731 and separately the Ptolemy/H.G. witness of 1572 as no. 3847. The interim metadata record is therefore retained as a conflicting current catalogue finding, not as the dating of the seal images.
Source location: Section British Library MS.Sloane 2731;32 folios, oblong folio
Descriptive manuscript note by an independent researcher, not an institutional catalogue: transcribes the writing start date in the margin as 18 January 1686. This is the basis for the cautious dating to the late 17th century; there is no independent palaeographic confirmation of the date.
Research edition with manuscript comparison: the Lemegeton in this form dates to the 17th century; 2731 has contradictory dating 1572/(1687?). Explains dependencies on prints after 1641, including 1671, and editorial interventions in later editions. Modern edition illustrations are not the graphic templates used.
Source location: Goetia, name entries 1–72; main exemplar Sloane 3825
Control source for names and sequence. The edition follows mainly Sloane 3825, not the Sloane 2731 depicted here; its folio numbers are therefore not carried over. The editor’s drawings and copyright statements belong to the modern edition, not the 17th century. No modern drawings have been used.
British Library: historische Handschrift Sloane MS 2731; Grimorium: privater Faksimile-Bildspiegel
Source location: PDF title image p. 5, seal spreads p009–p015 on PDF pp. 6/9/13/17/21/25/30; native JPEG image objects 47/58/70/82/94/106/120
Only original two-dimensional manuscript images were examined, not the modern transcription/translation or newly drawn gold symbols. The title incipit, five-part structure, landscape format, old Museo-Britannico stamps and named marginal signs agree with Ayscough 1782 and the descriptions prepared through direct examination of originals by Peterson/McLean. The editor explicitly designates these historical facsimile images as Public Domain; their own modern text edition is separately CC-BY 4.0. The exact microfilm capture/digitisation chain remains unsubstantiated at the private mirror; no new institutional digitisation is claimed.
British Museum, historischer Bestandskatalog von Samuel Ayscough; Digitalisat des Getty Research Institute via Internet Archive
Source location: Volume II, printed pp. 876–877, entries 2731 and 3847; IIIF scans 364/365
Contemporary inventory catalogue, published in 1782 with the Trustees’ permission. No. 2731 bears the English title of the five-part Little Key with spirit names and seals. No. 3847 is listed separately as Clavicula/Ptolemy/H.G./1572. Both original pages were read visually; the current incorrect French/1572 metadata record was not adopted as the image dating. Scan of the Getty collection, Call number 9922691770001551.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 876; IIIF image 364, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Visually confirmed original scan: No. 3847 is the Ptolemy witness copied in 1572; No. 2731 begins separately with the English Little-Key title incipit. Do not equate it with OCR folio index 363: the IIIF image index is offset by one.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 877; IIIF image 365, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Continuation of entry no. 2731: visible apparition and five parts; checked together with p. 876 and the title page of the manuscript facsimile. No evidence for French/1572 in this English Lemegeton.
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic English-language manuscript tradition · Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Marginal drawing beside the numbered name.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic
Region
English-language manuscript tradition
Date of the evidence
Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Private facsimile mirror; see the shared source criticism for manuscript attribution and dating. No evidence of Solomonic authorship. Source review completed 2026-10-04: identity confirmed against the actual historical holdings catalogue and by comparison of title and image witnesses; current BL interim metadata French/1572 remains documented as a conflicting finding. The individual seal area can be used as a low-resolution historical raster facsimile; it is not a newly invented sign or one taken from Mathers/Crowley.
Before designing
Compare the original marginal drawing; do not transfer a modern edition graphic. The unchanged native JPEG image object is available as an SVG crop; ink losses, stains and copying artefacts remain visible. No manufacturing approval or smoothed engraving outline.
Research draft. Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval.
Source location: Manuscript p.10, marginal mark at no.46 (Bifrons); Spreadp 013, left; mirror PDF p. 21, native JPEG object 94 0 R, pixel viewport [129, 356, 80, 39]
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Anonyme englische Handschrift, British Library Sloane MS 2731; historische Originalabbildung im privaten Grimorium-Faksimile. Bestandskatalog-Abgleich: Samuel Ayscough 1782, Bd. II S. 876–877.
The seven image spreads were viewed in the browser; one specifically located marginal sign for each name entry. Only the pictured manuscript pages serve as graphic evidence, not translations or the host’s modern individual seal graphics. The attribution to Sloane 2731 remains a checked mirror reference with a metadata conflict: the BL interim catalogue gives 1572/French, although the text shown is English. MacLean transcribes a writing note dated 18 January 1686 for 2731; Peterson discusses 1572/(1687?). Therefore, neither a precise year nor Solomonic authorship is securely established. Name spellings, together with the number and page location, serve to identify the entries; difficult-to-read passages need to be compared again against the institutional original. Shared provenance and use are grouped here; there are no 72 copied descriptions of effects. Source review completed 2026-10-04: Ayscough’s actual catalogue scan, 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, describes no. 2731 with the English title visible on p008 and a five-part structure; no. 3847/Ptolemy/H.G./1572 is listed separately. The BL interim catalogue conflict remains documented, but following comparison with the original catalogue and image evidence it no longer prevents identification. Native JPEGs of the PDF image objects are embedded unchanged; no modern redrawings are used. The private microfilm digitisation chain cannot be documented in detail.
Source location: Sloane MS 2731; Record 040-002115103
The currently read institutional interim record gives 1572 and French. This conflicts with the English facsimile tradition and the later manuscript description. This record is treated as evidence of a conflict, not as evidence for the 72 seal figures in 1572. Cross-check dated 2026-10-04: Ayscough 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, lists the English-titled Lemegeton as no. 2731 and separately the Ptolemy/H.G. witness of 1572 as no. 3847. The interim metadata record is therefore retained as a conflicting current catalogue finding, not as the dating of the seal images.
Source location: Section British Library MS.Sloane 2731;32 folios, oblong folio
Descriptive manuscript note by an independent researcher, not an institutional catalogue: transcribes the writing start date in the margin as 18 January 1686. This is the basis for the cautious dating to the late 17th century; there is no independent palaeographic confirmation of the date.
Research edition with manuscript comparison: the Lemegeton in this form dates to the 17th century; 2731 has contradictory dating 1572/(1687?). Explains dependencies on prints after 1641, including 1671, and editorial interventions in later editions. Modern edition illustrations are not the graphic templates used.
Source location: Goetia, name entries 1–72; main exemplar Sloane 3825
Control source for names and sequence. The edition follows mainly Sloane 3825, not the Sloane 2731 depicted here; its folio numbers are therefore not carried over. The editor’s drawings and copyright statements belong to the modern edition, not the 17th century. No modern drawings have been used.
British Library: historische Handschrift Sloane MS 2731; Grimorium: privater Faksimile-Bildspiegel
Source location: PDF title image p. 5, seal spreads p009–p015 on PDF pp. 6/9/13/17/21/25/30; native JPEG image objects 47/58/70/82/94/106/120
Only original two-dimensional manuscript images were examined, not the modern transcription/translation or newly drawn gold symbols. The title incipit, five-part structure, landscape format, old Museo-Britannico stamps and named marginal signs agree with Ayscough 1782 and the descriptions prepared through direct examination of originals by Peterson/McLean. The editor explicitly designates these historical facsimile images as Public Domain; their own modern text edition is separately CC-BY 4.0. The exact microfilm capture/digitisation chain remains unsubstantiated at the private mirror; no new institutional digitisation is claimed.
British Museum, historischer Bestandskatalog von Samuel Ayscough; Digitalisat des Getty Research Institute via Internet Archive
Source location: Volume II, printed pp. 876–877, entries 2731 and 3847; IIIF scans 364/365
Contemporary inventory catalogue, published in 1782 with the Trustees’ permission. No. 2731 bears the English title of the five-part Little Key with spirit names and seals. No. 3847 is listed separately as Clavicula/Ptolemy/H.G./1572. Both original pages were read visually; the current incorrect French/1572 metadata record was not adopted as the image dating. Scan of the Getty collection, Call number 9922691770001551.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 876; IIIF image 364, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Visually confirmed original scan: No. 3847 is the Ptolemy witness copied in 1572; No. 2731 begins separately with the English Little-Key title incipit. Do not equate it with OCR folio index 363: the IIIF image index is offset by one.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 877; IIIF image 365, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Continuation of entry no. 2731: visible apparition and five parts; checked together with p. 876 and the title page of the manuscript facsimile. No evidence for French/1572 in this English Lemegeton.
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic English-language manuscript tradition · Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Marginal drawing beside the numbered name.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic
Region
English-language manuscript tradition
Date of the evidence
Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Private facsimile mirror; see the shared source criticism for manuscript attribution and dating. No evidence of Solomonic authorship. Source review completed 2026-10-04: identity confirmed against the actual historical holdings catalogue and by comparison of title and image witnesses; current BL interim metadata French/1572 remains documented as a conflicting finding. The individual seal area can be used as a low-resolution historical raster facsimile; it is not a newly invented sign or one taken from Mathers/Crowley.
Before designing
Compare the original marginal drawing; do not transfer a modern edition graphic. The unchanged native JPEG image object is available as an SVG crop; ink losses, stains and copying artefacts remain visible. No manufacturing approval or smoothed engraving outline.
Research draft. Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval.
Source location: Manuscript p.10, marginal sign at No.47 (Vual); Spreadp 013, left; mirror PDF p. 21, native JPEG object 94 0 R, pixel viewport [126, 419, 73, 41]
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Anonyme englische Handschrift, British Library Sloane MS 2731; historische Originalabbildung im privaten Grimorium-Faksimile. Bestandskatalog-Abgleich: Samuel Ayscough 1782, Bd. II S. 876–877.
The seven image spreads were viewed in the browser; one specifically located marginal sign for each name entry. Only the pictured manuscript pages serve as graphic evidence, not translations or the host’s modern individual seal graphics. The attribution to Sloane 2731 remains a checked mirror reference with a metadata conflict: the BL interim catalogue gives 1572/French, although the text shown is English. MacLean transcribes a writing note dated 18 January 1686 for 2731; Peterson discusses 1572/(1687?). Therefore, neither a precise year nor Solomonic authorship is securely established. Name spellings, together with the number and page location, serve to identify the entries; difficult-to-read passages need to be compared again against the institutional original. Shared provenance and use are grouped here; there are no 72 copied descriptions of effects. Source review completed 2026-10-04: Ayscough’s actual catalogue scan, 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, describes no. 2731 with the English title visible on p008 and a five-part structure; no. 3847/Ptolemy/H.G./1572 is listed separately. The BL interim catalogue conflict remains documented, but following comparison with the original catalogue and image evidence it no longer prevents identification. Native JPEGs of the PDF image objects are embedded unchanged; no modern redrawings are used. The private microfilm digitisation chain cannot be documented in detail.
Source location: Sloane MS 2731; Record 040-002115103
The currently read institutional interim record gives 1572 and French. This conflicts with the English facsimile tradition and the later manuscript description. This record is treated as evidence of a conflict, not as evidence for the 72 seal figures in 1572. Cross-check dated 2026-10-04: Ayscough 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, lists the English-titled Lemegeton as no. 2731 and separately the Ptolemy/H.G. witness of 1572 as no. 3847. The interim metadata record is therefore retained as a conflicting current catalogue finding, not as the dating of the seal images.
Source location: Section British Library MS.Sloane 2731;32 folios, oblong folio
Descriptive manuscript note by an independent researcher, not an institutional catalogue: transcribes the writing start date in the margin as 18 January 1686. This is the basis for the cautious dating to the late 17th century; there is no independent palaeographic confirmation of the date.
Research edition with manuscript comparison: the Lemegeton in this form dates to the 17th century; 2731 has contradictory dating 1572/(1687?). Explains dependencies on prints after 1641, including 1671, and editorial interventions in later editions. Modern edition illustrations are not the graphic templates used.
Source location: Goetia, name entries 1–72; main exemplar Sloane 3825
Control source for names and sequence. The edition follows mainly Sloane 3825, not the Sloane 2731 depicted here; its folio numbers are therefore not carried over. The editor’s drawings and copyright statements belong to the modern edition, not the 17th century. No modern drawings have been used.
British Library: historische Handschrift Sloane MS 2731; Grimorium: privater Faksimile-Bildspiegel
Source location: PDF title image p. 5, seal spreads p009–p015 on PDF pp. 6/9/13/17/21/25/30; native JPEG image objects 47/58/70/82/94/106/120
Only original two-dimensional manuscript images were examined, not the modern transcription/translation or newly drawn gold symbols. The title incipit, five-part structure, landscape format, old Museo-Britannico stamps and named marginal signs agree with Ayscough 1782 and the descriptions prepared through direct examination of originals by Peterson/McLean. The editor explicitly designates these historical facsimile images as Public Domain; their own modern text edition is separately CC-BY 4.0. The exact microfilm capture/digitisation chain remains unsubstantiated at the private mirror; no new institutional digitisation is claimed.
British Museum, historischer Bestandskatalog von Samuel Ayscough; Digitalisat des Getty Research Institute via Internet Archive
Source location: Volume II, printed pp. 876–877, entries 2731 and 3847; IIIF scans 364/365
Contemporary inventory catalogue, published in 1782 with the Trustees’ permission. No. 2731 bears the English title of the five-part Little Key with spirit names and seals. No. 3847 is listed separately as Clavicula/Ptolemy/H.G./1572. Both original pages were read visually; the current incorrect French/1572 metadata record was not adopted as the image dating. Scan of the Getty collection, Call number 9922691770001551.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 876; IIIF image 364, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Visually confirmed original scan: No. 3847 is the Ptolemy witness copied in 1572; No. 2731 begins separately with the English Little-Key title incipit. Do not equate it with OCR folio index 363: the IIIF image index is offset by one.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 877; IIIF image 365, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Continuation of entry no. 2731: visible apparition and five parts; checked together with p. 876 and the title page of the manuscript facsimile. No evidence for French/1572 in this English Lemegeton.
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic English-language manuscript tradition · Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Marginal drawing beside the numbered name.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic
Region
English-language manuscript tradition
Date of the evidence
Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Private facsimile mirror; see the shared source criticism for manuscript attribution and dating. No evidence of Solomonic authorship. Source review completed 2026-10-04: identity confirmed against the actual historical holdings catalogue and by comparison of title and image witnesses; current BL interim metadata French/1572 remains documented as a conflicting finding. The individual seal area can be used as a low-resolution historical raster facsimile; it is not a newly invented sign or one taken from Mathers/Crowley.
Before designing
Compare the original marginal drawing; do not transfer a modern edition graphic. The unchanged native JPEG image object is available as an SVG crop; ink losses, stains and copying artefacts remain visible. No manufacturing approval or smoothed engraving outline.
Research draft. Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval.
Source location: Handwritten p.11, marginal mark beside no.48 (Haagenti); Spreadp 013, right; mirror PDF p. 21, native JPEG object 94 0 R, pixel viewport [1192, 75, 93, 45]
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Anonyme englische Handschrift, British Library Sloane MS 2731; historische Originalabbildung im privaten Grimorium-Faksimile. Bestandskatalog-Abgleich: Samuel Ayscough 1782, Bd. II S. 876–877.
The seven image spreads were viewed in the browser; one specifically located marginal sign for each name entry. Only the pictured manuscript pages serve as graphic evidence, not translations or the host’s modern individual seal graphics. The attribution to Sloane 2731 remains a checked mirror reference with a metadata conflict: the BL interim catalogue gives 1572/French, although the text shown is English. MacLean transcribes a writing note dated 18 January 1686 for 2731; Peterson discusses 1572/(1687?). Therefore, neither a precise year nor Solomonic authorship is securely established. Name spellings, together with the number and page location, serve to identify the entries; difficult-to-read passages need to be compared again against the institutional original. Shared provenance and use are grouped here; there are no 72 copied descriptions of effects. Source review completed 2026-10-04: Ayscough’s actual catalogue scan, 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, describes no. 2731 with the English title visible on p008 and a five-part structure; no. 3847/Ptolemy/H.G./1572 is listed separately. The BL interim catalogue conflict remains documented, but following comparison with the original catalogue and image evidence it no longer prevents identification. Native JPEGs of the PDF image objects are embedded unchanged; no modern redrawings are used. The private microfilm digitisation chain cannot be documented in detail.
Source location: Sloane MS 2731; Record 040-002115103
The currently read institutional interim record gives 1572 and French. This conflicts with the English facsimile tradition and the later manuscript description. This record is treated as evidence of a conflict, not as evidence for the 72 seal figures in 1572. Cross-check dated 2026-10-04: Ayscough 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, lists the English-titled Lemegeton as no. 2731 and separately the Ptolemy/H.G. witness of 1572 as no. 3847. The interim metadata record is therefore retained as a conflicting current catalogue finding, not as the dating of the seal images.
Source location: Section British Library MS.Sloane 2731;32 folios, oblong folio
Descriptive manuscript note by an independent researcher, not an institutional catalogue: transcribes the writing start date in the margin as 18 January 1686. This is the basis for the cautious dating to the late 17th century; there is no independent palaeographic confirmation of the date.
Research edition with manuscript comparison: the Lemegeton in this form dates to the 17th century; 2731 has contradictory dating 1572/(1687?). Explains dependencies on prints after 1641, including 1671, and editorial interventions in later editions. Modern edition illustrations are not the graphic templates used.
Source location: Goetia, name entries 1–72; main exemplar Sloane 3825
Control source for names and sequence. The edition follows mainly Sloane 3825, not the Sloane 2731 depicted here; its folio numbers are therefore not carried over. The editor’s drawings and copyright statements belong to the modern edition, not the 17th century. No modern drawings have been used.
British Library: historische Handschrift Sloane MS 2731; Grimorium: privater Faksimile-Bildspiegel
Source location: PDF title image p. 5, seal spreads p009–p015 on PDF pp. 6/9/13/17/21/25/30; native JPEG image objects 47/58/70/82/94/106/120
Only original two-dimensional manuscript images were examined, not the modern transcription/translation or newly drawn gold symbols. The title incipit, five-part structure, landscape format, old Museo-Britannico stamps and named marginal signs agree with Ayscough 1782 and the descriptions prepared through direct examination of originals by Peterson/McLean. The editor explicitly designates these historical facsimile images as Public Domain; their own modern text edition is separately CC-BY 4.0. The exact microfilm capture/digitisation chain remains unsubstantiated at the private mirror; no new institutional digitisation is claimed.
British Museum, historischer Bestandskatalog von Samuel Ayscough; Digitalisat des Getty Research Institute via Internet Archive
Source location: Volume II, printed pp. 876–877, entries 2731 and 3847; IIIF scans 364/365
Contemporary inventory catalogue, published in 1782 with the Trustees’ permission. No. 2731 bears the English title of the five-part Little Key with spirit names and seals. No. 3847 is listed separately as Clavicula/Ptolemy/H.G./1572. Both original pages were read visually; the current incorrect French/1572 metadata record was not adopted as the image dating. Scan of the Getty collection, Call number 9922691770001551.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 876; IIIF image 364, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Visually confirmed original scan: No. 3847 is the Ptolemy witness copied in 1572; No. 2731 begins separately with the English Little-Key title incipit. Do not equate it with OCR folio index 363: the IIIF image index is offset by one.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 877; IIIF image 365, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Continuation of entry no. 2731: visible apparition and five parts; checked together with p. 876 and the title page of the manuscript facsimile. No evidence for French/1572 in this English Lemegeton.
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic English-language manuscript tradition · Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Marginal drawing beside the numbered name.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic
Region
English-language manuscript tradition
Date of the evidence
Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Private facsimile mirror; see the shared source criticism for manuscript attribution and dating. No evidence of Solomonic authorship. Source review completed 2026-10-04: identity confirmed against the actual historical holdings catalogue and by comparison of title and image witnesses; current BL interim metadata French/1572 remains documented as a conflicting finding. The individual seal area can be used as a low-resolution historical raster facsimile; it is not a newly invented sign or one taken from Mathers/Crowley.
Before designing
Compare the original marginal drawing; do not transfer a modern edition graphic. The unchanged native JPEG image object is available as an SVG crop; ink losses, stains and copying artefacts remain visible. No manufacturing approval or smoothed engraving outline.
Research draft. Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval.
Source location: Manuscript p.11, marginal mark at no.49 (Procel); Spreadp 013, right; mirror PDF p. 21, native JPEG object 94 0 R, pixel viewport [1203, 143, 62, 51]
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Anonyme englische Handschrift, British Library Sloane MS 2731; historische Originalabbildung im privaten Grimorium-Faksimile. Bestandskatalog-Abgleich: Samuel Ayscough 1782, Bd. II S. 876–877.
The seven image spreads were viewed in the browser; one specifically located marginal sign for each name entry. Only the pictured manuscript pages serve as graphic evidence, not translations or the host’s modern individual seal graphics. The attribution to Sloane 2731 remains a checked mirror reference with a metadata conflict: the BL interim catalogue gives 1572/French, although the text shown is English. MacLean transcribes a writing note dated 18 January 1686 for 2731; Peterson discusses 1572/(1687?). Therefore, neither a precise year nor Solomonic authorship is securely established. Name spellings, together with the number and page location, serve to identify the entries; difficult-to-read passages need to be compared again against the institutional original. Shared provenance and use are grouped here; there are no 72 copied descriptions of effects. Source review completed 2026-10-04: Ayscough’s actual catalogue scan, 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, describes no. 2731 with the English title visible on p008 and a five-part structure; no. 3847/Ptolemy/H.G./1572 is listed separately. The BL interim catalogue conflict remains documented, but following comparison with the original catalogue and image evidence it no longer prevents identification. Native JPEGs of the PDF image objects are embedded unchanged; no modern redrawings are used. The private microfilm digitisation chain cannot be documented in detail.
Source location: Sloane MS 2731; Record 040-002115103
The currently read institutional interim record gives 1572 and French. This conflicts with the English facsimile tradition and the later manuscript description. This record is treated as evidence of a conflict, not as evidence for the 72 seal figures in 1572. Cross-check dated 2026-10-04: Ayscough 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, lists the English-titled Lemegeton as no. 2731 and separately the Ptolemy/H.G. witness of 1572 as no. 3847. The interim metadata record is therefore retained as a conflicting current catalogue finding, not as the dating of the seal images.
Source location: Section British Library MS.Sloane 2731;32 folios, oblong folio
Descriptive manuscript note by an independent researcher, not an institutional catalogue: transcribes the writing start date in the margin as 18 January 1686. This is the basis for the cautious dating to the late 17th century; there is no independent palaeographic confirmation of the date.
Research edition with manuscript comparison: the Lemegeton in this form dates to the 17th century; 2731 has contradictory dating 1572/(1687?). Explains dependencies on prints after 1641, including 1671, and editorial interventions in later editions. Modern edition illustrations are not the graphic templates used.
Source location: Goetia, name entries 1–72; main exemplar Sloane 3825
Control source for names and sequence. The edition follows mainly Sloane 3825, not the Sloane 2731 depicted here; its folio numbers are therefore not carried over. The editor’s drawings and copyright statements belong to the modern edition, not the 17th century. No modern drawings have been used.
British Library: historische Handschrift Sloane MS 2731; Grimorium: privater Faksimile-Bildspiegel
Source location: PDF title image p. 5, seal spreads p009–p015 on PDF pp. 6/9/13/17/21/25/30; native JPEG image objects 47/58/70/82/94/106/120
Only original two-dimensional manuscript images were examined, not the modern transcription/translation or newly drawn gold symbols. The title incipit, five-part structure, landscape format, old Museo-Britannico stamps and named marginal signs agree with Ayscough 1782 and the descriptions prepared through direct examination of originals by Peterson/McLean. The editor explicitly designates these historical facsimile images as Public Domain; their own modern text edition is separately CC-BY 4.0. The exact microfilm capture/digitisation chain remains unsubstantiated at the private mirror; no new institutional digitisation is claimed.
British Museum, historischer Bestandskatalog von Samuel Ayscough; Digitalisat des Getty Research Institute via Internet Archive
Source location: Volume II, printed pp. 876–877, entries 2731 and 3847; IIIF scans 364/365
Contemporary inventory catalogue, published in 1782 with the Trustees’ permission. No. 2731 bears the English title of the five-part Little Key with spirit names and seals. No. 3847 is listed separately as Clavicula/Ptolemy/H.G./1572. Both original pages were read visually; the current incorrect French/1572 metadata record was not adopted as the image dating. Scan of the Getty collection, Call number 9922691770001551.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 876; IIIF image 364, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Visually confirmed original scan: No. 3847 is the Ptolemy witness copied in 1572; No. 2731 begins separately with the English Little-Key title incipit. Do not equate it with OCR folio index 363: the IIIF image index is offset by one.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 877; IIIF image 365, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Continuation of entry no. 2731: visible apparition and five parts; checked together with p. 876 and the title page of the manuscript facsimile. No evidence for French/1572 in this English Lemegeton.
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic English-language manuscript tradition · Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Marginal drawing beside the numbered name.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic
Region
English-language manuscript tradition
Date of the evidence
Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Private facsimile mirror; see the shared source criticism for manuscript attribution and dating. No evidence of Solomonic authorship. Source review completed 2026-10-04: identity confirmed against the actual historical holdings catalogue and by comparison of title and image witnesses; current BL interim metadata French/1572 remains documented as a conflicting finding. The individual seal area can be used as a low-resolution historical raster facsimile; it is not a newly invented sign or one taken from Mathers/Crowley.
Before designing
Compare the original marginal drawing; do not transfer a modern edition graphic. The unchanged native JPEG image object is available as an SVG crop; ink losses, stains and copying artefacts remain visible. No manufacturing approval or smoothed engraving outline.
Research draft. Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval.
Source location: Manuscript p. 2, marginal mark at No. 4 (Samigina); Spreadp 009, left; mirror PDF p. 6, native JPEG object 47 0 R, pixel viewport [138, 398, 34, 28]
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Anonyme englische Handschrift, British Library Sloane MS 2731; historische Originalabbildung im privaten Grimorium-Faksimile. Bestandskatalog-Abgleich: Samuel Ayscough 1782, Bd. II S. 876–877.
The seven image spreads were viewed in the browser; one specifically located marginal sign for each name entry. Only the pictured manuscript pages serve as graphic evidence, not translations or the host’s modern individual seal graphics. The attribution to Sloane 2731 remains a checked mirror reference with a metadata conflict: the BL interim catalogue gives 1572/French, although the text shown is English. MacLean transcribes a writing note dated 18 January 1686 for 2731; Peterson discusses 1572/(1687?). Therefore, neither a precise year nor Solomonic authorship is securely established. Name spellings, together with the number and page location, serve to identify the entries; difficult-to-read passages need to be compared again against the institutional original. Shared provenance and use are grouped here; there are no 72 copied descriptions of effects. Source review completed 2026-10-04: Ayscough’s actual catalogue scan, 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, describes no. 2731 with the English title visible on p008 and a five-part structure; no. 3847/Ptolemy/H.G./1572 is listed separately. The BL interim catalogue conflict remains documented, but following comparison with the original catalogue and image evidence it no longer prevents identification. Native JPEGs of the PDF image objects are embedded unchanged; no modern redrawings are used. The private microfilm digitisation chain cannot be documented in detail.
Source location: Sloane MS 2731; Record 040-002115103
The currently read institutional interim record gives 1572 and French. This conflicts with the English facsimile tradition and the later manuscript description. This record is treated as evidence of a conflict, not as evidence for the 72 seal figures in 1572. Cross-check dated 2026-10-04: Ayscough 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, lists the English-titled Lemegeton as no. 2731 and separately the Ptolemy/H.G. witness of 1572 as no. 3847. The interim metadata record is therefore retained as a conflicting current catalogue finding, not as the dating of the seal images.
Source location: Section British Library MS.Sloane 2731;32 folios, oblong folio
Descriptive manuscript note by an independent researcher, not an institutional catalogue: transcribes the writing start date in the margin as 18 January 1686. This is the basis for the cautious dating to the late 17th century; there is no independent palaeographic confirmation of the date.
Research edition with manuscript comparison: the Lemegeton in this form dates to the 17th century; 2731 has contradictory dating 1572/(1687?). Explains dependencies on prints after 1641, including 1671, and editorial interventions in later editions. Modern edition illustrations are not the graphic templates used.
Source location: Goetia, name entries 1–72; main exemplar Sloane 3825
Control source for names and sequence. The edition follows mainly Sloane 3825, not the Sloane 2731 depicted here; its folio numbers are therefore not carried over. The editor’s drawings and copyright statements belong to the modern edition, not the 17th century. No modern drawings have been used.
British Library: historische Handschrift Sloane MS 2731; Grimorium: privater Faksimile-Bildspiegel
Source location: PDF title image p. 5, seal spreads p009–p015 on PDF pp. 6/9/13/17/21/25/30; native JPEG image objects 47/58/70/82/94/106/120
Only original two-dimensional manuscript images were examined, not the modern transcription/translation or newly drawn gold symbols. The title incipit, five-part structure, landscape format, old Museo-Britannico stamps and named marginal signs agree with Ayscough 1782 and the descriptions prepared through direct examination of originals by Peterson/McLean. The editor explicitly designates these historical facsimile images as Public Domain; their own modern text edition is separately CC-BY 4.0. The exact microfilm capture/digitisation chain remains unsubstantiated at the private mirror; no new institutional digitisation is claimed.
British Museum, historischer Bestandskatalog von Samuel Ayscough; Digitalisat des Getty Research Institute via Internet Archive
Source location: Volume II, printed pp. 876–877, entries 2731 and 3847; IIIF scans 364/365
Contemporary inventory catalogue, published in 1782 with the Trustees’ permission. No. 2731 bears the English title of the five-part Little Key with spirit names and seals. No. 3847 is listed separately as Clavicula/Ptolemy/H.G./1572. Both original pages were read visually; the current incorrect French/1572 metadata record was not adopted as the image dating. Scan of the Getty collection, Call number 9922691770001551.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 876; IIIF image 364, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Visually confirmed original scan: No. 3847 is the Ptolemy witness copied in 1572; No. 2731 begins separately with the English Little-Key title incipit. Do not equate it with OCR folio index 363: the IIIF image index is offset by one.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 877; IIIF image 365, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Continuation of entry no. 2731: visible apparition and five parts; checked together with p. 876 and the title page of the manuscript facsimile. No evidence for French/1572 in this English Lemegeton.
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic English-language manuscript tradition · Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Marginal drawing beside the numbered name.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic
Region
English-language manuscript tradition
Date of the evidence
Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Private facsimile mirror; see the shared source criticism for manuscript attribution and dating. No evidence of Solomonic authorship. Source review completed 2026-10-04: identity confirmed against the actual historical holdings catalogue and by comparison of title and image witnesses; current BL interim metadata French/1572 remains documented as a conflicting finding. The individual seal area can be used as a low-resolution historical raster facsimile; it is not a newly invented sign or one taken from Mathers/Crowley.
Before designing
Compare the original marginal drawing; do not transfer a modern edition graphic. The unchanged native JPEG image object is available as an SVG crop; ink losses, stains and copying artefacts remain visible. No manufacturing approval or smoothed engraving outline.
Research draft. Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval.
Source location: Manuscript p.11, marginal sign at no.50 (Furcas); Spreadp 013, right; mirror PDF p. 21, native JPEG object 94 0 R, pixel viewport [1205, 203, 58, 42]
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Anonyme englische Handschrift, British Library Sloane MS 2731; historische Originalabbildung im privaten Grimorium-Faksimile. Bestandskatalog-Abgleich: Samuel Ayscough 1782, Bd. II S. 876–877.
The seven image spreads were viewed in the browser; one specifically located marginal sign for each name entry. Only the pictured manuscript pages serve as graphic evidence, not translations or the host’s modern individual seal graphics. The attribution to Sloane 2731 remains a checked mirror reference with a metadata conflict: the BL interim catalogue gives 1572/French, although the text shown is English. MacLean transcribes a writing note dated 18 January 1686 for 2731; Peterson discusses 1572/(1687?). Therefore, neither a precise year nor Solomonic authorship is securely established. Name spellings, together with the number and page location, serve to identify the entries; difficult-to-read passages need to be compared again against the institutional original. Shared provenance and use are grouped here; there are no 72 copied descriptions of effects. Source review completed 2026-10-04: Ayscough’s actual catalogue scan, 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, describes no. 2731 with the English title visible on p008 and a five-part structure; no. 3847/Ptolemy/H.G./1572 is listed separately. The BL interim catalogue conflict remains documented, but following comparison with the original catalogue and image evidence it no longer prevents identification. Native JPEGs of the PDF image objects are embedded unchanged; no modern redrawings are used. The private microfilm digitisation chain cannot be documented in detail.
Source location: Sloane MS 2731; Record 040-002115103
The currently read institutional interim record gives 1572 and French. This conflicts with the English facsimile tradition and the later manuscript description. This record is treated as evidence of a conflict, not as evidence for the 72 seal figures in 1572. Cross-check dated 2026-10-04: Ayscough 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, lists the English-titled Lemegeton as no. 2731 and separately the Ptolemy/H.G. witness of 1572 as no. 3847. The interim metadata record is therefore retained as a conflicting current catalogue finding, not as the dating of the seal images.
Source location: Section British Library MS.Sloane 2731;32 folios, oblong folio
Descriptive manuscript note by an independent researcher, not an institutional catalogue: transcribes the writing start date in the margin as 18 January 1686. This is the basis for the cautious dating to the late 17th century; there is no independent palaeographic confirmation of the date.
Research edition with manuscript comparison: the Lemegeton in this form dates to the 17th century; 2731 has contradictory dating 1572/(1687?). Explains dependencies on prints after 1641, including 1671, and editorial interventions in later editions. Modern edition illustrations are not the graphic templates used.
Source location: Goetia, name entries 1–72; main exemplar Sloane 3825
Control source for names and sequence. The edition follows mainly Sloane 3825, not the Sloane 2731 depicted here; its folio numbers are therefore not carried over. The editor’s drawings and copyright statements belong to the modern edition, not the 17th century. No modern drawings have been used.
British Library: historische Handschrift Sloane MS 2731; Grimorium: privater Faksimile-Bildspiegel
Source location: PDF title image p. 5, seal spreads p009–p015 on PDF pp. 6/9/13/17/21/25/30; native JPEG image objects 47/58/70/82/94/106/120
Only original two-dimensional manuscript images were examined, not the modern transcription/translation or newly drawn gold symbols. The title incipit, five-part structure, landscape format, old Museo-Britannico stamps and named marginal signs agree with Ayscough 1782 and the descriptions prepared through direct examination of originals by Peterson/McLean. The editor explicitly designates these historical facsimile images as Public Domain; their own modern text edition is separately CC-BY 4.0. The exact microfilm capture/digitisation chain remains unsubstantiated at the private mirror; no new institutional digitisation is claimed.
British Museum, historischer Bestandskatalog von Samuel Ayscough; Digitalisat des Getty Research Institute via Internet Archive
Source location: Volume II, printed pp. 876–877, entries 2731 and 3847; IIIF scans 364/365
Contemporary inventory catalogue, published in 1782 with the Trustees’ permission. No. 2731 bears the English title of the five-part Little Key with spirit names and seals. No. 3847 is listed separately as Clavicula/Ptolemy/H.G./1572. Both original pages were read visually; the current incorrect French/1572 metadata record was not adopted as the image dating. Scan of the Getty collection, Call number 9922691770001551.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 876; IIIF image 364, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Visually confirmed original scan: No. 3847 is the Ptolemy witness copied in 1572; No. 2731 begins separately with the English Little-Key title incipit. Do not equate it with OCR folio index 363: the IIIF image index is offset by one.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 877; IIIF image 365, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Continuation of entry no. 2731: visible apparition and five parts; checked together with p. 876 and the title page of the manuscript facsimile. No evidence for French/1572 in this English Lemegeton.
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic English-language manuscript tradition · Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Marginal drawing beside the numbered name.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic
Region
English-language manuscript tradition
Date of the evidence
Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Private facsimile mirror; see the shared source criticism for manuscript attribution and dating. No evidence of Solomonic authorship. Source review completed 2026-10-04: identity confirmed against the actual historical holdings catalogue and by comparison of title and image witnesses; current BL interim metadata French/1572 remains documented as a conflicting finding. The individual seal area can be used as a low-resolution historical raster facsimile; it is not a newly invented sign or one taken from Mathers/Crowley.
Before designing
Compare the original marginal drawing; do not transfer a modern edition graphic. The unchanged native JPEG image object is available as an SVG crop; ink losses, stains and copying artefacts remain visible. No manufacturing approval or smoothed engraving outline.
Research draft. Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval.
Source location: Manuscript p.11, marginal sign at no.51 (Balam); Spreadp 013, right; mirror PDF p. 21, native JPEG object 94 0 R, pixel viewport [1173, 259, 108, 50]
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Anonyme englische Handschrift, British Library Sloane MS 2731; historische Originalabbildung im privaten Grimorium-Faksimile. Bestandskatalog-Abgleich: Samuel Ayscough 1782, Bd. II S. 876–877.
The seven image spreads were viewed in the browser; one specifically located marginal sign for each name entry. Only the pictured manuscript pages serve as graphic evidence, not translations or the host’s modern individual seal graphics. The attribution to Sloane 2731 remains a checked mirror reference with a metadata conflict: the BL interim catalogue gives 1572/French, although the text shown is English. MacLean transcribes a writing note dated 18 January 1686 for 2731; Peterson discusses 1572/(1687?). Therefore, neither a precise year nor Solomonic authorship is securely established. Name spellings, together with the number and page location, serve to identify the entries; difficult-to-read passages need to be compared again against the institutional original. Shared provenance and use are grouped here; there are no 72 copied descriptions of effects. Source review completed 2026-10-04: Ayscough’s actual catalogue scan, 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, describes no. 2731 with the English title visible on p008 and a five-part structure; no. 3847/Ptolemy/H.G./1572 is listed separately. The BL interim catalogue conflict remains documented, but following comparison with the original catalogue and image evidence it no longer prevents identification. Native JPEGs of the PDF image objects are embedded unchanged; no modern redrawings are used. The private microfilm digitisation chain cannot be documented in detail.
Source location: Sloane MS 2731; Record 040-002115103
The currently read institutional interim record gives 1572 and French. This conflicts with the English facsimile tradition and the later manuscript description. This record is treated as evidence of a conflict, not as evidence for the 72 seal figures in 1572. Cross-check dated 2026-10-04: Ayscough 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, lists the English-titled Lemegeton as no. 2731 and separately the Ptolemy/H.G. witness of 1572 as no. 3847. The interim metadata record is therefore retained as a conflicting current catalogue finding, not as the dating of the seal images.
Source location: Section British Library MS.Sloane 2731;32 folios, oblong folio
Descriptive manuscript note by an independent researcher, not an institutional catalogue: transcribes the writing start date in the margin as 18 January 1686. This is the basis for the cautious dating to the late 17th century; there is no independent palaeographic confirmation of the date.
Research edition with manuscript comparison: the Lemegeton in this form dates to the 17th century; 2731 has contradictory dating 1572/(1687?). Explains dependencies on prints after 1641, including 1671, and editorial interventions in later editions. Modern edition illustrations are not the graphic templates used.
Source location: Goetia, name entries 1–72; main exemplar Sloane 3825
Control source for names and sequence. The edition follows mainly Sloane 3825, not the Sloane 2731 depicted here; its folio numbers are therefore not carried over. The editor’s drawings and copyright statements belong to the modern edition, not the 17th century. No modern drawings have been used.
British Library: historische Handschrift Sloane MS 2731; Grimorium: privater Faksimile-Bildspiegel
Source location: PDF title image p. 5, seal spreads p009–p015 on PDF pp. 6/9/13/17/21/25/30; native JPEG image objects 47/58/70/82/94/106/120
Only original two-dimensional manuscript images were examined, not the modern transcription/translation or newly drawn gold symbols. The title incipit, five-part structure, landscape format, old Museo-Britannico stamps and named marginal signs agree with Ayscough 1782 and the descriptions prepared through direct examination of originals by Peterson/McLean. The editor explicitly designates these historical facsimile images as Public Domain; their own modern text edition is separately CC-BY 4.0. The exact microfilm capture/digitisation chain remains unsubstantiated at the private mirror; no new institutional digitisation is claimed.
British Museum, historischer Bestandskatalog von Samuel Ayscough; Digitalisat des Getty Research Institute via Internet Archive
Source location: Volume II, printed pp. 876–877, entries 2731 and 3847; IIIF scans 364/365
Contemporary inventory catalogue, published in 1782 with the Trustees’ permission. No. 2731 bears the English title of the five-part Little Key with spirit names and seals. No. 3847 is listed separately as Clavicula/Ptolemy/H.G./1572. Both original pages were read visually; the current incorrect French/1572 metadata record was not adopted as the image dating. Scan of the Getty collection, Call number 9922691770001551.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 876; IIIF image 364, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Visually confirmed original scan: No. 3847 is the Ptolemy witness copied in 1572; No. 2731 begins separately with the English Little-Key title incipit. Do not equate it with OCR folio index 363: the IIIF image index is offset by one.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 877; IIIF image 365, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Continuation of entry no. 2731: visible apparition and five parts; checked together with p. 876 and the title page of the manuscript facsimile. No evidence for French/1572 in this English Lemegeton.
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic English-language manuscript tradition · Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Marginal drawing beside the numbered name.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic
Region
English-language manuscript tradition
Date of the evidence
Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Private facsimile mirror; see the shared source criticism for manuscript attribution and dating. No evidence of Solomonic authorship. Source review completed 2026-10-04: identity confirmed against the actual historical holdings catalogue and by comparison of title and image witnesses; current BL interim metadata French/1572 remains documented as a conflicting finding. The individual seal area can be used as a low-resolution historical raster facsimile; it is not a newly invented sign or one taken from Mathers/Crowley.
Before designing
Compare the original marginal drawing; do not transfer a modern edition graphic. The unchanged native JPEG image object is available as an SVG crop; ink losses, stains and copying artefacts remain visible. No manufacturing approval or smoothed engraving outline.
Research draft. Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval.
Source location: Handwritten p.11, marginal sign by no.52 (Allocer); Spreadp 013, right; mirror PDF p. 21, native JPEG object 94 0 R, pixel viewport [1192, 312, 79, 55]
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Anonyme englische Handschrift, British Library Sloane MS 2731; historische Originalabbildung im privaten Grimorium-Faksimile. Bestandskatalog-Abgleich: Samuel Ayscough 1782, Bd. II S. 876–877.
The seven image spreads were viewed in the browser; one specifically located marginal sign for each name entry. Only the pictured manuscript pages serve as graphic evidence, not translations or the host’s modern individual seal graphics. The attribution to Sloane 2731 remains a checked mirror reference with a metadata conflict: the BL interim catalogue gives 1572/French, although the text shown is English. MacLean transcribes a writing note dated 18 January 1686 for 2731; Peterson discusses 1572/(1687?). Therefore, neither a precise year nor Solomonic authorship is securely established. Name spellings, together with the number and page location, serve to identify the entries; difficult-to-read passages need to be compared again against the institutional original. Shared provenance and use are grouped here; there are no 72 copied descriptions of effects. Source review completed 2026-10-04: Ayscough’s actual catalogue scan, 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, describes no. 2731 with the English title visible on p008 and a five-part structure; no. 3847/Ptolemy/H.G./1572 is listed separately. The BL interim catalogue conflict remains documented, but following comparison with the original catalogue and image evidence it no longer prevents identification. Native JPEGs of the PDF image objects are embedded unchanged; no modern redrawings are used. The private microfilm digitisation chain cannot be documented in detail.
Source location: Sloane MS 2731; Record 040-002115103
The currently read institutional interim record gives 1572 and French. This conflicts with the English facsimile tradition and the later manuscript description. This record is treated as evidence of a conflict, not as evidence for the 72 seal figures in 1572. Cross-check dated 2026-10-04: Ayscough 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, lists the English-titled Lemegeton as no. 2731 and separately the Ptolemy/H.G. witness of 1572 as no. 3847. The interim metadata record is therefore retained as a conflicting current catalogue finding, not as the dating of the seal images.
Source location: Section British Library MS.Sloane 2731;32 folios, oblong folio
Descriptive manuscript note by an independent researcher, not an institutional catalogue: transcribes the writing start date in the margin as 18 January 1686. This is the basis for the cautious dating to the late 17th century; there is no independent palaeographic confirmation of the date.
Research edition with manuscript comparison: the Lemegeton in this form dates to the 17th century; 2731 has contradictory dating 1572/(1687?). Explains dependencies on prints after 1641, including 1671, and editorial interventions in later editions. Modern edition illustrations are not the graphic templates used.
Source location: Goetia, name entries 1–72; main exemplar Sloane 3825
Control source for names and sequence. The edition follows mainly Sloane 3825, not the Sloane 2731 depicted here; its folio numbers are therefore not carried over. The editor’s drawings and copyright statements belong to the modern edition, not the 17th century. No modern drawings have been used.
British Library: historische Handschrift Sloane MS 2731; Grimorium: privater Faksimile-Bildspiegel
Source location: PDF title image p. 5, seal spreads p009–p015 on PDF pp. 6/9/13/17/21/25/30; native JPEG image objects 47/58/70/82/94/106/120
Only original two-dimensional manuscript images were examined, not the modern transcription/translation or newly drawn gold symbols. The title incipit, five-part structure, landscape format, old Museo-Britannico stamps and named marginal signs agree with Ayscough 1782 and the descriptions prepared through direct examination of originals by Peterson/McLean. The editor explicitly designates these historical facsimile images as Public Domain; their own modern text edition is separately CC-BY 4.0. The exact microfilm capture/digitisation chain remains unsubstantiated at the private mirror; no new institutional digitisation is claimed.
British Museum, historischer Bestandskatalog von Samuel Ayscough; Digitalisat des Getty Research Institute via Internet Archive
Source location: Volume II, printed pp. 876–877, entries 2731 and 3847; IIIF scans 364/365
Contemporary inventory catalogue, published in 1782 with the Trustees’ permission. No. 2731 bears the English title of the five-part Little Key with spirit names and seals. No. 3847 is listed separately as Clavicula/Ptolemy/H.G./1572. Both original pages were read visually; the current incorrect French/1572 metadata record was not adopted as the image dating. Scan of the Getty collection, Call number 9922691770001551.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 876; IIIF image 364, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Visually confirmed original scan: No. 3847 is the Ptolemy witness copied in 1572; No. 2731 begins separately with the English Little-Key title incipit. Do not equate it with OCR folio index 363: the IIIF image index is offset by one.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 877; IIIF image 365, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Continuation of entry no. 2731: visible apparition and five parts; checked together with p. 876 and the title page of the manuscript facsimile. No evidence for French/1572 in this English Lemegeton.
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic English-language manuscript tradition · Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Marginal drawing beside the numbered name.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic
Region
English-language manuscript tradition
Date of the evidence
Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Private facsimile mirror; see the shared source criticism for manuscript attribution and dating. No evidence of Solomonic authorship. Source review completed 2026-10-04: identity confirmed against the actual historical holdings catalogue and by comparison of title and image witnesses; current BL interim metadata French/1572 remains documented as a conflicting finding. The individual seal area can be used as a low-resolution historical raster facsimile; it is not a newly invented sign or one taken from Mathers/Crowley.
Before designing
Compare the original marginal drawing; do not transfer a modern edition graphic. The unchanged native JPEG image object is available as an SVG crop; ink losses, stains and copying artefacts remain visible. No manufacturing approval or smoothed engraving outline.
Research draft. Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval.
Source location: Manuscript p.11, marginal mark at no.53 (Caim); Spreadp 013, right; mirror PDF p. 21, native JPEG object 94 0 R, pixel viewport [1195, 393, 73, 53]
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Anonyme englische Handschrift, British Library Sloane MS 2731; historische Originalabbildung im privaten Grimorium-Faksimile. Bestandskatalog-Abgleich: Samuel Ayscough 1782, Bd. II S. 876–877.
The seven image spreads were viewed in the browser; one specifically located marginal sign for each name entry. Only the pictured manuscript pages serve as graphic evidence, not translations or the host’s modern individual seal graphics. The attribution to Sloane 2731 remains a checked mirror reference with a metadata conflict: the BL interim catalogue gives 1572/French, although the text shown is English. MacLean transcribes a writing note dated 18 January 1686 for 2731; Peterson discusses 1572/(1687?). Therefore, neither a precise year nor Solomonic authorship is securely established. Name spellings, together with the number and page location, serve to identify the entries; difficult-to-read passages need to be compared again against the institutional original. Shared provenance and use are grouped here; there are no 72 copied descriptions of effects. Source review completed 2026-10-04: Ayscough’s actual catalogue scan, 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, describes no. 2731 with the English title visible on p008 and a five-part structure; no. 3847/Ptolemy/H.G./1572 is listed separately. The BL interim catalogue conflict remains documented, but following comparison with the original catalogue and image evidence it no longer prevents identification. Native JPEGs of the PDF image objects are embedded unchanged; no modern redrawings are used. The private microfilm digitisation chain cannot be documented in detail.
Source location: Sloane MS 2731; Record 040-002115103
The currently read institutional interim record gives 1572 and French. This conflicts with the English facsimile tradition and the later manuscript description. This record is treated as evidence of a conflict, not as evidence for the 72 seal figures in 1572. Cross-check dated 2026-10-04: Ayscough 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, lists the English-titled Lemegeton as no. 2731 and separately the Ptolemy/H.G. witness of 1572 as no. 3847. The interim metadata record is therefore retained as a conflicting current catalogue finding, not as the dating of the seal images.
Source location: Section British Library MS.Sloane 2731;32 folios, oblong folio
Descriptive manuscript note by an independent researcher, not an institutional catalogue: transcribes the writing start date in the margin as 18 January 1686. This is the basis for the cautious dating to the late 17th century; there is no independent palaeographic confirmation of the date.
Research edition with manuscript comparison: the Lemegeton in this form dates to the 17th century; 2731 has contradictory dating 1572/(1687?). Explains dependencies on prints after 1641, including 1671, and editorial interventions in later editions. Modern edition illustrations are not the graphic templates used.
Source location: Goetia, name entries 1–72; main exemplar Sloane 3825
Control source for names and sequence. The edition follows mainly Sloane 3825, not the Sloane 2731 depicted here; its folio numbers are therefore not carried over. The editor’s drawings and copyright statements belong to the modern edition, not the 17th century. No modern drawings have been used.
British Library: historische Handschrift Sloane MS 2731; Grimorium: privater Faksimile-Bildspiegel
Source location: PDF title image p. 5, seal spreads p009–p015 on PDF pp. 6/9/13/17/21/25/30; native JPEG image objects 47/58/70/82/94/106/120
Only original two-dimensional manuscript images were examined, not the modern transcription/translation or newly drawn gold symbols. The title incipit, five-part structure, landscape format, old Museo-Britannico stamps and named marginal signs agree with Ayscough 1782 and the descriptions prepared through direct examination of originals by Peterson/McLean. The editor explicitly designates these historical facsimile images as Public Domain; their own modern text edition is separately CC-BY 4.0. The exact microfilm capture/digitisation chain remains unsubstantiated at the private mirror; no new institutional digitisation is claimed.
British Museum, historischer Bestandskatalog von Samuel Ayscough; Digitalisat des Getty Research Institute via Internet Archive
Source location: Volume II, printed pp. 876–877, entries 2731 and 3847; IIIF scans 364/365
Contemporary inventory catalogue, published in 1782 with the Trustees’ permission. No. 2731 bears the English title of the five-part Little Key with spirit names and seals. No. 3847 is listed separately as Clavicula/Ptolemy/H.G./1572. Both original pages were read visually; the current incorrect French/1572 metadata record was not adopted as the image dating. Scan of the Getty collection, Call number 9922691770001551.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 876; IIIF image 364, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Visually confirmed original scan: No. 3847 is the Ptolemy witness copied in 1572; No. 2731 begins separately with the English Little-Key title incipit. Do not equate it with OCR folio index 363: the IIIF image index is offset by one.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 877; IIIF image 365, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Continuation of entry no. 2731: visible apparition and five parts; checked together with p. 876 and the title page of the manuscript facsimile. No evidence for French/1572 in this English Lemegeton.
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic English-language manuscript tradition · Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Marginal drawing beside the numbered name.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic
Region
English-language manuscript tradition
Date of the evidence
Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Private facsimile mirror; see the shared source criticism for manuscript attribution and dating. No evidence of Solomonic authorship. Source review completed 2026-10-04: identity confirmed against the actual historical holdings catalogue and by comparison of title and image witnesses; current BL interim metadata French/1572 remains documented as a conflicting finding. The individual seal area can be used as a low-resolution historical raster facsimile; it is not a newly invented sign or one taken from Mathers/Crowley.
Before designing
Compare the original marginal drawing; do not transfer a modern edition graphic. The unchanged native JPEG image object is available as an SVG crop; ink losses, stains and copying artefacts remain visible. No manufacturing approval or smoothed engraving outline.
Research draft. Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval.
Source location: Manuscript p.12, marginal mark at No.54 (Murmur); Spreadp 014, left; mirror PDF p. 25, native JPEG object 106 0 R, pixel viewport [141, 95, 59, 43]
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Anonyme englische Handschrift, British Library Sloane MS 2731; historische Originalabbildung im privaten Grimorium-Faksimile. Bestandskatalog-Abgleich: Samuel Ayscough 1782, Bd. II S. 876–877.
The seven image spreads were viewed in the browser; one specifically located marginal sign for each name entry. Only the pictured manuscript pages serve as graphic evidence, not translations or the host’s modern individual seal graphics. The attribution to Sloane 2731 remains a checked mirror reference with a metadata conflict: the BL interim catalogue gives 1572/French, although the text shown is English. MacLean transcribes a writing note dated 18 January 1686 for 2731; Peterson discusses 1572/(1687?). Therefore, neither a precise year nor Solomonic authorship is securely established. Name spellings, together with the number and page location, serve to identify the entries; difficult-to-read passages need to be compared again against the institutional original. Shared provenance and use are grouped here; there are no 72 copied descriptions of effects. Source review completed 2026-10-04: Ayscough’s actual catalogue scan, 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, describes no. 2731 with the English title visible on p008 and a five-part structure; no. 3847/Ptolemy/H.G./1572 is listed separately. The BL interim catalogue conflict remains documented, but following comparison with the original catalogue and image evidence it no longer prevents identification. Native JPEGs of the PDF image objects are embedded unchanged; no modern redrawings are used. The private microfilm digitisation chain cannot be documented in detail.
Source location: Sloane MS 2731; Record 040-002115103
The currently read institutional interim record gives 1572 and French. This conflicts with the English facsimile tradition and the later manuscript description. This record is treated as evidence of a conflict, not as evidence for the 72 seal figures in 1572. Cross-check dated 2026-10-04: Ayscough 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, lists the English-titled Lemegeton as no. 2731 and separately the Ptolemy/H.G. witness of 1572 as no. 3847. The interim metadata record is therefore retained as a conflicting current catalogue finding, not as the dating of the seal images.
Source location: Section British Library MS.Sloane 2731;32 folios, oblong folio
Descriptive manuscript note by an independent researcher, not an institutional catalogue: transcribes the writing start date in the margin as 18 January 1686. This is the basis for the cautious dating to the late 17th century; there is no independent palaeographic confirmation of the date.
Research edition with manuscript comparison: the Lemegeton in this form dates to the 17th century; 2731 has contradictory dating 1572/(1687?). Explains dependencies on prints after 1641, including 1671, and editorial interventions in later editions. Modern edition illustrations are not the graphic templates used.
Source location: Goetia, name entries 1–72; main exemplar Sloane 3825
Control source for names and sequence. The edition follows mainly Sloane 3825, not the Sloane 2731 depicted here; its folio numbers are therefore not carried over. The editor’s drawings and copyright statements belong to the modern edition, not the 17th century. No modern drawings have been used.
British Library: historische Handschrift Sloane MS 2731; Grimorium: privater Faksimile-Bildspiegel
Source location: PDF title image p. 5, seal spreads p009–p015 on PDF pp. 6/9/13/17/21/25/30; native JPEG image objects 47/58/70/82/94/106/120
Only original two-dimensional manuscript images were examined, not the modern transcription/translation or newly drawn gold symbols. The title incipit, five-part structure, landscape format, old Museo-Britannico stamps and named marginal signs agree with Ayscough 1782 and the descriptions prepared through direct examination of originals by Peterson/McLean. The editor explicitly designates these historical facsimile images as Public Domain; their own modern text edition is separately CC-BY 4.0. The exact microfilm capture/digitisation chain remains unsubstantiated at the private mirror; no new institutional digitisation is claimed.
British Museum, historischer Bestandskatalog von Samuel Ayscough; Digitalisat des Getty Research Institute via Internet Archive
Source location: Volume II, printed pp. 876–877, entries 2731 and 3847; IIIF scans 364/365
Contemporary inventory catalogue, published in 1782 with the Trustees’ permission. No. 2731 bears the English title of the five-part Little Key with spirit names and seals. No. 3847 is listed separately as Clavicula/Ptolemy/H.G./1572. Both original pages were read visually; the current incorrect French/1572 metadata record was not adopted as the image dating. Scan of the Getty collection, Call number 9922691770001551.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 876; IIIF image 364, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Visually confirmed original scan: No. 3847 is the Ptolemy witness copied in 1572; No. 2731 begins separately with the English Little-Key title incipit. Do not equate it with OCR folio index 363: the IIIF image index is offset by one.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 877; IIIF image 365, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Continuation of entry no. 2731: visible apparition and five parts; checked together with p. 876 and the title page of the manuscript facsimile. No evidence for French/1572 in this English Lemegeton.
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic English-language manuscript tradition · Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Marginal drawing beside the numbered name.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic
Region
English-language manuscript tradition
Date of the evidence
Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Private facsimile mirror; see the shared source criticism for manuscript attribution and dating. No evidence of Solomonic authorship. Source review completed 2026-10-04: identity confirmed against the actual historical holdings catalogue and by comparison of title and image witnesses; current BL interim metadata French/1572 remains documented as a conflicting finding. The individual seal area can be used as a low-resolution historical raster facsimile; it is not a newly invented sign or one taken from Mathers/Crowley.
Before designing
Compare the original marginal drawing; do not transfer a modern edition graphic. The unchanged native JPEG image object is available as an SVG crop; ink losses, stains and copying artefacts remain visible. No manufacturing approval or smoothed engraving outline.
Research draft. Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval.
Source location: Manuscript p.12, marginal mark at no.55 (Orobas); Spreadp 014, left; mirror PDF p. 25, native JPEG object 106 0 R, pixel viewport [119, 169, 88, 52]
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Anonyme englische Handschrift, British Library Sloane MS 2731; historische Originalabbildung im privaten Grimorium-Faksimile. Bestandskatalog-Abgleich: Samuel Ayscough 1782, Bd. II S. 876–877.
The seven image spreads were viewed in the browser; one specifically located marginal sign for each name entry. Only the pictured manuscript pages serve as graphic evidence, not translations or the host’s modern individual seal graphics. The attribution to Sloane 2731 remains a checked mirror reference with a metadata conflict: the BL interim catalogue gives 1572/French, although the text shown is English. MacLean transcribes a writing note dated 18 January 1686 for 2731; Peterson discusses 1572/(1687?). Therefore, neither a precise year nor Solomonic authorship is securely established. Name spellings, together with the number and page location, serve to identify the entries; difficult-to-read passages need to be compared again against the institutional original. Shared provenance and use are grouped here; there are no 72 copied descriptions of effects. Source review completed 2026-10-04: Ayscough’s actual catalogue scan, 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, describes no. 2731 with the English title visible on p008 and a five-part structure; no. 3847/Ptolemy/H.G./1572 is listed separately. The BL interim catalogue conflict remains documented, but following comparison with the original catalogue and image evidence it no longer prevents identification. Native JPEGs of the PDF image objects are embedded unchanged; no modern redrawings are used. The private microfilm digitisation chain cannot be documented in detail.
Source location: Sloane MS 2731; Record 040-002115103
The currently read institutional interim record gives 1572 and French. This conflicts with the English facsimile tradition and the later manuscript description. This record is treated as evidence of a conflict, not as evidence for the 72 seal figures in 1572. Cross-check dated 2026-10-04: Ayscough 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, lists the English-titled Lemegeton as no. 2731 and separately the Ptolemy/H.G. witness of 1572 as no. 3847. The interim metadata record is therefore retained as a conflicting current catalogue finding, not as the dating of the seal images.
Source location: Section British Library MS.Sloane 2731;32 folios, oblong folio
Descriptive manuscript note by an independent researcher, not an institutional catalogue: transcribes the writing start date in the margin as 18 January 1686. This is the basis for the cautious dating to the late 17th century; there is no independent palaeographic confirmation of the date.
Research edition with manuscript comparison: the Lemegeton in this form dates to the 17th century; 2731 has contradictory dating 1572/(1687?). Explains dependencies on prints after 1641, including 1671, and editorial interventions in later editions. Modern edition illustrations are not the graphic templates used.
Source location: Goetia, name entries 1–72; main exemplar Sloane 3825
Control source for names and sequence. The edition follows mainly Sloane 3825, not the Sloane 2731 depicted here; its folio numbers are therefore not carried over. The editor’s drawings and copyright statements belong to the modern edition, not the 17th century. No modern drawings have been used.
British Library: historische Handschrift Sloane MS 2731; Grimorium: privater Faksimile-Bildspiegel
Source location: PDF title image p. 5, seal spreads p009–p015 on PDF pp. 6/9/13/17/21/25/30; native JPEG image objects 47/58/70/82/94/106/120
Only original two-dimensional manuscript images were examined, not the modern transcription/translation or newly drawn gold symbols. The title incipit, five-part structure, landscape format, old Museo-Britannico stamps and named marginal signs agree with Ayscough 1782 and the descriptions prepared through direct examination of originals by Peterson/McLean. The editor explicitly designates these historical facsimile images as Public Domain; their own modern text edition is separately CC-BY 4.0. The exact microfilm capture/digitisation chain remains unsubstantiated at the private mirror; no new institutional digitisation is claimed.
British Museum, historischer Bestandskatalog von Samuel Ayscough; Digitalisat des Getty Research Institute via Internet Archive
Source location: Volume II, printed pp. 876–877, entries 2731 and 3847; IIIF scans 364/365
Contemporary inventory catalogue, published in 1782 with the Trustees’ permission. No. 2731 bears the English title of the five-part Little Key with spirit names and seals. No. 3847 is listed separately as Clavicula/Ptolemy/H.G./1572. Both original pages were read visually; the current incorrect French/1572 metadata record was not adopted as the image dating. Scan of the Getty collection, Call number 9922691770001551.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 876; IIIF image 364, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Visually confirmed original scan: No. 3847 is the Ptolemy witness copied in 1572; No. 2731 begins separately with the English Little-Key title incipit. Do not equate it with OCR folio index 363: the IIIF image index is offset by one.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 877; IIIF image 365, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Continuation of entry no. 2731: visible apparition and five parts; checked together with p. 876 and the title page of the manuscript facsimile. No evidence for French/1572 in this English Lemegeton.
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic English-language manuscript tradition · Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Marginal drawing beside the numbered name.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic
Region
English-language manuscript tradition
Date of the evidence
Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Private facsimile mirror; see the shared source criticism for manuscript attribution and dating. No evidence of Solomonic authorship. Source review completed 2026-10-04: identity confirmed against the actual historical holdings catalogue and by comparison of title and image witnesses; current BL interim metadata French/1572 remains documented as a conflicting finding. The individual seal area can be used as a low-resolution historical raster facsimile; it is not a newly invented sign or one taken from Mathers/Crowley.
Before designing
Compare the original marginal drawing; do not transfer a modern edition graphic. The unchanged native JPEG image object is available as an SVG crop; ink losses, stains and copying artefacts remain visible. No manufacturing approval or smoothed engraving outline.
Research draft. Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval.
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Anonyme englische Handschrift, British Library Sloane MS 2731; historische Originalabbildung im privaten Grimorium-Faksimile. Bestandskatalog-Abgleich: Samuel Ayscough 1782, Bd. II S. 876–877.
The seven image spreads were viewed in the browser; one specifically located marginal sign for each name entry. Only the pictured manuscript pages serve as graphic evidence, not translations or the host’s modern individual seal graphics. The attribution to Sloane 2731 remains a checked mirror reference with a metadata conflict: the BL interim catalogue gives 1572/French, although the text shown is English. MacLean transcribes a writing note dated 18 January 1686 for 2731; Peterson discusses 1572/(1687?). Therefore, neither a precise year nor Solomonic authorship is securely established. Name spellings, together with the number and page location, serve to identify the entries; difficult-to-read passages need to be compared again against the institutional original. Shared provenance and use are grouped here; there are no 72 copied descriptions of effects. Source review completed 2026-10-04: Ayscough’s actual catalogue scan, 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, describes no. 2731 with the English title visible on p008 and a five-part structure; no. 3847/Ptolemy/H.G./1572 is listed separately. The BL interim catalogue conflict remains documented, but following comparison with the original catalogue and image evidence it no longer prevents identification. Native JPEGs of the PDF image objects are embedded unchanged; no modern redrawings are used. The private microfilm digitisation chain cannot be documented in detail.
Source location: Sloane MS 2731; Record 040-002115103
The currently read institutional interim record gives 1572 and French. This conflicts with the English facsimile tradition and the later manuscript description. This record is treated as evidence of a conflict, not as evidence for the 72 seal figures in 1572. Cross-check dated 2026-10-04: Ayscough 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, lists the English-titled Lemegeton as no. 2731 and separately the Ptolemy/H.G. witness of 1572 as no. 3847. The interim metadata record is therefore retained as a conflicting current catalogue finding, not as the dating of the seal images.
Source location: Section British Library MS.Sloane 2731;32 folios, oblong folio
Descriptive manuscript note by an independent researcher, not an institutional catalogue: transcribes the writing start date in the margin as 18 January 1686. This is the basis for the cautious dating to the late 17th century; there is no independent palaeographic confirmation of the date.
Research edition with manuscript comparison: the Lemegeton in this form dates to the 17th century; 2731 has contradictory dating 1572/(1687?). Explains dependencies on prints after 1641, including 1671, and editorial interventions in later editions. Modern edition illustrations are not the graphic templates used.
Source location: Goetia, name entries 1–72; main exemplar Sloane 3825
Control source for names and sequence. The edition follows mainly Sloane 3825, not the Sloane 2731 depicted here; its folio numbers are therefore not carried over. The editor’s drawings and copyright statements belong to the modern edition, not the 17th century. No modern drawings have been used.
British Library: historische Handschrift Sloane MS 2731; Grimorium: privater Faksimile-Bildspiegel
Source location: PDF title image p. 5, seal spreads p009–p015 on PDF pp. 6/9/13/17/21/25/30; native JPEG image objects 47/58/70/82/94/106/120
Only original two-dimensional manuscript images were examined, not the modern transcription/translation or newly drawn gold symbols. The title incipit, five-part structure, landscape format, old Museo-Britannico stamps and named marginal signs agree with Ayscough 1782 and the descriptions prepared through direct examination of originals by Peterson/McLean. The editor explicitly designates these historical facsimile images as Public Domain; their own modern text edition is separately CC-BY 4.0. The exact microfilm capture/digitisation chain remains unsubstantiated at the private mirror; no new institutional digitisation is claimed.
British Museum, historischer Bestandskatalog von Samuel Ayscough; Digitalisat des Getty Research Institute via Internet Archive
Source location: Volume II, printed pp. 876–877, entries 2731 and 3847; IIIF scans 364/365
Contemporary inventory catalogue, published in 1782 with the Trustees’ permission. No. 2731 bears the English title of the five-part Little Key with spirit names and seals. No. 3847 is listed separately as Clavicula/Ptolemy/H.G./1572. Both original pages were read visually; the current incorrect French/1572 metadata record was not adopted as the image dating. Scan of the Getty collection, Call number 9922691770001551.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 876; IIIF image 364, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Visually confirmed original scan: No. 3847 is the Ptolemy witness copied in 1572; No. 2731 begins separately with the English Little-Key title incipit. Do not equate it with OCR folio index 363: the IIIF image index is offset by one.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 877; IIIF image 365, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Continuation of entry no. 2731: visible apparition and five parts; checked together with p. 876 and the title page of the manuscript facsimile. No evidence for French/1572 in this English Lemegeton.
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic English-language manuscript tradition · Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Marginal drawing beside the numbered name.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic
Region
English-language manuscript tradition
Date of the evidence
Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Private facsimile mirror; see the shared source criticism for manuscript attribution and dating. No evidence of Solomonic authorship. Source review completed 2026-10-04: identity confirmed against the actual historical holdings catalogue and by comparison of title and image witnesses; current BL interim metadata French/1572 remains documented as a conflicting finding. The individual seal area can be used as a low-resolution historical raster facsimile; it is not a newly invented sign or one taken from Mathers/Crowley.
Before designing
Compare the original marginal drawing; do not transfer a modern edition graphic. The unchanged native JPEG image object is available as an SVG crop; ink losses, stains and copying artefacts remain visible. No manufacturing approval or smoothed engraving outline.
Research draft. Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval.
Source location: Handwritten p.12, marginal sign at no.57 (Ose); Spreadp 014, left; mirror PDF p. 25, native JPEG object 106 0 R, pixel viewport [141, 288, 71, 64]
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Anonyme englische Handschrift, British Library Sloane MS 2731; historische Originalabbildung im privaten Grimorium-Faksimile. Bestandskatalog-Abgleich: Samuel Ayscough 1782, Bd. II S. 876–877.
The seven image spreads were viewed in the browser; one specifically located marginal sign for each name entry. Only the pictured manuscript pages serve as graphic evidence, not translations or the host’s modern individual seal graphics. The attribution to Sloane 2731 remains a checked mirror reference with a metadata conflict: the BL interim catalogue gives 1572/French, although the text shown is English. MacLean transcribes a writing note dated 18 January 1686 for 2731; Peterson discusses 1572/(1687?). Therefore, neither a precise year nor Solomonic authorship is securely established. Name spellings, together with the number and page location, serve to identify the entries; difficult-to-read passages need to be compared again against the institutional original. Shared provenance and use are grouped here; there are no 72 copied descriptions of effects. Source review completed 2026-10-04: Ayscough’s actual catalogue scan, 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, describes no. 2731 with the English title visible on p008 and a five-part structure; no. 3847/Ptolemy/H.G./1572 is listed separately. The BL interim catalogue conflict remains documented, but following comparison with the original catalogue and image evidence it no longer prevents identification. Native JPEGs of the PDF image objects are embedded unchanged; no modern redrawings are used. The private microfilm digitisation chain cannot be documented in detail.
Source location: Sloane MS 2731; Record 040-002115103
The currently read institutional interim record gives 1572 and French. This conflicts with the English facsimile tradition and the later manuscript description. This record is treated as evidence of a conflict, not as evidence for the 72 seal figures in 1572. Cross-check dated 2026-10-04: Ayscough 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, lists the English-titled Lemegeton as no. 2731 and separately the Ptolemy/H.G. witness of 1572 as no. 3847. The interim metadata record is therefore retained as a conflicting current catalogue finding, not as the dating of the seal images.
Source location: Section British Library MS.Sloane 2731;32 folios, oblong folio
Descriptive manuscript note by an independent researcher, not an institutional catalogue: transcribes the writing start date in the margin as 18 January 1686. This is the basis for the cautious dating to the late 17th century; there is no independent palaeographic confirmation of the date.
Research edition with manuscript comparison: the Lemegeton in this form dates to the 17th century; 2731 has contradictory dating 1572/(1687?). Explains dependencies on prints after 1641, including 1671, and editorial interventions in later editions. Modern edition illustrations are not the graphic templates used.
Source location: Goetia, name entries 1–72; main exemplar Sloane 3825
Control source for names and sequence. The edition follows mainly Sloane 3825, not the Sloane 2731 depicted here; its folio numbers are therefore not carried over. The editor’s drawings and copyright statements belong to the modern edition, not the 17th century. No modern drawings have been used.
British Library: historische Handschrift Sloane MS 2731; Grimorium: privater Faksimile-Bildspiegel
Source location: PDF title image p. 5, seal spreads p009–p015 on PDF pp. 6/9/13/17/21/25/30; native JPEG image objects 47/58/70/82/94/106/120
Only original two-dimensional manuscript images were examined, not the modern transcription/translation or newly drawn gold symbols. The title incipit, five-part structure, landscape format, old Museo-Britannico stamps and named marginal signs agree with Ayscough 1782 and the descriptions prepared through direct examination of originals by Peterson/McLean. The editor explicitly designates these historical facsimile images as Public Domain; their own modern text edition is separately CC-BY 4.0. The exact microfilm capture/digitisation chain remains unsubstantiated at the private mirror; no new institutional digitisation is claimed.
British Museum, historischer Bestandskatalog von Samuel Ayscough; Digitalisat des Getty Research Institute via Internet Archive
Source location: Volume II, printed pp. 876–877, entries 2731 and 3847; IIIF scans 364/365
Contemporary inventory catalogue, published in 1782 with the Trustees’ permission. No. 2731 bears the English title of the five-part Little Key with spirit names and seals. No. 3847 is listed separately as Clavicula/Ptolemy/H.G./1572. Both original pages were read visually; the current incorrect French/1572 metadata record was not adopted as the image dating. Scan of the Getty collection, Call number 9922691770001551.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 876; IIIF image 364, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Visually confirmed original scan: No. 3847 is the Ptolemy witness copied in 1572; No. 2731 begins separately with the English Little-Key title incipit. Do not equate it with OCR folio index 363: the IIIF image index is offset by one.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 877; IIIF image 365, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Continuation of entry no. 2731: visible apparition and five parts; checked together with p. 876 and the title page of the manuscript facsimile. No evidence for French/1572 in this English Lemegeton.
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic English-language manuscript tradition · Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Marginal drawing beside the numbered name.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic
Region
English-language manuscript tradition
Date of the evidence
Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Private facsimile mirror; see the shared source criticism for manuscript attribution and dating. No evidence of Solomonic authorship. Source review completed 2026-10-04: identity confirmed against the actual historical holdings catalogue and by comparison of title and image witnesses; current BL interim metadata French/1572 remains documented as a conflicting finding. The individual seal area can be used as a low-resolution historical raster facsimile; it is not a newly invented sign or one taken from Mathers/Crowley.
Before designing
Compare the original marginal drawing; do not transfer a modern edition graphic. The unchanged native JPEG image object is available as an SVG crop; ink losses, stains and copying artefacts remain visible. No manufacturing approval or smoothed engraving outline.
Research draft. Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval.
Source location: Handwritten p.12, marginal sign at no.58 (Amy); Spreadp 014, left; mirror PDF p. 25, native JPEG object 106 0 R, pixel viewport [132, 360, 64, 43]
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Anonyme englische Handschrift, British Library Sloane MS 2731; historische Originalabbildung im privaten Grimorium-Faksimile. Bestandskatalog-Abgleich: Samuel Ayscough 1782, Bd. II S. 876–877.
The seven image spreads were viewed in the browser; one specifically located marginal sign for each name entry. Only the pictured manuscript pages serve as graphic evidence, not translations or the host’s modern individual seal graphics. The attribution to Sloane 2731 remains a checked mirror reference with a metadata conflict: the BL interim catalogue gives 1572/French, although the text shown is English. MacLean transcribes a writing note dated 18 January 1686 for 2731; Peterson discusses 1572/(1687?). Therefore, neither a precise year nor Solomonic authorship is securely established. Name spellings, together with the number and page location, serve to identify the entries; difficult-to-read passages need to be compared again against the institutional original. Shared provenance and use are grouped here; there are no 72 copied descriptions of effects. Source review completed 2026-10-04: Ayscough’s actual catalogue scan, 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, describes no. 2731 with the English title visible on p008 and a five-part structure; no. 3847/Ptolemy/H.G./1572 is listed separately. The BL interim catalogue conflict remains documented, but following comparison with the original catalogue and image evidence it no longer prevents identification. Native JPEGs of the PDF image objects are embedded unchanged; no modern redrawings are used. The private microfilm digitisation chain cannot be documented in detail.
Source location: Sloane MS 2731; Record 040-002115103
The currently read institutional interim record gives 1572 and French. This conflicts with the English facsimile tradition and the later manuscript description. This record is treated as evidence of a conflict, not as evidence for the 72 seal figures in 1572. Cross-check dated 2026-10-04: Ayscough 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, lists the English-titled Lemegeton as no. 2731 and separately the Ptolemy/H.G. witness of 1572 as no. 3847. The interim metadata record is therefore retained as a conflicting current catalogue finding, not as the dating of the seal images.
Source location: Section British Library MS.Sloane 2731;32 folios, oblong folio
Descriptive manuscript note by an independent researcher, not an institutional catalogue: transcribes the writing start date in the margin as 18 January 1686. This is the basis for the cautious dating to the late 17th century; there is no independent palaeographic confirmation of the date.
Research edition with manuscript comparison: the Lemegeton in this form dates to the 17th century; 2731 has contradictory dating 1572/(1687?). Explains dependencies on prints after 1641, including 1671, and editorial interventions in later editions. Modern edition illustrations are not the graphic templates used.
Source location: Goetia, name entries 1–72; main exemplar Sloane 3825
Control source for names and sequence. The edition follows mainly Sloane 3825, not the Sloane 2731 depicted here; its folio numbers are therefore not carried over. The editor’s drawings and copyright statements belong to the modern edition, not the 17th century. No modern drawings have been used.
British Library: historische Handschrift Sloane MS 2731; Grimorium: privater Faksimile-Bildspiegel
Source location: PDF title image p. 5, seal spreads p009–p015 on PDF pp. 6/9/13/17/21/25/30; native JPEG image objects 47/58/70/82/94/106/120
Only original two-dimensional manuscript images were examined, not the modern transcription/translation or newly drawn gold symbols. The title incipit, five-part structure, landscape format, old Museo-Britannico stamps and named marginal signs agree with Ayscough 1782 and the descriptions prepared through direct examination of originals by Peterson/McLean. The editor explicitly designates these historical facsimile images as Public Domain; their own modern text edition is separately CC-BY 4.0. The exact microfilm capture/digitisation chain remains unsubstantiated at the private mirror; no new institutional digitisation is claimed.
British Museum, historischer Bestandskatalog von Samuel Ayscough; Digitalisat des Getty Research Institute via Internet Archive
Source location: Volume II, printed pp. 876–877, entries 2731 and 3847; IIIF scans 364/365
Contemporary inventory catalogue, published in 1782 with the Trustees’ permission. No. 2731 bears the English title of the five-part Little Key with spirit names and seals. No. 3847 is listed separately as Clavicula/Ptolemy/H.G./1572. Both original pages were read visually; the current incorrect French/1572 metadata record was not adopted as the image dating. Scan of the Getty collection, Call number 9922691770001551.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 876; IIIF image 364, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Visually confirmed original scan: No. 3847 is the Ptolemy witness copied in 1572; No. 2731 begins separately with the English Little-Key title incipit. Do not equate it with OCR folio index 363: the IIIF image index is offset by one.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 877; IIIF image 365, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Continuation of entry no. 2731: visible apparition and five parts; checked together with p. 876 and the title page of the manuscript facsimile. No evidence for French/1572 in this English Lemegeton.
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic English-language manuscript tradition · Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Marginal drawing beside the numbered name.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic
Region
English-language manuscript tradition
Date of the evidence
Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Private facsimile mirror; see the shared source criticism for manuscript attribution and dating. No evidence of Solomonic authorship. Source review completed 2026-10-04: identity confirmed against the actual historical holdings catalogue and by comparison of title and image witnesses; current BL interim metadata French/1572 remains documented as a conflicting finding. The individual seal area can be used as a low-resolution historical raster facsimile; it is not a newly invented sign or one taken from Mathers/Crowley.
Before designing
Compare the original marginal drawing; do not transfer a modern edition graphic. The unchanged native JPEG image object is available as an SVG crop; ink losses, stains and copying artefacts remain visible. No manufacturing approval or smoothed engraving outline.
Research draft. Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval.
Source location: Handwritten p. 12, marginal sign by no. 59 (Orias); Spreadp 014, left; mirror PDF p. 25, native JPEG object 106 0 R, pixel viewport [134, 402, 61, 57]
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Anonyme englische Handschrift, British Library Sloane MS 2731; historische Originalabbildung im privaten Grimorium-Faksimile. Bestandskatalog-Abgleich: Samuel Ayscough 1782, Bd. II S. 876–877.
The seven image spreads were viewed in the browser; one specifically located marginal sign for each name entry. Only the pictured manuscript pages serve as graphic evidence, not translations or the host’s modern individual seal graphics. The attribution to Sloane 2731 remains a checked mirror reference with a metadata conflict: the BL interim catalogue gives 1572/French, although the text shown is English. MacLean transcribes a writing note dated 18 January 1686 for 2731; Peterson discusses 1572/(1687?). Therefore, neither a precise year nor Solomonic authorship is securely established. Name spellings, together with the number and page location, serve to identify the entries; difficult-to-read passages need to be compared again against the institutional original. Shared provenance and use are grouped here; there are no 72 copied descriptions of effects. Source review completed 2026-10-04: Ayscough’s actual catalogue scan, 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, describes no. 2731 with the English title visible on p008 and a five-part structure; no. 3847/Ptolemy/H.G./1572 is listed separately. The BL interim catalogue conflict remains documented, but following comparison with the original catalogue and image evidence it no longer prevents identification. Native JPEGs of the PDF image objects are embedded unchanged; no modern redrawings are used. The private microfilm digitisation chain cannot be documented in detail.
Source location: Sloane MS 2731; Record 040-002115103
The currently read institutional interim record gives 1572 and French. This conflicts with the English facsimile tradition and the later manuscript description. This record is treated as evidence of a conflict, not as evidence for the 72 seal figures in 1572. Cross-check dated 2026-10-04: Ayscough 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, lists the English-titled Lemegeton as no. 2731 and separately the Ptolemy/H.G. witness of 1572 as no. 3847. The interim metadata record is therefore retained as a conflicting current catalogue finding, not as the dating of the seal images.
Source location: Section British Library MS.Sloane 2731;32 folios, oblong folio
Descriptive manuscript note by an independent researcher, not an institutional catalogue: transcribes the writing start date in the margin as 18 January 1686. This is the basis for the cautious dating to the late 17th century; there is no independent palaeographic confirmation of the date.
Research edition with manuscript comparison: the Lemegeton in this form dates to the 17th century; 2731 has contradictory dating 1572/(1687?). Explains dependencies on prints after 1641, including 1671, and editorial interventions in later editions. Modern edition illustrations are not the graphic templates used.
Source location: Goetia, name entries 1–72; main exemplar Sloane 3825
Control source for names and sequence. The edition follows mainly Sloane 3825, not the Sloane 2731 depicted here; its folio numbers are therefore not carried over. The editor’s drawings and copyright statements belong to the modern edition, not the 17th century. No modern drawings have been used.
British Library: historische Handschrift Sloane MS 2731; Grimorium: privater Faksimile-Bildspiegel
Source location: PDF title image p. 5, seal spreads p009–p015 on PDF pp. 6/9/13/17/21/25/30; native JPEG image objects 47/58/70/82/94/106/120
Only original two-dimensional manuscript images were examined, not the modern transcription/translation or newly drawn gold symbols. The title incipit, five-part structure, landscape format, old Museo-Britannico stamps and named marginal signs agree with Ayscough 1782 and the descriptions prepared through direct examination of originals by Peterson/McLean. The editor explicitly designates these historical facsimile images as Public Domain; their own modern text edition is separately CC-BY 4.0. The exact microfilm capture/digitisation chain remains unsubstantiated at the private mirror; no new institutional digitisation is claimed.
British Museum, historischer Bestandskatalog von Samuel Ayscough; Digitalisat des Getty Research Institute via Internet Archive
Source location: Volume II, printed pp. 876–877, entries 2731 and 3847; IIIF scans 364/365
Contemporary inventory catalogue, published in 1782 with the Trustees’ permission. No. 2731 bears the English title of the five-part Little Key with spirit names and seals. No. 3847 is listed separately as Clavicula/Ptolemy/H.G./1572. Both original pages were read visually; the current incorrect French/1572 metadata record was not adopted as the image dating. Scan of the Getty collection, Call number 9922691770001551.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 876; IIIF image 364, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Visually confirmed original scan: No. 3847 is the Ptolemy witness copied in 1572; No. 2731 begins separately with the English Little-Key title incipit. Do not equate it with OCR folio index 363: the IIIF image index is offset by one.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 877; IIIF image 365, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Continuation of entry no. 2731: visible apparition and five parts; checked together with p. 876 and the title page of the manuscript facsimile. No evidence for French/1572 in this English Lemegeton.
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic English-language manuscript tradition · Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Marginal drawing beside the numbered name.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic
Region
English-language manuscript tradition
Date of the evidence
Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Private facsimile mirror; see the shared source criticism for manuscript attribution and dating. No evidence of Solomonic authorship. Source review completed 2026-10-04: identity confirmed against the actual historical holdings catalogue and by comparison of title and image witnesses; current BL interim metadata French/1572 remains documented as a conflicting finding. The individual seal area can be used as a low-resolution historical raster facsimile; it is not a newly invented sign or one taken from Mathers/Crowley.
Before designing
Compare the original marginal drawing; do not transfer a modern edition graphic. The unchanged native JPEG image object is available as an SVG crop; ink losses, stains and copying artefacts remain visible. No manufacturing approval or smoothed engraving outline.
Research draft. Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval.
Source location: Manuscript p. 3, marginal sign by No. 5 (Marbas); spread p 009, right; mirrored PDF p. 6, native JPEG object 47 0 R, pixel viewport [1225, 81, 37, 37]
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Anonyme englische Handschrift, British Library Sloane MS 2731; historische Originalabbildung im privaten Grimorium-Faksimile. Bestandskatalog-Abgleich: Samuel Ayscough 1782, Bd. II S. 876–877.
The seven image spreads were viewed in the browser; one specifically located marginal sign for each name entry. Only the pictured manuscript pages serve as graphic evidence, not translations or the host’s modern individual seal graphics. The attribution to Sloane 2731 remains a checked mirror reference with a metadata conflict: the BL interim catalogue gives 1572/French, although the text shown is English. MacLean transcribes a writing note dated 18 January 1686 for 2731; Peterson discusses 1572/(1687?). Therefore, neither a precise year nor Solomonic authorship is securely established. Name spellings, together with the number and page location, serve to identify the entries; difficult-to-read passages need to be compared again against the institutional original. Shared provenance and use are grouped here; there are no 72 copied descriptions of effects. Source review completed 2026-10-04: Ayscough’s actual catalogue scan, 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, describes no. 2731 with the English title visible on p008 and a five-part structure; no. 3847/Ptolemy/H.G./1572 is listed separately. The BL interim catalogue conflict remains documented, but following comparison with the original catalogue and image evidence it no longer prevents identification. Native JPEGs of the PDF image objects are embedded unchanged; no modern redrawings are used. The private microfilm digitisation chain cannot be documented in detail.
Source location: Sloane MS 2731; Record 040-002115103
The currently read institutional interim record gives 1572 and French. This conflicts with the English facsimile tradition and the later manuscript description. This record is treated as evidence of a conflict, not as evidence for the 72 seal figures in 1572. Cross-check dated 2026-10-04: Ayscough 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, lists the English-titled Lemegeton as no. 2731 and separately the Ptolemy/H.G. witness of 1572 as no. 3847. The interim metadata record is therefore retained as a conflicting current catalogue finding, not as the dating of the seal images.
Source location: Section British Library MS.Sloane 2731;32 folios, oblong folio
Descriptive manuscript note by an independent researcher, not an institutional catalogue: transcribes the writing start date in the margin as 18 January 1686. This is the basis for the cautious dating to the late 17th century; there is no independent palaeographic confirmation of the date.
Research edition with manuscript comparison: the Lemegeton in this form dates to the 17th century; 2731 has contradictory dating 1572/(1687?). Explains dependencies on prints after 1641, including 1671, and editorial interventions in later editions. Modern edition illustrations are not the graphic templates used.
Source location: Goetia, name entries 1–72; main exemplar Sloane 3825
Control source for names and sequence. The edition follows mainly Sloane 3825, not the Sloane 2731 depicted here; its folio numbers are therefore not carried over. The editor’s drawings and copyright statements belong to the modern edition, not the 17th century. No modern drawings have been used.
British Library: historische Handschrift Sloane MS 2731; Grimorium: privater Faksimile-Bildspiegel
Source location: PDF title image p. 5, seal spreads p009–p015 on PDF pp. 6/9/13/17/21/25/30; native JPEG image objects 47/58/70/82/94/106/120
Only original two-dimensional manuscript images were examined, not the modern transcription/translation or newly drawn gold symbols. The title incipit, five-part structure, landscape format, old Museo-Britannico stamps and named marginal signs agree with Ayscough 1782 and the descriptions prepared through direct examination of originals by Peterson/McLean. The editor explicitly designates these historical facsimile images as Public Domain; their own modern text edition is separately CC-BY 4.0. The exact microfilm capture/digitisation chain remains unsubstantiated at the private mirror; no new institutional digitisation is claimed.
British Museum, historischer Bestandskatalog von Samuel Ayscough; Digitalisat des Getty Research Institute via Internet Archive
Source location: Volume II, printed pp. 876–877, entries 2731 and 3847; IIIF scans 364/365
Contemporary inventory catalogue, published in 1782 with the Trustees’ permission. No. 2731 bears the English title of the five-part Little Key with spirit names and seals. No. 3847 is listed separately as Clavicula/Ptolemy/H.G./1572. Both original pages were read visually; the current incorrect French/1572 metadata record was not adopted as the image dating. Scan of the Getty collection, Call number 9922691770001551.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 876; IIIF image 364, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Visually confirmed original scan: No. 3847 is the Ptolemy witness copied in 1572; No. 2731 begins separately with the English Little-Key title incipit. Do not equate it with OCR folio index 363: the IIIF image index is offset by one.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 877; IIIF image 365, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Continuation of entry no. 2731: visible apparition and five parts; checked together with p. 876 and the title page of the manuscript facsimile. No evidence for French/1572 in this English Lemegeton.
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic English-language manuscript tradition · Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Marginal drawing beside the numbered name.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic
Region
English-language manuscript tradition
Date of the evidence
Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Private facsimile mirror; see the shared source criticism for manuscript attribution and dating. No evidence of Solomonic authorship. Source review completed 2026-10-04: identity confirmed against the actual historical holdings catalogue and by comparison of title and image witnesses; current BL interim metadata French/1572 remains documented as a conflicting finding. The individual seal area can be used as a low-resolution historical raster facsimile; it is not a newly invented sign or one taken from Mathers/Crowley.
Before designing
Compare the original marginal drawing; do not transfer a modern edition graphic. The unchanged native JPEG image object is available as an SVG crop; ink losses, stains and copying artefacts remain visible. No manufacturing approval or smoothed engraving outline.
Research draft. Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval.
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Anonyme englische Handschrift, British Library Sloane MS 2731; historische Originalabbildung im privaten Grimorium-Faksimile. Bestandskatalog-Abgleich: Samuel Ayscough 1782, Bd. II S. 876–877.
The seven image spreads were viewed in the browser; one specifically located marginal sign for each name entry. Only the pictured manuscript pages serve as graphic evidence, not translations or the host’s modern individual seal graphics. The attribution to Sloane 2731 remains a checked mirror reference with a metadata conflict: the BL interim catalogue gives 1572/French, although the text shown is English. MacLean transcribes a writing note dated 18 January 1686 for 2731; Peterson discusses 1572/(1687?). Therefore, neither a precise year nor Solomonic authorship is securely established. Name spellings, together with the number and page location, serve to identify the entries; difficult-to-read passages need to be compared again against the institutional original. Shared provenance and use are grouped here; there are no 72 copied descriptions of effects. Source review completed 2026-10-04: Ayscough’s actual catalogue scan, 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, describes no. 2731 with the English title visible on p008 and a five-part structure; no. 3847/Ptolemy/H.G./1572 is listed separately. The BL interim catalogue conflict remains documented, but following comparison with the original catalogue and image evidence it no longer prevents identification. Native JPEGs of the PDF image objects are embedded unchanged; no modern redrawings are used. The private microfilm digitisation chain cannot be documented in detail.
Source location: Sloane MS 2731; Record 040-002115103
The currently read institutional interim record gives 1572 and French. This conflicts with the English facsimile tradition and the later manuscript description. This record is treated as evidence of a conflict, not as evidence for the 72 seal figures in 1572. Cross-check dated 2026-10-04: Ayscough 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, lists the English-titled Lemegeton as no. 2731 and separately the Ptolemy/H.G. witness of 1572 as no. 3847. The interim metadata record is therefore retained as a conflicting current catalogue finding, not as the dating of the seal images.
Source location: Section British Library MS.Sloane 2731;32 folios, oblong folio
Descriptive manuscript note by an independent researcher, not an institutional catalogue: transcribes the writing start date in the margin as 18 January 1686. This is the basis for the cautious dating to the late 17th century; there is no independent palaeographic confirmation of the date.
Research edition with manuscript comparison: the Lemegeton in this form dates to the 17th century; 2731 has contradictory dating 1572/(1687?). Explains dependencies on prints after 1641, including 1671, and editorial interventions in later editions. Modern edition illustrations are not the graphic templates used.
Source location: Goetia, name entries 1–72; main exemplar Sloane 3825
Control source for names and sequence. The edition follows mainly Sloane 3825, not the Sloane 2731 depicted here; its folio numbers are therefore not carried over. The editor’s drawings and copyright statements belong to the modern edition, not the 17th century. No modern drawings have been used.
British Library: historische Handschrift Sloane MS 2731; Grimorium: privater Faksimile-Bildspiegel
Source location: PDF title image p. 5, seal spreads p009–p015 on PDF pp. 6/9/13/17/21/25/30; native JPEG image objects 47/58/70/82/94/106/120
Only original two-dimensional manuscript images were examined, not the modern transcription/translation or newly drawn gold symbols. The title incipit, five-part structure, landscape format, old Museo-Britannico stamps and named marginal signs agree with Ayscough 1782 and the descriptions prepared through direct examination of originals by Peterson/McLean. The editor explicitly designates these historical facsimile images as Public Domain; their own modern text edition is separately CC-BY 4.0. The exact microfilm capture/digitisation chain remains unsubstantiated at the private mirror; no new institutional digitisation is claimed.
British Museum, historischer Bestandskatalog von Samuel Ayscough; Digitalisat des Getty Research Institute via Internet Archive
Source location: Volume II, printed pp. 876–877, entries 2731 and 3847; IIIF scans 364/365
Contemporary inventory catalogue, published in 1782 with the Trustees’ permission. No. 2731 bears the English title of the five-part Little Key with spirit names and seals. No. 3847 is listed separately as Clavicula/Ptolemy/H.G./1572. Both original pages were read visually; the current incorrect French/1572 metadata record was not adopted as the image dating. Scan of the Getty collection, Call number 9922691770001551.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 876; IIIF image 364, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Visually confirmed original scan: No. 3847 is the Ptolemy witness copied in 1572; No. 2731 begins separately with the English Little-Key title incipit. Do not equate it with OCR folio index 363: the IIIF image index is offset by one.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 877; IIIF image 365, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Continuation of entry no. 2731: visible apparition and five parts; checked together with p. 876 and the title page of the manuscript facsimile. No evidence for French/1572 in this English Lemegeton.
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic English-language manuscript tradition · Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Marginal drawing beside the numbered name.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic
Region
English-language manuscript tradition
Date of the evidence
Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Private facsimile mirror; see the shared source criticism for manuscript attribution and dating. No evidence of Solomonic authorship. Source review completed 2026-10-04: identity confirmed against the actual historical holdings catalogue and by comparison of title and image witnesses; current BL interim metadata French/1572 remains documented as a conflicting finding. The individual seal area can be used as a low-resolution historical raster facsimile; it is not a newly invented sign or one taken from Mathers/Crowley.
Before designing
Compare the original marginal drawing; do not transfer a modern edition graphic. The unchanged native JPEG image object is available as an SVG crop; ink losses, stains and copying artefacts remain visible. No manufacturing approval or smoothed engraving outline.
Research draft. Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval.
Source location: Manuscript p.13, marginal sign by No.61 (Zagan); Spreadp 014, right; mirror PDF p. 25, native JPEG object 106 0 R, pixel viewport [1191, 149, 122, 37]
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Anonyme englische Handschrift, British Library Sloane MS 2731; historische Originalabbildung im privaten Grimorium-Faksimile. Bestandskatalog-Abgleich: Samuel Ayscough 1782, Bd. II S. 876–877.
The seven image spreads were viewed in the browser; one specifically located marginal sign for each name entry. Only the pictured manuscript pages serve as graphic evidence, not translations or the host’s modern individual seal graphics. The attribution to Sloane 2731 remains a checked mirror reference with a metadata conflict: the BL interim catalogue gives 1572/French, although the text shown is English. MacLean transcribes a writing note dated 18 January 1686 for 2731; Peterson discusses 1572/(1687?). Therefore, neither a precise year nor Solomonic authorship is securely established. Name spellings, together with the number and page location, serve to identify the entries; difficult-to-read passages need to be compared again against the institutional original. Shared provenance and use are grouped here; there are no 72 copied descriptions of effects. Source review completed 2026-10-04: Ayscough’s actual catalogue scan, 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, describes no. 2731 with the English title visible on p008 and a five-part structure; no. 3847/Ptolemy/H.G./1572 is listed separately. The BL interim catalogue conflict remains documented, but following comparison with the original catalogue and image evidence it no longer prevents identification. Native JPEGs of the PDF image objects are embedded unchanged; no modern redrawings are used. The private microfilm digitisation chain cannot be documented in detail.
Source location: Sloane MS 2731; Record 040-002115103
The currently read institutional interim record gives 1572 and French. This conflicts with the English facsimile tradition and the later manuscript description. This record is treated as evidence of a conflict, not as evidence for the 72 seal figures in 1572. Cross-check dated 2026-10-04: Ayscough 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, lists the English-titled Lemegeton as no. 2731 and separately the Ptolemy/H.G. witness of 1572 as no. 3847. The interim metadata record is therefore retained as a conflicting current catalogue finding, not as the dating of the seal images.
Source location: Section British Library MS.Sloane 2731;32 folios, oblong folio
Descriptive manuscript note by an independent researcher, not an institutional catalogue: transcribes the writing start date in the margin as 18 January 1686. This is the basis for the cautious dating to the late 17th century; there is no independent palaeographic confirmation of the date.
Research edition with manuscript comparison: the Lemegeton in this form dates to the 17th century; 2731 has contradictory dating 1572/(1687?). Explains dependencies on prints after 1641, including 1671, and editorial interventions in later editions. Modern edition illustrations are not the graphic templates used.
Source location: Goetia, name entries 1–72; main exemplar Sloane 3825
Control source for names and sequence. The edition follows mainly Sloane 3825, not the Sloane 2731 depicted here; its folio numbers are therefore not carried over. The editor’s drawings and copyright statements belong to the modern edition, not the 17th century. No modern drawings have been used.
British Library: historische Handschrift Sloane MS 2731; Grimorium: privater Faksimile-Bildspiegel
Source location: PDF title image p. 5, seal spreads p009–p015 on PDF pp. 6/9/13/17/21/25/30; native JPEG image objects 47/58/70/82/94/106/120
Only original two-dimensional manuscript images were examined, not the modern transcription/translation or newly drawn gold symbols. The title incipit, five-part structure, landscape format, old Museo-Britannico stamps and named marginal signs agree with Ayscough 1782 and the descriptions prepared through direct examination of originals by Peterson/McLean. The editor explicitly designates these historical facsimile images as Public Domain; their own modern text edition is separately CC-BY 4.0. The exact microfilm capture/digitisation chain remains unsubstantiated at the private mirror; no new institutional digitisation is claimed.
British Museum, historischer Bestandskatalog von Samuel Ayscough; Digitalisat des Getty Research Institute via Internet Archive
Source location: Volume II, printed pp. 876–877, entries 2731 and 3847; IIIF scans 364/365
Contemporary inventory catalogue, published in 1782 with the Trustees’ permission. No. 2731 bears the English title of the five-part Little Key with spirit names and seals. No. 3847 is listed separately as Clavicula/Ptolemy/H.G./1572. Both original pages were read visually; the current incorrect French/1572 metadata record was not adopted as the image dating. Scan of the Getty collection, Call number 9922691770001551.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 876; IIIF image 364, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Visually confirmed original scan: No. 3847 is the Ptolemy witness copied in 1572; No. 2731 begins separately with the English Little-Key title incipit. Do not equate it with OCR folio index 363: the IIIF image index is offset by one.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 877; IIIF image 365, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Continuation of entry no. 2731: visible apparition and five parts; checked together with p. 876 and the title page of the manuscript facsimile. No evidence for French/1572 in this English Lemegeton.
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic English-language manuscript tradition · Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Marginal drawing beside the numbered name.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic
Region
English-language manuscript tradition
Date of the evidence
Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Private facsimile mirror; see the shared source criticism for manuscript attribution and dating. No evidence of Solomonic authorship. Source review completed 2026-10-04: identity confirmed against the actual historical holdings catalogue and by comparison of title and image witnesses; current BL interim metadata French/1572 remains documented as a conflicting finding. The individual seal area can be used as a low-resolution historical raster facsimile; it is not a newly invented sign or one taken from Mathers/Crowley.
Before designing
Compare the original marginal drawing; do not transfer a modern edition graphic. The unchanged native JPEG image object is available as an SVG crop; ink losses, stains and copying artefacts remain visible. No manufacturing approval or smoothed engraving outline.
Research draft. Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval.
Source location: Manuscript p. 13, marginal mark at no. 62 (Valac); Spreadp 014, right; mirror PDF p. 25, native JPEG object 106 0 R, pixel viewport [1196, 181, 82, 45]
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Anonyme englische Handschrift, British Library Sloane MS 2731; historische Originalabbildung im privaten Grimorium-Faksimile. Bestandskatalog-Abgleich: Samuel Ayscough 1782, Bd. II S. 876–877.
The seven image spreads were viewed in the browser; one specifically located marginal sign for each name entry. Only the pictured manuscript pages serve as graphic evidence, not translations or the host’s modern individual seal graphics. The attribution to Sloane 2731 remains a checked mirror reference with a metadata conflict: the BL interim catalogue gives 1572/French, although the text shown is English. MacLean transcribes a writing note dated 18 January 1686 for 2731; Peterson discusses 1572/(1687?). Therefore, neither a precise year nor Solomonic authorship is securely established. Name spellings, together with the number and page location, serve to identify the entries; difficult-to-read passages need to be compared again against the institutional original. Shared provenance and use are grouped here; there are no 72 copied descriptions of effects. Source review completed 2026-10-04: Ayscough’s actual catalogue scan, 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, describes no. 2731 with the English title visible on p008 and a five-part structure; no. 3847/Ptolemy/H.G./1572 is listed separately. The BL interim catalogue conflict remains documented, but following comparison with the original catalogue and image evidence it no longer prevents identification. Native JPEGs of the PDF image objects are embedded unchanged; no modern redrawings are used. The private microfilm digitisation chain cannot be documented in detail.
Source location: Sloane MS 2731; Record 040-002115103
The currently read institutional interim record gives 1572 and French. This conflicts with the English facsimile tradition and the later manuscript description. This record is treated as evidence of a conflict, not as evidence for the 72 seal figures in 1572. Cross-check dated 2026-10-04: Ayscough 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, lists the English-titled Lemegeton as no. 2731 and separately the Ptolemy/H.G. witness of 1572 as no. 3847. The interim metadata record is therefore retained as a conflicting current catalogue finding, not as the dating of the seal images.
Source location: Section British Library MS.Sloane 2731;32 folios, oblong folio
Descriptive manuscript note by an independent researcher, not an institutional catalogue: transcribes the writing start date in the margin as 18 January 1686. This is the basis for the cautious dating to the late 17th century; there is no independent palaeographic confirmation of the date.
Research edition with manuscript comparison: the Lemegeton in this form dates to the 17th century; 2731 has contradictory dating 1572/(1687?). Explains dependencies on prints after 1641, including 1671, and editorial interventions in later editions. Modern edition illustrations are not the graphic templates used.
Source location: Goetia, name entries 1–72; main exemplar Sloane 3825
Control source for names and sequence. The edition follows mainly Sloane 3825, not the Sloane 2731 depicted here; its folio numbers are therefore not carried over. The editor’s drawings and copyright statements belong to the modern edition, not the 17th century. No modern drawings have been used.
British Library: historische Handschrift Sloane MS 2731; Grimorium: privater Faksimile-Bildspiegel
Source location: PDF title image p. 5, seal spreads p009–p015 on PDF pp. 6/9/13/17/21/25/30; native JPEG image objects 47/58/70/82/94/106/120
Only original two-dimensional manuscript images were examined, not the modern transcription/translation or newly drawn gold symbols. The title incipit, five-part structure, landscape format, old Museo-Britannico stamps and named marginal signs agree with Ayscough 1782 and the descriptions prepared through direct examination of originals by Peterson/McLean. The editor explicitly designates these historical facsimile images as Public Domain; their own modern text edition is separately CC-BY 4.0. The exact microfilm capture/digitisation chain remains unsubstantiated at the private mirror; no new institutional digitisation is claimed.
British Museum, historischer Bestandskatalog von Samuel Ayscough; Digitalisat des Getty Research Institute via Internet Archive
Source location: Volume II, printed pp. 876–877, entries 2731 and 3847; IIIF scans 364/365
Contemporary inventory catalogue, published in 1782 with the Trustees’ permission. No. 2731 bears the English title of the five-part Little Key with spirit names and seals. No. 3847 is listed separately as Clavicula/Ptolemy/H.G./1572. Both original pages were read visually; the current incorrect French/1572 metadata record was not adopted as the image dating. Scan of the Getty collection, Call number 9922691770001551.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 876; IIIF image 364, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Visually confirmed original scan: No. 3847 is the Ptolemy witness copied in 1572; No. 2731 begins separately with the English Little-Key title incipit. Do not equate it with OCR folio index 363: the IIIF image index is offset by one.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 877; IIIF image 365, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Continuation of entry no. 2731: visible apparition and five parts; checked together with p. 876 and the title page of the manuscript facsimile. No evidence for French/1572 in this English Lemegeton.
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic English-language manuscript tradition · Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Marginal drawing beside the numbered name.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic
Region
English-language manuscript tradition
Date of the evidence
Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Private facsimile mirror; see the shared source criticism for manuscript attribution and dating. No evidence of Solomonic authorship. Source review completed 2026-10-04: identity confirmed against the actual historical holdings catalogue and by comparison of title and image witnesses; current BL interim metadata French/1572 remains documented as a conflicting finding. The individual seal area can be used as a low-resolution historical raster facsimile; it is not a newly invented sign or one taken from Mathers/Crowley.
Before designing
Compare the original marginal drawing; do not transfer a modern edition graphic. The unchanged native JPEG image object is available as an SVG crop; ink losses, stains and copying artefacts remain visible. No manufacturing approval or smoothed engraving outline.
Research draft. Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval.
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Anonyme englische Handschrift, British Library Sloane MS 2731; historische Originalabbildung im privaten Grimorium-Faksimile. Bestandskatalog-Abgleich: Samuel Ayscough 1782, Bd. II S. 876–877.
The seven image spreads were viewed in the browser; one specifically located marginal sign for each name entry. Only the pictured manuscript pages serve as graphic evidence, not translations or the host’s modern individual seal graphics. The attribution to Sloane 2731 remains a checked mirror reference with a metadata conflict: the BL interim catalogue gives 1572/French, although the text shown is English. MacLean transcribes a writing note dated 18 January 1686 for 2731; Peterson discusses 1572/(1687?). Therefore, neither a precise year nor Solomonic authorship is securely established. Name spellings, together with the number and page location, serve to identify the entries; difficult-to-read passages need to be compared again against the institutional original. Shared provenance and use are grouped here; there are no 72 copied descriptions of effects. Source review completed 2026-10-04: Ayscough’s actual catalogue scan, 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, describes no. 2731 with the English title visible on p008 and a five-part structure; no. 3847/Ptolemy/H.G./1572 is listed separately. The BL interim catalogue conflict remains documented, but following comparison with the original catalogue and image evidence it no longer prevents identification. Native JPEGs of the PDF image objects are embedded unchanged; no modern redrawings are used. The private microfilm digitisation chain cannot be documented in detail.
Source location: Sloane MS 2731; Record 040-002115103
The currently read institutional interim record gives 1572 and French. This conflicts with the English facsimile tradition and the later manuscript description. This record is treated as evidence of a conflict, not as evidence for the 72 seal figures in 1572. Cross-check dated 2026-10-04: Ayscough 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, lists the English-titled Lemegeton as no. 2731 and separately the Ptolemy/H.G. witness of 1572 as no. 3847. The interim metadata record is therefore retained as a conflicting current catalogue finding, not as the dating of the seal images.
Source location: Section British Library MS.Sloane 2731;32 folios, oblong folio
Descriptive manuscript note by an independent researcher, not an institutional catalogue: transcribes the writing start date in the margin as 18 January 1686. This is the basis for the cautious dating to the late 17th century; there is no independent palaeographic confirmation of the date.
Research edition with manuscript comparison: the Lemegeton in this form dates to the 17th century; 2731 has contradictory dating 1572/(1687?). Explains dependencies on prints after 1641, including 1671, and editorial interventions in later editions. Modern edition illustrations are not the graphic templates used.
Source location: Goetia, name entries 1–72; main exemplar Sloane 3825
Control source for names and sequence. The edition follows mainly Sloane 3825, not the Sloane 2731 depicted here; its folio numbers are therefore not carried over. The editor’s drawings and copyright statements belong to the modern edition, not the 17th century. No modern drawings have been used.
British Library: historische Handschrift Sloane MS 2731; Grimorium: privater Faksimile-Bildspiegel
Source location: PDF title image p. 5, seal spreads p009–p015 on PDF pp. 6/9/13/17/21/25/30; native JPEG image objects 47/58/70/82/94/106/120
Only original two-dimensional manuscript images were examined, not the modern transcription/translation or newly drawn gold symbols. The title incipit, five-part structure, landscape format, old Museo-Britannico stamps and named marginal signs agree with Ayscough 1782 and the descriptions prepared through direct examination of originals by Peterson/McLean. The editor explicitly designates these historical facsimile images as Public Domain; their own modern text edition is separately CC-BY 4.0. The exact microfilm capture/digitisation chain remains unsubstantiated at the private mirror; no new institutional digitisation is claimed.
British Museum, historischer Bestandskatalog von Samuel Ayscough; Digitalisat des Getty Research Institute via Internet Archive
Source location: Volume II, printed pp. 876–877, entries 2731 and 3847; IIIF scans 364/365
Contemporary inventory catalogue, published in 1782 with the Trustees’ permission. No. 2731 bears the English title of the five-part Little Key with spirit names and seals. No. 3847 is listed separately as Clavicula/Ptolemy/H.G./1572. Both original pages were read visually; the current incorrect French/1572 metadata record was not adopted as the image dating. Scan of the Getty collection, Call number 9922691770001551.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 876; IIIF image 364, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Visually confirmed original scan: No. 3847 is the Ptolemy witness copied in 1572; No. 2731 begins separately with the English Little-Key title incipit. Do not equate it with OCR folio index 363: the IIIF image index is offset by one.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 877; IIIF image 365, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Continuation of entry no. 2731: visible apparition and five parts; checked together with p. 876 and the title page of the manuscript facsimile. No evidence for French/1572 in this English Lemegeton.
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic English-language manuscript tradition · Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Marginal drawing beside the numbered name.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic
Region
English-language manuscript tradition
Date of the evidence
Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Private facsimile mirror; see the shared source criticism for manuscript attribution and dating. No evidence of Solomonic authorship. Source review completed 2026-10-04: identity confirmed against the actual historical holdings catalogue and by comparison of title and image witnesses; current BL interim metadata French/1572 remains documented as a conflicting finding. The individual seal area can be used as a low-resolution historical raster facsimile; it is not a newly invented sign or one taken from Mathers/Crowley.
Before designing
Compare the original marginal drawing; do not transfer a modern edition graphic. The unchanged native JPEG image object is available as an SVG crop; ink losses, stains and copying artefacts remain visible. No manufacturing approval or smoothed engraving outline.
Research draft. Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval.
Source location: Manuscript p.13, marginal sign by no.64 (Flauros); Spreadp 014, right; mirror PDF p. 25, native JPEG object 106 0 R, pixel viewport [1193, 300, 84, 66]
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Anonyme englische Handschrift, British Library Sloane MS 2731; historische Originalabbildung im privaten Grimorium-Faksimile. Bestandskatalog-Abgleich: Samuel Ayscough 1782, Bd. II S. 876–877.
The seven image spreads were viewed in the browser; one specifically located marginal sign for each name entry. Only the pictured manuscript pages serve as graphic evidence, not translations or the host’s modern individual seal graphics. The attribution to Sloane 2731 remains a checked mirror reference with a metadata conflict: the BL interim catalogue gives 1572/French, although the text shown is English. MacLean transcribes a writing note dated 18 January 1686 for 2731; Peterson discusses 1572/(1687?). Therefore, neither a precise year nor Solomonic authorship is securely established. Name spellings, together with the number and page location, serve to identify the entries; difficult-to-read passages need to be compared again against the institutional original. Shared provenance and use are grouped here; there are no 72 copied descriptions of effects. Source review completed 2026-10-04: Ayscough’s actual catalogue scan, 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, describes no. 2731 with the English title visible on p008 and a five-part structure; no. 3847/Ptolemy/H.G./1572 is listed separately. The BL interim catalogue conflict remains documented, but following comparison with the original catalogue and image evidence it no longer prevents identification. Native JPEGs of the PDF image objects are embedded unchanged; no modern redrawings are used. The private microfilm digitisation chain cannot be documented in detail.
Source location: Sloane MS 2731; Record 040-002115103
The currently read institutional interim record gives 1572 and French. This conflicts with the English facsimile tradition and the later manuscript description. This record is treated as evidence of a conflict, not as evidence for the 72 seal figures in 1572. Cross-check dated 2026-10-04: Ayscough 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, lists the English-titled Lemegeton as no. 2731 and separately the Ptolemy/H.G. witness of 1572 as no. 3847. The interim metadata record is therefore retained as a conflicting current catalogue finding, not as the dating of the seal images.
Source location: Section British Library MS.Sloane 2731;32 folios, oblong folio
Descriptive manuscript note by an independent researcher, not an institutional catalogue: transcribes the writing start date in the margin as 18 January 1686. This is the basis for the cautious dating to the late 17th century; there is no independent palaeographic confirmation of the date.
Research edition with manuscript comparison: the Lemegeton in this form dates to the 17th century; 2731 has contradictory dating 1572/(1687?). Explains dependencies on prints after 1641, including 1671, and editorial interventions in later editions. Modern edition illustrations are not the graphic templates used.
Source location: Goetia, name entries 1–72; main exemplar Sloane 3825
Control source for names and sequence. The edition follows mainly Sloane 3825, not the Sloane 2731 depicted here; its folio numbers are therefore not carried over. The editor’s drawings and copyright statements belong to the modern edition, not the 17th century. No modern drawings have been used.
British Library: historische Handschrift Sloane MS 2731; Grimorium: privater Faksimile-Bildspiegel
Source location: PDF title image p. 5, seal spreads p009–p015 on PDF pp. 6/9/13/17/21/25/30; native JPEG image objects 47/58/70/82/94/106/120
Only original two-dimensional manuscript images were examined, not the modern transcription/translation or newly drawn gold symbols. The title incipit, five-part structure, landscape format, old Museo-Britannico stamps and named marginal signs agree with Ayscough 1782 and the descriptions prepared through direct examination of originals by Peterson/McLean. The editor explicitly designates these historical facsimile images as Public Domain; their own modern text edition is separately CC-BY 4.0. The exact microfilm capture/digitisation chain remains unsubstantiated at the private mirror; no new institutional digitisation is claimed.
British Museum, historischer Bestandskatalog von Samuel Ayscough; Digitalisat des Getty Research Institute via Internet Archive
Source location: Volume II, printed pp. 876–877, entries 2731 and 3847; IIIF scans 364/365
Contemporary inventory catalogue, published in 1782 with the Trustees’ permission. No. 2731 bears the English title of the five-part Little Key with spirit names and seals. No. 3847 is listed separately as Clavicula/Ptolemy/H.G./1572. Both original pages were read visually; the current incorrect French/1572 metadata record was not adopted as the image dating. Scan of the Getty collection, Call number 9922691770001551.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 876; IIIF image 364, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Visually confirmed original scan: No. 3847 is the Ptolemy witness copied in 1572; No. 2731 begins separately with the English Little-Key title incipit. Do not equate it with OCR folio index 363: the IIIF image index is offset by one.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 877; IIIF image 365, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Continuation of entry no. 2731: visible apparition and five parts; checked together with p. 876 and the title page of the manuscript facsimile. No evidence for French/1572 in this English Lemegeton.
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic English-language manuscript tradition · Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Marginal drawing beside the numbered name.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic
Region
English-language manuscript tradition
Date of the evidence
Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Private facsimile mirror; see the shared source criticism for manuscript attribution and dating. No evidence of Solomonic authorship. Source review completed 2026-10-04: identity confirmed against the actual historical holdings catalogue and by comparison of title and image witnesses; current BL interim metadata French/1572 remains documented as a conflicting finding. The individual seal area can be used as a low-resolution historical raster facsimile; it is not a newly invented sign or one taken from Mathers/Crowley.
Before designing
Compare the original marginal drawing; do not transfer a modern edition graphic. The unchanged native JPEG image object is available as an SVG crop; ink losses, stains and copying artefacts remain visible. No manufacturing approval or smoothed engraving outline.
Research draft. Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval.
Source location: Manuscript p.13, marginal sign by No.65 (Andrealphus); Spreadp 014, right; mirror PDF p. 25, native JPEG object 106 0 R, pixel viewport [1198, 365, 78, 48]
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Anonyme englische Handschrift, British Library Sloane MS 2731; historische Originalabbildung im privaten Grimorium-Faksimile. Bestandskatalog-Abgleich: Samuel Ayscough 1782, Bd. II S. 876–877.
The seven image spreads were viewed in the browser; one specifically located marginal sign for each name entry. Only the pictured manuscript pages serve as graphic evidence, not translations or the host’s modern individual seal graphics. The attribution to Sloane 2731 remains a checked mirror reference with a metadata conflict: the BL interim catalogue gives 1572/French, although the text shown is English. MacLean transcribes a writing note dated 18 January 1686 for 2731; Peterson discusses 1572/(1687?). Therefore, neither a precise year nor Solomonic authorship is securely established. Name spellings, together with the number and page location, serve to identify the entries; difficult-to-read passages need to be compared again against the institutional original. Shared provenance and use are grouped here; there are no 72 copied descriptions of effects. Source review completed 2026-10-04: Ayscough’s actual catalogue scan, 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, describes no. 2731 with the English title visible on p008 and a five-part structure; no. 3847/Ptolemy/H.G./1572 is listed separately. The BL interim catalogue conflict remains documented, but following comparison with the original catalogue and image evidence it no longer prevents identification. Native JPEGs of the PDF image objects are embedded unchanged; no modern redrawings are used. The private microfilm digitisation chain cannot be documented in detail.
Source location: Sloane MS 2731; Record 040-002115103
The currently read institutional interim record gives 1572 and French. This conflicts with the English facsimile tradition and the later manuscript description. This record is treated as evidence of a conflict, not as evidence for the 72 seal figures in 1572. Cross-check dated 2026-10-04: Ayscough 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, lists the English-titled Lemegeton as no. 2731 and separately the Ptolemy/H.G. witness of 1572 as no. 3847. The interim metadata record is therefore retained as a conflicting current catalogue finding, not as the dating of the seal images.
Source location: Section British Library MS.Sloane 2731;32 folios, oblong folio
Descriptive manuscript note by an independent researcher, not an institutional catalogue: transcribes the writing start date in the margin as 18 January 1686. This is the basis for the cautious dating to the late 17th century; there is no independent palaeographic confirmation of the date.
Research edition with manuscript comparison: the Lemegeton in this form dates to the 17th century; 2731 has contradictory dating 1572/(1687?). Explains dependencies on prints after 1641, including 1671, and editorial interventions in later editions. Modern edition illustrations are not the graphic templates used.
Source location: Goetia, name entries 1–72; main exemplar Sloane 3825
Control source for names and sequence. The edition follows mainly Sloane 3825, not the Sloane 2731 depicted here; its folio numbers are therefore not carried over. The editor’s drawings and copyright statements belong to the modern edition, not the 17th century. No modern drawings have been used.
British Library: historische Handschrift Sloane MS 2731; Grimorium: privater Faksimile-Bildspiegel
Source location: PDF title image p. 5, seal spreads p009–p015 on PDF pp. 6/9/13/17/21/25/30; native JPEG image objects 47/58/70/82/94/106/120
Only original two-dimensional manuscript images were examined, not the modern transcription/translation or newly drawn gold symbols. The title incipit, five-part structure, landscape format, old Museo-Britannico stamps and named marginal signs agree with Ayscough 1782 and the descriptions prepared through direct examination of originals by Peterson/McLean. The editor explicitly designates these historical facsimile images as Public Domain; their own modern text edition is separately CC-BY 4.0. The exact microfilm capture/digitisation chain remains unsubstantiated at the private mirror; no new institutional digitisation is claimed.
British Museum, historischer Bestandskatalog von Samuel Ayscough; Digitalisat des Getty Research Institute via Internet Archive
Source location: Volume II, printed pp. 876–877, entries 2731 and 3847; IIIF scans 364/365
Contemporary inventory catalogue, published in 1782 with the Trustees’ permission. No. 2731 bears the English title of the five-part Little Key with spirit names and seals. No. 3847 is listed separately as Clavicula/Ptolemy/H.G./1572. Both original pages were read visually; the current incorrect French/1572 metadata record was not adopted as the image dating. Scan of the Getty collection, Call number 9922691770001551.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 876; IIIF image 364, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Visually confirmed original scan: No. 3847 is the Ptolemy witness copied in 1572; No. 2731 begins separately with the English Little-Key title incipit. Do not equate it with OCR folio index 363: the IIIF image index is offset by one.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 877; IIIF image 365, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Continuation of entry no. 2731: visible apparition and five parts; checked together with p. 876 and the title page of the manuscript facsimile. No evidence for French/1572 in this English Lemegeton.
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic English-language manuscript tradition · Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Marginal drawing beside the numbered name.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic
Region
English-language manuscript tradition
Date of the evidence
Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Private facsimile mirror; see the shared source criticism for manuscript attribution and dating. No evidence of Solomonic authorship. Source review completed 2026-10-04: identity confirmed against the actual historical holdings catalogue and by comparison of title and image witnesses; current BL interim metadata French/1572 remains documented as a conflicting finding. The individual seal area can be used as a low-resolution historical raster facsimile; it is not a newly invented sign or one taken from Mathers/Crowley.
Before designing
Compare the original marginal drawing; do not transfer a modern edition graphic. The unchanged native JPEG image object is available as an SVG crop; ink losses, stains and copying artefacts remain visible. No manufacturing approval or smoothed engraving outline.
Research draft. Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval.
Source location: Handwritten p.13, marginal sign at no.66 (Cimeies); Spreadp 014, right; mirror PDF p. 25, native JPEG object 106 0 R, pixel viewport [1189, 412, 107, 43]
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Anonyme englische Handschrift, British Library Sloane MS 2731; historische Originalabbildung im privaten Grimorium-Faksimile. Bestandskatalog-Abgleich: Samuel Ayscough 1782, Bd. II S. 876–877.
The seven image spreads were viewed in the browser; one specifically located marginal sign for each name entry. Only the pictured manuscript pages serve as graphic evidence, not translations or the host’s modern individual seal graphics. The attribution to Sloane 2731 remains a checked mirror reference with a metadata conflict: the BL interim catalogue gives 1572/French, although the text shown is English. MacLean transcribes a writing note dated 18 January 1686 for 2731; Peterson discusses 1572/(1687?). Therefore, neither a precise year nor Solomonic authorship is securely established. Name spellings, together with the number and page location, serve to identify the entries; difficult-to-read passages need to be compared again against the institutional original. Shared provenance and use are grouped here; there are no 72 copied descriptions of effects. Source review completed 2026-10-04: Ayscough’s actual catalogue scan, 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, describes no. 2731 with the English title visible on p008 and a five-part structure; no. 3847/Ptolemy/H.G./1572 is listed separately. The BL interim catalogue conflict remains documented, but following comparison with the original catalogue and image evidence it no longer prevents identification. Native JPEGs of the PDF image objects are embedded unchanged; no modern redrawings are used. The private microfilm digitisation chain cannot be documented in detail.
Source location: Sloane MS 2731; Record 040-002115103
The currently read institutional interim record gives 1572 and French. This conflicts with the English facsimile tradition and the later manuscript description. This record is treated as evidence of a conflict, not as evidence for the 72 seal figures in 1572. Cross-check dated 2026-10-04: Ayscough 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, lists the English-titled Lemegeton as no. 2731 and separately the Ptolemy/H.G. witness of 1572 as no. 3847. The interim metadata record is therefore retained as a conflicting current catalogue finding, not as the dating of the seal images.
Source location: Section British Library MS.Sloane 2731;32 folios, oblong folio
Descriptive manuscript note by an independent researcher, not an institutional catalogue: transcribes the writing start date in the margin as 18 January 1686. This is the basis for the cautious dating to the late 17th century; there is no independent palaeographic confirmation of the date.
Research edition with manuscript comparison: the Lemegeton in this form dates to the 17th century; 2731 has contradictory dating 1572/(1687?). Explains dependencies on prints after 1641, including 1671, and editorial interventions in later editions. Modern edition illustrations are not the graphic templates used.
Source location: Goetia, name entries 1–72; main exemplar Sloane 3825
Control source for names and sequence. The edition follows mainly Sloane 3825, not the Sloane 2731 depicted here; its folio numbers are therefore not carried over. The editor’s drawings and copyright statements belong to the modern edition, not the 17th century. No modern drawings have been used.
British Library: historische Handschrift Sloane MS 2731; Grimorium: privater Faksimile-Bildspiegel
Source location: PDF title image p. 5, seal spreads p009–p015 on PDF pp. 6/9/13/17/21/25/30; native JPEG image objects 47/58/70/82/94/106/120
Only original two-dimensional manuscript images were examined, not the modern transcription/translation or newly drawn gold symbols. The title incipit, five-part structure, landscape format, old Museo-Britannico stamps and named marginal signs agree with Ayscough 1782 and the descriptions prepared through direct examination of originals by Peterson/McLean. The editor explicitly designates these historical facsimile images as Public Domain; their own modern text edition is separately CC-BY 4.0. The exact microfilm capture/digitisation chain remains unsubstantiated at the private mirror; no new institutional digitisation is claimed.
British Museum, historischer Bestandskatalog von Samuel Ayscough; Digitalisat des Getty Research Institute via Internet Archive
Source location: Volume II, printed pp. 876–877, entries 2731 and 3847; IIIF scans 364/365
Contemporary inventory catalogue, published in 1782 with the Trustees’ permission. No. 2731 bears the English title of the five-part Little Key with spirit names and seals. No. 3847 is listed separately as Clavicula/Ptolemy/H.G./1572. Both original pages were read visually; the current incorrect French/1572 metadata record was not adopted as the image dating. Scan of the Getty collection, Call number 9922691770001551.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 876; IIIF image 364, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Visually confirmed original scan: No. 3847 is the Ptolemy witness copied in 1572; No. 2731 begins separately with the English Little-Key title incipit. Do not equate it with OCR folio index 363: the IIIF image index is offset by one.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 877; IIIF image 365, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Continuation of entry no. 2731: visible apparition and five parts; checked together with p. 876 and the title page of the manuscript facsimile. No evidence for French/1572 in this English Lemegeton.
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic English-language manuscript tradition · Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Marginal drawing beside the numbered name.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic
Region
English-language manuscript tradition
Date of the evidence
Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Private facsimile mirror; see the shared source criticism for manuscript attribution and dating. No evidence of Solomonic authorship. Source review completed 2026-10-04: identity confirmed against the actual historical holdings catalogue and by comparison of title and image witnesses; current BL interim metadata French/1572 remains documented as a conflicting finding. The individual seal area can be used as a low-resolution historical raster facsimile; it is not a newly invented sign or one taken from Mathers/Crowley.
Before designing
Compare the original marginal drawing; do not transfer a modern edition graphic. The unchanged native JPEG image object is available as an SVG crop; ink losses, stains and copying artefacts remain visible. No manufacturing approval or smoothed engraving outline.
Research draft. Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval.
Source location: Manuscript p. 14, marginal sign beside no. 67 (Amdusias); Spreadp 015, left; mirror PDF p. 30, native JPEG object 120 0 R, pixel viewport [130, 107, 77, 39]
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Anonyme englische Handschrift, British Library Sloane MS 2731; historische Originalabbildung im privaten Grimorium-Faksimile. Bestandskatalog-Abgleich: Samuel Ayscough 1782, Bd. II S. 876–877.
The seven image spreads were viewed in the browser; one specifically located marginal sign for each name entry. Only the pictured manuscript pages serve as graphic evidence, not translations or the host’s modern individual seal graphics. The attribution to Sloane 2731 remains a checked mirror reference with a metadata conflict: the BL interim catalogue gives 1572/French, although the text shown is English. MacLean transcribes a writing note dated 18 January 1686 for 2731; Peterson discusses 1572/(1687?). Therefore, neither a precise year nor Solomonic authorship is securely established. Name spellings, together with the number and page location, serve to identify the entries; difficult-to-read passages need to be compared again against the institutional original. Shared provenance and use are grouped here; there are no 72 copied descriptions of effects. Source review completed 2026-10-04: Ayscough’s actual catalogue scan, 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, describes no. 2731 with the English title visible on p008 and a five-part structure; no. 3847/Ptolemy/H.G./1572 is listed separately. The BL interim catalogue conflict remains documented, but following comparison with the original catalogue and image evidence it no longer prevents identification. Native JPEGs of the PDF image objects are embedded unchanged; no modern redrawings are used. The private microfilm digitisation chain cannot be documented in detail.
Source location: Sloane MS 2731; Record 040-002115103
The currently read institutional interim record gives 1572 and French. This conflicts with the English facsimile tradition and the later manuscript description. This record is treated as evidence of a conflict, not as evidence for the 72 seal figures in 1572. Cross-check dated 2026-10-04: Ayscough 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, lists the English-titled Lemegeton as no. 2731 and separately the Ptolemy/H.G. witness of 1572 as no. 3847. The interim metadata record is therefore retained as a conflicting current catalogue finding, not as the dating of the seal images.
Source location: Section British Library MS.Sloane 2731;32 folios, oblong folio
Descriptive manuscript note by an independent researcher, not an institutional catalogue: transcribes the writing start date in the margin as 18 January 1686. This is the basis for the cautious dating to the late 17th century; there is no independent palaeographic confirmation of the date.
Research edition with manuscript comparison: the Lemegeton in this form dates to the 17th century; 2731 has contradictory dating 1572/(1687?). Explains dependencies on prints after 1641, including 1671, and editorial interventions in later editions. Modern edition illustrations are not the graphic templates used.
Source location: Goetia, name entries 1–72; main exemplar Sloane 3825
Control source for names and sequence. The edition follows mainly Sloane 3825, not the Sloane 2731 depicted here; its folio numbers are therefore not carried over. The editor’s drawings and copyright statements belong to the modern edition, not the 17th century. No modern drawings have been used.
British Library: historische Handschrift Sloane MS 2731; Grimorium: privater Faksimile-Bildspiegel
Source location: PDF title image p. 5, seal spreads p009–p015 on PDF pp. 6/9/13/17/21/25/30; native JPEG image objects 47/58/70/82/94/106/120
Only original two-dimensional manuscript images were examined, not the modern transcription/translation or newly drawn gold symbols. The title incipit, five-part structure, landscape format, old Museo-Britannico stamps and named marginal signs agree with Ayscough 1782 and the descriptions prepared through direct examination of originals by Peterson/McLean. The editor explicitly designates these historical facsimile images as Public Domain; their own modern text edition is separately CC-BY 4.0. The exact microfilm capture/digitisation chain remains unsubstantiated at the private mirror; no new institutional digitisation is claimed.
British Museum, historischer Bestandskatalog von Samuel Ayscough; Digitalisat des Getty Research Institute via Internet Archive
Source location: Volume II, printed pp. 876–877, entries 2731 and 3847; IIIF scans 364/365
Contemporary inventory catalogue, published in 1782 with the Trustees’ permission. No. 2731 bears the English title of the five-part Little Key with spirit names and seals. No. 3847 is listed separately as Clavicula/Ptolemy/H.G./1572. Both original pages were read visually; the current incorrect French/1572 metadata record was not adopted as the image dating. Scan of the Getty collection, Call number 9922691770001551.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 876; IIIF image 364, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Visually confirmed original scan: No. 3847 is the Ptolemy witness copied in 1572; No. 2731 begins separately with the English Little-Key title incipit. Do not equate it with OCR folio index 363: the IIIF image index is offset by one.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 877; IIIF image 365, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Continuation of entry no. 2731: visible apparition and five parts; checked together with p. 876 and the title page of the manuscript facsimile. No evidence for French/1572 in this English Lemegeton.
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic English-language manuscript tradition · Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Marginal drawing beside the numbered name.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic
Region
English-language manuscript tradition
Date of the evidence
Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Private facsimile mirror; see the shared source criticism for manuscript attribution and dating. No evidence of Solomonic authorship. Source review completed 2026-10-04: identity confirmed against the actual historical holdings catalogue and by comparison of title and image witnesses; current BL interim metadata French/1572 remains documented as a conflicting finding. The individual seal area can be used as a low-resolution historical raster facsimile; it is not a newly invented sign or one taken from Mathers/Crowley.
Before designing
Compare the original marginal drawing; do not transfer a modern edition graphic. The unchanged native JPEG image object is available as an SVG crop; ink losses, stains and copying artefacts remain visible. No manufacturing approval or smoothed engraving outline.
Research draft. Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval.
Source location: Manuscript p. 14, marginal sign beside no. 68 (Belial); Spreadp 015, left; mirror PDF p. 30, native JPEG object 120 0 R, pixel viewport [124, 166, 83, 41]
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Anonyme englische Handschrift, British Library Sloane MS 2731; historische Originalabbildung im privaten Grimorium-Faksimile. Bestandskatalog-Abgleich: Samuel Ayscough 1782, Bd. II S. 876–877.
The seven image spreads were viewed in the browser; one specifically located marginal sign for each name entry. Only the pictured manuscript pages serve as graphic evidence, not translations or the host’s modern individual seal graphics. The attribution to Sloane 2731 remains a checked mirror reference with a metadata conflict: the BL interim catalogue gives 1572/French, although the text shown is English. MacLean transcribes a writing note dated 18 January 1686 for 2731; Peterson discusses 1572/(1687?). Therefore, neither a precise year nor Solomonic authorship is securely established. Name spellings, together with the number and page location, serve to identify the entries; difficult-to-read passages need to be compared again against the institutional original. Shared provenance and use are grouped here; there are no 72 copied descriptions of effects. Source review completed 2026-10-04: Ayscough’s actual catalogue scan, 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, describes no. 2731 with the English title visible on p008 and a five-part structure; no. 3847/Ptolemy/H.G./1572 is listed separately. The BL interim catalogue conflict remains documented, but following comparison with the original catalogue and image evidence it no longer prevents identification. Native JPEGs of the PDF image objects are embedded unchanged; no modern redrawings are used. The private microfilm digitisation chain cannot be documented in detail.
Source location: Sloane MS 2731; Record 040-002115103
The currently read institutional interim record gives 1572 and French. This conflicts with the English facsimile tradition and the later manuscript description. This record is treated as evidence of a conflict, not as evidence for the 72 seal figures in 1572. Cross-check dated 2026-10-04: Ayscough 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, lists the English-titled Lemegeton as no. 2731 and separately the Ptolemy/H.G. witness of 1572 as no. 3847. The interim metadata record is therefore retained as a conflicting current catalogue finding, not as the dating of the seal images.
Source location: Section British Library MS.Sloane 2731;32 folios, oblong folio
Descriptive manuscript note by an independent researcher, not an institutional catalogue: transcribes the writing start date in the margin as 18 January 1686. This is the basis for the cautious dating to the late 17th century; there is no independent palaeographic confirmation of the date.
Research edition with manuscript comparison: the Lemegeton in this form dates to the 17th century; 2731 has contradictory dating 1572/(1687?). Explains dependencies on prints after 1641, including 1671, and editorial interventions in later editions. Modern edition illustrations are not the graphic templates used.
Source location: Goetia, name entries 1–72; main exemplar Sloane 3825
Control source for names and sequence. The edition follows mainly Sloane 3825, not the Sloane 2731 depicted here; its folio numbers are therefore not carried over. The editor’s drawings and copyright statements belong to the modern edition, not the 17th century. No modern drawings have been used.
British Library: historische Handschrift Sloane MS 2731; Grimorium: privater Faksimile-Bildspiegel
Source location: PDF title image p. 5, seal spreads p009–p015 on PDF pp. 6/9/13/17/21/25/30; native JPEG image objects 47/58/70/82/94/106/120
Only original two-dimensional manuscript images were examined, not the modern transcription/translation or newly drawn gold symbols. The title incipit, five-part structure, landscape format, old Museo-Britannico stamps and named marginal signs agree with Ayscough 1782 and the descriptions prepared through direct examination of originals by Peterson/McLean. The editor explicitly designates these historical facsimile images as Public Domain; their own modern text edition is separately CC-BY 4.0. The exact microfilm capture/digitisation chain remains unsubstantiated at the private mirror; no new institutional digitisation is claimed.
British Museum, historischer Bestandskatalog von Samuel Ayscough; Digitalisat des Getty Research Institute via Internet Archive
Source location: Volume II, printed pp. 876–877, entries 2731 and 3847; IIIF scans 364/365
Contemporary inventory catalogue, published in 1782 with the Trustees’ permission. No. 2731 bears the English title of the five-part Little Key with spirit names and seals. No. 3847 is listed separately as Clavicula/Ptolemy/H.G./1572. Both original pages were read visually; the current incorrect French/1572 metadata record was not adopted as the image dating. Scan of the Getty collection, Call number 9922691770001551.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 876; IIIF image 364, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Visually confirmed original scan: No. 3847 is the Ptolemy witness copied in 1572; No. 2731 begins separately with the English Little-Key title incipit. Do not equate it with OCR folio index 363: the IIIF image index is offset by one.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 877; IIIF image 365, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Continuation of entry no. 2731: visible apparition and five parts; checked together with p. 876 and the title page of the manuscript facsimile. No evidence for French/1572 in this English Lemegeton.
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic English-language manuscript tradition · Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Marginal drawing beside the numbered name.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic
Region
English-language manuscript tradition
Date of the evidence
Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Private facsimile mirror; see the shared source criticism for manuscript attribution and dating. No evidence of Solomonic authorship. Source review completed 2026-10-04: identity confirmed against the actual historical holdings catalogue and by comparison of title and image witnesses; current BL interim metadata French/1572 remains documented as a conflicting finding. The individual seal area can be used as a low-resolution historical raster facsimile; it is not a newly invented sign or one taken from Mathers/Crowley.
Before designing
Compare the original marginal drawing; do not transfer a modern edition graphic. The unchanged native JPEG image object is available as an SVG crop; ink losses, stains and copying artefacts remain visible. No manufacturing approval or smoothed engraving outline.
Research draft. Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval.
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Anonyme englische Handschrift, British Library Sloane MS 2731; historische Originalabbildung im privaten Grimorium-Faksimile. Bestandskatalog-Abgleich: Samuel Ayscough 1782, Bd. II S. 876–877.
The seven image spreads were viewed in the browser; one specifically located marginal sign for each name entry. Only the pictured manuscript pages serve as graphic evidence, not translations or the host’s modern individual seal graphics. The attribution to Sloane 2731 remains a checked mirror reference with a metadata conflict: the BL interim catalogue gives 1572/French, although the text shown is English. MacLean transcribes a writing note dated 18 January 1686 for 2731; Peterson discusses 1572/(1687?). Therefore, neither a precise year nor Solomonic authorship is securely established. Name spellings, together with the number and page location, serve to identify the entries; difficult-to-read passages need to be compared again against the institutional original. Shared provenance and use are grouped here; there are no 72 copied descriptions of effects. Source review completed 2026-10-04: Ayscough’s actual catalogue scan, 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, describes no. 2731 with the English title visible on p008 and a five-part structure; no. 3847/Ptolemy/H.G./1572 is listed separately. The BL interim catalogue conflict remains documented, but following comparison with the original catalogue and image evidence it no longer prevents identification. Native JPEGs of the PDF image objects are embedded unchanged; no modern redrawings are used. The private microfilm digitisation chain cannot be documented in detail.
Source location: Sloane MS 2731; Record 040-002115103
The currently read institutional interim record gives 1572 and French. This conflicts with the English facsimile tradition and the later manuscript description. This record is treated as evidence of a conflict, not as evidence for the 72 seal figures in 1572. Cross-check dated 2026-10-04: Ayscough 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, lists the English-titled Lemegeton as no. 2731 and separately the Ptolemy/H.G. witness of 1572 as no. 3847. The interim metadata record is therefore retained as a conflicting current catalogue finding, not as the dating of the seal images.
Source location: Section British Library MS.Sloane 2731;32 folios, oblong folio
Descriptive manuscript note by an independent researcher, not an institutional catalogue: transcribes the writing start date in the margin as 18 January 1686. This is the basis for the cautious dating to the late 17th century; there is no independent palaeographic confirmation of the date.
Research edition with manuscript comparison: the Lemegeton in this form dates to the 17th century; 2731 has contradictory dating 1572/(1687?). Explains dependencies on prints after 1641, including 1671, and editorial interventions in later editions. Modern edition illustrations are not the graphic templates used.
Source location: Goetia, name entries 1–72; main exemplar Sloane 3825
Control source for names and sequence. The edition follows mainly Sloane 3825, not the Sloane 2731 depicted here; its folio numbers are therefore not carried over. The editor’s drawings and copyright statements belong to the modern edition, not the 17th century. No modern drawings have been used.
British Library: historische Handschrift Sloane MS 2731; Grimorium: privater Faksimile-Bildspiegel
Source location: PDF title image p. 5, seal spreads p009–p015 on PDF pp. 6/9/13/17/21/25/30; native JPEG image objects 47/58/70/82/94/106/120
Only original two-dimensional manuscript images were examined, not the modern transcription/translation or newly drawn gold symbols. The title incipit, five-part structure, landscape format, old Museo-Britannico stamps and named marginal signs agree with Ayscough 1782 and the descriptions prepared through direct examination of originals by Peterson/McLean. The editor explicitly designates these historical facsimile images as Public Domain; their own modern text edition is separately CC-BY 4.0. The exact microfilm capture/digitisation chain remains unsubstantiated at the private mirror; no new institutional digitisation is claimed.
British Museum, historischer Bestandskatalog von Samuel Ayscough; Digitalisat des Getty Research Institute via Internet Archive
Source location: Volume II, printed pp. 876–877, entries 2731 and 3847; IIIF scans 364/365
Contemporary inventory catalogue, published in 1782 with the Trustees’ permission. No. 2731 bears the English title of the five-part Little Key with spirit names and seals. No. 3847 is listed separately as Clavicula/Ptolemy/H.G./1572. Both original pages were read visually; the current incorrect French/1572 metadata record was not adopted as the image dating. Scan of the Getty collection, Call number 9922691770001551.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 876; IIIF image 364, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Visually confirmed original scan: No. 3847 is the Ptolemy witness copied in 1572; No. 2731 begins separately with the English Little-Key title incipit. Do not equate it with OCR folio index 363: the IIIF image index is offset by one.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 877; IIIF image 365, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Continuation of entry no. 2731: visible apparition and five parts; checked together with p. 876 and the title page of the manuscript facsimile. No evidence for French/1572 in this English Lemegeton.
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic English-language manuscript tradition · Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Marginal drawing beside the numbered name.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic
Region
English-language manuscript tradition
Date of the evidence
Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Private facsimile mirror; see the shared source criticism for manuscript attribution and dating. No evidence of Solomonic authorship. Source review completed 2026-10-04: identity confirmed against the actual historical holdings catalogue and by comparison of title and image witnesses; current BL interim metadata French/1572 remains documented as a conflicting finding. The individual seal area can be used as a low-resolution historical raster facsimile; it is not a newly invented sign or one taken from Mathers/Crowley.
Before designing
Compare the original marginal drawing; do not transfer a modern edition graphic. The unchanged native JPEG image object is available as an SVG crop; ink losses, stains and copying artefacts remain visible. No manufacturing approval or smoothed engraving outline.
Research draft. Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval.
Source location: Handwritten p.3, marginal sign by no.6 (Valefor); Spreadp 009, right; mirror PDF p. 6, native JPEG object 47 0 R, pixel viewport [1216, 127, 52, 42]
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Anonyme englische Handschrift, British Library Sloane MS 2731; historische Originalabbildung im privaten Grimorium-Faksimile. Bestandskatalog-Abgleich: Samuel Ayscough 1782, Bd. II S. 876–877.
The seven image spreads were viewed in the browser; one specifically located marginal sign for each name entry. Only the pictured manuscript pages serve as graphic evidence, not translations or the host’s modern individual seal graphics. The attribution to Sloane 2731 remains a checked mirror reference with a metadata conflict: the BL interim catalogue gives 1572/French, although the text shown is English. MacLean transcribes a writing note dated 18 January 1686 for 2731; Peterson discusses 1572/(1687?). Therefore, neither a precise year nor Solomonic authorship is securely established. Name spellings, together with the number and page location, serve to identify the entries; difficult-to-read passages need to be compared again against the institutional original. Shared provenance and use are grouped here; there are no 72 copied descriptions of effects. Source review completed 2026-10-04: Ayscough’s actual catalogue scan, 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, describes no. 2731 with the English title visible on p008 and a five-part structure; no. 3847/Ptolemy/H.G./1572 is listed separately. The BL interim catalogue conflict remains documented, but following comparison with the original catalogue and image evidence it no longer prevents identification. Native JPEGs of the PDF image objects are embedded unchanged; no modern redrawings are used. The private microfilm digitisation chain cannot be documented in detail.
Source location: Sloane MS 2731; Record 040-002115103
The currently read institutional interim record gives 1572 and French. This conflicts with the English facsimile tradition and the later manuscript description. This record is treated as evidence of a conflict, not as evidence for the 72 seal figures in 1572. Cross-check dated 2026-10-04: Ayscough 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, lists the English-titled Lemegeton as no. 2731 and separately the Ptolemy/H.G. witness of 1572 as no. 3847. The interim metadata record is therefore retained as a conflicting current catalogue finding, not as the dating of the seal images.
Source location: Section British Library MS.Sloane 2731;32 folios, oblong folio
Descriptive manuscript note by an independent researcher, not an institutional catalogue: transcribes the writing start date in the margin as 18 January 1686. This is the basis for the cautious dating to the late 17th century; there is no independent palaeographic confirmation of the date.
Research edition with manuscript comparison: the Lemegeton in this form dates to the 17th century; 2731 has contradictory dating 1572/(1687?). Explains dependencies on prints after 1641, including 1671, and editorial interventions in later editions. Modern edition illustrations are not the graphic templates used.
Source location: Goetia, name entries 1–72; main exemplar Sloane 3825
Control source for names and sequence. The edition follows mainly Sloane 3825, not the Sloane 2731 depicted here; its folio numbers are therefore not carried over. The editor’s drawings and copyright statements belong to the modern edition, not the 17th century. No modern drawings have been used.
British Library: historische Handschrift Sloane MS 2731; Grimorium: privater Faksimile-Bildspiegel
Source location: PDF title image p. 5, seal spreads p009–p015 on PDF pp. 6/9/13/17/21/25/30; native JPEG image objects 47/58/70/82/94/106/120
Only original two-dimensional manuscript images were examined, not the modern transcription/translation or newly drawn gold symbols. The title incipit, five-part structure, landscape format, old Museo-Britannico stamps and named marginal signs agree with Ayscough 1782 and the descriptions prepared through direct examination of originals by Peterson/McLean. The editor explicitly designates these historical facsimile images as Public Domain; their own modern text edition is separately CC-BY 4.0. The exact microfilm capture/digitisation chain remains unsubstantiated at the private mirror; no new institutional digitisation is claimed.
British Museum, historischer Bestandskatalog von Samuel Ayscough; Digitalisat des Getty Research Institute via Internet Archive
Source location: Volume II, printed pp. 876–877, entries 2731 and 3847; IIIF scans 364/365
Contemporary inventory catalogue, published in 1782 with the Trustees’ permission. No. 2731 bears the English title of the five-part Little Key with spirit names and seals. No. 3847 is listed separately as Clavicula/Ptolemy/H.G./1572. Both original pages were read visually; the current incorrect French/1572 metadata record was not adopted as the image dating. Scan of the Getty collection, Call number 9922691770001551.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 876; IIIF image 364, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Visually confirmed original scan: No. 3847 is the Ptolemy witness copied in 1572; No. 2731 begins separately with the English Little-Key title incipit. Do not equate it with OCR folio index 363: the IIIF image index is offset by one.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 877; IIIF image 365, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Continuation of entry no. 2731: visible apparition and five parts; checked together with p. 876 and the title page of the manuscript facsimile. No evidence for French/1572 in this English Lemegeton.
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic English-language manuscript tradition · Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Marginal drawing beside the numbered name.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic
Region
English-language manuscript tradition
Date of the evidence
Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Private facsimile mirror; see the shared source criticism for manuscript attribution and dating. No evidence of Solomonic authorship. Source review completed 2026-10-04: identity confirmed against the actual historical holdings catalogue and by comparison of title and image witnesses; current BL interim metadata French/1572 remains documented as a conflicting finding. The individual seal area can be used as a low-resolution historical raster facsimile; it is not a newly invented sign or one taken from Mathers/Crowley.
Before designing
Compare the original marginal drawing; do not transfer a modern edition graphic. The unchanged native JPEG image object is available as an SVG crop; ink losses, stains and copying artefacts remain visible. No manufacturing approval or smoothed engraving outline.
Research draft. Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval.
Source location: Manuscript p. 14, marginal mark by no. 70 (Seere); Spreadp 015, left; mirror PDF p. 30, native JPEG object 120 0 R, pixel viewport [135, 302, 69, 54]
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Anonyme englische Handschrift, British Library Sloane MS 2731; historische Originalabbildung im privaten Grimorium-Faksimile. Bestandskatalog-Abgleich: Samuel Ayscough 1782, Bd. II S. 876–877.
The seven image spreads were viewed in the browser; one specifically located marginal sign for each name entry. Only the pictured manuscript pages serve as graphic evidence, not translations or the host’s modern individual seal graphics. The attribution to Sloane 2731 remains a checked mirror reference with a metadata conflict: the BL interim catalogue gives 1572/French, although the text shown is English. MacLean transcribes a writing note dated 18 January 1686 for 2731; Peterson discusses 1572/(1687?). Therefore, neither a precise year nor Solomonic authorship is securely established. Name spellings, together with the number and page location, serve to identify the entries; difficult-to-read passages need to be compared again against the institutional original. Shared provenance and use are grouped here; there are no 72 copied descriptions of effects. Source review completed 2026-10-04: Ayscough’s actual catalogue scan, 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, describes no. 2731 with the English title visible on p008 and a five-part structure; no. 3847/Ptolemy/H.G./1572 is listed separately. The BL interim catalogue conflict remains documented, but following comparison with the original catalogue and image evidence it no longer prevents identification. Native JPEGs of the PDF image objects are embedded unchanged; no modern redrawings are used. The private microfilm digitisation chain cannot be documented in detail.
Source location: Sloane MS 2731; Record 040-002115103
The currently read institutional interim record gives 1572 and French. This conflicts with the English facsimile tradition and the later manuscript description. This record is treated as evidence of a conflict, not as evidence for the 72 seal figures in 1572. Cross-check dated 2026-10-04: Ayscough 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, lists the English-titled Lemegeton as no. 2731 and separately the Ptolemy/H.G. witness of 1572 as no. 3847. The interim metadata record is therefore retained as a conflicting current catalogue finding, not as the dating of the seal images.
Source location: Section British Library MS.Sloane 2731;32 folios, oblong folio
Descriptive manuscript note by an independent researcher, not an institutional catalogue: transcribes the writing start date in the margin as 18 January 1686. This is the basis for the cautious dating to the late 17th century; there is no independent palaeographic confirmation of the date.
Research edition with manuscript comparison: the Lemegeton in this form dates to the 17th century; 2731 has contradictory dating 1572/(1687?). Explains dependencies on prints after 1641, including 1671, and editorial interventions in later editions. Modern edition illustrations are not the graphic templates used.
Source location: Goetia, name entries 1–72; main exemplar Sloane 3825
Control source for names and sequence. The edition follows mainly Sloane 3825, not the Sloane 2731 depicted here; its folio numbers are therefore not carried over. The editor’s drawings and copyright statements belong to the modern edition, not the 17th century. No modern drawings have been used.
British Library: historische Handschrift Sloane MS 2731; Grimorium: privater Faksimile-Bildspiegel
Source location: PDF title image p. 5, seal spreads p009–p015 on PDF pp. 6/9/13/17/21/25/30; native JPEG image objects 47/58/70/82/94/106/120
Only original two-dimensional manuscript images were examined, not the modern transcription/translation or newly drawn gold symbols. The title incipit, five-part structure, landscape format, old Museo-Britannico stamps and named marginal signs agree with Ayscough 1782 and the descriptions prepared through direct examination of originals by Peterson/McLean. The editor explicitly designates these historical facsimile images as Public Domain; their own modern text edition is separately CC-BY 4.0. The exact microfilm capture/digitisation chain remains unsubstantiated at the private mirror; no new institutional digitisation is claimed.
British Museum, historischer Bestandskatalog von Samuel Ayscough; Digitalisat des Getty Research Institute via Internet Archive
Source location: Volume II, printed pp. 876–877, entries 2731 and 3847; IIIF scans 364/365
Contemporary inventory catalogue, published in 1782 with the Trustees’ permission. No. 2731 bears the English title of the five-part Little Key with spirit names and seals. No. 3847 is listed separately as Clavicula/Ptolemy/H.G./1572. Both original pages were read visually; the current incorrect French/1572 metadata record was not adopted as the image dating. Scan of the Getty collection, Call number 9922691770001551.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 876; IIIF image 364, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Visually confirmed original scan: No. 3847 is the Ptolemy witness copied in 1572; No. 2731 begins separately with the English Little-Key title incipit. Do not equate it with OCR folio index 363: the IIIF image index is offset by one.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 877; IIIF image 365, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Continuation of entry no. 2731: visible apparition and five parts; checked together with p. 876 and the title page of the manuscript facsimile. No evidence for French/1572 in this English Lemegeton.
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic English-language manuscript tradition · Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Marginal drawing beside the numbered name.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic
Region
English-language manuscript tradition
Date of the evidence
Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Private facsimile mirror; see the shared source criticism for manuscript attribution and dating. No evidence of Solomonic authorship. Source review completed 2026-10-04: identity confirmed against the actual historical holdings catalogue and by comparison of title and image witnesses; current BL interim metadata French/1572 remains documented as a conflicting finding. The individual seal area can be used as a low-resolution historical raster facsimile; it is not a newly invented sign or one taken from Mathers/Crowley.
Before designing
Compare the original marginal drawing; do not transfer a modern edition graphic. The unchanged native JPEG image object is available as an SVG crop; ink losses, stains and copying artefacts remain visible. No manufacturing approval or smoothed engraving outline.
Research draft. Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval.
Source location: Handwritten p.14, marginal sign by no.71 (Dantalion); Spreadp 015, left; mirror PDF p. 30, native JPEG object 120 0 R, pixel viewport [140, 365, 54, 52]
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Anonyme englische Handschrift, British Library Sloane MS 2731; historische Originalabbildung im privaten Grimorium-Faksimile. Bestandskatalog-Abgleich: Samuel Ayscough 1782, Bd. II S. 876–877.
The seven image spreads were viewed in the browser; one specifically located marginal sign for each name entry. Only the pictured manuscript pages serve as graphic evidence, not translations or the host’s modern individual seal graphics. The attribution to Sloane 2731 remains a checked mirror reference with a metadata conflict: the BL interim catalogue gives 1572/French, although the text shown is English. MacLean transcribes a writing note dated 18 January 1686 for 2731; Peterson discusses 1572/(1687?). Therefore, neither a precise year nor Solomonic authorship is securely established. Name spellings, together with the number and page location, serve to identify the entries; difficult-to-read passages need to be compared again against the institutional original. Shared provenance and use are grouped here; there are no 72 copied descriptions of effects. Source review completed 2026-10-04: Ayscough’s actual catalogue scan, 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, describes no. 2731 with the English title visible on p008 and a five-part structure; no. 3847/Ptolemy/H.G./1572 is listed separately. The BL interim catalogue conflict remains documented, but following comparison with the original catalogue and image evidence it no longer prevents identification. Native JPEGs of the PDF image objects are embedded unchanged; no modern redrawings are used. The private microfilm digitisation chain cannot be documented in detail.
Source location: Sloane MS 2731; Record 040-002115103
The currently read institutional interim record gives 1572 and French. This conflicts with the English facsimile tradition and the later manuscript description. This record is treated as evidence of a conflict, not as evidence for the 72 seal figures in 1572. Cross-check dated 2026-10-04: Ayscough 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, lists the English-titled Lemegeton as no. 2731 and separately the Ptolemy/H.G. witness of 1572 as no. 3847. The interim metadata record is therefore retained as a conflicting current catalogue finding, not as the dating of the seal images.
Source location: Section British Library MS.Sloane 2731;32 folios, oblong folio
Descriptive manuscript note by an independent researcher, not an institutional catalogue: transcribes the writing start date in the margin as 18 January 1686. This is the basis for the cautious dating to the late 17th century; there is no independent palaeographic confirmation of the date.
Research edition with manuscript comparison: the Lemegeton in this form dates to the 17th century; 2731 has contradictory dating 1572/(1687?). Explains dependencies on prints after 1641, including 1671, and editorial interventions in later editions. Modern edition illustrations are not the graphic templates used.
Source location: Goetia, name entries 1–72; main exemplar Sloane 3825
Control source for names and sequence. The edition follows mainly Sloane 3825, not the Sloane 2731 depicted here; its folio numbers are therefore not carried over. The editor’s drawings and copyright statements belong to the modern edition, not the 17th century. No modern drawings have been used.
British Library: historische Handschrift Sloane MS 2731; Grimorium: privater Faksimile-Bildspiegel
Source location: PDF title image p. 5, seal spreads p009–p015 on PDF pp. 6/9/13/17/21/25/30; native JPEG image objects 47/58/70/82/94/106/120
Only original two-dimensional manuscript images were examined, not the modern transcription/translation or newly drawn gold symbols. The title incipit, five-part structure, landscape format, old Museo-Britannico stamps and named marginal signs agree with Ayscough 1782 and the descriptions prepared through direct examination of originals by Peterson/McLean. The editor explicitly designates these historical facsimile images as Public Domain; their own modern text edition is separately CC-BY 4.0. The exact microfilm capture/digitisation chain remains unsubstantiated at the private mirror; no new institutional digitisation is claimed.
British Museum, historischer Bestandskatalog von Samuel Ayscough; Digitalisat des Getty Research Institute via Internet Archive
Source location: Volume II, printed pp. 876–877, entries 2731 and 3847; IIIF scans 364/365
Contemporary inventory catalogue, published in 1782 with the Trustees’ permission. No. 2731 bears the English title of the five-part Little Key with spirit names and seals. No. 3847 is listed separately as Clavicula/Ptolemy/H.G./1572. Both original pages were read visually; the current incorrect French/1572 metadata record was not adopted as the image dating. Scan of the Getty collection, Call number 9922691770001551.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 876; IIIF image 364, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Visually confirmed original scan: No. 3847 is the Ptolemy witness copied in 1572; No. 2731 begins separately with the English Little-Key title incipit. Do not equate it with OCR folio index 363: the IIIF image index is offset by one.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 877; IIIF image 365, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Continuation of entry no. 2731: visible apparition and five parts; checked together with p. 876 and the title page of the manuscript facsimile. No evidence for French/1572 in this English Lemegeton.
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic English-language manuscript tradition · Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Marginal drawing beside the numbered name.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic
Region
English-language manuscript tradition
Date of the evidence
Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Private facsimile mirror; see the shared source criticism for manuscript attribution and dating. No evidence of Solomonic authorship. Source review completed 2026-10-04: identity confirmed against the actual historical holdings catalogue and by comparison of title and image witnesses; current BL interim metadata French/1572 remains documented as a conflicting finding. The individual seal area can be used as a low-resolution historical raster facsimile; it is not a newly invented sign or one taken from Mathers/Crowley.
Before designing
Compare the original marginal drawing; do not transfer a modern edition graphic. The unchanged native JPEG image object is available as an SVG crop; ink losses, stains and copying artefacts remain visible. No manufacturing approval or smoothed engraving outline.
Research draft. Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval.
Source location: Manuscript p.14, marginal sign by no.72 (Andromalius); Spreadp 015, left; mirror PDF p. 30, native JPEG object 120 0 R, pixel viewport [136, 425, 64, 45]
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Anonyme englische Handschrift, British Library Sloane MS 2731; historische Originalabbildung im privaten Grimorium-Faksimile. Bestandskatalog-Abgleich: Samuel Ayscough 1782, Bd. II S. 876–877.
The seven image spreads were viewed in the browser; one specifically located marginal sign for each name entry. Only the pictured manuscript pages serve as graphic evidence, not translations or the host’s modern individual seal graphics. The attribution to Sloane 2731 remains a checked mirror reference with a metadata conflict: the BL interim catalogue gives 1572/French, although the text shown is English. MacLean transcribes a writing note dated 18 January 1686 for 2731; Peterson discusses 1572/(1687?). Therefore, neither a precise year nor Solomonic authorship is securely established. Name spellings, together with the number and page location, serve to identify the entries; difficult-to-read passages need to be compared again against the institutional original. Shared provenance and use are grouped here; there are no 72 copied descriptions of effects. Source review completed 2026-10-04: Ayscough’s actual catalogue scan, 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, describes no. 2731 with the English title visible on p008 and a five-part structure; no. 3847/Ptolemy/H.G./1572 is listed separately. The BL interim catalogue conflict remains documented, but following comparison with the original catalogue and image evidence it no longer prevents identification. Native JPEGs of the PDF image objects are embedded unchanged; no modern redrawings are used. The private microfilm digitisation chain cannot be documented in detail.
Source location: Sloane MS 2731; Record 040-002115103
The currently read institutional interim record gives 1572 and French. This conflicts with the English facsimile tradition and the later manuscript description. This record is treated as evidence of a conflict, not as evidence for the 72 seal figures in 1572. Cross-check dated 2026-10-04: Ayscough 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, lists the English-titled Lemegeton as no. 2731 and separately the Ptolemy/H.G. witness of 1572 as no. 3847. The interim metadata record is therefore retained as a conflicting current catalogue finding, not as the dating of the seal images.
Source location: Section British Library MS.Sloane 2731;32 folios, oblong folio
Descriptive manuscript note by an independent researcher, not an institutional catalogue: transcribes the writing start date in the margin as 18 January 1686. This is the basis for the cautious dating to the late 17th century; there is no independent palaeographic confirmation of the date.
Research edition with manuscript comparison: the Lemegeton in this form dates to the 17th century; 2731 has contradictory dating 1572/(1687?). Explains dependencies on prints after 1641, including 1671, and editorial interventions in later editions. Modern edition illustrations are not the graphic templates used.
Source location: Goetia, name entries 1–72; main exemplar Sloane 3825
Control source for names and sequence. The edition follows mainly Sloane 3825, not the Sloane 2731 depicted here; its folio numbers are therefore not carried over. The editor’s drawings and copyright statements belong to the modern edition, not the 17th century. No modern drawings have been used.
British Library: historische Handschrift Sloane MS 2731; Grimorium: privater Faksimile-Bildspiegel
Source location: PDF title image p. 5, seal spreads p009–p015 on PDF pp. 6/9/13/17/21/25/30; native JPEG image objects 47/58/70/82/94/106/120
Only original two-dimensional manuscript images were examined, not the modern transcription/translation or newly drawn gold symbols. The title incipit, five-part structure, landscape format, old Museo-Britannico stamps and named marginal signs agree with Ayscough 1782 and the descriptions prepared through direct examination of originals by Peterson/McLean. The editor explicitly designates these historical facsimile images as Public Domain; their own modern text edition is separately CC-BY 4.0. The exact microfilm capture/digitisation chain remains unsubstantiated at the private mirror; no new institutional digitisation is claimed.
British Museum, historischer Bestandskatalog von Samuel Ayscough; Digitalisat des Getty Research Institute via Internet Archive
Source location: Volume II, printed pp. 876–877, entries 2731 and 3847; IIIF scans 364/365
Contemporary inventory catalogue, published in 1782 with the Trustees’ permission. No. 2731 bears the English title of the five-part Little Key with spirit names and seals. No. 3847 is listed separately as Clavicula/Ptolemy/H.G./1572. Both original pages were read visually; the current incorrect French/1572 metadata record was not adopted as the image dating. Scan of the Getty collection, Call number 9922691770001551.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 876; IIIF image 364, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Visually confirmed original scan: No. 3847 is the Ptolemy witness copied in 1572; No. 2731 begins separately with the English Little-Key title incipit. Do not equate it with OCR folio index 363: the IIIF image index is offset by one.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 877; IIIF image 365, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Continuation of entry no. 2731: visible apparition and five parts; checked together with p. 876 and the title page of the manuscript facsimile. No evidence for French/1572 in this English Lemegeton.
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic English-language manuscript tradition · Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Marginal drawing beside the numbered name.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic
Region
English-language manuscript tradition
Date of the evidence
Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Private facsimile mirror; see the shared source criticism for manuscript attribution and dating. No evidence of Solomonic authorship. Source review completed 2026-10-04: identity confirmed against the actual historical holdings catalogue and by comparison of title and image witnesses; current BL interim metadata French/1572 remains documented as a conflicting finding. The individual seal area can be used as a low-resolution historical raster facsimile; it is not a newly invented sign or one taken from Mathers/Crowley.
Before designing
Compare the original marginal drawing; do not transfer a modern edition graphic. The unchanged native JPEG image object is available as an SVG crop; ink losses, stains and copying artefacts remain visible. No manufacturing approval or smoothed engraving outline.
Research draft. Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval.
Source location: Handwritten p.3, marginal sign by no.7 (Amon); Spreadp 009, right; mirror PDF p. 6, native JPEG object 47 0 R, pixel viewport [1217, 173, 48, 42]
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Anonyme englische Handschrift, British Library Sloane MS 2731; historische Originalabbildung im privaten Grimorium-Faksimile. Bestandskatalog-Abgleich: Samuel Ayscough 1782, Bd. II S. 876–877.
The seven image spreads were viewed in the browser; one specifically located marginal sign for each name entry. Only the pictured manuscript pages serve as graphic evidence, not translations or the host’s modern individual seal graphics. The attribution to Sloane 2731 remains a checked mirror reference with a metadata conflict: the BL interim catalogue gives 1572/French, although the text shown is English. MacLean transcribes a writing note dated 18 January 1686 for 2731; Peterson discusses 1572/(1687?). Therefore, neither a precise year nor Solomonic authorship is securely established. Name spellings, together with the number and page location, serve to identify the entries; difficult-to-read passages need to be compared again against the institutional original. Shared provenance and use are grouped here; there are no 72 copied descriptions of effects. Source review completed 2026-10-04: Ayscough’s actual catalogue scan, 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, describes no. 2731 with the English title visible on p008 and a five-part structure; no. 3847/Ptolemy/H.G./1572 is listed separately. The BL interim catalogue conflict remains documented, but following comparison with the original catalogue and image evidence it no longer prevents identification. Native JPEGs of the PDF image objects are embedded unchanged; no modern redrawings are used. The private microfilm digitisation chain cannot be documented in detail.
Source location: Sloane MS 2731; Record 040-002115103
The currently read institutional interim record gives 1572 and French. This conflicts with the English facsimile tradition and the later manuscript description. This record is treated as evidence of a conflict, not as evidence for the 72 seal figures in 1572. Cross-check dated 2026-10-04: Ayscough 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, lists the English-titled Lemegeton as no. 2731 and separately the Ptolemy/H.G. witness of 1572 as no. 3847. The interim metadata record is therefore retained as a conflicting current catalogue finding, not as the dating of the seal images.
Source location: Section British Library MS.Sloane 2731;32 folios, oblong folio
Descriptive manuscript note by an independent researcher, not an institutional catalogue: transcribes the writing start date in the margin as 18 January 1686. This is the basis for the cautious dating to the late 17th century; there is no independent palaeographic confirmation of the date.
Research edition with manuscript comparison: the Lemegeton in this form dates to the 17th century; 2731 has contradictory dating 1572/(1687?). Explains dependencies on prints after 1641, including 1671, and editorial interventions in later editions. Modern edition illustrations are not the graphic templates used.
Source location: Goetia, name entries 1–72; main exemplar Sloane 3825
Control source for names and sequence. The edition follows mainly Sloane 3825, not the Sloane 2731 depicted here; its folio numbers are therefore not carried over. The editor’s drawings and copyright statements belong to the modern edition, not the 17th century. No modern drawings have been used.
British Library: historische Handschrift Sloane MS 2731; Grimorium: privater Faksimile-Bildspiegel
Source location: PDF title image p. 5, seal spreads p009–p015 on PDF pp. 6/9/13/17/21/25/30; native JPEG image objects 47/58/70/82/94/106/120
Only original two-dimensional manuscript images were examined, not the modern transcription/translation or newly drawn gold symbols. The title incipit, five-part structure, landscape format, old Museo-Britannico stamps and named marginal signs agree with Ayscough 1782 and the descriptions prepared through direct examination of originals by Peterson/McLean. The editor explicitly designates these historical facsimile images as Public Domain; their own modern text edition is separately CC-BY 4.0. The exact microfilm capture/digitisation chain remains unsubstantiated at the private mirror; no new institutional digitisation is claimed.
British Museum, historischer Bestandskatalog von Samuel Ayscough; Digitalisat des Getty Research Institute via Internet Archive
Source location: Volume II, printed pp. 876–877, entries 2731 and 3847; IIIF scans 364/365
Contemporary inventory catalogue, published in 1782 with the Trustees’ permission. No. 2731 bears the English title of the five-part Little Key with spirit names and seals. No. 3847 is listed separately as Clavicula/Ptolemy/H.G./1572. Both original pages were read visually; the current incorrect French/1572 metadata record was not adopted as the image dating. Scan of the Getty collection, Call number 9922691770001551.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 876; IIIF image 364, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Visually confirmed original scan: No. 3847 is the Ptolemy witness copied in 1572; No. 2731 begins separately with the English Little-Key title incipit. Do not equate it with OCR folio index 363: the IIIF image index is offset by one.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 877; IIIF image 365, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Continuation of entry no. 2731: visible apparition and five parts; checked together with p. 876 and the title page of the manuscript facsimile. No evidence for French/1572 in this English Lemegeton.
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic English-language manuscript tradition · Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Marginal drawing beside the numbered name.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic
Region
English-language manuscript tradition
Date of the evidence
Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Private facsimile mirror; see the shared source criticism for manuscript attribution and dating. No evidence of Solomonic authorship. Source review completed 2026-10-04: identity confirmed against the actual historical holdings catalogue and by comparison of title and image witnesses; current BL interim metadata French/1572 remains documented as a conflicting finding. The individual seal area can be used as a low-resolution historical raster facsimile; it is not a newly invented sign or one taken from Mathers/Crowley.
Before designing
Compare the original marginal drawing; do not transfer a modern edition graphic. The unchanged native JPEG image object is available as an SVG crop; ink losses, stains and copying artefacts remain visible. No manufacturing approval or smoothed engraving outline.
Research draft. Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval.
Source location: Handwritten p.3, marginal sign at no.8 (Barbatos); Spreadp 009, right; mirror PDF p. 6, native JPEG object 47 0 R, pixel viewport [1216, 300, 47, 37]
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Anonyme englische Handschrift, British Library Sloane MS 2731; historische Originalabbildung im privaten Grimorium-Faksimile. Bestandskatalog-Abgleich: Samuel Ayscough 1782, Bd. II S. 876–877.
The seven image spreads were viewed in the browser; one specifically located marginal sign for each name entry. Only the pictured manuscript pages serve as graphic evidence, not translations or the host’s modern individual seal graphics. The attribution to Sloane 2731 remains a checked mirror reference with a metadata conflict: the BL interim catalogue gives 1572/French, although the text shown is English. MacLean transcribes a writing note dated 18 January 1686 for 2731; Peterson discusses 1572/(1687?). Therefore, neither a precise year nor Solomonic authorship is securely established. Name spellings, together with the number and page location, serve to identify the entries; difficult-to-read passages need to be compared again against the institutional original. Shared provenance and use are grouped here; there are no 72 copied descriptions of effects. Source review completed 2026-10-04: Ayscough’s actual catalogue scan, 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, describes no. 2731 with the English title visible on p008 and a five-part structure; no. 3847/Ptolemy/H.G./1572 is listed separately. The BL interim catalogue conflict remains documented, but following comparison with the original catalogue and image evidence it no longer prevents identification. Native JPEGs of the PDF image objects are embedded unchanged; no modern redrawings are used. The private microfilm digitisation chain cannot be documented in detail.
Source location: Sloane MS 2731; Record 040-002115103
The currently read institutional interim record gives 1572 and French. This conflicts with the English facsimile tradition and the later manuscript description. This record is treated as evidence of a conflict, not as evidence for the 72 seal figures in 1572. Cross-check dated 2026-10-04: Ayscough 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, lists the English-titled Lemegeton as no. 2731 and separately the Ptolemy/H.G. witness of 1572 as no. 3847. The interim metadata record is therefore retained as a conflicting current catalogue finding, not as the dating of the seal images.
Source location: Section British Library MS.Sloane 2731;32 folios, oblong folio
Descriptive manuscript note by an independent researcher, not an institutional catalogue: transcribes the writing start date in the margin as 18 January 1686. This is the basis for the cautious dating to the late 17th century; there is no independent palaeographic confirmation of the date.
Research edition with manuscript comparison: the Lemegeton in this form dates to the 17th century; 2731 has contradictory dating 1572/(1687?). Explains dependencies on prints after 1641, including 1671, and editorial interventions in later editions. Modern edition illustrations are not the graphic templates used.
Source location: Goetia, name entries 1–72; main exemplar Sloane 3825
Control source for names and sequence. The edition follows mainly Sloane 3825, not the Sloane 2731 depicted here; its folio numbers are therefore not carried over. The editor’s drawings and copyright statements belong to the modern edition, not the 17th century. No modern drawings have been used.
British Library: historische Handschrift Sloane MS 2731; Grimorium: privater Faksimile-Bildspiegel
Source location: PDF title image p. 5, seal spreads p009–p015 on PDF pp. 6/9/13/17/21/25/30; native JPEG image objects 47/58/70/82/94/106/120
Only original two-dimensional manuscript images were examined, not the modern transcription/translation or newly drawn gold symbols. The title incipit, five-part structure, landscape format, old Museo-Britannico stamps and named marginal signs agree with Ayscough 1782 and the descriptions prepared through direct examination of originals by Peterson/McLean. The editor explicitly designates these historical facsimile images as Public Domain; their own modern text edition is separately CC-BY 4.0. The exact microfilm capture/digitisation chain remains unsubstantiated at the private mirror; no new institutional digitisation is claimed.
British Museum, historischer Bestandskatalog von Samuel Ayscough; Digitalisat des Getty Research Institute via Internet Archive
Source location: Volume II, printed pp. 876–877, entries 2731 and 3847; IIIF scans 364/365
Contemporary inventory catalogue, published in 1782 with the Trustees’ permission. No. 2731 bears the English title of the five-part Little Key with spirit names and seals. No. 3847 is listed separately as Clavicula/Ptolemy/H.G./1572. Both original pages were read visually; the current incorrect French/1572 metadata record was not adopted as the image dating. Scan of the Getty collection, Call number 9922691770001551.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 876; IIIF image 364, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Visually confirmed original scan: No. 3847 is the Ptolemy witness copied in 1572; No. 2731 begins separately with the English Little-Key title incipit. Do not equate it with OCR folio index 363: the IIIF image index is offset by one.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 877; IIIF image 365, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Continuation of entry no. 2731: visible apparition and five parts; checked together with p. 876 and the title page of the manuscript facsimile. No evidence for French/1572 in this English Lemegeton.
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic English-language manuscript tradition · Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Marginal drawing beside the numbered name.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Lemegeton / Solomonic ritual magic
Region
English-language manuscript tradition
Date of the evidence
Late 17th century according to a note in the handwriting, 1686; catalogue dating contradictory
Private facsimile mirror; see the shared source criticism for manuscript attribution and dating. No evidence of Solomonic authorship. Source review completed 2026-10-04: identity confirmed against the actual historical holdings catalogue and by comparison of title and image witnesses; current BL interim metadata French/1572 remains documented as a conflicting finding. The individual seal area can be used as a low-resolution historical raster facsimile; it is not a newly invented sign or one taken from Mathers/Crowley.
Before designing
Compare the original marginal drawing; do not transfer a modern edition graphic. The unchanged native JPEG image object is available as an SVG crop; ink losses, stains and copying artefacts remain visible. No manufacturing approval or smoothed engraving outline.
Research draft. Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historical handwritten marginal drawing as a raster facsimile. The native 1400-pixel JPEG image object from the mirror PDF remains byte-for-byte unchanged; only the SVG viewport selects the individual seal area, including a small margin of source pixels. Low resolution, faded ink, stains, copying lines and traces of individual original annotations are retained. Not a vector ready for engraving and not manufacturing approval.
Source location: Manuscript p.3, marginal mark by no.9 (Paimon); Spreadp 009, right; mirror PDF p. 6, native JPEG object 47 0 R, pixel viewport [1203, 421, 59, 34]
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Anonyme englische Handschrift, British Library Sloane MS 2731; historische Originalabbildung im privaten Grimorium-Faksimile. Bestandskatalog-Abgleich: Samuel Ayscough 1782, Bd. II S. 876–877.
The seven image spreads were viewed in the browser; one specifically located marginal sign for each name entry. Only the pictured manuscript pages serve as graphic evidence, not translations or the host’s modern individual seal graphics. The attribution to Sloane 2731 remains a checked mirror reference with a metadata conflict: the BL interim catalogue gives 1572/French, although the text shown is English. MacLean transcribes a writing note dated 18 January 1686 for 2731; Peterson discusses 1572/(1687?). Therefore, neither a precise year nor Solomonic authorship is securely established. Name spellings, together with the number and page location, serve to identify the entries; difficult-to-read passages need to be compared again against the institutional original. Shared provenance and use are grouped here; there are no 72 copied descriptions of effects. Source review completed 2026-10-04: Ayscough’s actual catalogue scan, 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, describes no. 2731 with the English title visible on p008 and a five-part structure; no. 3847/Ptolemy/H.G./1572 is listed separately. The BL interim catalogue conflict remains documented, but following comparison with the original catalogue and image evidence it no longer prevents identification. Native JPEGs of the PDF image objects are embedded unchanged; no modern redrawings are used. The private microfilm digitisation chain cannot be documented in detail.
Source location: Sloane MS 2731; Record 040-002115103
The currently read institutional interim record gives 1572 and French. This conflicts with the English facsimile tradition and the later manuscript description. This record is treated as evidence of a conflict, not as evidence for the 72 seal figures in 1572. Cross-check dated 2026-10-04: Ayscough 1782, vol. II, pp. 876–877, lists the English-titled Lemegeton as no. 2731 and separately the Ptolemy/H.G. witness of 1572 as no. 3847. The interim metadata record is therefore retained as a conflicting current catalogue finding, not as the dating of the seal images.
Source location: Section British Library MS.Sloane 2731;32 folios, oblong folio
Descriptive manuscript note by an independent researcher, not an institutional catalogue: transcribes the writing start date in the margin as 18 January 1686. This is the basis for the cautious dating to the late 17th century; there is no independent palaeographic confirmation of the date.
Research edition with manuscript comparison: the Lemegeton in this form dates to the 17th century; 2731 has contradictory dating 1572/(1687?). Explains dependencies on prints after 1641, including 1671, and editorial interventions in later editions. Modern edition illustrations are not the graphic templates used.
Source location: Goetia, name entries 1–72; main exemplar Sloane 3825
Control source for names and sequence. The edition follows mainly Sloane 3825, not the Sloane 2731 depicted here; its folio numbers are therefore not carried over. The editor’s drawings and copyright statements belong to the modern edition, not the 17th century. No modern drawings have been used.
British Library: historische Handschrift Sloane MS 2731; Grimorium: privater Faksimile-Bildspiegel
Source location: PDF title image p. 5, seal spreads p009–p015 on PDF pp. 6/9/13/17/21/25/30; native JPEG image objects 47/58/70/82/94/106/120
Only original two-dimensional manuscript images were examined, not the modern transcription/translation or newly drawn gold symbols. The title incipit, five-part structure, landscape format, old Museo-Britannico stamps and named marginal signs agree with Ayscough 1782 and the descriptions prepared through direct examination of originals by Peterson/McLean. The editor explicitly designates these historical facsimile images as Public Domain; their own modern text edition is separately CC-BY 4.0. The exact microfilm capture/digitisation chain remains unsubstantiated at the private mirror; no new institutional digitisation is claimed.
British Museum, historischer Bestandskatalog von Samuel Ayscough; Digitalisat des Getty Research Institute via Internet Archive
Source location: Volume II, printed pp. 876–877, entries 2731 and 3847; IIIF scans 364/365
Contemporary inventory catalogue, published in 1782 with the Trustees’ permission. No. 2731 bears the English title of the five-part Little Key with spirit names and seals. No. 3847 is listed separately as Clavicula/Ptolemy/H.G./1572. Both original pages were read visually; the current incorrect French/1572 metadata record was not adopted as the image dating. Scan of the Getty collection, Call number 9922691770001551.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 876; IIIF image 364, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Visually confirmed original scan: No. 3847 is the Ptolemy witness copied in 1572; No. 2731 begins separately with the English Little-Key title incipit. Do not equate it with OCR folio index 363: the IIIF image index is offset by one.
Getty Research Institute / Internet Archive; historischer British-Museum-Katalog
Source location: Printed p. 877; IIIF image 365, original 2712 × 3702 pixels
Continuation of entry no. 2731: visible apparition and five parts; checked together with p. 876 and the title page of the manuscript facsimile. No evidence for French/1572 in this English Lemegeton.
Motif family – individual symbols and variants must be reviewed separately.
Description
Historically attested seal family; variants still to be checked individually.
Historically recorded use
Spirit-related signs in ritual magic.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Family entry, not a complete image of an individual seal. These seals are absent from the older Weyer catalogue; attribution to Solomon is not provenance.
Before designing
For each individual motif, decide the name, manuscript, folio and drawing later; no modern sigil generators.
Research draft. 72 source-linked children correctly classified under the broad Lemegeton family; no family default. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Source location: Sloane 3825, 17th c.; fol. 100r; introduction and manuscript list
The edition distinguishes early modern transmission of seals from Weyer’s older catalogue, which contains no demon seals. No comparison of individual seals was conducted.
Egyptian amulet tradition of the Third Intermediate Period Egypt; exact findspot not stated · c. 945–715 BC; 22nd Dynasty or later according to the museum catalogue
Slender standing gold figure with a ram’s head, arms hanging at the sides, a short pleated kilt and one leg advanced on a rectangular base. The frontal photograph shows the fine relief details that are present.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Egyptian amulet tradition of the Third Intermediate Period
Region
Egypt; exact findspot not stated
Date of the evidence
c. 945–715 BC; 22nd Dynasty or later according to the museum catalogue
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Slender standing gold figure with a ram’s head, arms hanging at the sides, a short pleated kilt and one leg advanced on a rectangular base. The frontal photograph shows the fine relief details that are present.
Historically recorded use
The catalogue lists the gold figure as an amulet of a ram-headed deity. The examined object source provides neither a more precise identification of the deity nor a specific individual context of use.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 1916.664. The figure is not renamed as Amun, Khnum or another specific deity without additional evidence. The museum title and broad dating are retained.
Before designing
Unchanged, complete native museum view(s), including background and present-day damage. Historical facsimile; separate outline preparation and manufacturing review required.
Research draft. Slender standing gold figure with a ram’s head, arms hanging at the sides, a short pleated kilt and one leg advanced on a rectangular base. The frontal view shows the existing fine relief details. Unchanged, complete native museum view(s), including background and present-day damage. Historical facsimile; separate outline preparation and manufacturing review required. Regular HTTP200 original retrieval on 12.10.2026. Current image retrieval HTTP403; current object page confirms the exact image URL, dimensions and CC0 unchanged. No fresh successful image retrieval is claimed. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Slender standing gold figure with a ram’s head, arms hanging at the sides, a short pleated kilt and one leg advanced on a rectangular base. The frontal view shows the existing fine relief details. Unchanged, complete native museum view(s), including background and present-day damage. Historical facsimile; separate outline preparation and manufacturing review required. Regular HTTP200 original retrieval on 12.10.2026. Current image retrieval HTTP403; current object page confirms the exact image URL, dimensions and CC0 unchanged. No fresh successful image retrieval is claimed.
Source location: 1916.664; 1 complete native museum view(s)
Gold bracteate from Skättekärr with profile figure
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Early medieval Scandinavian pictorial and jewellery tradition Sweden; find context according to the individual catalogue: Plats: Skättekärr, Fastighet: Skättekärr nr 4, Socken: Brunnby socken, Kommun: Höganäs kommun, Landskap: Skåne, Land: Sverige · 400–550 AD according to the current SHM individual object page; Folkvandringstid
The round image field contains a large profile head and other curved figure lines. A fine beaded border and the narrow loop remain visible.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early medieval Scandinavian pictorial and jewellery tradition
Region
Sweden; find context according to the individual catalogue: Plats: Skättekärr, Fastighet: Skättekärr nr 4, Socken: Brunnby socken, Kommun: Höganäs kommun, Landskap: Skåne, Land: Sverige
Date of the evidence
400–550 AD according to the current SHM individual object page; Folkvandringstid
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
The round image field contains a large profile head and other curved figure lines. A fine beaded border and the narrow loop remain visible.
Historically recorded use
Individually inventoried historical gold pendant with a stamped image field. The museum catalogue lists the piece as a bracteate; a specific protective formula, deity or individual amulet practice is not securely attested in this single source.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Specific SHM individual inventory number 109724_HST. The current museum dating of 400–550 (Migration Period) is separate from the modern acquisition registration. Erroneous date values in the older K-samsök search metadata are archived only as discovery data and are not used to date manufacture. A historical gold pendant with an image field is not evidence of personal magical use. No attribution to deities or free translation of runes.
Before designing
Unaltered complete capture of the surviving object surface as a historical image reference. Wear, breakage, original photographic background, inventory writing and scale are retained. Not a reconstructed complete state and not an engraving-ready design vector.
Research draft. Complete, unaltered institutional presentation photograph of the surviving original object; no camera master is claimed and no local raster transformation has been made. The round image field contains a large profile head and other curved figure lines. A fine beaded border and the narrow loop remain visible. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete, unaltered institutional presentation photograph of the surviving original object; no camera master is claimed and no local raster transformation has been made. The round image field contains a large profile head and other curved figure lines. A fine beaded border and the narrow loop remain visible.
Source location: 109724_HST; SHM media ID B9F5F25D-D69C-4EC3-A8F8-7DF51E8E8D9A
Source location: 109724_HST; acquisition number 7752
Current individual object identity, period of manufacture, material and find context; the linked individual media page attests to the photographer and CC BY 4.0. The modern acquisition year is not transferred to the date of manufacture.
Cypro-Phoenician Cyprus / Phoenician Mediterranean · 7th–2nd century BC
Short gold tube with a broad loop at the upper end and surrounding border zones. Dents and a crack in the lower area show its present state of preservation.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Cypro-Phoenician
Region
Cyprus / Phoenician Mediterranean
Date of the evidence
7th–2nd century BC
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Short gold tube with a broad loop at the upper end and surrounding border zones. Dents and a crack in the lower area show its present state of preservation.
Historically recorded use
The Met describes the piece as a tubular amulet case for vertical suspension. Such cases could hold inscribed thin metal sheets or papyrus. The general protective use of this object type does not establish that this particular inventory number had contents that have survived.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 74.51.3315, object 242749. The suspension orientation is explicitly stated in the text for the individual object. The context of labelled inserts comes from the Met container 74.51.3321, also included here, and is treated separately as general knowledge about the object type rather than as information about this specific contents.
Before designing
Complete native museum photograph as a historical reference; damage and present-day photographic elements remain visible. No contour reconstruction, no production approval.
Research draft. Unchanged complete native museum image; no raster transformation or addition of old outlines. Historical reference, not manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Unchanged complete native museum image; no raster transformation or addition of old outlines. Historical reference, not manufacturing approval.
Source location: The Metropolitan Museum of Art; 74.51.3315; 242749
The actually read single-object text from the web tool on use and limits of interpretation. A separate ordinary native HTML retrieval returned 429 and is archived only as an error response.
Source location: CC0 for individually designated public-domain images
Freshly read institutional CC0 primary text from the web tool. Individual rights attribution was additionally checked in each archived individual object API record.
The actually read single-object text from the web tool on use and limits of interpretation. A separate ordinary native HTML retrieval returned 429 and is archived only as an error response.
Short gold tube with three suspension loops and triangular granulated decoration. The wall is dented; creases and abrasion remain visible in the original photograph.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Roman, Cypriot
Region
Roman Cyprus
Date of the evidence
1st–3rd century AD
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Short gold tube with three suspension loops and triangular granulated decoration. The wall is dented; creases and abrasion remain visible in the original photograph.
Historically recorded use
The Met describes gold amulet tubes of this group as containers for inscribed gold or papyrus, to which divine protection was attributed. The specific surviving object attests to the container form; this does not establish that any contents associated with this inventory number have survived.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Object 242753, inventory 74.51.3319. The current API gives isPublicDomain=true, while the older private record from the historical museum export contains false. The old payload remains unchanged; the new image is linked to the current individual object.
Before designing
Native museum photograph as a historical reference; damage, writing and present-day photographic condition unaltered. No manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Full native JPEG photograph without cropping, resampling, retouching or added glyphs. Short gold tube with three suspension loops and granulated triangular decoration. The wall is dented; creases and wear remain visible in the original photograph. Not approved for manufacture. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Full native JPEG photograph without cropping, resampling, retouching or added glyphs. Short gold tube with three suspension loops and granulated triangular decoration. The wall is dented; creases and wear remain visible in the original photograph. Not approved for manufacture.
Source location: 74.51.3319; fully attributed museum image
Successfully read primary text from the web tool. The separate native HTML retrieval returned 429 and is archived as an error; it is not used as read licence text.
Gold tube with two suspension loops and granulation at the ends. Its different number of loops and proportions are a specific historical object variant of the container form.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Roman, Cypriot
Region
Roman Cyprus
Date of the evidence
1st–3rd century AD
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Gold tube with two suspension loops and granulation at the ends. Its different number of loops and proportions are a specific historical object variant of the container form.
Historically recorded use
The tubular setting belongs to the Roman-Cypriot tradition of containers for written amulets. The museum explains that protective texts on gold or papyrus were used for this group of objects; no particular text or owner is attested for this example.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 74.51.3320, object 242754. The museum’s literal dating is retained; the API end value 299 is not silently standardised to the neighbouring object 300. No reconstruction of lost content.
Before designing
Native museum photograph as a historical reference; damage, writing and present-day photographic condition unaltered. No manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete native JPEG photograph without cropping, resampling, retouching or added glyphs. Gold tube with two suspension loops and granulation at the ends. Its different number of loops and proportions are a specific historical object variant of the container form. No manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete native JPEG photograph without cropping, resampling, retouching or added glyphs. Gold tube with two suspension loops and granulation at the ends. Its different number of loops and proportions are a specific historical object variant of the container form. No manufacturing approval.
Source location: 74.51.3320; fully attributed museum photograph
Successfully read primary text from the web tool. The separate native HTML retrieval returned 429 and is archived as an error; it is not used as read licence text.
Cypro-Phoenician Cyprus / Phoenician Mediterranean · Probably 6th–4th century BC
Slender standing gold figure with hands joined at the upper body. The face is badly damaged and partly pierced; the lower section is incompletely preserved.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Cypro-Phoenician
Region
Cyprus / Phoenician Mediterranean
Date of the evidence
Probably 6th–4th century BC
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Slender standing gold figure with hands joined at the upper body. The face is badly damaged and partly pierced; the lower section is incompletely preserved.
Historically recorded use
This separately inventoried gold amulet belongs to the Cypro-Phoenician group of frontal figures with attachments on the reverse. The museum text leaves their meaning open. A possible connection with amulet containers is a typological explanation, not evidence of a particular wearer or individual protective intention.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 74.51.3285, object 242718. This is a different surviving example from 74.51.3283, with its own image and damage pattern. The difference is documented as an inventory variant, without claiming any additional magical significance.
Before designing
Complete native museum photograph as a historical reference; damage and present-day photographic elements remain visible. No contour reconstruction, no production approval.
Research draft. Unchanged complete native museum image; no raster transformation or addition of old outlines. Historical reference, not manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Unchanged complete native museum image; no raster transformation or addition of old outlines. Historical reference, not manufacturing approval.
Source location: The Metropolitan Museum of Art; 74.51.3285; 242718
The actually read single-object text from the web tool on use and limits of interpretation. A separate ordinary native HTML retrieval returned 429 and is archived only as an error response.
Source location: CC0 for individually designated public-domain images
Freshly read institutional CC0 primary text from the web tool. Individual rights attribution was additionally checked in each archived individual object API record.
Golden frontal figure with attachments on the reverse
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Cypro-Phoenician Cyprus / Phoenician Mediterranean · Probably 6th–4th century BC
Standing frontal gold figure with hands placed against the upper body and pronounced ribs. The face and feet are worn or damaged; the old outline remains visible unchanged.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Cypro-Phoenician
Region
Cyprus / Phoenician Mediterranean
Date of the evidence
Probably 6th–4th century BC
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Standing frontal gold figure with hands placed against the upper body and pronounced ribs. The face and feet are worn or damaged; the old outline remains visible unchanged.
Historically recorded use
The Met catalogues the small gold figure as an amulet, but considers its meaning unclear. Attachments on the reverse attest to the possibility of mounting it. The museum text proposes a connection with amulet cases in the same collection; this does not establish a specific deity or a surviving protective text.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 74.51.3283, object 242716. The dating explicitly includes “probably”. The museum describes the meaning as unclear; the figure is not presented as a securely identified Bes or as reconstructed contents of an amulet tube.
Before designing
Complete native museum photograph as a historical reference; damage and present-day photographic elements remain visible. No contour reconstruction, no production approval.
Research draft. Unchanged complete native museum image; no raster transformation or addition of old outlines. Historical reference, not manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Unchanged complete native museum image; no raster transformation or addition of old outlines. Historical reference, not manufacturing approval.
Source location: The Metropolitan Museum of Art; 74.51.3283; 242716
The actually read single-object text from the web tool on use and limits of interpretation. A separate ordinary native HTML retrieval returned 429 and is archived only as an error response.
Source location: CC0 for individually designated public-domain images
Freshly read institutional CC0 primary text from the web tool. Individual rights attribution was additionally checked in each archived individual object API record.
Central Javanese jewellery with a Buddhist sign Indonesia (Java) · Second half of the 8th–second half of the 10th century
Small gold ear clip with an upright, sculpturally open vajra finial.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Central Javanese jewellery with a Buddhist sign
Region
Indonesia (Java)
Date of the evidence
Second half of the 8th–second half of the 10th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Small gold ear clip with an upright, sculpturally open vajra finial.
Historically recorded use
Goldwork inventoried as ear jewellery with an attachment explicitly identified as a Vajra.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The sacred form is identified in the museum catalogue. This does not establish an evidenced individual protective effect or safe ritual instructions for wearing it. The native institutional photograph is only 600×615 pixels.
Before designing
Native institutional original photograph embedded unchanged; complete view or precisely localised component of a scroll. No new isolated signs, no local upscaling and no missing strokes added. A raster facsimile is not an engraving-ready outline.
Research draft. The sacred form is identified in the museum catalogue. This does not establish an evidenced individual protective effect or a reliable instruction for ritual wearing. The native institutional image is only 600×615 pixels. Original JPEG bytes unchanged and documented pixel viewport. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The sacred form is identified in the museum catalogue. This does not establish an evidenced individual protective effect or a reliable instruction for ritual wearing. The native institutional image is only 600×615 pixels. Original JPEG bytes unchanged and documented pixel viewport.
Source location: Met 1998.544.199; complete current primary original view
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Ear Clip with Vajra Mounting, 1998.544.199; The Samuel Eilenberg-Jonathan P. Rosen Collection of Indonesian Gold, Bequest of Samuel Eilenberg and Gift of Jonathan P. Rosen, 1998; Open Access.
Source location: Met 1998.544.199; object 50048; current object description and specific native original photograph
The current object page was read via web access, the Met object API was fully archived, and the individual original photograph was visually checked. Unattested ways of wearing the object or private protective effects have not been added. Text and API dating remain separate where they differ.
Source location: Open Access images under CC0; the specific isPublicDomain status is given in the individual object metadata
For each image, the release is combined with the current object API and the Public-Domain designation on the specific object page. Open metadata alone does not imply rights to third-party photographs.
Central Javanese votive tradition; specific religious attribution unresolved Central Java / Indonesia · 8th–12th century
Flat-cut tortoise shape with rounded body, four side limbs, a head and a pointed tail. Folds, dark areas and the present-day photographic background remain visible in the native view.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Central Javanese votive tradition; specific religious attribution unresolved
Region
Central Java / Indonesia
Date of the evidence
8th–12th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Flat-cut tortoise shape with rounded body, four side limbs, a head and a pointed tail. Folds, dark areas and the present-day photographic background remain visible in the native view.
Historically recorded use
The museum explicitly lists the small gold sheet as a turtle votive offering. This establishes a religious object context, but not an association with a particular deity or wearing on the body. It is not equated with Viṣṇu’s Kūrma form without further evidence.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 2001.794.185, Met object 64349. The museum dating of the 8th–12th century is broad; API numerical values 700/1200 are retained as original catalogue data. The image is only 751×600 native pixels and is not a master image enlarged by us.
Before designing
Unchanged complete native museum image; no reconstruction of damaged details. No manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete native museum photograph, with no raster transformation or reconstruction of old forms. Historical religious image evidence; not approved for manufacture. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete native museum photograph, with no raster transformation or reconstruction of old forms. Historical religious image evidence; not approved for manufacture.
Source location: The Metropolitan Museum of Art; 2001.794.185; complete selected individual photograph
Ancient Egyptian amulets and historical symbol forms Egypt · c. 1080–664 BC
Head of a cat goddess with a large sun disk and uraeus above a broad gold collar inlaid with Egyptian blue.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Ancient Egyptian amulets and historical symbol forms
Region
Egypt
Date of the evidence
c. 1080–664 BC
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Head of a cat goddess with a large sun disk and uraeus above a broad gold collar inlaid with Egyptian blue.
Historically recorded use
Amuletic aegis: the catalogue describes the combination of a deity’s head and a broad collar as a protective form.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The title leaves Bastet or Sakhmet open; the commentary mentions Sakhmet only as a possibility. The date 1080 BCE follows the visible dating, not the discrepant API numerical field 1070.
Before designing
Unaltered original photograph; the modern stand is not part of the historical motif. CC0 raster reference; not a verified manufacturing file. A separately verified contour preparation is required for engraving or casting.
Research draft. Unaltered original photograph; the modern stand is not part of the historical motif. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Unaltered original photograph; the modern stand is not part of the historical motif.
Source location: Met 2016.493; selected original capture
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Amuletic aegis of Bastet or Sakhmet, 2016.493; Gift of Peter Gottesman, in honor of Mauricette E. Gottesman and George H. Gottesman, 2016; Open Access.
Source location: Met 2016.493; Object 549191; API title, objectDate, medium, geography, images
Directly archived institutional object record for this exact inventory item. Image form also checked visually; named function and attribution only to the extent documented in each case.
Gold key ring with Pulchra inscription and cross ornament
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Early Christian-Byzantine interpretation of the use of the metal in jewellery Byzantine cultural sphere; precise place of manufacture unknown · 4th century; API 300–399
Ring with a rectangular inscribed plate and a projecting, circular openwork ornament. An oblique and a frontal museum photograph document the entire piece. The term ‘key ring’ names the form type; the projection on this example is considered decorative in the Bulletin.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early Christian-Byzantine interpretation of the use of the metal in jewellery
Region
Byzantine cultural sphere; precise place of manufacture unknown
Date of the evidence
4th century; API 300–399
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Ring with a rectangular inscribed plate and a projecting, circular openwork ornament. An oblique and a frontal museum photograph document the entire piece. The term ‘key ring’ names the form type; the projection on this example is considered decorative in the Bulletin.
Historically recorded use
The gold ring was finger jewellery. The acquisition bulletin interprets its cross-shaped quatrefoil ornament as probably protective and as an expression of faith. It relates the Greek name inscription to a female owner named Pulchra.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The protective interpretation and identification of the owner are museum interpretations. No demonstrated practical use as a key and no attested individual protective ritual. The ornament is not reinterpreted as a separate worn pendant.
Before designing
Unaltered native museum photographs as reference; no sign reconstruction, no engraving-ready outline.
Research draft. Ring with a rectangular inscribed plate and a projecting round openwork ornament. An oblique and a frontal museum photograph document the whole piece. The term key ring names the form type; the projection on this example is considered decorative in the Bulletin. The protective interpretation and identification of the owner are museum interpretations. No demonstrated practical key use and no attested individual protective ritual. The ornament is not reinterpreted as a separate pendant worn on its own. Native raster files unchanged, no manufacturing outlines. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Ring with a rectangular inscribed plate and a projecting round openwork ornament. An oblique and a frontal museum photograph document the whole piece. The term key ring names the form type; the projection on this example is considered decorative in the Bulletin. The protective interpretation and identification of the owner are museum interpretations. No demonstrated practical key use and no attested individual protective ritual. The ornament is not reinterpreted as a separate pendant worn on its own. Native raster files unchanged, no manufacturing outlines.
Source location: 2016.805; 2 complete native museum image(s)
Source location: p. 11, Key Ring with Inscription, 2016.805
Institutional publication excerpt from the current search index. Full PDF text not available locally; direct PDF requests returned HTML instead of PDF, and full web retrieval failed because of the size limit.
Search index evidence – complete source page not yet checked · Checked on:
Gold signet ring with Nad-i-Ali inscription (Met 12.224.6)
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Islamic seals and protective inscriptions Attributed to Iran or Central Asia · Late 15th to early 16th century
Gold ring with an oval grey-green stone, photographed at an angle. Fine inscriptions divide the stone’s surface; the ornamented shoulders of the ring and side inscription panels remain visible in the complete image.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Islamic seals and protective inscriptions
Region
Attributed to Iran or Central Asia
Date of the evidence
Late 15th to early 16th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Gold ring with an oval grey-green stone, photographed at an angle. Fine inscriptions divide the stone’s surface; the ornamented shoulders of the ring and side inscription panels remain visible in the complete image.
Historically recorded use
The museum identifies the invocation Nad-i Ali on the stone. According to the museum, its mirror-image layout suggests possible earlier use as a seal. The verses of poetry on the setting are only possibly attributed a protective function.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 12.224.6. Earlier seal use and an apotropaic meaning of the setting verses remain possibilities. The additionally linked photograph DP236371 shows a different, horizontally placed dark object with two opposing animal heads and was excluded after visual inspection. No mirroring or reconstruction of the inscription.
Before designing
Unaltered complete museum photographs as reference. No reconstruction of historical writing and no manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Gold ring with an oval grey-green stone, photographed at an angle. Fine inscriptions divide the surface of the stone; the ornamented shoulders of the ring and side inscription panels remain visible in the full image. Native image files without local raster transformation; no signs or manufacturing outlines have been added. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Gold ring with an oval grey-green stone, photographed at an angle. Fine inscriptions divide the surface of the stone; the ornamented shoulders of the ring and side inscription panels remain visible in the full image. Native image files without local raster transformation; no signs or manufacturing outlines have been added.
Source location: 12.224.6; 1 complete native museum image(s)
Source location: CC0 policy and individual isPublicDomain designation
The general CC0 policy applies together with the individual API image permission. Web reading evidence; the separate direct HTTP request returned 429 and is not represented as a successful HTML retrieval.
Egyptian Egypt · Ptolemaic period, 332–30 BC (catalogue text)
Flat gold form with an Egyptian Double Crown above a semicircular lower element. The image preserves the notches, surface scratches and inward-curled crown tip.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Egyptian
Region
Egypt
Date of the evidence
Ptolemaic period, 332–30 BC (catalogue text)
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Flat gold form with an Egyptian Double Crown above a semicircular lower element. The image preserves the notches, surface scratches and inward-curled crown tip.
Historically recorded use
Catalogued as an amulet. The museum cautiously interprets the crown above the basket sign as a possible wish for dominion for the deceased in the form of Osiris.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The interpretation of its function remains a possibility proposed by the museum. Catalogue period 332–30 versus numerical API values -305/-30; no silent harmonisation. The object, inventory, material and dating are tied to the archived API record.
Before designing
Actually observed: complete gold crown shape on a semicircular lower part. Unmodified institutional JPEG presentation image in the full frame; not an isolated engraving outline and not manufacturing approval.
Research draft. The functional interpretation remains a possibility formulated by the museum. Catalogue period 332–30 compared with numerical API values -305/-30; no silent harmonisation. Complete institutional presentation image, 843 pixels wide; larger IIIF master dimensions of 1160×1451 documented separately. No local scaling or re-encoding of the embedded JPEG bytes. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The functional interpretation remains a possibility formulated by the museum. Catalogue period 332–30 compared with numerical API values -305/-30; no silent harmonisation. Complete institutional presentation image, 843 pixels wide; larger IIIF master dimensions of 1160×1451 documented separately. No local scaling or re-encoding of the embedded JPEG bytes.
Source location: Inventory 1894.961; institutional main view 8f1f997f-b1d7-f2af-d57d-d6a37ff650c2
Source location: Inventory 1894.961; API object 140646; JSON /data[id=140646]
Institutional evidence for an individual object from an archived multi-record API retrieval. Dating, material, provenance and inventory details follow the specific record; source attribution is not an independent scientific authenticity test.
Source location: Open Access Images; CC0 Public Domain Designation
Specific images only when accompanied by the individual is_public_domain=true and the object's image ID. Descriptive API texts separately carry CC BY4; image release is CC0.
Gold-glass medallion – Christ as miracle-worker – 18.145.8
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Late Antique and Early Byzantine Christian/Mediterranean culture Mediterranean region; exact place of manufacture according to the specific object catalogue · 300–500
Fragment or medallion with a depiction of Christ in gold glass.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Late Antique and Early Byzantine Christian/Mediterranean culture
Region
Mediterranean region; exact place of manufacture according to the specific object catalogue
Date of the evidence
300–500
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Fragment or medallion with a depiction of Christ in gold glass.
Historically recorded use
According to the museum, the medallion was probably set in jewellery; its use as a protective amulet is considered a possibility.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The jewellery setting and amulet function are museum hypotheses. A specific healing purpose or original wearer has not been established.
Before designing
Unmodified native institutional photographic source; no invented glyph additions, no isolated vector outline and no manufacturing approval. Historical evidence and comparative interpretation remain separate.
Research draft. The jewellery setting and amulet function are museum hypotheses. No specific healing purpose or original wearer is established. Complete original JPEG bytes; losses to the writing and material have not been supplemented. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The jewellery setting and amulet function are museum hypotheses. No specific healing purpose or original wearer is established. Complete original JPEG bytes; losses to the writing and material have not been supplemented.
Source location: 18.145.8; complete actually photographed main image view
Gold lamella for Aurelia against epileptic seizures
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Roman Roman world; exact provenance unconfirmed · 3rd century AD
Thin, now unrolled gold foil with about thirty closely written lines, folds and irregular edges. The photograph remains complete; tiny signs are not replaced with new typography.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Roman
Region
Roman world; exact provenance unconfirmed
Date of the evidence
3rd century AD
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Thin, now unrolled gold foil with about thirty closely written lines, folds and irregular edges. The photograph remains complete; tiny signs are not replaced with new typography.
Historically recorded use
The gold lamella names Aurelia and asks for protection against seizures and evil spirits. Kotansky’s edition and the Getty catalogue describe Greek text, magical names and characteres, as well as Jewish and possibly Christian references. The rolled state of wear is discussed historically; the ancient capsule is considered lost in the edition.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Current Getty catalogue: 80.AM.53. Kotansky 1980 and Kyprianos M1015 give 80.AI.53; the direct photograph link and Aurelia identify the same text witness, but the reason for the inventory discrepancy remains unexplained. The university counts 31 lines. No claim of efficacy.
Before designing
Native museum photograph as a historical reference; damage, writing and present-day photographic condition unaltered. No manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete native JPEG photograph without cropping, resampling, retouching or added glyphs. Thin, now unrolled gold foil with about thirty closely written lines, folds and irregular edges. The photograph remains complete; tiny signs are not replaced with new typography. No manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete native JPEG photograph without cropping, resampling, retouching or added glyphs. Thin, now unrolled gold foil with about thirty closely written lines, folds and irregular edges. The photograph remains complete; tiny signs are not replaced with new typography. No manufacturing approval.
Source location: 80.AM.53; fully attributed museum photograph
Source location: The J. Paul Getty Museum Journal 8 (1980), pp. 181–188
Complete PDF text actually retrieved; Aurelia and Gaia read as specific to the object. Modern additions, the old inventory designation and the lost capsule are distinguished from surviving image evidence.
Roman, Syrian Bosra/Bostra, Roman province of Arabia · 4th century AD
Curved gold foil with many closely written lines. A modern detail photograph and an older black-and-white image show the text-bearing surface without a new reading or reconstruction of the writing.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Roman, Syrian
Region
Bosra/Bostra, Roman province of Arabia
Date of the evidence
4th century AD
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Curved gold foil with many closely written lines. A modern detail photograph and an older black-and-white image show the text-bearing surface without a new reading or reconstruction of the writing.
Historically recorded use
The Greek lamella asks for victory for Proclus before the official Diogenianus in Bostra and his assessor Pelagius, and for the binding of the opposing side. The museum and Kyprianos explain it as a specific spell for a legal dispute; carrying it rolled in a capsule is described. The client is not identified with the philosopher of the same name.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 57.1960; Kyprianos M3682. The museum gives 7.9 × 4.3 cm, while the university database gives 6.9 × 4.3 cm; this discrepancy in height remains unresolved. The older download image is called Back_BW in the museum; this does not justify inventing a securely attested second inscribed side.
Before designing
Native museum photograph as a historical reference; damage, writing and present-day photographic condition unaltered. No manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete native JPEG captures side by side without cropping, resampling, retouching or added glyphs. Curved gold foil with many closely written lines. A modern detail photograph and an older black-and-white photograph show the text-bearing support without a new reading or reconstruction of the script. Not approved for manufacture. The second older download is institutionally named Back_BW; the side identity is not inferred from this. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete native JPEG captures side by side without cropping, resampling, retouching or added glyphs. Curved gold foil with many closely written lines. A modern detail photograph and an older black-and-white photograph show the text-bearing support without a new reading or reconstruction of the script. Not approved for manufacture. The second older download is institutionally named Back_BW; the side identity is not inferred from this.
Source location: 57.1960; fully matched museum image
Central Javanese jewellery with a Buddhist sign Indonesia (Java) · 8th–early 10th century
Openwork vajra motif above a decorated gold ring. The selected view shows its three-dimensional arrangement.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Central Javanese jewellery with a Buddhist sign
Region
Indonesia (Java)
Date of the evidence
8th–early 10th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Openwork vajra motif above a decorated gold ring. The selected view shows its three-dimensional arrangement.
Historically recorded use
Gold ring with a ring head identified by the museum as a double vajra; jewellery function, with no individually attested amulet use.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The object name Double Vajra is retained; no freely supplemented standard four-armed graphic is created from the side view. The native image is 432×331 pixels and limits detailed use.
Before designing
Native institutional original photograph embedded unchanged; complete view or precisely localised component of a scroll. No new isolated signs, no local upscaling and no missing strokes added. A raster facsimile is not an engraving-ready outline.
Research draft. The object name Double Vajra is retained; the side view is not turned into a freely supplemented four-armed standard graphic. The native image is 432×331 pixels and limits the use of detail. Original JPEG bytes and the documented pixel viewport are unchanged. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The object name Double Vajra is retained; the side view is not turned into a freely supplemented four-armed standard graphic. The native image is 432×331 pixels and limits the use of detail. Original JPEG bytes and the documented pixel viewport are unchanged.
Source location: Met 1998.544.289; complete current primary original view
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Ring with Bezel Composed of Double Vajra, 1998.544.289; The Samuel Eilenberg-Jonathan P. Rosen Collection of Indonesian Gold, Bequest of Samuel Eilenberg and Gift of Jonathan P. Rosen, 1998; Open Access.
Source location: Met 1998.544.289; object 50121; current object description and specific native original photograph
The current object page was read via web access, the Met object API was fully archived, and the individual original photograph was visually checked. Unattested ways of wearing the object or private protective effects have not been added. Text and API dating remain separate where they differ.
Source location: Open Access images under CC0; the specific isPublicDomain status is given in the individual object metadata
For each image, the release is combined with the current object API and the Public-Domain designation on the specific object page. Open metadata alone does not imply rights to third-party photographs.
Gold seed on pale earth – Atalanta fugiens 1618, Emblem 6
Original image · source evidence
Alchemical-theosophical symbolic image
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art Oppenheim, Germany; place of printing · 1618; first publication of the work 1617
A sower with a vessel on his arm scatters round grains or discs onto light-coloured ground. Trees, fields and buildings form the background.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art
Region
Oppenheim, Germany; place of printing
Date of the evidence
1618; first publication of the work 1617
Type of evidence
Textual evidence
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A sower with a vessel on his arm scatters round grains or discs onto light-coloured ground. Trees, fields and buildings form the background.
Historically recorded use
The motto describes the sown material as gold and the earth as white and leafy; this is the specific imagery of the alchemical book. Historical book illustration with epigram and related discourse; no documented neck pendant.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
An individually located emblem in the specific Oppenheimer printing of 1618; the first publication in 1617 is distinct from it. Part of the same work and the same copy, not an independent amulet object. Individual use as a worn amulet, the ancient origin of this graphic and efficacy are not evidenced. Visible coloured areas belong to the present condition of this copy; a separate age for the colouring is not documented.
Before designing
Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view with motto, image, epigram, printed page number and side margin notes. Paper, stains, binding shadows and any coloured areas are retained. Institutional presentation resolution 2880×3442; larger master 4291×5129 documented separately. Historical image evidence without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view with motto, image, epigram, printed page number and side margin notes. Paper, stains, binding shadows and any coloured areas are retained. Institutional presentation resolution 2880×3442; larger master 4291×5129 documented separately. Historical image evidence without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view with motto, image, epigram, printed page number and side margin notes. Paper, stains, binding shadows and any coloured areas are retained. Institutional presentation resolution 2880×3442; larger master 4291×5129 documented separately. Historical image evidence without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: QD25 .M354 1618, Emblem 6, printed p. 33; institutional individual inventory zk51vh57b; Large JPG 2880×3442
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Courtesy of Science History Institute; Michael Maier, Atalanta fugiens (Oppenheim 1618), Emblem 6, S.33; engraver Matthaeus Merian; Public Domain Mark 1.0.
Source location: QD25 .M354 1618; Oppenheim, Johann-Theodor de Bry; complete work with 50 emblems
Copy used from 1618; the work's first publication in 1617 is attested separately. Historical alchemical emblem, epigram and musical context. No evidence for 30 independent works, worn amulets or present-day claims of efficacy. Individual image rights additionally checked for each inventory item.
The motto describes the sown material as gold and the earth as white and leafy; this is the specific imagery of the alchemical book. The original title, English institutional counter-label, date 1618 and specific PDM image licence match the individual page.
Slender golden cobra with an upright neck and a lower body curved several times.
Historically recorded use
Gold-sheet cobra amulet from a specifically documented burial context.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
A documented gold-sheet variant of the uraeus; the identity of the object find is not transferred to other cobra amulets.
Before designing
Complete original photograph; natural irregularities of the gold-foil outline are retained. CC0 raster reference; not a verified manufacturing file. Engraving or casting requires separately verified outline preparation.
Research draft. Complete original capture; natural irregularities in the gold-sheet outline are retained. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete original capture; natural irregularities in the gold-sheet outline are retained.
Source location: Met 25.3.167; selected original image
Source location: Met 25.3.167; Object 548256; API title, objectDate, medium, geography, images
Directly archived institutional object record for this exact inventory item. Image form also checked visually; named function and attribution only to the extent documented in each case.
Greek religion and mythology Cyprus, Greek cultural sphere · Specific pendant, c. 450 BC; Classical period
Frontal-facing Gorgon face; documented gold pendant with preserved jewellery details.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Greek religion and mythology
Region
Cyprus, Greek cultural sphere
Date of the evidence
Specific pendant, c. 450 BC; Classical period
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Description
Frontal-facing Gorgon face; documented gold pendant with preserved jewellery details.
Historically recorded use
The museum essay interprets the Gorgon face as a protective motif intended to ward off harm.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Met 74.51.3397b, Greek-Cypriot. Protective interpretation for the motif type; the personal intention of the wearer is unknown.
Before designing
Check the specific historical variant and object image against a source before using it; do not design a newly combined sigil.
Research draft. Complete, visually checked museum photograph of the specific linked historical object. Unaltered original JPEG bytes are embedded in the SVG as a raster facsimile; this is neither a cropped individual glyph nor a traced sigil. The object context and all visible image details are retained. No production-ready vector paths; engraving or CNC manufacture requires separate assessment. Image crop, orientation, background and object condition remain exactly as in the original JPEG. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete, visually checked museum photograph of the specific linked historical object. Unaltered original JPEG bytes are embedded in the SVG as a raster facsimile; this is neither a cropped individual glyph nor a traced sigil. The object context and all visible image details are retained. No production-ready vector paths; engraving or CNC manufacture requires separate assessment. Image crop, orientation, background and object condition remain exactly as in the original JPEG.
Source location: Met object 242831; Inventory 74.51.3397b; complete main image from the current institutional API, uncropped; original 3393 × 4000 px
Iran; Islamic script amulets Iran · Mid-18th century
Incised, shape-cut agate with black-filled inscription: at the centre, a selection of the beautiful names of God, and around it, according to the museum’s reading, the complete Surah 36.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Iran; Islamic script amulets
Region
Iran
Date of the evidence
Mid-18th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Incised, shape-cut agate with black-filled inscription: at the centre, a selection of the beautiful names of God, and around it, according to the museum’s reading, the complete Surah 36.
Historically recorded use
The museum description associates Surah Ya-Sin with historical protection from misfortune, as well as strength and courage; this is an attested attribution.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The museum’s identification of the texts is documented; no additional claim is made of independently deciphering every small letter or of any present-day healing effect. Not identical to the Ghubār agate 2013.171, which has already been published.
Before designing
Native institutional object image as a historical image reference; no isolated vector glyph, added inscription or manufacturing approval. The photograph and original form remain separate from later engraving outlines.
Research draft. The museum identification of the texts is documented; there is no additional independent decipherment of all the small letters, nor any claim of present-day healing effects. Not identical to the Ghubār agate 2013.171, which has already been published. The original JPEGs are embedded byte-for-byte; no lettering or lines have been added. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The museum identification of the texts is documented; there is no additional independent decipherment of all the small letters, nor any claim of present-day healing effects. Not identical to the Ghubār agate 2013.171, which has already been published. The original JPEGs are embedded byte-for-byte; no lettering or lines have been added.
Source location: Met 2013.170; complete selected original view
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Agate Amulet, 2013.170; Purchase, Elizabeth S. Ettinghausen Gift, in memory of Richard Ettinghausen, Louise E. and Theresa S. Seley Purchase Fund for Islamic Art and Persian Heritage Foundation Gift, 2013; Open Access.
Title, inventory number, material and dating are checked individually; cultural-historical use is included only to the extent stated in the object description. The linked web text snapshots document the independent, current review of the object pages.
Old man and fruit tree in the house – Atalanta fugiens 1618, Emblem 9
Original image · source evidence
Alchemical-theosophical symbolic image
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art Oppenheim, Germany; place of printing · 1618; first publication of the work 1617
An old man sits beside a fruit tree in a pavilion-like building. The complete architectural frame and the epigram remain visible.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art
Region
Oppenheim, Germany; place of printing
Date of the evidence
1618; first publication of the work 1617
Type of evidence
Textual evidence
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
An old man sits beside a fruit tree in a pavilion-like building. The complete architectural frame and the epigram remain visible.
Historically recorded use
The motto devises an alchemical allegory of rejuvenation through tree fruits in a damp house; an actual rejuvenating effect is not evidenced. Historical book illustration with epigram and associated discourse; no evidenced use as a neck pendant.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
An individually located emblem in the specific Oppenheimer printing of 1618; the first publication in 1617 is distinct from it. Part of the same work and the same copy, not an independent amulet object. Individual use as a worn amulet, the ancient origin of this graphic and efficacy are not evidenced. Visible coloured areas belong to the present condition of this copy; a separate age for the colouring is not documented.
Before designing
Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view with motto, image, epigram, printed page number and side margin notes. Paper, stains, binding shadows and any coloured areas are retained. Institutional presentation resolution 2880×3442; larger master 4291×5129 documented separately. Historical image evidence without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view with motto, image, epigram, printed page number and side margin notes. Paper, stains, binding shadows and any coloured areas are retained. Institutional presentation resolution 2880×3442; larger master 4291×5129 documented separately. Historical image evidence without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view with motto, image, epigram, printed page number and side margin notes. Paper, stains, binding shadows and any coloured areas are retained. Institutional presentation resolution 2880×3442; larger master 4291×5129 documented separately. Historical image evidence without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: QD25 .M354 1618, Emblem 9, printed p. 45; institutional individual inventory br86b4576; Large JPG 2880×3442
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Courtesy of Science History Institute; Michael Maier, Atalanta fugiens (Oppenheim 1618), Emblem 9, S.45; engraver Matthaeus Merian; Public Domain Mark 1.0.
Source location: QD25 .M354 1618; Oppenheim, Johann-Theodor de Bry; complete work with 50 emblems
Copy used from 1618; the work's first publication in 1617 is attested separately. Historical alchemical emblem, epigram and musical context. No evidence for 30 independent works, worn amulets or present-day claims of efficacy. Individual image rights additionally checked for each inventory item.
The motto sets out an alchemical allegory of rejuvenation through tree fruits in a humid house; no actual rejuvenating effect is thereby evidenced. The original title, English institutional counter-label, date 1618 and specific PDM image permission match the individual page.
Greek-language Egyptian script magic Egypt · 3rd century AD
Diminishing vowel palindrome; three stars and a crescent.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Greek-language Egyptian script magic
Region
Egypt
Date of the evidence
3rd century AD
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Diminishing vowel palindrome; three stars and a crescent.
Historically recorded use
Fever amulet for Helene.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The attested form is not an Abracadabra text. The source author discusses the planetary interpretation of the vowels as an interpretation.
Before designing
Check lines 7–13 of the specific papyrus.
Research draft. All surviving papyrus areas with the vowel palindrome, its seven diminishing lines, three stars and crescent moon remain visible. No damaged letters have been added. The institutional contribution links to CC BY 4.0 with an exception for differently marked content; this specific image is not differently marked. JPEG bytes unchanged; only the SVG viewport and source description have been added. Raster facsimile, not an isolated vector inscription. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: All surviving papyrus areas with the vowel palindrome, its seven diminishing lines, three stars and crescent moon remain visible. No damaged letters have been added. The institutional contribution links to CC BY 4.0 with an exception for differently marked content; this specific image is not differently marked. JPEG bytes unchanged; only the SVG viewport and source description have been added. Raster facsimile, not an isolated vector inscription.
Source location: P.Mich. inv. 6666; institutional image and transcription of lines 7–13 in the article Abracadabra.
University of Michigan Library / Pablo Alvarez, Abracadabra, 12.12.2016; P.Mich. inv. 6666. CC BY 4.0, sofern nicht anders angegeben; bei dieser Abbildung keine abweichende Angabe.
Large Bhairava cult mask of the Indrayatra festival
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Hindu Newar cult practice Kathmandu Valley / Nepal · 16th century
Large gilded head with wide eyes, a third eye on the forehead, open mouth and a high flame crown. Snakes, skull forms, jewellery inlays and snake earrings are part of the preserved overall form.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Hindu Newar cult practice
Region
Kathmandu Valley / Nepal
Date of the evidence
16th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Large gilded head with wide eyes, a third eye on the forehead, open mouth and a high flame crown. Snakes, skull forms, jewellery inlays and snake earrings are part of the preserved overall form.
Historically recorded use
The Bhairava head embodies a wrathful form of Śiva. The museum describes an opening in the mouth through which beer was channelled to bless worshippers during the annual Indrayatra festival. This specific festival use belongs to a large cult object; the mask is not a documented body amulet.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 2012.444.2, Met object 78187. The more precise dating to around the middle of the 16th century is based on a museum comparison with another example dated by inscription to 1560. No date inscription of this head itself is claimed; the overall width, exceeding 82 cm, follows the original measurements.
Before designing
Unchanged complete native museum image; no reconstruction of damaged details. No manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete native museum photograph, with no raster transformation or reconstruction of old forms. Historical religious image evidence; not approved for manufacture. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete native museum photograph, with no raster transformation or reconstruction of old forms. Historical religious image evidence; not approved for manufacture.
Source location: The Metropolitan Museum of Art; 2012.444.2; complete selected individual photograph
Large bracteate from Dödevi with head-animal motif
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Early medieval Scandinavian pictorial and jewellery tradition Sweden; find context according to the individual catalogue: Place: Dödevi, Property: Dödevi no. 5, Parish: Högby Parish, Municipality: Borgholm Municipality, Province: Öland, Country: Sweden · 400–550 AD according to the current SHM individual object page; Folkvandringstid
Small animal-head field within broad concentric ornamental zones; an elaborately decorated triangular panel lies beneath the loop. Losses at the edge remain visible.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early medieval Scandinavian pictorial and jewellery tradition
Region
Sweden; find context according to the individual catalogue: Place: Dödevi, Property: Dödevi no. 5, Parish: Högby Parish, Municipality: Borgholm Municipality, Province: Öland, Country: Sweden
Date of the evidence
400–550 AD according to the current SHM individual object page; Folkvandringstid
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Small animal-head field within broad concentric ornamental zones; an elaborately decorated triangular panel lies beneath the loop. Losses at the edge remain visible.
Historically recorded use
Individually inventoried historical gold pendant with a stamped image field. The museum catalogue lists the piece as a bracteate; a specific protective formula, deity or individual amulet practice is not securely attested in this single source.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Specific SHM individual inventory 110970_HST. The current museum dating of 400–550 (Migration Period) is separate from the modern acquisition registration. Incorrect date values in the older K-samsök search metadata are archived only as discovery data and are not used as the manufacturing date. A historical gold pendant with an image field is not evidence of personal magical use. No deity attribution or free translation of runes.
Before designing
Unaltered complete capture of the surviving object surface as a historical image reference. Wear, breakage, original photographic background, inventory writing and scale are retained. Not a reconstructed complete state and not an engraving-ready design vector.
Research draft. Complete, unaltered institutional presentation photograph of the surviving original object; no camera master is claimed and no local raster transformation has been made. Small animal-head field within broad concentric ornamental zones; below the loop is an elaborately decorated triangular field. Losses at the edge remain visible. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete, unaltered institutional presentation photograph of the surviving original object; no camera master is claimed and no local raster transformation has been made. Small animal-head field within broad concentric ornamental zones; below the loop is an elaborately decorated triangular field. Losses at the edge remain visible.
Source location: 110970_HST; SHM media ID 617E489B-4B91-49E1-B4CB-A2822C54F8C7
Source location: 110970_HST; acquisition number 5714
Current individual object identity, period of manufacture, material and find context; the linked individual media page attests to the photographer and CC BY 4.0. The modern acquisition year is not transferred to the date of manufacture.
Early medieval Scandinavian pictorial and jewellery tradition Sweden; find context according to individual catalogue: Plats: Senoren, Torp, Socken: Ramdala socken, Kommun: Karlskrona kommun, Landskap: Blekinge, Land: Sverige · 400–550 AD according to the current SHM individual object page; Folkvandringstid
Profile head with shoulder section in a small central field; several broad concentric bands bear stamped triangles and other geometric ornaments.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early medieval Scandinavian pictorial and jewellery tradition
Region
Sweden; find context according to individual catalogue: Plats: Senoren, Torp, Socken: Ramdala socken, Kommun: Karlskrona kommun, Landskap: Blekinge, Land: Sverige
Date of the evidence
400–550 AD according to the current SHM individual object page; Folkvandringstid
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Profile head with shoulder section in a small central field; several broad concentric bands bear stamped triangles and other geometric ornaments.
Historically recorded use
Individually inventoried historical gold pendant with a stamped image field. The museum catalogue lists the piece as a bracteate; a specific protective formula, deity or individual amulet practice is not securely attested in this single source.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Specific SHM individual inventory 108862_HST. The current museum dating, 400–550 (Migration Period), is separate from the modern acquisition registration. Erroneous date values in the older K-samsök search metadata are archived only as discovery data and are not used to date the object’s manufacture. A historical gold pendant with an image field is not evidence of personal magical use. No attribution to deities or free translation of runes.
Before designing
Unaltered complete capture of the surviving object surface as a historical image reference. Wear, breakage, original photographic background, inventory writing and scale are retained. Not a reconstructed complete state and not an engraving-ready design vector.
Research draft. Complete unchanged institutional presentation capture of the surviving original object; no claim that this is a camera master and no local raster transformation. Profile head with shoulder section in a small central field; several broad concentric bands bear stamped triangles and other geometric ornaments. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete unchanged institutional presentation capture of the surviving original object; no claim that this is a camera master and no local raster transformation. Profile head with shoulder section in a small central field; several broad concentric bands bear stamped triangles and other geometric ornaments.
Source location: 108862_HST; SHM media ID E5A1134D-176E-44B7-A78F-E201CFF61F23
Source location: 108862_HST; acquisition number 21468
Current individual object identity, period of manufacture, material and find context; the linked individual media page attests to the photographer and CC BY 4.0. The modern acquisition year is not transferred to the date of manufacture.
Large letter-square frame with central Sathan circle – MS.110, f.105r
Original image · source evidence
Historical ritual and planetary figure
Early modern English-Latin ritual magic English-Latin manuscript; present-day holding in London · Late 16th century (institutional dating of the manuscript)
A large double rectangle bears words and characters running around it. Inside is a double ring with a handwritten central label. The central label visibly reads Sathan; the figure is a second drawn variant of the rectangular conjuration frame on another leaf of the same copy.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern English-Latin ritual magic
Region
English-Latin manuscript; present-day holding in London
Date of the evidence
Late 16th century (institutional dating of the manuscript)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A large double rectangle bears words and characters running around it. Inside is a double ring with a handwritten central label. The central label visibly reads Sathan; the figure is a second drawn variant of the rectangular conjuration frame on another leaf of the same copy.
Historically recorded use
The central designation visibly reads Sathan; the figure is a second drawn variant of the rectangular conjuration frame on another sheet of the same copy.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Specific manuscript witness MS.110, institutionally dated to the late 16th century. Pseudo-Bacon and Pseudo-Solomon are attributions, not securely established medieval authorship. The modern blue folio numbers are distinguished from the age of the text; verso references follow the adjacent visible recto foliation and the IIIF page sequence. Irregular lines, show-through, losses and original variations in the signs are retained. The complete selected group is a component of this one copy and not a new abstract type of tradition.
Before designing
Unaltered native full-page JPEG within the SVG; only the documented viewport selects the complete historical figure. No added lines, modern replacement glyphs, raster conversion, vector transcription or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Specific manuscript witness MS.110, institutionally dated to the late 16th century. Pseudo-Bacon and Pseudo-Solomon are attributions, not securely established medieval authorship. The modern blue folio numbers are distinguished from the age of the text; verso references follow the adjacent visible recto foliation and the IIIF page sequence. Irregular lines, show-through, losses and original variations in the signs are retained. The complete selected group is a component of this one copy, not a new abstract type of tradition. Unaltered native full-page JPEG in the SVG; only the documented viewport selects the complete historical figure. No added lines, modern substitute glyphs, raster conversion, vector transcription or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Specific manuscript witness MS.110, institutionally dated to the late 16th century. Pseudo-Bacon and Pseudo-Solomon are attributions, not securely established medieval authorship. The modern blue folio numbers are distinguished from the age of the text; verso references follow the adjacent visible recto foliation and the IIIF page sequence. Irregular lines, show-through, losses and original variations in the signs are retained. The complete selected group is a component of this one copy, not a new abstract type of tradition. Unaltered native full-page JPEG in the SVG; only the documented viewport selects the complete historical figure. No added lines, modern substitute glyphs, raster conversion, vector transcription or manufacturing approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.110, f.105r; Canvas position 223/256; large square-script frame with Sathan central circle
Source location: MS.110; current API p8bhyjys; old ID afsfdgzh (HTTP 410)
Dating and exact Digital Location. Roger Bacon is a pseudo-author attribution; the present binding, early 19th century, is not the date of the writing. Rights: Individual Digital Location links b18937135 with PDM.
Source location: 256 Canvases; historical folio numbers in the image
Images, sequence, dimensions and institutional descriptions of the five component texts. Folios 36–38 incorrectly bound according to the catalogue. Rights: the specific digital surrogate as a whole carries the Public Domain Mark; no transfer of rights from other images.
Unaltered complete institutional JPEG page; historical individual sign located by visible evidence. Rights: PDM for the exactly corresponding IIIF digital surrogate b18937135.
Large text circle with six connected arc fields – Clm 30010, f.13v
Original image · source evidence
Historical knowledge-ritual figure
Latin Ars notoria tradition in the broader sense; BSB catalogue title Place of manufacture unknown; current collection in Munich · 14th century; dating of the specific parchment codex, not an exact year of 1301
A large red double circle with a vertical centre line stands above a small branching circle. Six curved connections lead to six lower arched panels with handwritten labels. The lower figure structures language-related teaching material; the large text circle carries the associated prayer and invocation-name script. The illustration is a coherent ensemble from the same leaf. Historical practice associated prayers and contemplation of such figures with the pursuit of knowledge. No actual effect or surviving worn amulet is evidenced.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Latin Ars notoria tradition in the broader sense; BSB catalogue title
Region
Place of manufacture unknown; current collection in Munich
Date of the evidence
14th century; dating of the specific parchment codex, not an exact year of 1301
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A large red double circle with a vertical centre line stands above a small branching circle. Six curved connections lead to six lower arched panels with handwritten labels. The lower figure structures language-related teaching material; the large text circle carries the associated prayer and invocation-name script. The illustration is a coherent ensemble from the same leaf. Historical practice associated prayers and contemplation of such figures with the pursuit of knowledge. No actual effect or surviving worn amulet is evidenced.
Historically recorded use
The lower figure organises language-related teaching material; the large text circle contains the associated prayer and invocation-name inscription. The depiction is a connected ensemble on the same leaf. Historical practice associated prayers and contemplation of such figures with the pursuit of knowledge. No actual effect or surviving worn amulet is evidenced.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
A specific Latin parchment codex of the 14th century, now Clm 30010; catalogue title Ars notoria. The BSB identifies depictions of the Artes liberales except music, together with magical prayers and explanatory text on f.15v–16r. No narrower textual recension or historical author is specified here. The modern navigation metadata and MARC data contain 1301 as a technical value, whereas the visible catalogue dating gives only 14th century; therefore no exact year is stated. Seven localised figure/sign ensembles from the same copy are source variants, not seven new traditions.
Before designing
Unaltered native full-page JPEG bytes from the institutional IIIF service are embedded in the SVG. Only the SVG viewport limits the visible area of the leaf. This is the supplied JPEG presentation, not a verified TIFF master. Faint writing, irregular geometry and existing ageing are retained. No raster repair, line completion, outline transcription or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. A specific 14th-century Latin parchment codex, now Clm 30010; catalogue title Ars notoria. The BSB names depictions of the Artes liberales except music, with magical prayers and explanatory text on f.15v–16r. No narrower textual recension or historical author is specified here. The modern navigation metadata and MARC data contain 1301 as a technical value, whereas the visible catalogue dating gives only 14th century; therefore no exact year is given. Seven localised figure/sign ensembles from the same copy are source variants, not seven new traditions. Unaltered native full-page JPEG bytes from the institutional IIIF service are embedded in the SVG. Only the SVG viewport limits the visible page area. This is the supplied JPEG presentation, not a verified TIFF master. Faint writing, irregular geometry and existing ageing are retained. No raster repair, line additions, outline transcription or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: A specific 14th-century Latin parchment codex, now Clm 30010; catalogue title Ars notoria. The BSB names depictions of the Artes liberales except music, with magical prayers and explanatory text on f.15v–16r. No narrower textual recension or historical author is specified here. The modern navigation metadata and MARC data contain 1301 as a technical value, whereas the visible catalogue dating gives only 14th century; therefore no exact year is given. Seven localised figure/sign ensembles from the same copy are source variants, not seven new traditions. Unaltered native full-page JPEG bytes from the institutional IIIF service are embedded in the SVG. Only the SVG viewport limits the visible page area. This is the supplied JPEG presentation, not a verified TIFF master. Faint writing, irregular geometry and existing ageing are retained. No raster repair, line additions, outline transcription or manufacturing approval.
Source location: Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Clm 30010, catalogue title Ars notoria; folio 13v; Canvas position 32/53, institutional Canvas label (0032); image bsb00137282_00032. Folio numbering follows the visible recto numerals and the sequence of folios; the IIIF label itself gives only the image position.
Source location: BV035952023; BSB 991019740539707356; MARC 264/300/500/990
The written-out dating of the 14th century remains authoritative; the technical figure 1301 is not adopted as the exact year of creation. Formerly in the Phillipps Collection; modern half-leather binding.
Additional explicit CC0 evidence for catalogue metadata. The individual PDM declaration for the specific digitisation remains the separate basis for the image.
Large triangular diagram with outer name band – MS.110, f.98r
Original image · source evidence
Historical ritual and planetary figure
Early modern English-Latin ritual magic English-Latin manuscript; present-day holding in London · Late 16th century (institutional dating of the manuscript)
A large triangle with writing on its three sides lies within a double oval band. A labelled extension projects from the band at lower right. Beneath the diagram is the concluding note from the Thesaurus spirituum cited by the institution. Roger Bacon and the companion named there are textual attributions, not secure authorship.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern English-Latin ritual magic
Region
English-Latin manuscript; present-day holding in London
Date of the evidence
Late 16th century (institutional dating of the manuscript)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A large triangle with writing on its three sides lies within a double oval band. A labelled extension projects from the band at lower right. Beneath the diagram is the concluding note from the Thesaurus spirituum cited by the institution. Roger Bacon and the companion named there are textual attributions, not secure authorship.
Historically recorded use
Below the diagram is the concluding note from the Thesaurus spirituum cited by the institution. Roger Bacon and the companion named there are textual attributions, not secure authorship.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Specific manuscript witness MS.110, institutionally dated to the late 16th century. Pseudo-Bacon and Pseudo-Solomon are attributions, not securely established medieval authorship. The modern blue folio numbers are distinguished from the age of the text; verso references follow the adjacent visible recto foliation and the IIIF page sequence. Irregular lines, show-through, losses and original variations in the signs are retained. The complete selected group is a component of this one copy and not a new abstract type of tradition.
Before designing
Unaltered native full-page JPEG within the SVG; only the documented viewport selects the complete historical figure. No added lines, modern replacement glyphs, raster conversion, vector transcription or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Specific manuscript witness MS.110, institutionally dated to the late 16th century. Pseudo-Bacon and Pseudo-Solomon are attributions, not securely established medieval authorship. The modern blue folio numbers are distinguished from the age of the text; verso references follow the adjacent visible recto foliation and the IIIF page sequence. Irregular lines, show-through, losses and original variations in the signs are retained. The complete selected group is a component of this one copy, not a new abstract type of tradition. Unaltered native full-page JPEG in the SVG; only the documented viewport selects the complete historical figure. No added lines, modern substitute glyphs, raster conversion, vector transcription or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Specific manuscript witness MS.110, institutionally dated to the late 16th century. Pseudo-Bacon and Pseudo-Solomon are attributions, not securely established medieval authorship. The modern blue folio numbers are distinguished from the age of the text; verso references follow the adjacent visible recto foliation and the IIIF page sequence. Irregular lines, show-through, losses and original variations in the signs are retained. The complete selected group is a component of this one copy, not a new abstract type of tradition. Unaltered native full-page JPEG in the SVG; only the documented viewport selects the complete historical figure. No added lines, modern substitute glyphs, raster conversion, vector transcription or manufacturing approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.110, f.98r; Canvas position 209/256; large triangular diagram with outer name band
Source location: MS.110; current API p8bhyjys; old ID afsfdgzh (HTTP 410)
Dating and exact Digital Location. Roger Bacon is a pseudo-author attribution; the present binding, early 19th century, is not the date of the writing. Rights: Individual Digital Location links b18937135 with PDM.
Source location: 256 Canvases; historical folio numbers in the image
Images, sequence, dimensions and institutional descriptions of the five component texts. Folios 36–38 incorrectly bound according to the catalogue. Rights: the specific digital surrogate as a whole carries the Public Domain Mark; no transfer of rights from other images.
Unaltered complete institutional JPEG page; historical individual sign located by visible evidence. Rights: PDM for the exactly corresponding IIIF digital surrogate b18937135.
Large Jupiter pentacle – Wellcome MS.4660, Canvas 109
Original image · source evidence
Historical planetary pentacle
Early modern European Solomonic ritual magic French-language manuscript context; present location London; place of creation unconfirmed · Mid-18th century (institutionally: mid-18th century)
The circular diagram is between an astrological table and a longer handwritten text. The heading names Jupiter and Thursday. Several concentric rings and a centre quartered by cross-lines, with writing and signs; the red page border, full page frame and binding edge are retained.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern European Solomonic ritual magic
Region
French-language manuscript context; present location London; place of creation unconfirmed
Date of the evidence
Mid-18th century (institutionally: mid-18th century)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
The circular diagram is between an astrological table and a longer handwritten text. The heading names Jupiter and Thursday. Several concentric rings and a centre quartered by cross-lines, with writing and signs; the red page border, full page frame and binding edge are retained.
Historically recorded use
Historical sign sheet from the French-language Solomonic compendium MS.4660. Its heading assigns the great pentacle to Jupiter and Thursday. This attribution documents the depiction in the manuscript; it does not demonstrate an actual effect.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
A specific leaf component of a single manuscript, MS.4660, not an additional physical inventory item. The planet and weekday are visible in the manuscript headings; other signs, ring names and inscriptions are not transcribed, normalised or reinterpreted. The institutional Canvas label contains only a hyphen; the unambiguous reference is the Canvas ID with its digitised-image position. The mid-18th century is an approximate institutional date. The catalogue title Pseudo-Solomon does not attribute the work to the biblical Solomon. Individual performance of the ritual described, wearing it as an amulet and any actual effect of this leaf are not attested.
Before designing
Complete native full-page JPEG in an SVG wrapper, with headings, character sequences, circular diagram, page margins and signs of ageing. No raster re-encoding, cropping, additions, isolated rearrangement or vectorisation. Source reference without a design outline and without manufacturing approval.
Research draft. A specific page component of a single manuscript, MS.4660, not an additional physical inventory item. Planet and weekday are visible in the manuscript headings; other signs, ring names and inscriptions are not transcribed, normalised or reinterpreted. The institutional Canvas label contains only a hyphen; the unambiguous location is the Canvas ID with its digitised position. Mid-18th century is an approximate institutional dating. The catalogue title Pseudo-Solomon does not imply attribution to the biblical Solomon. No individual performance of the described ritual, wearing as an amulet or actual effect of this page is evidenced. Complete native full-page JPEG in an SVG wrapper, with headings, sign sequences, circular diagram, page margins and traces of ageing. No raster re-encoding, cropping, supplementation, isolated rearrangement or vectorisation. Source reference without an outline draft and without manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: A specific page component of a single manuscript, MS.4660, not an additional physical inventory item. Planet and weekday are visible in the manuscript headings; other signs, ring names and inscriptions are not transcribed, normalised or reinterpreted. The institutional Canvas label contains only a hyphen; the unambiguous location is the Canvas ID with its digitised position. Mid-18th century is an approximate institutional dating. The catalogue title Pseudo-Solomon does not imply attribution to the biblical Solomon. No individual performance of the described ritual, wearing as an amulet or actual effect of this page is evidenced. Complete native full-page JPEG in an SVG wrapper, with headings, sign sequences, circular diagram, page margins and traces of ageing. No raster re-encoding, cropping, supplementation, isolated rearrangement or vectorisation. Source reference without an outline draft and without manufacturing approval.
Source location: Work m68zhzp2; identifiers b18417930; item ebgmvsnb; shelfmark MS.4660; production mid-18th century; IIIF location with PDM
A freshly retrieved extended API connects the current work record with MS.4660, the mid-18th-century date, the digital image b18417930 and its Public Domain Mark. The catalogue title Pseudo-Solomon is not an attribution to the biblical Solomon.
Source location: MS.4660, b18417930; canvas positions 61, 75, 87, 98, 109 and 117 of 236; labels each -
Freshly retrieved manifest with shelfmark, dating mid-18th century, PDM, attribution and stable Canvas IDs. The selected Canvas labels contain only a hyphen; therefore no folio numbering has been added. The bytes are identical to those in the separately documented archive from 10 October; today’s retrieval is acknowledged separately. The older related/seeAlso reference reepym8x is not represented as a currently successful webpage.
Early modern European Solomonic ritual magic French-language manuscript context; present location London; place of creation unconfirmed · Mid-18th century (institutionally: mid-18th century)
A sequence of characters and an astrological table are positioned above the large circular diagram; Mars and Tuesday are explicitly named in the headings. Several concentric rings and a centre quartered by cross-lines, containing writing and signs; red leaf border, full page frame and binding edge retained.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern European Solomonic ritual magic
Region
French-language manuscript context; present location London; place of creation unconfirmed
Date of the evidence
Mid-18th century (institutionally: mid-18th century)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A sequence of characters and an astrological table are positioned above the large circular diagram; Mars and Tuesday are explicitly named in the headings. Several concentric rings and a centre quartered by cross-lines, containing writing and signs; red leaf border, full page frame and binding edge retained.
Historically recorded use
Historical design sheet from the French-language Solomonic compendium MS.4660. Its heading assigns the great pentacle to Mars and Tuesday. The assignment documents the depiction in the manuscript; it does not establish any actual effect.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
A specific leaf component of a single manuscript, MS.4660, not an additional physical inventory item. The planet and weekday are visible in the manuscript headings; other signs, ring names and inscriptions are not transcribed, normalised or reinterpreted. The institutional Canvas label contains only a hyphen; the unambiguous reference is the Canvas ID with its digitised-image position. The mid-18th century is an approximate institutional date. The catalogue title Pseudo-Solomon does not attribute the work to the biblical Solomon. Individual performance of the ritual described, wearing it as an amulet and any actual effect of this leaf are not attested.
Before designing
Complete native full-page JPEG in an SVG wrapper, with headings, character sequences, circular diagram, page margins and signs of ageing. No raster re-encoding, cropping, additions, isolated rearrangement or vectorisation. Source reference without a design outline and without manufacturing approval.
Research draft. A specific page component of a single manuscript, MS.4660, not an additional physical inventory item. Planet and weekday are visible in the manuscript headings; other signs, ring names and inscriptions are not transcribed, normalised or reinterpreted. The institutional Canvas label contains only a hyphen; the unambiguous location is the Canvas ID with its digitised position. Mid-18th century is an approximate institutional dating. The catalogue title Pseudo-Solomon does not imply attribution to the biblical Solomon. No individual performance of the described ritual, wearing as an amulet or actual effect of this page is evidenced. Complete native full-page JPEG in an SVG wrapper, with headings, sign sequences, circular diagram, page margins and traces of ageing. No raster re-encoding, cropping, supplementation, isolated rearrangement or vectorisation. Source reference without an outline draft and without manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: A specific page component of a single manuscript, MS.4660, not an additional physical inventory item. Planet and weekday are visible in the manuscript headings; other signs, ring names and inscriptions are not transcribed, normalised or reinterpreted. The institutional Canvas label contains only a hyphen; the unambiguous location is the Canvas ID with its digitised position. Mid-18th century is an approximate institutional dating. The catalogue title Pseudo-Solomon does not imply attribution to the biblical Solomon. No individual performance of the described ritual, wearing as an amulet or actual effect of this page is evidenced. Complete native full-page JPEG in an SVG wrapper, with headings, sign sequences, circular diagram, page margins and traces of ageing. No raster re-encoding, cropping, supplementation, isolated rearrangement or vectorisation. Source reference without an outline draft and without manufacturing approval.
Source location: Work m68zhzp2; identifiers b18417930; item ebgmvsnb; shelfmark MS.4660; production mid-18th century; IIIF location with PDM
A freshly retrieved extended API connects the current work record with MS.4660, the mid-18th-century date, the digital image b18417930 and its Public Domain Mark. The catalogue title Pseudo-Solomon is not an attribution to the biblical Solomon.
Source location: MS.4660, b18417930; canvas positions 61, 75, 87, 98, 109 and 117 of 236; labels each -
Freshly retrieved manifest with shelfmark, dating mid-18th century, PDM, attribution and stable Canvas IDs. The selected Canvas labels contain only a hyphen; therefore no folio numbering has been added. The bytes are identical to those in the separately documented archive from 10 October; today’s retrieval is acknowledged separately. The older related/seeAlso reference reepym8x is not represented as a currently successful webpage.
Large Pentacle of Mercury – Wellcome MS.4660, Canvas 98
Original image · source evidence
Historical planetary pentacle
Early modern European Solomonic ritual magic French-language manuscript context; present location London; place of creation unconfirmed · Mid-18th century (institutionally: mid-18th century)
Below the row of signs is a tabular astrological assignment with prominent hatching. The smaller circular diagram in the lower half has a heading referring to Mercury and Wednesday. Several concentric rings and a centre divided into four by cross-lines, containing writing and signs; red leaf border, full page frame and binding edge retained.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern European Solomonic ritual magic
Region
French-language manuscript context; present location London; place of creation unconfirmed
Date of the evidence
Mid-18th century (institutionally: mid-18th century)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Below the row of signs is a tabular astrological assignment with prominent hatching. The smaller circular diagram in the lower half has a heading referring to Mercury and Wednesday. Several concentric rings and a centre divided into four by cross-lines, containing writing and signs; red leaf border, full page frame and binding edge retained.
Historically recorded use
Historical drawing sheet from the French-language Solomonic compendium MS.4660. Its heading assigns the large pentacle to Mercury and Wednesday. The assignment documents the depiction in the manuscript; it does not demonstrate any actual effect.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
A specific leaf component of a single manuscript, MS.4660, not an additional physical inventory item. The planet and weekday are visible in the manuscript headings; other signs, ring names and inscriptions are not transcribed, normalised or reinterpreted. The institutional Canvas label contains only a hyphen; the unambiguous reference is the Canvas ID with its digitised-image position. The mid-18th century is an approximate institutional date. The catalogue title Pseudo-Solomon does not attribute the work to the biblical Solomon. Individual performance of the ritual described, wearing it as an amulet and any actual effect of this leaf are not attested.
Before designing
Complete native full-page JPEG in an SVG wrapper, with headings, character sequences, circular diagram, page margins and signs of ageing. No raster re-encoding, cropping, additions, isolated rearrangement or vectorisation. Source reference without a design outline and without manufacturing approval.
Research draft. A specific page component of a single manuscript, MS.4660, not an additional physical inventory item. Planet and weekday are visible in the manuscript headings; other signs, ring names and inscriptions are not transcribed, normalised or reinterpreted. The institutional Canvas label contains only a hyphen; the unambiguous location is the Canvas ID with its digitised position. Mid-18th century is an approximate institutional dating. The catalogue title Pseudo-Solomon does not imply attribution to the biblical Solomon. No individual performance of the described ritual, wearing as an amulet or actual effect of this page is evidenced. Complete native full-page JPEG in an SVG wrapper, with headings, sign sequences, circular diagram, page margins and traces of ageing. No raster re-encoding, cropping, supplementation, isolated rearrangement or vectorisation. Source reference without an outline draft and without manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: A specific page component of a single manuscript, MS.4660, not an additional physical inventory item. Planet and weekday are visible in the manuscript headings; other signs, ring names and inscriptions are not transcribed, normalised or reinterpreted. The institutional Canvas label contains only a hyphen; the unambiguous location is the Canvas ID with its digitised position. Mid-18th century is an approximate institutional dating. The catalogue title Pseudo-Solomon does not imply attribution to the biblical Solomon. No individual performance of the described ritual, wearing as an amulet or actual effect of this page is evidenced. Complete native full-page JPEG in an SVG wrapper, with headings, sign sequences, circular diagram, page margins and traces of ageing. No raster re-encoding, cropping, supplementation, isolated rearrangement or vectorisation. Source reference without an outline draft and without manufacturing approval.
Source location: Work m68zhzp2; identifiers b18417930; item ebgmvsnb; shelfmark MS.4660; production mid-18th century; IIIF location with PDM
A freshly retrieved extended API connects the current work record with MS.4660, the mid-18th-century date, the digital image b18417930 and its Public Domain Mark. The catalogue title Pseudo-Solomon is not an attribution to the biblical Solomon.
Source location: MS.4660, b18417930; canvas positions 61, 75, 87, 98, 109 and 117 of 236; labels each -
Freshly retrieved manifest with shelfmark, dating mid-18th century, PDM, attribution and stable Canvas IDs. The selected Canvas labels contain only a hyphen; therefore no folio numbering has been added. The bytes are identical to those in the separately documented archive from 10 October; today’s retrieval is acknowledged separately. The older related/seeAlso reference reepym8x is not represented as a currently successful webpage.
Great lunar pentacle – Wellcome MS.4660, Canvas 75
Original image · source evidence
Historical planetary pentacle
Early modern European Solomonic ritual magic French-language manuscript context; present location London; place of creation unconfirmed · Mid-18th century (institutionally: mid-18th century)
Above the circular diagram are two rows of signs and an astrological table. The Moon and Monday headings are clearly visible. Several concentric rings and a centre divided into quarters by cross-lines, with writing and signs; red foliate border, full page frame and binding edge retained.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern European Solomonic ritual magic
Region
French-language manuscript context; present location London; place of creation unconfirmed
Date of the evidence
Mid-18th century (institutionally: mid-18th century)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Above the circular diagram are two rows of signs and an astrological table. The Moon and Monday headings are clearly visible. Several concentric rings and a centre divided into quarters by cross-lines, with writing and signs; red foliate border, full page frame and binding edge retained.
Historically recorded use
Historical diagram sheet from the French-language Solomonic compendium MS.4660. Its heading assigns the large pentacle to the Moon and Monday. The assignment documents the depiction in the manuscript; it does not attest to any actual effect.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
A specific leaf component of a single manuscript, MS.4660, not an additional physical inventory item. The planet and weekday are visible in the manuscript headings; other signs, ring names and inscriptions are not transcribed, normalised or reinterpreted. The institutional Canvas label contains only a hyphen; the unambiguous reference is the Canvas ID with its digitised-image position. The mid-18th century is an approximate institutional date. The catalogue title Pseudo-Solomon does not attribute the work to the biblical Solomon. Individual performance of the ritual described, wearing it as an amulet and any actual effect of this leaf are not attested.
Before designing
Complete native full-page JPEG in an SVG wrapper, with headings, character sequences, circular diagram, page margins and signs of ageing. No raster re-encoding, cropping, additions, isolated rearrangement or vectorisation. Source reference without a design outline and without manufacturing approval.
Research draft. A specific page component of a single manuscript, MS.4660, not an additional physical inventory item. Planet and weekday are visible in the manuscript headings; other signs, ring names and inscriptions are not transcribed, normalised or reinterpreted. The institutional Canvas label contains only a hyphen; the unambiguous location is the Canvas ID with its digitised position. Mid-18th century is an approximate institutional dating. The catalogue title Pseudo-Solomon does not imply attribution to the biblical Solomon. No individual performance of the described ritual, wearing as an amulet or actual effect of this page is evidenced. Complete native full-page JPEG in an SVG wrapper, with headings, sign sequences, circular diagram, page margins and traces of ageing. No raster re-encoding, cropping, supplementation, isolated rearrangement or vectorisation. Source reference without an outline draft and without manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: A specific page component of a single manuscript, MS.4660, not an additional physical inventory item. Planet and weekday are visible in the manuscript headings; other signs, ring names and inscriptions are not transcribed, normalised or reinterpreted. The institutional Canvas label contains only a hyphen; the unambiguous location is the Canvas ID with its digitised position. Mid-18th century is an approximate institutional dating. The catalogue title Pseudo-Solomon does not imply attribution to the biblical Solomon. No individual performance of the described ritual, wearing as an amulet or actual effect of this page is evidenced. Complete native full-page JPEG in an SVG wrapper, with headings, sign sequences, circular diagram, page margins and traces of ageing. No raster re-encoding, cropping, supplementation, isolated rearrangement or vectorisation. Source reference without an outline draft and without manufacturing approval.
Source location: Work m68zhzp2; identifiers b18417930; item ebgmvsnb; shelfmark MS.4660; production mid-18th century; IIIF location with PDM
A freshly retrieved extended API connects the current work record with MS.4660, the mid-18th-century date, the digital image b18417930 and its Public Domain Mark. The catalogue title Pseudo-Solomon is not an attribution to the biblical Solomon.
Source location: MS.4660, b18417930; canvas positions 61, 75, 87, 98, 109 and 117 of 236; labels each -
Freshly retrieved manifest with shelfmark, dating mid-18th century, PDM, attribution and stable Canvas IDs. The selected Canvas labels contain only a hyphen; therefore no folio numbering has been added. The bytes are identical to those in the separately documented archive from 10 October; today’s retrieval is acknowledged separately. The older related/seeAlso reference reepym8x is not represented as a currently successful webpage.
Great solar pentacle – Wellcome MS.4660, Canvas 61
Original image · source evidence
Historical planetary pentacle
Early modern European Solomonic ritual magic French-language manuscript context; present location London; place of creation unconfirmed · Mid-18th century (institutionally: mid-18th century)
Above the large circular diagram, the page shows two rows of signs and a tabular astrological arrangement. The Sun and Sunday headings are clearly visible. Several concentric rings and a centre quartered by cross-lines, with writing and signs; red page border, entire page frame and binding edge retained.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern European Solomonic ritual magic
Region
French-language manuscript context; present location London; place of creation unconfirmed
Date of the evidence
Mid-18th century (institutionally: mid-18th century)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Above the large circular diagram, the page shows two rows of signs and a tabular astrological arrangement. The Sun and Sunday headings are clearly visible. Several concentric rings and a centre quartered by cross-lines, with writing and signs; red page border, entire page frame and binding edge retained.
Historically recorded use
Historical sheet of signs from the French-language Solomonic compendium MS.4660. Its heading assigns the large pentacle to the Sun and Sunday. The assignment documents the depiction in the manuscript; it does not evidence any actual effect.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
A specific leaf component of a single manuscript, MS.4660, not an additional physical inventory item. The planet and weekday are visible in the manuscript headings; other signs, ring names and inscriptions are not transcribed, normalised or reinterpreted. The institutional Canvas label contains only a hyphen; the unambiguous reference is the Canvas ID with its digitised-image position. The mid-18th century is an approximate institutional date. The catalogue title Pseudo-Solomon does not attribute the work to the biblical Solomon. Individual performance of the ritual described, wearing it as an amulet and any actual effect of this leaf are not attested.
Before designing
Complete native full-page JPEG in an SVG wrapper, with headings, character sequences, circular diagram, page margins and signs of ageing. No raster re-encoding, cropping, additions, isolated rearrangement or vectorisation. Source reference without a design outline and without manufacturing approval.
Research draft. A specific page component of a single manuscript, MS.4660, not an additional physical inventory item. Planet and weekday are visible in the manuscript headings; other signs, ring names and inscriptions are not transcribed, normalised or reinterpreted. The institutional Canvas label contains only a hyphen; the unambiguous location is the Canvas ID with its digitised position. Mid-18th century is an approximate institutional dating. The catalogue title Pseudo-Solomon does not imply attribution to the biblical Solomon. No individual performance of the described ritual, wearing as an amulet or actual effect of this page is evidenced. Complete native full-page JPEG in an SVG wrapper, with headings, sign sequences, circular diagram, page margins and traces of ageing. No raster re-encoding, cropping, supplementation, isolated rearrangement or vectorisation. Source reference without an outline draft and without manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: A specific page component of a single manuscript, MS.4660, not an additional physical inventory item. Planet and weekday are visible in the manuscript headings; other signs, ring names and inscriptions are not transcribed, normalised or reinterpreted. The institutional Canvas label contains only a hyphen; the unambiguous location is the Canvas ID with its digitised position. Mid-18th century is an approximate institutional dating. The catalogue title Pseudo-Solomon does not imply attribution to the biblical Solomon. No individual performance of the described ritual, wearing as an amulet or actual effect of this page is evidenced. Complete native full-page JPEG in an SVG wrapper, with headings, sign sequences, circular diagram, page margins and traces of ageing. No raster re-encoding, cropping, supplementation, isolated rearrangement or vectorisation. Source reference without an outline draft and without manufacturing approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.4660, Canvas position 61/236, b18417930_0061.jp2; full page; institutional Canvas label -
Source location: Work m68zhzp2; identifiers b18417930; item ebgmvsnb; shelfmark MS.4660; production mid-18th century; IIIF location with PDM
A freshly retrieved extended API connects the current work record with MS.4660, the mid-18th-century date, the digital image b18417930 and its Public Domain Mark. The catalogue title Pseudo-Solomon is not an attribution to the biblical Solomon.
Source location: MS.4660, b18417930; canvas positions 61, 75, 87, 98, 109 and 117 of 236; labels each -
Freshly retrieved manifest with shelfmark, dating mid-18th century, PDM, attribution and stable Canvas IDs. The selected Canvas labels contain only a hyphen; therefore no folio numbering has been added. The bytes are identical to those in the separately documented archive from 10 October; today’s retrieval is acknowledged separately. The older related/seeAlso reference reepym8x is not represented as a currently successful webpage.
Large Venus pentacle – Wellcome MS.4660, Canvas 117
Original image · source evidence
Historical planetary pentacle
Early modern European Solomonic ritual magic French-language manuscript context; present location London; place of creation unconfirmed · Mid-18th century (institutionally: mid-18th century)
Three rows of signs and an astrological table are above the circular diagram. The headings name Venus and Friday. Several concentric rings and a centre divided into four by cross-lines, with writing and signs; red page border, full page frame and binding edge intact.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern European Solomonic ritual magic
Region
French-language manuscript context; present location London; place of creation unconfirmed
Date of the evidence
Mid-18th century (institutionally: mid-18th century)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Three rows of signs and an astrological table are above the circular diagram. The headings name Venus and Friday. Several concentric rings and a centre divided into four by cross-lines, with writing and signs; red page border, full page frame and binding edge intact.
Historically recorded use
Historical sign sheet from the French-language Solomonic compendium MS.4660. Its heading assigns the great pentacle to Venus and Friday. The assignment documents the depiction in the manuscript; it does not prove an actual effect.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
A specific leaf component of a single manuscript, MS.4660, not an additional physical inventory item. The planet and weekday are visible in the manuscript headings; other signs, ring names and inscriptions are not transcribed, normalised or reinterpreted. The institutional Canvas label contains only a hyphen; the unambiguous reference is the Canvas ID with its digitised-image position. The mid-18th century is an approximate institutional date. The catalogue title Pseudo-Solomon does not attribute the work to the biblical Solomon. Individual performance of the ritual described, wearing it as an amulet and any actual effect of this leaf are not attested.
Before designing
Complete native full-page JPEG in an SVG wrapper, with headings, character sequences, circular diagram, page margins and signs of ageing. No raster re-encoding, cropping, additions, isolated rearrangement or vectorisation. Source reference without a design outline and without manufacturing approval.
Research draft. A specific page component of a single manuscript, MS.4660, not an additional physical inventory item. Planet and weekday are visible in the manuscript headings; other signs, ring names and inscriptions are not transcribed, normalised or reinterpreted. The institutional Canvas label contains only a hyphen; the unambiguous location is the Canvas ID with its digitised position. Mid-18th century is an approximate institutional dating. The catalogue title Pseudo-Solomon does not imply attribution to the biblical Solomon. No individual performance of the described ritual, wearing as an amulet or actual effect of this page is evidenced. Complete native full-page JPEG in an SVG wrapper, with headings, sign sequences, circular diagram, page margins and traces of ageing. No raster re-encoding, cropping, supplementation, isolated rearrangement or vectorisation. Source reference without an outline draft and without manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: A specific page component of a single manuscript, MS.4660, not an additional physical inventory item. Planet and weekday are visible in the manuscript headings; other signs, ring names and inscriptions are not transcribed, normalised or reinterpreted. The institutional Canvas label contains only a hyphen; the unambiguous location is the Canvas ID with its digitised position. Mid-18th century is an approximate institutional dating. The catalogue title Pseudo-Solomon does not imply attribution to the biblical Solomon. No individual performance of the described ritual, wearing as an amulet or actual effect of this page is evidenced. Complete native full-page JPEG in an SVG wrapper, with headings, sign sequences, circular diagram, page margins and traces of ageing. No raster re-encoding, cropping, supplementation, isolated rearrangement or vectorisation. Source reference without an outline draft and without manufacturing approval.
Source location: Work m68zhzp2; identifiers b18417930; item ebgmvsnb; shelfmark MS.4660; production mid-18th century; IIIF location with PDM
A freshly retrieved extended API connects the current work record with MS.4660, the mid-18th-century date, the digital image b18417930 and its Public Domain Mark. The catalogue title Pseudo-Solomon is not an attribution to the biblical Solomon.
Source location: MS.4660, b18417930; canvas positions 61, 75, 87, 98, 109 and 117 of 236; labels each -
Freshly retrieved manifest with shelfmark, dating mid-18th century, PDM, attribution and stable Canvas IDs. The selected Canvas labels contain only a hyphen; therefore no folio numbering has been added. The bytes are identical to those in the separately documented archive from 10 October; today’s retrieval is acknowledged separately. The older related/seeAlso reference reepym8x is not represented as a currently successful webpage.
Early Nordic visual and written tradition Grumpan, Sävare, Västergötland, Sweden · Approx. 400–550 CE according to SHM; RuneS 440–560 CE.
C-bracteate with a figurative animal/rider image and an older runic row divided into three sections. Damaged and uncertain signs remain visible in the photograph.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early Nordic visual and written tradition
Region
Grumpan, Sävare, Västergötland, Sweden
Date of the evidence
Approx. 400–550 CE according to SHM; RuneS 440–560 CE.
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
C-bracteate with a figurative animal/rider image and an older runic row divided into three sections. Damaged and uncertain signs remain visible in the photograph.
Historically recorded use
Historically documented gold pendant with a stamped image field. A specific protective effect or particular ritual is not demonstrated for this individual piece by the cited object records.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The specific historical Futhark attestation is not a modern idealised alphabet chart. SHM gives 400–550, RuneS 440–560; the damaged row is not supplemented with modern standard characters.
Before designing
The model is the surviving museum photograph, including wear and damage. No modern addition of missing lines, and no conversion of unclear runes or letter imitations into an invented readable formula.
Research draft. Unaltered museum JPEG bytes are embedded in an SVG image crop. Photograph of the surviving object; neither a drawn reconstruction nor an AI-generated symbol. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Unaltered museum JPEG bytes are embedded in an SVG image crop. Photograph of the surviving object; neither a drawn reconstruction nor an AI-generated symbol.
Object, find region, rune type and dating limits. The differing historical catalogue intervals are explicitly set out alongside one another. The RuneS data licence CC BY-SA 4.0 does not replace an image licence; the museum image used is the one separately checked for each case.
Statens historiska museer / Historiska museet, Sverige
Source location: 111180_HST; acquisition number 14392; IK 260 / KJ 3 / Vg 207; dated 400–550
Institutional object catalogue with find region, inventory number and historical dating. Text metadata CC0; the photographs independently carry CC BY 4.0.
Statens historiska museer / Historiska museet, Sverige
Source location: Media 7DB2EE97-237C-45A8-BB11-266BC107DBB8; 111180_HST; acquisition number 14392
Photographer Ulf Bruxe / Historiska museet/SHM; explicitly CC BY 4.0 International. The photo date is a date of capture and is not treated as the historical date of creation.
Grynebakken – lead amulet with rune-like incisions
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Danish medieval writing and protective culture Grynebakken, Bornholm · Medieval (catalogue attribution; no more precise date of manufacture)
Lead sheet folded twice and shifted sideways, with rune-like signs on the outer surfaces.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Danish medieval writing and protective culture
Region
Grynebakken, Bornholm
Date of the evidence
Medieval (catalogue attribution; no more precise date of manufacture)
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Lead sheet folded twice and shifted sideways, with rune-like signs on the outer surfaces.
Historically recorded use
Classified by the museum as a medieval lead amulet; an individual protective intention has not been fully deciphered.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
According to the catalogue, the sequence of signs has no certain meaning. The present-day shifted width must not be interpreted as the original width of the strip.
Before designing
Unchanged original photographs as image reference. Individual views are shown separately alongside one another; no engraving outline has been added and no manufacturing approval has been given.
Research draft. According to the catalogue, the sequence of signs has no certain meaning. The current shifted width must not be interpreted as the original strip width. Each image is complete and retains its unmodified native JPEG bytes; separate views are not a historical overall form. Presentation files, not TIFF masters. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: According to the catalogue, the sequence of signs has no certain meaning. The current shifted width must not be interpreted as the original strip width. Each image is complete and retains its unmodified native JPEG bytes; separate views are not a historical overall form. Presentation files, not TIFF masters.
Source location: D 314/2022; DMR-234683, DMR-234684
Use of the template: CC BY-SA 4.0 with attribution and share-alike
Rasmus Bak Meng / Nationalmuseet, Danmark; D 314/2022; DMR-234683; CC BY-SA 4.0. Rasmus Bak Meng / Nationalmuseet, Danmark; D 314/2022; DMR-234684; CC BY-SA 4.0.
Individual institutional object record. Find, registration and photography dates are not treated as manufacturing dates. Uncertain signs and functional identifications remain qualified.
Early Nordic visual and written tradition Gudme II, Funen, Denmark · About 440–560 AD; iconographic dating according to RuneS
Golden B-bracteate with several figures in the image field, encircling ornament and the runic sequence transliterated as undz by RuneS.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early Nordic visual and written tradition
Region
Gudme II, Funen, Denmark
Date of the evidence
About 440–560 AD; iconographic dating according to RuneS
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Golden B-bracteate with several figures in the image field, encircling ornament and the runic sequence transliterated as undz by RuneS.
Historically recorded use
Historically documented gold pendant with a stamped image field. A specific protective effect or particular ritual is not demonstrated for this individual piece by the cited object records.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The hoard find and rune sequence are documented. The figures are recorded as a surviving pictorial composition; this does not establish the names of all the deities depicted or a definite effect.
Before designing
The model is the surviving museum photograph, including wear and damage. No modern addition of missing lines, and no conversion of unclear runes or letter imitations into an invented readable formula.
Research draft. Unaltered museum JPEG bytes are embedded in an SVG image crop. Photograph of the surviving object; neither a drawn reconstruction nor an AI-generated symbol. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Unaltered museum JPEG bytes are embedded in an SVG image crop. Photograph of the surviving object; neither a drawn reconstruction nor an AI-generated symbol.
RuneS / Niedersächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen
Source location: IK 51,3; Gudme II-B; 440–560
Sequence undz; found in 1982 in a hoard with other items of jewellery. No translation is stated as certain. The RuneS data licence CC BY-SA 4.0 does not replace an image licence; the separately checked museum image is used.
Photograph of the B-bracteate from Gudme II, Gudme parish. Inventory DNF 38/83 is the specific model. The image record and image-specific JSON-LD refer to CC BY-SA 4.0. The photographer and actual JPEG resolution are recorded in the symbol manifest; TIFF metadata describes a different original file.
Danish medieval writing and protective culture Gudmindrup, Zealand · Medieval (catalogue attribution; no more precise date of manufacture)
A folded lead amulet has a broken outer layer. On the accessible inner side, the catalogue describes a tall line of runes or rune-like signs.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Danish medieval writing and protective culture
Region
Gudmindrup, Zealand
Date of the evidence
Medieval (catalogue attribution; no more precise date of manufacture)
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A folded lead amulet has a broken outer layer. On the accessible inner side, the catalogue describes a tall line of runes or rune-like signs.
Historically recorded use
Classified by the museum as a medieval lead amulet; an individual protective intention has not been fully deciphered.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The tape visible in the photographs is part of the modern securing. The symbols have not been fully deciphered; the securing is not adopted as historical design.
Before designing
Unchanged original photographs as image reference. Individual views are shown separately alongside one another; no engraving outline has been added and no manufacturing approval has been given.
Research draft. The tape visible in the photographs is part of the modern securing. The symbols have not been fully deciphered; the securing is not adopted as historical design. Each image is complete and retains its unchanged native JPEG bytes; separate views do not constitute a historical overall form. Presentation files, not TIFF masters. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The tape visible in the photographs is part of the modern securing. The symbols have not been fully deciphered; the securing is not adopted as historical design. Each image is complete and retains its unchanged native JPEG bytes; separate views do not constitute a historical overall form. Presentation files, not TIFF masters.
Source location: D 1007/2022; DMR-237518, DMR-237519
Use of the template: CC BY-SA 4.0 with attribution and share-alike
Rasmus Bak Meng / Nationalmuseet, Danmark; D 1007/2022; DMR-237518; CC BY-SA 4.0. Rasmus Bak Meng / Nationalmuseet, Danmark; D 1007/2022; DMR-237519; CC BY-SA 4.0.
Individual institutional object record. Find, registration and photography dates are not treated as manufacturing dates. Uncertain signs and functional identifications remain qualified.
Danish medieval writing and protective culture Gudum, Jutland · Medieval (catalogue attribution; no more precise date of manufacture)
The ends of the strips are folded towards the centre. Letters, crosses and possibly connected signs run across the outer surfaces, perpendicular to the length.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Danish medieval writing and protective culture
Region
Gudum, Jutland
Date of the evidence
Medieval (catalogue attribution; no more precise date of manufacture)
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
The ends of the strips are folded towards the centre. Letters, crosses and possibly connected signs run across the outer surfaces, perpendicular to the length.
Historically recorded use
Classified by the museum as a medieval lead amulet; an individual protective intention has not been fully deciphered.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The signs do not allow a secure continuous reading. The museum considers an inscription made after folding; this sequence remains a hypothesis.
Before designing
Unchanged original photographs as image reference. Individual views are shown separately alongside one another; no engraving outline has been added and no manufacturing approval has been given.
Research draft. The signs do not permit a securely established continuous reading. The museum considers that the inscription may have been made after folding; this sequence remains a hypothesis. Every view is complete and retains its unaltered native JPEG bytes; separate views are not a historical overall form. Presentation files, not TIFF masters. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The signs do not permit a securely established continuous reading. The museum considers that the inscription may have been made after folding; this sequence remains a hypothesis. Every view is complete and retains its unaltered native JPEG bytes; separate views are not a historical overall form. Presentation files, not TIFF masters.
Source location: D 119/2022; DMR-233668, DMR-233669
Use of the template: CC BY-SA 4.0 with attribution and share-alike
Rasmus Bak Meng / Nationalmuseet, Danmark; D 119/2022; DMR-233668; CC BY-SA 4.0. Rasmus Bak Meng / Nationalmuseet, Danmark; D 119/2022; DMR-233669; CC BY-SA 4.0.
Individual institutional object record. Find, registration and photography dates are not treated as manufacturing dates. Uncertain signs and functional identifications remain qualified.
Danish medieval writing and protective culture Gudum, Jutland · Medieval (catalogue attribution; no more precise date of manufacture)
Two framed lines with runes are visible beneath a damaged outer layer. The photographs show the break and the remaining fold.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Danish medieval writing and protective culture
Region
Gudum, Jutland
Date of the evidence
Medieval (catalogue attribution; no more precise date of manufacture)
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Two framed lines with runes are visible beneath a damaged outer layer. The photographs show the break and the remaining fold.
Historically recorded use
Classified by the museum as a medieval lead amulet; an individual protective intention has not been fully deciphered.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The catalogue offers no coherent reading of the whole. The frame, damage and visible writing are not supplemented to make a complete sigil.
Before designing
Unchanged original photographs as image reference. Individual views are shown separately alongside one another; no engraving outline has been added and no manufacturing approval has been given.
Research draft. The catalogue offers no intelligible overall reading. The frame, damage and visible writing are not supplemented to form a complete seal. Each image is complete and retains its unaltered native JPEG bytes; separate views are not a historical overall form. Presentation files, not TIFF masters. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The catalogue offers no intelligible overall reading. The frame, damage and visible writing are not supplemented to form a complete seal. Each image is complete and retains its unaltered native JPEG bytes; separate views are not a historical overall form. Presentation files, not TIFF masters.
Source location: D 1016/2022; DMR-237547, DMR-237548
Use of the template: CC BY-SA 4.0 with attribution and share-alike
Rasmus Bak Meng / Nationalmuseet, Danmark; D 1016/2022; DMR-237547; CC BY-SA 4.0. Rasmus Bak Meng / Nationalmuseet, Danmark; D 1016/2022; DMR-237548; CC BY-SA 4.0.
Individual institutional object record. Find, registration and photography dates are not treated as manufacturing dates. Uncertain signs and functional identifications remain qualified.
Danish medieval writing and protective culture Gudum, Jutland · Medieval (catalogue attribution; no more precise date of manufacture)
Folded lead with faint minuscule writing on both outer surfaces and additional traces of writing at a break.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Danish medieval writing and protective culture
Region
Gudum, Jutland
Date of the evidence
Medieval (catalogue attribution; no more precise date of manufacture)
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Folded lead with faint minuscule writing on both outer surfaces and additional traces of writing at a break.
Historically recorded use
Classified by the museum as a medieval lead amulet; an individual protective intention has not been fully deciphered.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The identifiable parts attest to an inscription, not a fully readable formula. Independent object D1017/2022 alongside the other Gudum finds.
Before designing
Unchanged original photographs as image reference. Individual views are shown separately alongside one another; no engraving outline has been added and no manufacturing approval has been given.
Research draft. The recognisable parts attest an inscription, not a fully legible formula. Independent object D1017/2022 alongside the other Gudum finds. Each image is complete and retains its native JPEG bytes unchanged; separate views are not a historical overall form. Presentation files, not TIFF masters. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The recognisable parts attest an inscription, not a fully legible formula. Independent object D1017/2022 alongside the other Gudum finds. Each image is complete and retains its native JPEG bytes unchanged; separate views are not a historical overall form. Presentation files, not TIFF masters.
Source location: D 1017/2022; DMR-237529, DMR-237530
Use of the template: CC BY-SA 4.0 with attribution and share-alike
Rasmus Bak Meng / Nationalmuseet, Danmark; D 1017/2022; DMR-237529; CC BY-SA 4.0. Rasmus Bak Meng / Nationalmuseet, Danmark; D 1017/2022; DMR-237530; CC BY-SA 4.0.
Individual institutional object record. Find, registration and photography dates are not treated as manufacturing dates. Uncertain signs and functional identifications remain qualified.
Nordic historical amulet and image traditions Gudum north of Slagelse, Zealand, Denmark · Viking Age according to the museum catalogue
Silver mask with gilding, braided hair, incised eyebrows, oval eyes and a drooping moustache. The upper and lower edges are broken off.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Nordic historical amulet and image traditions
Region
Gudum north of Slagelse, Zealand, Denmark
Date of the evidence
Viking Age according to the museum catalogue
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Silver mask with gilding, braided hair, incised eyebrows, oval eyes and a drooping moustache. The upper and lower edges are broken off.
Historically recorded use
Historically attested figurative/jewellery image. Individual use for protection or healing is not demonstrated by the available object evidence.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The catalogue suspects it is part of a pendant. Neither the deity nor a magical function is proven; neither Odin nor Loki is identified from the beard or gaze.
Before designing
Unaltered historical museum views with surviving damage, corrosion and any scales. No retouching, and no additions to missing writing or lines. The facsimile provides a source reference and requires a separate manufacturing outline.
Research draft. Silver mask with gilding, braided hair, incised brows, oval eyes and a drooping moustache. The upper and lower ends are broken off. The catalogue suggests it may be part of a pendant. Neither a deity nor a magical function is established; neither Odin nor Loki is identified from the beard or gaze. The named object views are shown side by side; this does not claim a historical arrangement of symbols. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Silver mask with gilding, braided hair, incised brows, oval eyes and a drooping moustache. The upper and lower ends are broken off. The catalogue suggests it may be part of a pendant. Neither a deity nor a magical function is established; neither Odin nor Loki is identified from the beard or gaze. The named object views are shown side by side; this does not claim a historical arrangement of symbols.
The catalogue suggests it may be part of a pendant. Neither a deity nor a magical function is attested; neither Odin nor Loki is identified from the beard or gaze. Individual object classification, material, find events and images are taken from the museum's raw data block.
The individual ImageObject in the museum’s JSON-LD names this JPEG URL and CC BY-SA 4.0. Image credit: Søren Greve / Nationalmuseet, Danmark. The actual JPEG pixel dimensions are checked; larger TIFF catalogue dimensions are not applied to the JPEG used.
The individual ImageObject in the museum’s JSON-LD names this JPEG URL and CC BY-SA 4.0. Image credit: Søren Greve / Nationalmuseet, Danmark. The actual JPEG pixel dimensions are checked; larger TIFF catalogue dimensions are not applied to the JPEG used.
Babylonian/Achaemenid tradition of healing incantations Mesopotamia, probably Sippar · Mid to late 1st millennium BCE
Small cuneiform clay tablet; two actually transmitted museum perspectives show the surviving inscribed surfaces.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Babylonian/Achaemenid tradition of healing incantations
Region
Mesopotamia, probably Sippar
Date of the evidence
Mid to late 1st millennium BCE
Type of evidence
Textual evidence
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Small cuneiform clay tablet; two actually transmitted museum perspectives show the surviving inscribed surfaces.
Historically recorded use
The museum text describes an incantation to Gula and Marduk/Asalluhi on behalf of a patient whose illness was attributed to a spirit attack.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Included as historical_symbol_only/Text evidence, not as a worn healing amulet. The transmitted healing attribution is recorded as a historical belief. The provenance from Sippar and the archival attribution remain probable; no independent complete cuneiform reading has been attempted.
Before designing
Unaltered complete institutional image; material losses, inscriptions and present-day object condition are retained. No formula added, sigil redrawn or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Included as historical_symbol_only/Text evidence, not as a healing amulet worn on the body. The reported healing attribution is presented as a historical belief. The provenance Sippar and archive attribution remain probable; no independent complete attempt to read the cuneiform. Complete original JPEG bytes; losses to the writing and material are not filled in. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Included as historical_symbol_only/Text evidence, not as a healing amulet worn on the body. The reported healing attribution is presented as a historical belief. The provenance Sippar and archive attribution remain probable; no independent complete attempt to read the cuneiform. Complete original JPEG bytes; losses to the writing and material are not filled in.
Source location: 86.11.130; two actual institutional object views
Source location: Object ID 321719; inventory 86.11.130; current API item retrieval and institutional page text
Current API attribution, inventory number, material, date and specifically linked CC0 images; curatorial statements additionally checked against the institutional web page text. Direct native HTML retrieval returns 429 and is not presented as archived HTML.
Source location: Specific image/metadata permission additionally checked for each object
The general institutional CC0 rule can be used only together with an individual object/image relation; the failed image retrieval remains visible in the retrieval report.
Guru Dragpo with vajra and scorpion (Met 2015.269)
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Tibetan Buddhism, Padmasambhava iconography Tibet · 18th century
Red central figure in a flame aureole, skull crown and several smaller figures in upper and lower image registers. The entire image surface, including border, signs of use and losses, remains visible.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Tibetan Buddhism, Padmasambhava iconography
Region
Tibet
Date of the evidence
18th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Red central figure in a flame aureole, skull crown and several smaller figures in upper and lower image registers. The entire image surface, including border, signs of use and losses, remains visible.
Historically recorded use
The institutional interpretation identifies Guru Dragpo as a wrathful manifestation of Padmasambhava. The raised vajra and blue scorpion are among his depicted attributes. The painting attests to a religious image form, not to individual amulet use.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Padmasambhava’s traditional association with the 8th century does not date this painting; its evidenced date remains the 18th century. Accompanying figures are not counted as independent new motifs or as separate amulets.
Before designing
Unaltered native museum photographs as reference; no sign reconstruction, no engraving-ready outline.
Research draft. Red central figure in a flame aureole, skull crown and several smaller figures in upper and lower image registers. The complete image surface, including border, signs of use and losses, remains visible. Padmasambhava's traditional association with the 8th century does not date this painting; its evidence-based date remains the 18th century. Attendant figures are not counted as independent new motifs or as isolated amulets. Native raster files are unaltered; no manufacturing outlines. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Red central figure in a flame aureole, skull crown and several smaller figures in upper and lower image registers. The complete image surface, including border, signs of use and losses, remains visible. Padmasambhava's traditional association with the 8th century does not date this painting; its evidence-based date remains the 18th century. Attendant figures are not counted as independent new motifs or as isolated amulets. Native raster files are unaltered; no manufacturing outlines.
Source location: 2015.269; 1 complete native museum image(s)
Upright female figure holds two hares by their hind legs.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Archaic Italy; Etruscan, Greek and Italic visual traditions
Region
Italy
Date of the evidence
600–550 B.C.
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Upright female figure holds two hares by their hind legs.
Historically recorded use
The catalogue assigns the composition to the ancient motif of the Mistress of Animals and discusses protective and fertility-related associations.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
No specific goddess is established; Artemis, Astarte or Italic deities are possible comparisons. No claim is made of documented individual ritual use.
Before designing
Unmodified native institutional photographic source; no invented glyph additions, no isolated vector outline and no manufacturing approval. Historical evidence and comparative interpretation remain separate.
Research draft. A specific goddess is not established; Artemis, Astarte or Italic deities are possibilities for comparison. No statement is made about documented individual ritual use. Complete original JPEG bytes; losses to writing and material are not supplemented. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: A specific goddess is not established; Artemis, Astarte or Italic deities are possibilities for comparison. No statement is made about documented individual ritual use. Complete original JPEG bytes; losses to writing and material are not supplemented.
Source location: 77.AO.82; complete actually photographed main image view
Scholarly comparison and interpretation are presented separately from secure object form and actual use. Photograph separately from current collection metadata relation.
French early modern grimoire tradition; Traitté des Esprits du petit payzan Reformée French-speaking; place of manufacture unknown; current location London · Mid-18th century; dating of the specific Wellcome manuscript
Small, elongated rectangular frame with two vertical branches running inwards or downwards from a horizontal inner line. The French Venus section explicitly assigns this designated character to a named spirit figure and a ritual prescription. This attests to a historical usage text; an actual effect or a worn neck amulet has not been demonstrated.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French early modern grimoire tradition; Traitté des Esprits du petit payzan Reformée
Region
French-speaking; place of manufacture unknown; current location London
Date of the evidence
Mid-18th century; dating of the specific Wellcome manuscript
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Small, elongated rectangular frame with two vertical branches running inwards or downwards from a horizontal inner line. The French Venus section explicitly assigns this designated character to a named spirit figure and a ritual prescription. This attests to a historical usage text; an actual effect or a worn neck amulet has not been demonstrated.
Historically recorded use
The French Venus section assigns this expressly designated character to a named spirit figure and a ritual instruction. This attests to a historical text of use; no actual effect or worn neck amulet is attested.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The Hagit paragraph is on p.287 under the separate Haniel character. Its own framed sign appears at the bottom of the page; the manuscript specifies a red copper plate. Hagit is the actual name form in this witness. The specific manuscript dates to the mid-18th century. Pseudo-Solomon is a transmitted attribution, not proof of ancient authorship. The new manuscript variant does not replace an older printed witness.
Before designing
Unchanged native full-page JPEG embedded in the SVG; only the visible figure area is bounded by the viewport. Paper, colours, show-through writing and existing traces are retained. No outline transcription, added lines or approval for engraving.
Research draft. The Hagit paragraph is on p.287 beneath the separate Haniel character. Its own framed sign appears at the end of the page; the manuscript names a red copper plate. Hagit is the actual name form in this witness. The unchanged native full-page JPEG is embedded in the SVG; only the visible figure area is bounded by the viewport. Paper, colours, show-through writing and existing traces are retained. No outline transcription, line additions or engraving approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The Hagit paragraph is on p.287 beneath the separate Haniel character. Its own framed sign appears at the end of the page; the manuscript names a red copper plate. Hagit is the actual name form in this witness. The unchanged native full-page JPEG is embedded in the SVG; only the visible figure area is bounded by the viewport. Paper, colours, show-through writing and existing traces are retained. No outline transcription, line additions or engraving approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.4667, Traitté des Esprits du petit payzan Reformée, handwritten p.287;Canvas position 303/465;Hagit;Venus section
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Hagit (Hagith-Zeuge) – MS.4667, S.287. Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts; Datierung der konkreten Wellcome-Handschrift. Source: Wellcome Collection. Public Domain Mark.
Source location: MS.4667; second treatise pp.272–295
Institutional text names 21 spirit signatures and dates the specific manuscript to the mid-18th century. It is not a manuscript by the ancient Solomon.
Germanic runic script Reference: Gotland · Elder Futhark; check model dating separately
Sign h.
Research draftSource-based vector template
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Germanic runic script
Region
Reference: Gotland
Date of the evidence
Elder Futhark; check model dating separately
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Description
Sign h.
Historically recorded use
Written signs
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Historical letter; the normalised older form of the name is reconstructed. No individual amulet effect is inferred from the name.
Before designing
Unicode shows a normalised letter form. For manufacture, select a specific historical character variant and check it against the find.
Research draft. Normalised editorial letter form ᚺ (U+16BA); hand-set font-free line geometry, not taken from a font file. Do not present as a faithful Kylver facsimile or an individually attested amulet sign. Names are reconstructed; no individual magical effect is inferred. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Vector template: Normalised editorial letter form ᚺ (U+16BA); hand-set font-free line geometry, not taken from a font file. Do not present as a faithful Kylver facsimile or an individually attested amulet sign. Names are reconstructed; no individual magical effect is inferred.
Source location: G 88 / Kylver; sequence A I, sign 9; normalized Unicode letter U+16BA
Normalised editorial letter form ᚺ (U+16BA); hand-set font-free line geometry, not taken from a font file. Do not present as a faithful Kylver facsimile or an individually attested amulet sign. Names are reconstructed; no individual magical effect is inferred.
Niedersächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, RuneS
Source location: Signs 11458–11482; sequence A I
Scholarly names and transliterations; the names are catalogue designations, not recorded explanations of the names in the ancient incision. Kylver places p before ï and d before o.
Halaf according to the current museum attribution Mesopotamia, Tell al-Shibba near Tell Afar · Around 4200 BC according to the museum
Small limestone form with a convex outline and several incised lines; surviving surface losses remain visible.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Halaf according to the current museum attribution
Region
Mesopotamia, Tell al-Shibba near Tell Afar
Date of the evidence
Around 4200 BC according to the museum
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Small limestone form with a convex outline and several incised lines; surviving surface losses remain visible.
Historically recorded use
The object is catalogued institutionally as an amulet; no specific protective rite is described.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The current combination Halaf/ca. 4200 BCE is adopted as a museum description, not presented as an independently verified cultural chronology. No invented writing, planetary or healing significance is assigned to the lines.
Before designing
Native institutional object image as a historical image reference; no isolated vector glyph, added inscription or manufacturing approval. The photograph and original form remain separate from later engraving outlines.
Research draft. The current combination Halaf/ca. 4200 BCE is adopted as the museum’s information, not presented as an independently checked cultural chronology. No invented writing, planetary or healing meaning is assigned to the lines. Original JPEGs are embedded byte-for-byte; no writing or lines have been added. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The current combination Halaf/ca. 4200 BCE is adopted as the museum’s information, not presented as an independently checked cultural chronology. No invented writing, planetary or healing meaning is assigned to the lines. Original JPEGs are embedded byte-for-byte; no writing or lines have been added.
Source location: Met 56.153; complete selected original view
Title, inventory number, material and dating are checked individually; cultural-historical use is included only to the extent stated in the object description. The linked web text snapshots document the independent, current review of the object pages.
Necklace with Christian wedding motif and older hematite amulet – 58.12
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Late Antique and Early Byzantine Christian/Mediterranean culture Mediterranean region; exact place of manufacture according to the specific object catalogue · 400–450 (medallion); 100–200 (amulet)
Gold necklace with wedding medallion and a separate hematite amulet.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Late Antique and Early Byzantine Christian/Mediterranean culture
Region
Mediterranean region; exact place of manufacture according to the specific object catalogue
Date of the evidence
400–450 (medallion); 100–200 (amulet)
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Gold necklace with wedding medallion and a separate hematite amulet.
Historically recorded use
The museum describes Christ blessing a married couple, as well as an earlier hematite image of a sun god that probably had a healing function.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The ensemble combines parts of different ages: medallion 400–450, amulet 100–200. The combined range 100–450 is not a single manufacturing date for all the parts; the healing interpretation remains probable. The primary image shows the complete ensemble with one side of the medallion; the blessing scene mentioned in the museum text is not claimed to be the view photographed here.
Before designing
Unmodified native institutional photographic source; no invented glyph additions, no isolated vector outline and no manufacturing approval. Historical evidence and comparative interpretation remain separate.
Research draft. The ensemble combines parts of different ages: medallion 400–450, amulet 100–200. The aggregate span 100–450 is not a single manufacturing date for all the parts; the healing interpretation remains probable. The main photograph shows the complete ensemble with one side of the medallion; the blessing scene mentioned in the museum text is not claimed to be the view photographed here. Complete original JPEG bytes; losses of text and material have not been reconstructed. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The ensemble combines parts of different ages: medallion 400–450, amulet 100–200. The aggregate span 100–450 is not a single manufacturing date for all the parts; the healing interpretation remains probable. The main photograph shows the complete ensemble with one side of the medallion; the blessing scene mentioned in the museum text is not claimed to be the view photographed here. Complete original JPEG bytes; losses of text and material have not been reconstructed.
Source location: 58.12; complete main image view as actually photographed
Nordic historical amulet and image traditions Hammelev, Jutland, Denmark · Viking Age according to the individual museum classification
Spirally coiled snake with its head at the top, in the Borre style. The reverse preserves remains of loops; a smaller articulated snake body may be depicted at the neck.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Nordic historical amulet and image traditions
Region
Hammelev, Jutland, Denmark
Date of the evidence
Viking Age according to the individual museum classification
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Spirally coiled snake with its head at the top, in the Borre style. The reverse preserves remains of loops; a smaller articulated snake body may be depicted at the neck.
Historically recorded use
The museum describes it as an amulet or amulet candidate. The surviving form is historically attested; specific spiritual use and efficacy are described only to the extent supported by the individual evidence.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The larger serpent form is attested; the smaller serpent remains a possibility proposed by the museum. No secure identification as Jörmungandr and no attested specific protective formula.
Before designing
Unaltered historical museum views with surviving damage, corrosion and any scales. No retouching, and no additions to missing writing or lines. The facsimile provides a source reference and requires a separate manufacturing outline.
Research draft. Spirally coiled snake with its head uppermost, in the Borre style. The reverse preserves remnants of loops; a smaller articulated snake body may be depicted at the neck. The larger snake form is attested; the smaller snake remains a possibility proposed by the museum. No secure identification as Jörmungandr and no attested specific protective formula. The named object views are placed side by side; this does not claim a historical arrangement of the signs. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Spirally coiled snake with its head uppermost, in the Borre style. The reverse preserves remnants of loops; a smaller articulated snake body may be depicted at the neck. The larger snake form is attested; the smaller snake remains a possibility proposed by the museum. No secure identification as Jörmungandr and no attested specific protective formula. The named object views are placed side by side; this does not claim a historical arrangement of the signs.
The larger snake form is evidenced; the smaller snake remains a museum possibility. No secure identification as Jörmungandr and no evidenced specific protective formula. Individual object classification, material, find events and images are taken from the museum raw-data block.
The individual ImageObject in the museum's JSON-LD identifies this JPEG URL and CC BY-SA 4.0. Image credit: Liv Rosendal Nielsen / Nationalmuseet, Danmark. The actual JPEG pixel dimensions are checked; larger TIFF catalogue dimensions are not applied to the JPEG used.
The individual ImageObject in the museum's JSON-LD identifies this JPEG URL and CC BY-SA 4.0. Image credit: Liv Rosendal Nielsen / Nationalmuseet, Danmark. The actual JPEG pixel dimensions are checked; larger TIFF catalogue dimensions are not applied to the JPEG used.
Han cosmogram with TLV symbols and four directional animals
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Chinese cosmology of the Han period China · 1st–2nd century
Black-patinated bronze mirror with a square central field and calendar signs, T, L and V marks, and dragon, tiger, bird and tortoise with snake.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Chinese cosmology of the Han period
Region
China
Date of the evidence
1st–2nd century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Black-patinated bronze mirror with a square central field and calendar signs, T, L and V marks, and dragon, tiger, bird and tortoise with snake.
Historically recorded use
The museum interpretation reads the square, circle, twelve earthly branches, directional animals and outer world-ocean as a cosmic ordering image.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The reading of the TLV marks as references to measuring instruments of Fu Xi and Nu Wa comes from the museum. Personal amulet use of this mirror is not attested; calendar signs are not present-day personality types.
Before designing
Native institutional original photograph embedded unchanged; complete view or precisely localised component of a scroll. No new isolated signs, no local upscaling and no missing strokes added. A raster facsimile is not an engraving-ready outline.
Research draft. The reading of the TLV marks as references to measuring instruments of Fu Xi and Nu Wa comes from the museum. Personal use of this mirror as an amulet is not attested; calendar signs are not modern personality types. Unaltered original JPEG bytes and documented pixel viewport. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The reading of the TLV marks as references to measuring instruments of Fu Xi and Nu Wa comes from the museum. Personal use of this mirror as an amulet is not attested; calendar signs are not modern personality types. Unaltered original JPEG bytes and documented pixel viewport.
Source location: Met 17.118.42; complete current primary original view
Source location: Met 17.118.42; object 53937; current object description and specific native original photograph
The current object page was read via web access, the Met object API was fully archived, and the individual original photograph was visually checked. Unattested ways of wearing the object or private protective effects have not been added. Text and API dating remain separate where they differ.
Source location: Open Access images under CC0; the specific isPublicDomain status is given in the individual object metadata
For each image, the release is combined with the current object API and the Public-Domain designation on the specific object page. Open metadata alone does not imply rights to third-party photographs.
China, Eastern Han dynasty (25–220 CE) China · 100–200 CE
Bronze mirror with the museum-named Dongwanggong and Xiwangmu, as well as a chariot and white tiger. The museum states that the reason for repeated Western image motifs is unknown. No additional protective use or certain inscription reading is invented.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
China, Eastern Han dynasty (25–220 CE)
Region
China
Date of the evidence
100–200 CE
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Bronze mirror with the museum-named Dongwanggong and Xiwangmu, as well as a chariot and white tiger. The museum states that the reason for repeated Western image motifs is unknown. No additional protective use or certain inscription reading is invented.
Historically recorded use
Bronze mirror with Dongwanggong and Xiwangmu, named by the museum, as well as a chariot and a white tiger.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The museum describes the reason for repeated western image motifs as unknown. No additional protective use or certain reading of the inscription is invented.
Before designing
Relief-decorated round mirror with a large central boss, several groups of figures and animals, and surrounding bands of writing and ornament. Original image as a complete facsimile; no manufacturing approval and no added outlines.
Research draft. The museum states that the reason for repeated western image motifs is unknown. No additional protective use or secure inscription reading is invented. All native JPEG bytes and the full image area remain unchanged. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The museum states that the reason for repeated western image motifs is unknown. No additional protective use or secure inscription reading is invented. All native JPEG bytes and the full image area remain unchanged.
Source location: 1995.332; complete main image view actually photographed
The Cleveland Museum of Art, Mirror with Deities, Chariot, and the White Tiger, 1995.332. Gift of Drs. Thomas and Martha Carter in Honor of Sherman E. Lee
Source location: Individual inventory 1995.332; object ID 159142; title, dating, culture, material and image link
The museum describes the reason for repeated western image motifs as unknown. No additional protective use or certain reading of the inscription is invented.
BM OA+.15769, the Seal of Solomon, son of Azariah, remains dated 945–987 according to the museum and is a historical source for symbolism without securely evidenced protective use. Zellmann-Rohrer 2021 confirms the precise research attribution and discusses alternative identifications. No exact freely accessible image has been identified. Later Hamsa symbols or other seals do not replace the precise hand outline.
Seal
Jewish seal use under the Buyids Mesopotamia · Circa 945–987 CE (museum dating; genealogical identification debated)
Engraved human hand, identified by the museum as a Hamsa.
Research draftSpecific model required
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Jewish seal use under the Buyids
Region
Mesopotamia
Date of the evidence
Circa 945–987 CE (museum dating; genealogical identification debated)
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Description
Engraved human hand, identified by the museum as a Hamsa.
Historically recorded use
Inscribed rock-crystal seal in pendant form; owner Salomon, son of Azariah. A protective function is not attested in the museum catalogue.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The date 945–987 continues to follow the museum catalogue. Zellmann-Rohrer 2021 discusses different readings of the kinship designation and identifications of the exilarch, including one from the 8th century. This does not establish an earlier date for this seal. No evidence that present-day Hamsa amulets are universally ancient.
Before designing
Check OA+.15769 as a specific seal; do not adopt eye, fish or writing additions from modern Hamsa graphics.
Research draft. BM OA+.15769, the Seal of Solomon, son of Azariah, remains dated 945–987 according to the museum and is a historical source for symbolism without securely evidenced protective use. Zellmann-Rohrer 2021 confirms the precise research attribution and discusses alternative identifications. No exact freely accessible image has been identified. Later Hamsa symbols or other seals do not replace the precise hand outline. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Source location: OA+.15769; Description, Production date, Curator's comments
Jewish seal, Mesopotamia, circa 945–987. Hand motif attested; protective function is not claimed in the catalogue. Indexed catalogue text; direct retrieval HTTP 403.
Search index evidence – complete source page not yet checked · Checked on:
Cambridge University Press; Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies
Source location: 84(2), 2021, pp. 207–217; DOI 10.1017/S0041977X21000446; public abstract
Abstract for the republication of the rock crystal seal, the Aramaic/Hebrew inscription and differing genealogical identifications. Only the open abstract was consulted; there was no access to the complete photographic/drawing plate and no redating is presented as an established fact.
French early modern grimoire tradition; Traitté des Esprits du petit payzan Reformée French-speaking; place of manufacture unknown; current location London · Mid-18th century; dating of the specific Wellcome manuscript
Two-line sequence of numerous arch, zigzag and angular signs; in the lower row, a horizontal line joins four short vertical stems. The French Venus section explicitly assigns this sequence of signs, described as characters, to a named spirit and a ritual bearer. Such attributions are historical texts about use, not confirmed effects.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French early modern grimoire tradition; Traitté des Esprits du petit payzan Reformée
Region
French-speaking; place of manufacture unknown; current location London
Date of the evidence
Mid-18th century; dating of the specific Wellcome manuscript
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Two-line sequence of numerous arch, zigzag and angular signs; in the lower row, a horizontal line joins four short vertical stems. The French Venus section explicitly assigns this sequence of signs, described as characters, to a named spirit and a ritual bearer. Such attributions are historical texts about use, not confirmed effects.
Historically recorded use
The French Venus section assigns this sequence of signs, explicitly described as a character, to a named spirit and a ritual object. Such attributions are historical usage texts, not confirmed effects.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The name appears as Haniel in the Venus section on p. 286, and as Aniel in the preceding list on p. 274. The sequence of signs on p. 287 continues the individual paragraph. The variant name is not normalised into a new being. The anonymous French manuscript is institutionally dated to the mid-18th century. Pseudo-Solomon denotes an attribution, not authorship by the ancient Solomon. The sequence of signs attests to a historical ritual instruction; actual efficacy or use as a worn neck amulet is not evidenced.
Before designing
Unaltered native full-page JPEG embedded in its entirety in the SVG; only the verified figure viewport is visible. Paper, show-through of writing on the reverse and ink traces are retained. No tracing, restored ink losses or engraving approval.
Research draft. The name appears in the Venus section on p. 286 as Haniel, and in the prefatory list on p. 274 as Aniel. The sequence of signs on p. 287 continues the individual paragraph. The name variant is not normalised into a new being. The unchanged native full-page JPEG is embedded in full in the SVG; only the verified figure viewport is visible. The paper, show-through from the reverse-side writing and ink traces are retained. No tracing, added ink losses or engraving approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The name appears in the Venus section on p. 286 as Haniel, and in the prefatory list on p. 274 as Aniel. The sequence of signs on p. 287 continues the individual paragraph. The name variant is not normalised into a new being. The unchanged native full-page JPEG is embedded in full in the SVG; only the verified figure viewport is visible. The paper, show-through from the reverse-side writing and ink traces are retained. No tracing, added ink losses or engraving approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.4667, Traitté des Esprits du petit payzan Reformée, manuscript p. 287; Canvas position 303/465; Haniel – Venus section; Venus section
Source location: MS.4667; current work cs5fybkx; Sierra b19145111; second treatise pp. 272–295
Current API record with shelfmark, dating, 21 sigils and PDM link successfully archived with HTTP 200. The old identifier kdp43rqm returned HTTP 404 and is archived only as a failure finding.
The twelve figures used are individually linked to their Canvas, image service and native full-page JPEG. The small presentation preview, 1024 pixels high, is not the full/full image file used here.
Source location: MS.4667; handwritten p. 272; Canvas position 288; image suffix 0288
The complete native original page was actually viewed visually; the handwritten page number and individual name/figure attribution were read from the image.
Source location: MS.4667; manuscript p. 274; Canvas position 290; image suffix 0290
The complete native original page was actually viewed visually; the handwritten page number and individual name/figure attribution were read from the image.
Source location: MS.4667; handwritten p. 287; canvas position 303; image suffix 0303
The complete native original page was actually viewed visually; the handwritten page number and individual name/figure attribution were read from the image.
Source location: MS.4667; handwritten p. 286; canvas position 302; image suffix 0302
The complete native original page was actually viewed visually; the handwritten page number and individual name/figure attribution were read from the image.
Haniel pentacle with two heads – Penn f.51r (= 52r)
Original image · source evidence
Historical grimoire pentacle
Latin Clavicula Salomonis manuscript; transmission of the Keys of Solomon European manuscript; place of manufacture unknown; present collection in Philadelphia · 1750–1799; second half of the 18th century, dating of the specific example
A large face in profile appears at the top right, with a small winged head at the bottom left. The name Haniel is visible beneath them; further signs lie within the circle. The accompanying text deals with poverty, treasures and their guardian spirits. This is the statement of a historical ritual text; no actual effect is evidenced.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Latin Clavicula Salomonis manuscript; transmission of the Keys of Solomon
Region
European manuscript; place of manufacture unknown; present collection in Philadelphia
Date of the evidence
1750–1799; second half of the 18th century, dating of the specific example
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A large face in profile appears at the top right, with a small winged head at the bottom left. The name Haniel is visible beneath them; further signs lie within the circle. The accompanying text deals with poverty, treasures and their guardian spirits. This is the statement of a historical ritual text; no actual effect is evidenced.
Historically recorded use
The accompanying text discusses poverty, treasures and their guardian spirits. This is the statement of a historical ritual text; no actual effect is evidenced.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Dating of this specific Latin copy: 1750–1799. The catalogue attribution to Abraham Colorni does not confirm that he personally produced this later manuscript. The drawing is a localised component of 43 surviving pentacles in the same copy, not a new tradition or a separately surviving worn amulet. Written and corrected foliation differ by one leaf. The changing historical internal numbering is not unified into an invented continuous sequence of 1–43.
Before designing
The completely preserved individual pentacle remains embedded as an unaltered native OPenn web JPEG; only the SVG viewport limits the visible area of the leaf. The separately offered TIFF master was not used. The accompanying text can be read in full on the archived full leaf, although it is partly cut off in the viewport. No addition of lines or letters, outline transcription or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Dating of this specific Latin copy: 1750–1799. The catalogue attribution to Abraham Colorni does not confirm that he personally made this later manuscript. The drawing is a localised component of 43 surviving pentacles in the same copy, not a new tradition or a separately surviving worn amulet. Written and corrected foliation differ by one leaf. The changing historical internal numbering is not standardised into an invented continuous sequence from 1 to 43. The single, fully preserved pentacle is embedded as an unaltered native OPenn web JPEG in the SVG; only the SVG viewport limits the visible area of the leaf. The separately offered TIFF master was not used. The accompanying text can be read in full on the archived full leaf, though it is partly cut off in the viewport. No lines or letters have been added, no outline transcription has been made, and no manufacturing approval is implied. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Dating of this specific Latin copy: 1750–1799. The catalogue attribution to Abraham Colorni does not confirm that he personally made this later manuscript. The drawing is a localised component of 43 surviving pentacles in the same copy, not a new tradition or a separately surviving worn amulet. Written and corrected foliation differ by one leaf. The changing historical internal numbering is not standardised into an invented continuous sequence from 1 to 43. The single, fully preserved pentacle is embedded as an unaltered native OPenn web JPEG in the SVG; only the SVG viewport limits the visible area of the leaf. The separately offered TIFF master was not used. The accompanying text can be read in full on the archived full leaf, though it is partly cut off in the viewport. No lines or letters have been added, no outline transcription has been made, and no manufacturing approval is implied.
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Haniel-Pentakel mit zwei Köpfen – Penn f.51r (= 52r). Ms. Codex 1673, 1750–1799. University of Pennsylvania, Kislak Center. Public Domain Mark. Katalogmetadaten separat CC BY 4.0.
Specific manuscript witness, second half of the 18th century. Earlier textual transmission and author attribution are not the date when this copy was made.
Egyptian Egypt · Third Intermediate Period, 21st–25th Dynasty, 1069–656 BC
Blue faience figure in profile with an animal head and a long, closed body. A circular perforation is visible in the upper part.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Egyptian
Region
Egypt
Date of the evidence
Third Intermediate Period, 21st–25th Dynasty, 1069–656 BC
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Blue faience figure in profile with an animal head and a long, closed body. A circular perforation is visible in the upper part.
Historically recorded use
The museum identifies the amulet as Hapi, one of the four Sons of Horus. It is not equated with the Nile god of the same name.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The specific identification follows the son of Horus explicitly named in the catalogue. No individual canopic or tomb assignment is evidenced here. The object, inventory, material and dating are tied to the archived API record.
Before designing
Actually observed: baboon-like profile head, elongated body, round perforation and small foot area. Unmodified institutional JPEG presentation photograph in its full image crop; neither an isolated engraving outline nor manufacturing approval.
Research draft. The specific identification follows the son of Horus explicitly named in the catalogue. No individual canopic or tomb association is evidenced here. Complete institutional presentation image, 1686 pixels wide; the larger IIIF master dimensions, 1707×3000, are documented separately. No local scaling or re-encoding of the embedded JPEG bytes. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The specific identification follows the son of Horus explicitly named in the catalogue. No individual canopic or tomb association is evidenced here. Complete institutional presentation image, 1686 pixels wide; the larger IIIF master dimensions, 1707×3000, are documented separately. No local scaling or re-encoding of the embedded JPEG bytes.
Source location: Inventory 1892.188; institutional main view e19da032-1061-a95c-b58a-b4ed89a05a46
Art Institute of Chicago. Amulet of the God Hapy (one of the four Sons of Horus), Third Intermediate Period, Dynasty 21–25 (1069–656 BCE), 1892.188. Gift of Henry H. Getty, Charles L. Hutchinson, and Norman W. Harris
Source location: Inventory 1892.188; API object 136016; JSON /data[id=136016]
Institutional evidence for an individual object from an archived multi-record API retrieval. Dating, material, provenance and inventory details follow the specific record; source attribution is not an independent scientific authenticity test.
Source location: Open Access Images; CC0 Public Domain Designation
Specific images only when accompanied by the individual is_public_domain=true and the object's image ID. Descriptive API texts separately carry CC BY4; image release is CC0.
Hapy, baboon-headed Son of Horus (Walters 48.1641)
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Ancient Egyptian amulets Egypt · c. 750–650 BC (Third Intermediate Period)
Mummiform figure with a baboon head, wig and diagonal body stripes; unlike the three accompanying figures, it lacks a broad collar. According to the museum, the break at knee height was rejoined.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Ancient Egyptian amulets
Region
Egypt
Date of the evidence
c. 750–650 BC (Third Intermediate Period)
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Mummiform figure with a baboon head, wig and diagonal body stripes; unlike the three accompanying figures, it lacks a broad collar. According to the museum, the break at knee height was rejoined.
Historically recorded use
According to Egyptian beliefs about the afterlife, the four sons of Horus protected the mummified organs. This figure explicitly belongs to the Walters set 48.1638–48.1641; the perforations enabled attachment to mummy wrappings or bead nets.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Concrete museum object, Walters 48.1641. Four related individual objects in one set, not four independent traditions. No specific tomb find or wearer is claimed.
Before designing
Unaltered, complete original photographs in an SVG facsimile. No reconstructed outline and no manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Mummiform, baboon-headed figure with a wig and diagonal body stripes; unlike the three accompanying figures, it has no broad collar. According to the museum, the break at knee height was rejoined. Specific museum object, Walters 48.1641. Four related individual objects from one set, not four independent traditions. No particular tomb find or wearer is asserted. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Mummiform, baboon-headed figure with a wig and diagonal body stripes; unlike the three accompanying figures, it has no broad collar. According to the museum, the break at knee height was rejoined. Specific museum object, Walters 48.1641. Four related individual objects from one set, not four independent traditions. No particular tomb find or wearer is asserted.
Source location: The Walters Art Museum, 48.1641; complete original view(s)
Egyptian Egypt · Late Period? 664–332 BC (uncertain attribution)
Small greenish faience figure with a broader headpiece, front-facing body and arms brought forward. The details of the attributes are heavily worn.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Egyptian
Region
Egypt
Date of the evidence
Late Period? 664–332 BC (uncertain attribution)
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Small greenish faience figure with a broader headpiece, front-facing body and arms brought forward. The details of the attributes are heavily worn.
Historically recorded use
Named by the museum as an amulet of Hathor with a menat and sistrum; the dating is explicitly marked with a question mark.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The naming of the attributes follows the catalogue entry; no new fully legible drawing of the attributes has been created from the abraded pixels. Object, inventory, material and dating are tied to the archived API record.
Before designing
Actually observed: small, abraded green frontal figure; internal attributes are only partly discernible. Unaltered institutional JPEG presentation photograph in the full image frame; not an isolated engraving outline and not manufacturing approval.
Research draft. The naming of the attributes follows the catalogue entry; no new fully legible attribute drawing is produced from the abraded pixels. Complete institutional presentation image, 1686 pixels wide; larger IIIF master dimensions of 2014×3000 documented separately. No local scaling or re-encoding of the embedded JPEG bytes. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The naming of the attributes follows the catalogue entry; no new fully legible attribute drawing is produced from the abraded pixels. Complete institutional presentation image, 1686 pixels wide; larger IIIF master dimensions of 2014×3000 documented separately. No local scaling or re-encoding of the embedded JPEG bytes.
Source location: Inventory 1894.931; institutional main view bdb3550e-b413-bdfe-84d7-1bf5a6f0ebc6
Art Institute of Chicago. Amulet of the Goddess Hathor with Menat and Sistrum, Late Period (?) (664–332 BCE), 1894.931. Gift of Henry H. Getty and Charles L. Hutchinson
Source location: Inventory 1894.931; API object 140680; JSON /data[id=140680]
Institutional evidence for an individual object from an archived multi-record API retrieval. Dating, material, provenance and inventory details follow the specific record; source attribution is not an independent scientific authenticity test.
Source location: Open Access Images; CC0 Public Domain Designation
Specific images only when accompanied by the individual is_public_domain=true and the object's image ID. Descriptive API texts separately carry CC BY4; image release is CC0.
Ancient Egyptian amulets and historical symbol forms Egypt · 664–332 BC
Frontal head of a deity within a segmented faience form with an upper crossbar.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Ancient Egyptian amulets and historical symbol forms
Region
Egypt
Date of the evidence
664–332 BC
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Frontal head of a deity within a segmented faience form with an upper crossbar.
Historically recorded use
Head amulet with museum identification as Hathor.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The specific head variant is not supplemented with a cow’s body, a Tyet knot or a freely combined Hathor sigil. The date range follows the legible catalogue dating; the differing numerical API values are preserved separately in the evidence record.
Before designing
Original view of the surviving head and frame form. CC0 raster reference; not a verified manufacturing file. Engraving or casting requires separately checked contour preparation.
Research draft. Original view of the surviving head and frame shape. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Original view of the surviving head and frame shape.
Source location: Met 26.7.1041; selected original photograph
Source location: Met 26.7.1041; object 550965; API title, objectDate, medium, geography, images
Directly archived institutional object record for this exact inventory item. Image form also checked visually; named function and attribution only to the extent documented in each case.
Ancient Egyptian amulet practice, 18th Dynasty Egypt; exact findspot not stated on the object page · c. 1478–1458 BC; New Kingdom, 18th Dynasty
Carnelian head of Hathor, 2.1 × 1.7 × 0.7 cm. The surviving brow, face and hair shape is documented by a complete native museum image.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Ancient Egyptian amulet practice, 18th Dynasty
Region
Egypt; exact findspot not stated on the object page
Date of the evidence
c. 1478–1458 BC; New Kingdom, 18th Dynasty
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Carnelian head of Hathor, 2.1 × 1.7 × 0.7 cm. The surviving brow, face and hair shape is documented by a complete native museum image.
Historically recorded use
The museum lists the small carnelian object as a Hathor-head amulet. The inscription names Senenmut with an Amun-related official title and the throne name Maatkare of Hatshepsut.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The museum attribution, dating and inscription reference apply to inventory 61.192. The front view shows no legible inscription on the reverse; its content follows the museum description exclusively. No added text, reconstructed reverse or manufacturing approval.
Before designing
Individually licensed complete front view as a historical image reference. Exhibition photograph with several objects remains merely a private comparison image.
Research draft. The museum attribution, dating and inscription reference apply to inventory 61.192. The front view shows no legible inscription on the reverse; its content follows the museum description exclusively. No added text, reconstructed reverse or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The museum attribution, dating and inscription reference apply to inventory 61.192. The front view shows no legible inscription on the reverse; its content follows the museum description exclusively. No added text, reconstructed reverse or manufacturing approval.
Source location: 61.192; complete native museum image 61.192_SL1.jpg
Brooklyn Museum, Gift of John Hewett, 61.192. Amulet in Form of Hathor Head Inscribed for Hatshepsut & Senenmut, ca. 1478–1458 B.C.E., carnelian, 2.1 × 1.7 × 0.7 cm. Photo: Brooklyn Museum. CC BY 3.0. Native JPEG-Rendition unverändert eingebettet.
Hebrew seal tradition in Islamic Iran Iran, Nishapur; archaeological find · 10th–11th century
Small red carnelian plaque with multiple lines of incised signs and a damaged corner; complete native photograph with a large neutral background.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Hebrew seal tradition in Islamic Iran
Region
Iran, Nishapur; archaeological find
Date of the evidence
10th–11th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Small red carnelian plaque with multiple lines of incised signs and a damaged corner; complete native photograph with a large neutral background.
Historically recorded use
According to the museum reading, the seal excavated at Nishapur bears the name of its owner and his father, as well as an ambiguous closing formula. It remains unresolved whether the find points to a local Jewish community or whether the foreign-language object was kept because of an attributed protective effect.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 40.170.158, Met object 449848. The letters y-h- are variously explained as Yahya or as part of a Hebrew formula for God. No independent complete reading, no secure individual amulet function and no claim of proven efficacy.
Before designing
Complete, unaltered native museum photograph; no restoration of historical damage and no manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete native museum image; no raster transformation, added drawing or manufacturing approval. The letters y-h- are variously explained as Yahya or as part of a Hebrew divine formula. No independent complete reading, no confirmed individual amulet function and no claim of proven efficacy. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete native museum image; no raster transformation, added drawing or manufacturing approval. The letters y-h- are variously explained as Yahya or as part of a Hebrew divine formula. No independent complete reading, no confirmed individual amulet function and no claim of proven efficacy.
Source location: The Metropolitan Museum of Art; 40.170.158; complete individual photograph
Christian devotional and pilgrimage culture France; Paris as findspot or place of collection · 1577
Two-sided tin relief, 2.1 cm in diameter. One side shows a standing bishop figure; the reverse shows, among other things, the year.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Christian devotional and pilgrimage culture
Region
France; Paris as findspot or place of collection
Date of the evidence
1577
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Two-sided tin relief, 2.1 cm in diameter. One side shows a standing bishop figure; the reverse shows, among other things, the year.
Historically recorded use
Historical Christian devotional medal; no specific apotropaic use is stated.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The museum title Saint Honoré (?) remains an uncertain identification of a saint. The letters are not supplemented to form a new protective formula.
Before designing
Unchanged complete museum photographs in separate views; no drawn additions, normalisation or approval for manufacture.
Research draft. The museum title Saint Honoré (?) remains an uncertain identification of a saint. The letters are not supplemented to make a new protective formula. The museum-offered 4k JPEG renditions are retained in full in their native bytes; no local image editing and no claimed camera master. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The museum title Saint Honoré (?) remains an uncertain identification of a saint. The letters are not supplemented to make a new protective formula. The museum-offered 4k JPEG renditions are retained in full in their native bytes; no local image editing and no claimed camera master.
Byzantine protective amulets Syria-Palestine or Egypt · 6th–7th century
Horseman depiction with a Greek protective inscription; Iao and Sabaoth on the reverse.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Byzantine protective amulets
Region
Syria-Palestine or Egypt
Date of the evidence
6th–7th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Description
Horseman depiction with a Greek protective inscription; Iao and Sabaoth on the reverse.
Historically recorded use
Portable bronze amulet with an image and invocation of a god who defeats evil.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The museum record does not identify a particular saint on horseback; therefore, do not automatically name him George or Sisinnios.
Before designing
Check y1931-34 against the front/reverse; add damaged Greek letters only where scientifically justified.
Research draft. Front of the bronze amulet, 6th–7th century: rider, prostrate figure and encircling inscription. Reverse examined separately as a research image. Unaltered JPEG bytes; documented SVG viewport only. Raster facsimile, not approved for CNC or manufacture. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Front of the bronze amulet, 6th–7th century: rider, prostrate figure and encircling inscription. Reverse examined separately as a research image. Unaltered JPEG bytes; documented SVG viewport only. Raster facsimile, not approved for CNC or manufacture.
Source location: y1931-34; IIIF View 1 / INV63269; complete front with suspension loop
Early modern transmission of magical gem images Antwerp; current collection at Museum Plantin-Moretus · 1657 (printing date of the image witness)
A standing figure with a radiate crown raises one hand and holds a whip in the other; a cloak hangs over the arm. Catalogued as Helios. The gesture is not securely identified as a greeting; no reverse is documented.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern transmission of magical gem images
Region
Antwerp; current collection at Museum Plantin-Moretus
Date of the evidence
1657 (printing date of the image witness)
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A standing figure with a radiate crown raises one hand and holds a whip in the other; a cloak hangs over the arm. Catalogued as Helios. The gesture is not securely identified as a greeting; no reverse is documented.
Historically recorded use
Antiquarian documentation of an image transmitted as a gem motif. No evidence that this paper sheet itself served as a worn amulet.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Historical printed witness from 1657, recorded in the scholarly gem catalogue as a transmitted drawing. The printing date confirms the historical transmission of the image; it does not independently prove the depicted stone’s age, authenticity or personal use as an amulet. The designation as a gem motif does not attribute a guaranteed effect.
Before designing
Unaltered native museum JPEG in SVG with a documented crop of the complete numbered image group. Related pages remain visible together. No added lines or substitute letters; historical image reference without vector transcription and without manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Historical printed witness of 1657, recorded in the scholarly gem catalogue as a transmitted drawing. The print date confirms the historical transmission of the image; it does not independently prove the age or authenticity of the stone depicted, or its personal use as an amulet. Calling it a gem motif does not attribute a guaranteed effect. Unaltered native museum JPEG embedded in the SVG, with a documented crop of the complete numbered image group. Related pages remain visible together. No added lines or substitute letters; historical image reference without vector transcription and without manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historical printed witness of 1657, recorded in the scholarly gem catalogue as a transmitted drawing. The print date confirms the historical transmission of the image; it does not independently prove the age or authenticity of the stone depicted, or its personal use as an amulet. Calling it a gem motif does not attribute a guaranteed effect. Unaltered native museum JPEG embedded in the SVG, with a documented crop of the complete numbered image group. Related pages remain visible together. No added lines or substitute letters; historical image reference without vector transcription and without manufacturing approval.
Source location: Museum Plantin-Moretus, PK.OP.07410; Tabula I, figure 3; CBd-2785
Early modern transmission of magical gem images Antwerp; current collection at Museum Plantin-Moretus · 1657 (printing date of the image witness)
The figure crowned with rays holds a globe in its outstretched hand and a whip in the other; a cloak hangs over the arm. The description follows the CBd and the visible printed figure. Information about the material of the lost original is not transferred to the paper.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern transmission of magical gem images
Region
Antwerp; current collection at Museum Plantin-Moretus
Date of the evidence
1657 (printing date of the image witness)
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
The figure crowned with rays holds a globe in its outstretched hand and a whip in the other; a cloak hangs over the arm. The description follows the CBd and the visible printed figure. Information about the material of the lost original is not transferred to the paper.
Historically recorded use
Antiquarian documentation of an image transmitted as a gem motif. No evidence that this paper sheet itself served as a worn amulet.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Historical printed witness from 1657, recorded in the scholarly gem catalogue as a transmitted drawing. The printing date confirms the historical transmission of the image; it does not independently prove the depicted stone’s age, authenticity or personal use as an amulet. The designation as a gem motif does not attribute a guaranteed effect.
Before designing
Unaltered native museum JPEG in SVG with a documented crop of the complete numbered image group. Related pages remain visible together. No added lines or substitute letters; historical image reference without vector transcription and without manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Historical printed witness of 1657, recorded in the scholarly gem catalogue as a transmitted drawing. The print date confirms the historical transmission of the image; it does not independently prove the age or authenticity of the stone depicted, or its personal use as an amulet. Calling it a gem motif does not attribute a guaranteed effect. Unaltered native museum JPEG embedded in the SVG, with a documented crop of the complete numbered image group. Related pages remain visible together. No added lines or substitute letters; historical image reference without vector transcription and without manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historical printed witness of 1657, recorded in the scholarly gem catalogue as a transmitted drawing. The print date confirms the historical transmission of the image; it does not independently prove the age or authenticity of the stone depicted, or its personal use as an amulet. Calling it a gem motif does not attribute a guaranteed effect. Unaltered native museum JPEG embedded in the SVG, with a documented crop of the complete numbered image group. Related pages remain visible together. No added lines or substitute letters; historical image reference without vector transcription and without manufacturing approval.
Source location: Museum Plantin-Moretus, PK.OP.07410; plate I, figure 4; CBd-2786
Helios and Selene with vowel sequence – print 1657, I 1
Original image · source evidence
Historical gemstone depiction
Early modern transmission of magical gem images Antwerp; current collection at Museum Plantin-Moretus · 1657 (printing date of the image witness)
Sun and Moon figures meet; the female figure bears a crescent moon, the male a radiate crown. Beside them is a two-line Greek vowel sequence. The CBd reads the second vowel sequence in reverse order. The interpretation of the object held in the hand as a whip remains uncertain.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern transmission of magical gem images
Region
Antwerp; current collection at Museum Plantin-Moretus
Date of the evidence
1657 (printing date of the image witness)
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Sun and Moon figures meet; the female figure bears a crescent moon, the male a radiate crown. Beside them is a two-line Greek vowel sequence. The CBd reads the second vowel sequence in reverse order. The interpretation of the object held in the hand as a whip remains uncertain.
Historically recorded use
Antiquarian documentation of an image transmitted as a gem motif. No evidence that this paper sheet itself served as a worn amulet.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Historical printed witness from 1657, recorded in the scholarly gem catalogue as a transmitted drawing. The printing date confirms the historical transmission of the image; it does not independently prove the depicted stone’s age, authenticity or personal use as an amulet. The designation as a gem motif does not attribute a guaranteed effect.
Before designing
Unaltered native museum JPEG in SVG with a documented crop of the complete numbered image group. Related pages remain visible together. No added lines or substitute letters; historical image reference without vector transcription and without manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Historical printed witness of 1657, recorded in the scholarly gem catalogue as a transmitted drawing. The print date confirms the historical transmission of the image; it does not independently prove the age or authenticity of the stone depicted, or its personal use as an amulet. Calling it a gem motif does not attribute a guaranteed effect. Unaltered native museum JPEG embedded in the SVG, with a documented crop of the complete numbered image group. Related pages remain visible together. No added lines or substitute letters; historical image reference without vector transcription and without manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historical printed witness of 1657, recorded in the scholarly gem catalogue as a transmitted drawing. The print date confirms the historical transmission of the image; it does not independently prove the age or authenticity of the stone depicted, or its personal use as an amulet. Calling it a gem motif does not attribute a guaranteed effect. Unaltered native museum JPEG embedded in the SVG, with a documented crop of the complete numbered image group. Related pages remain visible together. No added lines or substitute letters; historical image reference without vector transcription and without manufacturing approval.
Source location: Museum Plantin-Moretus, PK.OP.07410; Tabula I, Figure 1; CBd-2783
Helios between two crescent moons – print 1657, I 5
Original image · source evidence
Historical gemstone depiction
Early modern transmission of magical gem images Antwerp; current collection at Museum Plantin-Moretus · 1657 (printing date of the image witness)
A naked figure with a radiate crown stands between two upward-facing crescents. It holds a whip and a long spear. CBd identifies the figure as Helios; the print provides no specific evidence of an individual protective intention or a reverse side.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern transmission of magical gem images
Region
Antwerp; current collection at Museum Plantin-Moretus
Date of the evidence
1657 (printing date of the image witness)
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A naked figure with a radiate crown stands between two upward-facing crescents. It holds a whip and a long spear. CBd identifies the figure as Helios; the print provides no specific evidence of an individual protective intention or a reverse side.
Historically recorded use
Antiquarian documentation of an image transmitted as a gem motif. No evidence that this paper sheet itself served as a worn amulet.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Historical printed witness from 1657, recorded in the scholarly gem catalogue as a transmitted drawing. The printing date confirms the historical transmission of the image; it does not independently prove the depicted stone’s age, authenticity or personal use as an amulet. The designation as a gem motif does not attribute a guaranteed effect.
Before designing
Unaltered native museum JPEG in SVG with a documented crop of the complete numbered image group. Related pages remain visible together. No added lines or substitute letters; historical image reference without vector transcription and without manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Historical printed witness of 1657, recorded in the scholarly gem catalogue as a transmitted drawing. The print date confirms the historical transmission of the image; it does not independently prove the age or authenticity of the stone depicted, or its personal use as an amulet. Calling it a gem motif does not attribute a guaranteed effect. Unaltered native museum JPEG embedded in the SVG, with a documented crop of the complete numbered image group. Related pages remain visible together. No added lines or substitute letters; historical image reference without vector transcription and without manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historical printed witness of 1657, recorded in the scholarly gem catalogue as a transmitted drawing. The print date confirms the historical transmission of the image; it does not independently prove the age or authenticity of the stone depicted, or its personal use as an amulet. Calling it a gem motif does not attribute a guaranteed effect. Unaltered native museum JPEG embedded in the SVG, with a documented crop of the complete numbered image group. Related pages remain visible together. No added lines or substitute letters; historical image reference without vector transcription and without manufacturing approval.
Source location: Museum Plantin-Moretus, PK.OP.07410; Table I, figure 5; CBd-2787
Hellenistic Greek religion Almyros, Thessaly, Greece · 2nd century BC
Gold disc with bust of Artemis, garnet and enamel, diameter 7.9 cm.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Hellenistic Greek religion
Region
Almyros, Thessaly, Greece
Date of the evidence
2nd century BC
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Gold disc with bust of Artemis, garnet and enamel, diameter 7.9 cm.
Historically recorded use
Garment ornament; according to the museum, depictions of deities may also have served to protect their wearers.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The eight edge loops in four pairs underpin the museum’s suggestion that chains connected the chest and back discs; this is not a secure reconstruction of a surviving complete set. A protective function is explicitly only possible; no personal healing effect.
Before designing
Native museum captures as source references; independent views without additions or new symbolic interpretations.
Research draft. The eight edge loops in four pairs underpin the museum’s conjecture that the chest and back discs were connected by chains; this is not a secure reconstruction of a surviving complete ensemble. A protective function is explicitly only possible; no personal healing effect is claimed. JPEG renderings are unchanged in their native bytes; no local raster editing or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The eight edge loops in four pairs underpin the museum’s conjecture that the chest and back discs were connected by chains; this is not a secure reconstruction of a surviving complete ensemble. A protective function is explicitly only possible; no personal healing effect is claimed. JPEG renderings are unchanged in their native bytes; no local raster editing or manufacturing approval.
Source location: y1938-50; complete native museum photographs
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Princeton University Art Museum; Inventar y1938-50; Image courtesy of the Princeton University Art Museum; institutionell als Public Domain freigegeben.
Hellenistic Greek religion Almyros, Thessaly, Greece · 2nd century BC
Gold disc with bust of Athena, helmet and shield, garnet and enamel, diameter 7.9 cm.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Hellenistic Greek religion
Region
Almyros, Thessaly, Greece
Date of the evidence
2nd century BC
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Gold disc with bust of Athena, helmet and shield, garnet and enamel, diameter 7.9 cm.
Historically recorded use
Garment ornament with a divine representation; the museum also interprets it as possibly apotropaic.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The proposed wearing method and protective function remain research interpretations. Complete original image rather than a detail crop; no addition of an assumed chain system.
Before designing
Native museum captures as source references; independent views without additions or new symbolic interpretations.
Research draft. The proposed manner of wearing and protective function remain research interpretations. Complete original photograph rather than a detail crop; no assumed chain system has been added. JPEG renditions remain unchanged in their native bytes; no local raster editing or approval for manufacture. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The proposed manner of wearing and protective function remain research interpretations. Complete original photograph rather than a detail crop; no assumed chain system has been added. JPEG renditions remain unchanged in their native bytes; no local raster editing or approval for manufacture.
Source location: y1938-49; complete native museum photographs
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Princeton University Art Museum; Inventar y1938-49; Image courtesy of the Princeton University Art Museum; institutionell als Public Domain freigegeben.
Heracles on an Etruscan scarab ring – Met 40.11.15
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Etruscan glyptics with a Greek hero motif Etruria, reportedly from Vulci · Early 5th century BC
Gold ring bezel with a red stone shaped as a scarab. The photographed engraved image face shows a strongly bent human figure within a border line.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Etruscan glyptics with a Greek hero motif
Region
Etruria, reportedly from Vulci
Date of the evidence
Early 5th century BC
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Gold ring bezel with a red stone shaped as a scarab. The photographed engraved image face shows a strongly bent human figure within a border line.
Historically recorded use
A gold ring with a rotating carnelian scarab combines jewellery and engraved figural glyptic. The collection identifies the motif as Herakles. An amuletic protective function for this individual ring has not been demonstrated.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The museum explicitly states that the Vulci find context is only claimed. Herakles is the museum’s identification; no additional attributes or unknown formulae are added. The title and material field both identify carnelian; there is no material discrepancy for this piece.
Before designing
Byte-identical native museum JPEGs in a secure SVG wrapper, full image crops. No invented glyphs, typographic additions or new historical reconstruction; no manufacturing approval.
Research draft. The museum explicitly states that the Vulci find context is only claimed. Herakles is the museum’s identification; no additional attributes or unknown formulae are added. The title names carnelian, as does the material field; there is no material discrepancy for this piece. Native JPEG bytes and the complete photographed image area remain unchanged. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The museum explicitly states that the Vulci find context is only claimed. Herakles is the museum’s identification; no additional attributes or unknown formulae are added. The title names carnelian, as does the material field; there is no material discrepancy for this piece. Native JPEG bytes and the complete photographed image area remain unchanged.
Source location: 40.11.15; Artwork Details and existing curatorial description
Primary page successfully opened using the web tool, archived separately. A direct local HTML GET returned a Vercel checkpoint despite HTTP 200; this is not used as page content.
Source location: CC0 for public collection images and object data
Primary text successfully read using the web tool; the local HTTP-200 HTML retrieval was a Vercel checkpoint. Individual isPublicDomain status and the exact JPEG relationship are additionally checked through the native API.
Two interlocking loops; identified in the record as a gold clasp with lion heads and Eros.
Historically recorded use
Associated with magical protective beliefs and, in particular, with weddings.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The original Hellenistic evidence remains the Greek Al-Thani clasp dating to around 300 BC. The additional open component view shows the knot of the Roman gold armlet Met 18.2.18 / 547938 from the 2nd century AD; the two objects are not identified as the same. The Al-Thani source reports ancient protective and wedding beliefs; corresponding individual use of the additional armlet is not documented.
Before designing
List the photographed Heracles knot of the Roman Met bracelet explicitly as an additional specific form variant. The original Hellenistic Al-Thani clasp remains a different historical example. Do not add a freely invented knot drawing or healing effect.
Research draft. Named ancient component fragment of a Roman bracelet from the 2nd century AD. This is not the Hellenistic Al-Thani clasp from around 300 BC. The photograph evidences the specific knot form; the individual magical use of this additional bracelet remains uncertain. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Named ancient component fragment of a Roman bracelet from the 2nd century AD. This is not the Hellenistic Al-Thani clasp from around 300 BC. The photograph evidences the specific knot form; the individual magical use of this additional bracelet remains uncertain.
Source location: Met 18.2.18 / 547938, component view of the knot; native crop 720,690,1170,790
Roman gold armlet of the 2nd century AD with a Herakles knot. Additional ancient evidence for the form; not the original Hellenistic Al-Thani clasp from around 300 BC. Individual protective or wedding use of this armlet is not evidenced by the object catalogue. The current API states isPublicDomain=true and gives the specific original image URL; the institutional CC0 Open Access Policy applies to images marked as such.
Herakles knot as the display face of an armlet made from spirally twisted gold strands.
Historically recorded use
Historical gold armlet with a Heracles knot. The specific object record documents the jewellery form, but not any individual magical use of this armlet.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The museum dates the piece to the Roman period on the basis of its construction. The generally discussed protective meaning of the knot form is not presented as evidence that this individual bracelet was intended to be worn.
Before designing
Complete armlet with central knot as a historical form reference. Before using an isolated engraving, select the specific knot component and check the photographic perspective. CC0 raster reference; not a verified manufacturing file. A separately verified outline preparation is required for engraving or casting.
Research draft. Entire armlet with central knot as a reference for the historical form. Before using an isolated engraving, select the specific knot component and check the photographic perspective. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Entire armlet with central knot as a reference for the historical form. Before using an isolated engraving, select the specific knot component and check the photographic perspective.
Source location: Met 18.2.18; primary object photograph
Hermaphrodite above the fire – Atalanta fugiens 1618, Emblem 33
Original image · source evidence
Alchemical-theosophical symbolic image
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art Oppenheim, Germany; place of printing · 1618; specific copy used
A naked two-headed figure lies on a raised bed above flames.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art
Region
Oppenheim, Germany; place of printing
Date of the evidence
1618; specific copy used
Type of evidence
Textual evidence
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A naked two-headed figure lies on a raised bed above flames.
Historically recorded use
The motto refers to the hermaphrodite lying as if dead and its need for fire; a specific alchemical book allegory. Historical book illustration; actual use as a neck pendant is not attested.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Individually located historical printed component from the specific 1618 copy, not a new independent historical text and not an attested worn amulet. Effect and suitability for manufacture are not established. Work first published in 1617; the print used here is from 1618.
Before designing
Complete unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view 2880×3442px. The separately offered larger master 4291×5129px was not supplied as a downloaded file. Image, writing, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view 2880×3442px. The separately offered larger master 4291×5129px was not supplied as a downloaded file. Image, writing, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view 2880×3442px. The separately offered larger master 4291×5129px was not supplied as a downloaded file. Image, writing, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: QD25 .M354 1618; Emblem 33, printed p. 141; individual inventory s4655h55x; Large JPG 2880×3442
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Courtesy of Science History Institute; Atalanta fugiens, used edition 1618; QD25 .M354 1618; Emblem 33, gedruckte S. 141; Einzelinventar s4655h55x; Public Domain Mark 1.0.
The same specifically identified copy as for the 30 emblems already included; this batch adds only the remaining 20 individual sheets. First publication in 1617 and the edition used, 1618, are distinguished.
The motto refers to the Hermaphrodite lying as if dead and its need for fire; a specific alchemical book allegory. Own institutional item metadata checked against PDM.
Hermogenes triangle with writing and planetary symbols – attribution to Basilius, Key 10, Musaeum 1678
Original image · source evidence
Alchemical-theosophical symbolic image
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art Frankfurt am Main, Germany; place of printing · 1678; specific copy used
A downward-pointing triangle encloses concentric circles, Hebrew characters and symbols of the Sun, Moon and Mercury. The upper Latin line reads NATUS SUM EX HERMOGENE.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art
Region
Frankfurt am Main, Germany; place of printing
Date of the evidence
1678; specific copy used
Type of evidence
Textual evidence
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A downward-pointing triangle encloses concentric circles, Hebrew characters and symbols of the Sun, Moon and Mercury. The upper Latin line reads NATUS SUM EX HERMOGENE.
Historically recorded use
Located as key 10 in the printed sequence of twelve keys attributed to Basilius Valentinus. Image and text form an alchemical book allegory; interpretations of materials beyond this are not freely added. Historical book illustration; actual use as a neck pendant is not attested.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
A historically located printed component of the specific 1678 example; not a new independent historical text and not an evidenced worn amulet. Efficacy and suitability for manufacture are not evidenced. The transmitted author’s name is given as a title attribution; no identity as a medieval monk or dating of this image to the 15th century is confirmed.
Before designing
Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view, 2880×2800px. The separately offered larger master, 5289×5143px, was not supplied as a downloaded file. Image, writing, printed page, paper condition and binding shadow are retained. Source facsimile, not a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view, 2880×2800px. The separately offered larger master, 5289×5143px, was not supplied as a downloaded file. Image, writing, printed page, paper condition and binding shadow are retained. Source facsimile, not a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view, 2880×2800px. The separately offered larger master, 5289×5143px, was not supplied as a downloaded file. Image, writing, printed page, paper condition and binding shadow are retained. Source facsimile, not a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: QD25 .M87315 1678; attribution to Basilius, Clavis 10, printed p. 418; viewer index 54, individual inventory jd472x52f; Large JPG 2880×2800
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Courtesy of Science History Institute; Musaeum Hermeticum Reformatum et Amplificatum, used edition 1678; QD25 .M87315 1678; Basilius-Zuschreibung, Clavis 10, gedruckte S. 418; Viewerindex 54, Einzelinventar jd472x52f; Public Domain Mark 1.0.
Source location: QD25 .M87315 1678; Frankfurt am Main, Hermann à Sande
Specific complete volume with 70 institutional digital images. Main title and catalogue date 1678; several bound component titles bear 1677. The 30 images captured are components of this single volume. The transmitted author names are attributions in the printed work; no confirmed biography of a medieval monk.
Source location: QD25 .M87315 1678; attribution to Basil, Clavis 10, printed p. 418; viewer index 54, individual inventory jd472x52f
Located as key 10 in the printed sequence of Twelve Keys, under the attribution to Basilius Valentinus. Image and text form an alchemical book allegory; further interpretations of the substances are not added freely. Individual institutional metadata checked with PDM.
Ancient Egyptian religion Egypt · Evidence 712–304 BCE; Late Period according to the museum catalogue
Stylised heart in faience.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Ancient Egyptian religion
Region
Egypt
Date of the evidence
Evidence 712–304 BCE; Late Period according to the museum catalogue
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Description
Stylised heart in faience.
Historically recorded use
Heart amulets were included among the equipment of the deceased; a function as a substitute for the heart is conjectured.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Walters 48.1657. Its interpretation as a substitute is a museum interpretation, not a securely documented intention of an individual wearer.
Before designing
Check the specific historical variant and object image against a source before using it; do not design a newly combined sigil.
Research draft. Unmodified CC0 original photograph of the faience heart amulet. The ancient vessel/heart shape is not replaced by a modern heart symbol; raster reference before outline preparation. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Unmodified CC0 original photograph of the faience heart amulet. The ancient vessel/heart shape is not replaced by a modern heart symbol; raster reference before outline preparation.
Source location: Walters 48.1657; CUR_48.1657_Fnt_DD_RS2009.jpg, complete front view
Ancient Egyptian religion Egypt · Evidence dated c. 1491–1473 BC; New Kingdom
Scarab with a flat inscribed base; Hatnefer’s example has a gold chain.
Research draftSource-based vector template
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Ancient Egyptian religion
Region
Egypt
Date of the evidence
Evidence dated c. 1491–1473 BC; New Kingdom
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Description
Scarab with a flat inscribed base; Hatnefer’s example has a gold chain.
Historically recorded use
According to Egyptian belief, the text was intended to prevent the heart from testifying against the deceased woman at the judgement in the afterlife.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Met 36.3.2 from Hatnefer’s mummy. Here, Book of the Dead 30A; other examples often 30B.
Before designing
Check the specific historical variant and object image against a source before using it; do not design a newly combined sigil.
Research draft. Dorsal outline of Hatnefer’s heart scarab 36.3.2 with the actual surviving gold setting and T-shaped suspension band. Derived from the frontal museum photograph 1224235; the necklace and the Book of the Dead inscription on the underside, which is not visible here, are expressly not part of this graphic. Not a free combination of scarab and gold band. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Vector template: Dorsal outline of Hatnefer’s heart scarab 36.3.2 with the actual surviving gold setting and T-shaped suspension band. Derived from the frontal museum photograph 1224235; the necklace and the Book of the Dead inscription on the underside, which is not visible here, are expressly not part of this graphic. Not a free combination of scarab and gold band.
Source location: 36.3.2; dorsal view of the mounted pendant, object photograph 1224235; chain not part of the outline
Dorsal outline of Hatnefer’s heart scarab 36.3.2 with the actual surviving gold setting and T-shaped suspension band. Derived from the frontal museum photograph 1224235; the necklace and the Book of the Dead inscription on the underside, which is not visible here, are expressly not part of this graphic. Not a free combination of scarab and gold band.
Eight-headed, four-legged, sixteen-armed Hevajra with Nairatmya. Inventory 1982.225.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Vajrayana / Sakya
Region
Tibet
Date of the evidence
16th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Eight-headed, four-legged, sixteen-armed Hevajra with Nairatmya. Inventory 1982.225.
Historically recorded use
Worship of Hevajra, described as a protective deity.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The age of the Hevajra Tantra is distinguished from the 16th-century object. No portable amulet use is attested.
Before designing
Check only the variant of inventory 1982.225 as a model. Compare image details and outline against the museum image before drawing; not a modern composite motif.
Research draft. Complete, visually checked museum photograph of the specific linked historical object. Unaltered original JPEG bytes are embedded in the SVG as a raster facsimile; this is neither a cropped individual glyph nor a redrawn sigil. The object context and all visible image details are retained. No vector paths suitable for manufacture; engraving or CNC manufacture requires separate assessment. The specific mandala/ritual-object variant remains visible with all its image figures, edge areas and material details; no schematic modern substitute drawing. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete, visually checked museum photograph of the specific linked historical object. Unaltered original JPEG bytes are embedded in the SVG as a raster facsimile; this is neither a cropped individual glyph nor a redrawn sigil. The object context and all visible image details are retained. No vector paths suitable for manufacture; engraving or CNC manufacture requires separate assessment. The specific mandala/ritual-object variant remains visible with all its image figures, edge areas and material details; no schematic modern substitute drawing.
Source location: Met object 37803; inventory 1982.225; complete main image from the current institutional API, uncropped; original 2667 × 4000 px
Sakya/Hevajra Tantra image tradition Tibet; possible Newar workshop according to the museum · 15th century according to the current object page; differing older exhibition prose
Textile mandala with a central pair of deities, surrounding image circles, a rectangular palace with four gates and numerous smaller figures. Abrasion, loss of colour and the surviving outer registers are all fully visible.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Sakya/Hevajra Tantra image tradition
Region
Tibet; possible Newar workshop according to the museum
Date of the evidence
15th century according to the current object page; differing older exhibition prose
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Textile mandala with a central pair of deities, surrounding image circles, a rectangular palace with four gates and numerous smaller figures. Abrasion, loss of colour and the surviving outer registers are all fully visible.
Historically recorded use
The mandala shows Hevajra and Nairātmyā at the centre of a cosmic architecture divided by four Vajra gates. The museum connects the depiction with the Hevajra-Tantra and considers a Sakya commission by a Nepalese Newar painter likely. Use as a worn amulet is not attested.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 2015.551, Met object 692123. The current object page, API and 2016 exhibition caption give the 15th century; the introductory paragraph of the same earlier exhibition gives the 16th century. Both primary statements remain documented; the numerical years 1400–1499 explicitly follow the current API. The reverse-side mantras are attested only in museum text, not read from the published front-view image here.
Before designing
Unchanged complete native museum image; no reconstruction of damaged details. No manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete native museum photograph, with no raster transformation or reconstruction of old forms. Historical religious image evidence; not approved for manufacture. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete native museum photograph, with no raster transformation or reconstruction of old forms. Historical religious image evidence; not approved for manufacture.
Source location: The Metropolitan Museum of Art; 2015.551; complete selected individual photograph
An older exhibition actually consulted, with an internal discrepancy in dating. No image-rights evidence; the current individual-object API and CC0 policy govern the published photograph.
Danish medieval writing and protective culture Hillerslev II, Jutland · Medieval (catalogue attribution; no more precise date of manufacture)
Small equal-armed lead cross with no surviving suspension hole. Both surviving surfaces are documented photographically.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Danish medieval writing and protective culture
Region
Hillerslev II, Jutland
Date of the evidence
Medieval (catalogue attribution; no more precise date of manufacture)
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Small equal-armed lead cross with no surviving suspension hole. Both surviving surfaces are documented photographically.
Historically recorded use
Classified by the museum as a medieval lead amulet; an individual protective intention has not been fully deciphered.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The catalogue classifies the object among medieval lead amulets. No specific way of wearing it or individual protective invocation is attested.
Before designing
Unchanged original photographs as image reference. Individual views are shown separately alongside one another; no engraving outline has been added and no manufacturing approval has been given.
Research draft. The catalogue classifies the object among medieval lead amulets. No specific manner of wearing it or individual protective formula is attested. Each image is complete and in unchanged native JPEG bytes; separate views are not a historical overall form. Presentation files, not TIFF masters. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The catalogue classifies the object among medieval lead amulets. No specific manner of wearing it or individual protective formula is attested. Each image is complete and in unchanged native JPEG bytes; separate views are not a historical overall form. Presentation files, not TIFF masters.
Source location: D 467/2022; DMR-235074, DMR-235075
Individual institutional object record. Find, registration and photography dates are not treated as manufacturing dates. Uncertain signs and functional identifications remain qualified.
Celestial master with zodiac reverse – Cernuschi 11937
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Chinese historical amulet culture China · Song period, 960–1279
Copper-alloy disc, 6.5 cm in diameter. The catalogue describes a celestial official beneath his pine tree; animal panels appear around the reverse edge.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Chinese historical amulet culture
Region
China
Date of the evidence
Song period, 960–1279
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Copper-alloy disc, 6.5 cm in diameter. The catalogue describes a celestial official beneath his pine tree; animal panels appear around the reverse edge.
Historically recorded use
In the catalogue, Amulet of the Heavenly Master; the reverse is explicitly identified as a zodiac.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The zodiac designation applies to this specific historical object. Individual animals and inscriptions are not added freely; the collection’s writing and the wear remain visible.
Before designing
Unchanged complete museum photographs in separate views; no drawn additions, normalisation or approval for manufacture.
Research draft. The zodiac attribution applies to this specific historical piece. Individual animals and inscriptions are not freely added; the collection inscription and wear remain visible. The museum-provided 4k JPEG renditions are retained in full in their native bytes; no local image editing and no claimed camera master. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The zodiac attribution applies to this specific historical piece. Individual animals and inscriptions are not freely added; the collection inscription and wear remain visible. The museum-provided 4k JPEG renditions are retained in full in their native bytes; no local image editing and no claimed camera master.
Mythical hybrid creature with a horse’s head and a long, curved fish body.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Archaic Italy; Etruscan, Greek and Italic visual traditions
Region
Italy
Date of the evidence
575–550 B.C.
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Mythical hybrid creature with a horse’s head and a long, curved fish body.
Historically recorded use
The catalogue compares Etruscan depictions of the escort of the dead and discusses a possible apotropaic or assimilative effect of the pendant.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The funerary image tradition does not attest to a specific personal use of this example. A seafaring, healing or divination ritual is not recorded as established.
Before designing
Unmodified native institutional photographic source; no invented glyph additions, no isolated vector outline and no manufacturing approval. Historical evidence and comparative interpretation remain separate.
Research draft. The funerary image tradition does not establish a specific personal use of this example. A maritime, healing or oracular ritual is not recorded as certain. Complete original JPEG bytes; losses to the writing and material are not supplemented. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The funerary image tradition does not establish a specific personal use of this example. A maritime, healing or oracular ritual is not recorded as certain. Complete original JPEG bytes; losses to the writing and material are not supplemented.
Source location: 78.AO.286.1; complete main image view actually photographed
Scholarly comparison and interpretation are presented separately from secure object form and actual use. Photograph separately from current collection metadata relation.
Stag and unicorn – Lambspring, Figure 3, Musaeum 1678
Original image · source evidence
Alchemical-theosophical symbolic image
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art Frankfurt am Main, Germany; place of printing · 1678; specific copy used; partial imprint 1677
A stag and a unicorn face one another between densely overgrown trees.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art
Region
Frankfurt am Main, Germany; place of printing
Date of the evidence
1678; specific copy used; partial imprint 1677
Type of evidence
Textual evidence
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A stag and a unicorn face one another between densely overgrown trees.
Historically recorded use
The text names the stag and unicorn and connects the scene with body, soul and spirit. Historical book illustration; actual use as a neck pendant is not attested.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Individually localised historical printed component of the specific 1678 copy, not a new independent historical text and not an attested worn amulet. Efficacy and suitability for manufacture have not been demonstrated. Visible partial imprint 1677, distinct from the year of the complete volume, 1678; not to be equated with the first creation of the image form. The transmitted author’s name is given as an attribution in the title; no identity as a medieval monk or dating of this image to the 15th century is confirmed.
Before designing
Complete, unaltered institutional full-page JPEG view, 2880×3151px. The separately offered larger master, 4701×5143px, was not provided as the downloaded file. Image, writing, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile, not a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete, unaltered institutional full-page JPEG view, 2880×3151px. The separately offered larger master, 4701×5143px, was not provided as the downloaded file. Image, writing, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile, not a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete, unaltered institutional full-page JPEG view, 2880×3151px. The separately offered larger master, 4701×5143px, was not provided as the downloaded file. Image, writing, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile, not a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: QD25 .M87315 1678; Lambsprinck De Lapide Philosophico, figure 3, p. 347; Viewerindex 30, Asset bz60cx14q; Large JPG 2880×3151
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Courtesy of Science History Institute; Musaeum Hermeticum Reformatum et Amplificatum, used edition 1678; QD25 .M87315 1678; Lambsprinck De Lapide Philosophico, Figur 3, S. 347; Viewerindex 30, Asset bz60cx14q; Public Domain Mark 1.0.
Source location: QD25 .M87315 1678; Frankfurt am Main, Hermann à Sande
Specific complete volume with 70 institutional digital images. Main title and catalogue date 1678; several bound component titles bear 1677. The 30 images captured are components of this single volume. The transmitted author names are attributions in the printed work; no confirmed biography of a medieval monk.
Source location: QD25 .M87315 1678; Lambsprinck De Lapide Philosophico, figure 3, p. 347; viewer index 30, asset bz60cx14q
The text names a stag and a unicorn and connects the scene with body, soul and spirit. Specific image file of the identified PDM volume; viewer member, own download and individual PDM download display checked. No nonexistent individual catalogue page has been invented.
Anglo-Saxon runic script in a Viking Age context Galloway, Scotland · Viking Age; exact object dates unspecified here
The letters E and C share a stroke within EGGBRECT.
Research draftSource-based vector template
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Anglo-Saxon runic script in a Viking Age context
Region
Galloway, Scotland
Date of the evidence
Viking Age; exact object dates unspecified here
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Description
The letters E and C share a stroke within EGGBRECT.
Historically recorded use
Ligature in a name inscription on silver.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
NMS X.2018.12.80. Attested writing technique; no evidence of an independent protective or love spell.
Before designing
Draw the specific ligature from the inscription. This does not give historical authenticity to modern combinations of other runes.
Research draft. Font-free formal rendering solely of the explicitly evidenced E/C ligature in EGGBRECT. The historical letters EH and CEN share the right-hand E-stem; the CEN branch directed downwards to the right remains attached to it. Independently drawn, normalised strokes, angles, line weight and proportions; not a faithful copy of the incised marks, no photograph pixels, and no modern font outline. The complete name inscription, arm-ring outline and guide line above BR are not part of this component asset. No independent protective spell is evidenced. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Vector template: Font-free formal rendering solely of the explicitly evidenced E/C ligature in EGGBRECT. The historical letters EH and CEN share the right-hand E-stem; the CEN branch directed downwards to the right remains attached to it. Independently drawn, normalised strokes, angles, line weight and proportions; not a faithful copy of the incised marks, no photograph pixels, and no modern font outline. The complete name inscription, arm-ring outline and guide line above BR are not part of this component asset. No independent protective spell is evidenced.
Source location: NMS X.2018.12.80; section An inscription from the surface: E/C within EGGBRECT; the final vertical stroke of E is also the first stroke of C.
Font-free formal rendering solely of the explicitly evidenced E/C ligature in EGGBRECT. The historical letters EH and CEN share the right-hand E-stem; the CEN branch directed downwards to the right remains attached to it. Independently drawn, normalised strokes, angles, line weight and proportions; not a faithful copy of the incised marks, no photograph pixels, and no modern font outline. The complete name inscription, arm-ring outline and guide line above BR are not part of this component asset. No independent protective spell is evidenced.
Source location: Section An inscription from the surface; X.2018.12.80
Direct institutional page content and the specific photograph checked on 04.10.2026: EGGBRECT on X.2018.12.80; E/C share the final vertical stroke of E as the first stroke of C. Documented writing technique in a name inscription, not a separate protective spell. The normalised, independently drawn line geometry of the isolated E/C connection is a formal adaptation; it does not include incision angles, the photograph or the complete arm-ring outline.
Historical pouch with bezoar, shell and pomander pendants – Rijksmuseum
Original image · source evidence
Symbol amulet
European historical material, protective and devotional culture Netherlands · Around 1675–1700
Square silk pouch with a green, white and reddish-brown zigzag pattern. Silver openwork scent balls and silver-mounted shells and bezoar material hang from the drawstring. Dimensions 15 × 15 cm.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
European historical material, protective and devotional culture
Region
Netherlands
Date of the evidence
Around 1675–1700
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Square silk pouch with a green, white and reddish-brown zigzag pattern. Silver openwork scent balls and silver-mounted shells and bezoar material hang from the drawstring. Dimensions 15 × 15 cm.
Historically recorded use
Historical assemblage of jewellery, scent containers and natural materials. The museum text reports the healing powers then attributed to the bezoar; the pouch is not evidence of a specific healing treatment.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
An object assemblage is catalogued as a single profile. The zigzag stitch is not an independently attested magical sigil here; the pendants are not divided into supposedly different, newly invented protective signs.
Before designing
Actually viewed: pouch with both groups of drawstrings, two silver scent balls and side pendants made of natural materials. The visible red inserts are not re-identified mineralogically on colour alone. Complete institutional photograph in unchanged native JPEG bytes; neither an isolated engraving outline nor manufacturing approval.
Research draft. An ensemble of objects is catalogued as one profile. The zigzag stitch is not an independently attested magical sigil here; the pendants are not divided into supposedly different, newly invented protective signs. Individual VisualItem image licence PDM; metadata licence separately CC0. Complete capture, with no local raster alterations. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: An ensemble of objects is catalogued as one profile. The zigzag stitch is not an independently attested magical sigil here; the pendants are not divided into supposedly different, newly invented protective signs. Individual VisualItem image licence PDM; metadata licence separately CC0. Complete capture, with no local raster alterations.
Institutional object metadata. Attributions of manufacture and uncertainties are retained. CC0 for the metadata is not the image licence; this is checked separately for each associated VisualItem.
Egypt, Late period (715–332 BCE) Egypt · 664–332 BC; Late Period
Crouching bear with forepaws tucked in, small ears and slightly lowered head, on an integrated base. The green stone shows pale and reddish inclusions; the head, back and folds are visible in the oblique front view.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Egypt, Late period (715–332 BCE)
Region
Egypt
Date of the evidence
664–332 BC; Late Period
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Crouching bear with forepaws tucked in, small ears and slightly lowered head, on an integrated base. The green stone shows pale and reddish inclusions; the head, back and folds are visible in the oblique front view.
Historically recorded use
The museum catalogues the crouching bear figure as an amulet and emphasises the rarity of fully modelled bear depictions in Egypt. The exotic animal depiction does not, without further texts, establish a particular protective or healing purpose.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 1998.27, overall measurement 3.8 cm. The pre-existing private reference record is explicitly linked. The current regular native download returned 200; earlier image retrieval obstacles are not thereby retrospectively reinterpreted as successful retrievals. No identification with a particular Egyptian deity or modern power-animal teaching.
Before designing
Complete native museum photograph as a historical reference; no retouching, glyph additions or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Crouching bear with forepaws tucked in, small ears and slightly lowered head, on an integral base. The green stone has pale and reddish inclusions; the head, back and folds are visible in the oblique front view. Native photo bytes remain completely unaltered. No manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Crouching bear with forepaws tucked in, small ears and slightly lowered head, on an integral base. The green stone has pale and reddish inclusions; the head, back and folds are visible in the oblique front view. Native photo bytes remain completely unaltered. No manufacturing approval.
Nordic historical amulet and image traditions Holsegård, Bornholm, Denmark · Viking Age according to the individual museum title
Silver pendant in the form of a fire striker, with an openwork centre, circular stamps along the edge and a vertical central row. The suspension has a double-twisted neck and a four-times-coiled loop.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Nordic historical amulet and image traditions
Region
Holsegård, Bornholm, Denmark
Date of the evidence
Viking Age according to the individual museum title
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Silver pendant in the form of a fire striker, with an openwork centre, circular stamps along the edge and a vertical central row. The suspension has a double-twisted neck and a four-times-coiled loop.
Historically recorded use
The museum describes it as an amulet or amulet candidate. The surviving form is historically attested; specific spiritual use and efficacy are described only to the extent supported by the individual evidence.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The institutional catalogue mentions an amulet and historical parallels, but no fire, fertility or healing effect is evidenced for this example.
Before designing
Unaltered historical museum views with surviving damage, corrosion and any scales. No retouching, and no additions to missing writing or lines. The facsimile provides a source reference and requires a separate manufacturing outline.
Research draft. Silver pendant in the form of a fire striker, with an openwork centre, circular stamps along the edge and a vertical central row. The suspension has a double-twisted neck and a four-coiled loop. The institutional catalogue calls it an amulet and notes historical parallels, but records no fire, fertility or healing effect evidenced for this example. The named object views are placed side by side; this is not a claimed historical arrangement of the signs. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Silver pendant in the form of a fire striker, with an openwork centre, circular stamps along the edge and a vertical central row. The suspension has a double-twisted neck and a four-coiled loop. The institutional catalogue calls it an amulet and notes historical parallels, but records no fire, fertility or healing effect evidenced for this example. The named object views are placed side by side; this is not a claimed historical arrangement of the signs.
The institutional catalogue identifies an amulet and historical parallels, but records no fire, fertility or healing effect attested for this particular specimen. The individual object classification, material, find events and images are taken from the museum raw-data block.
The individual ImageObject in the museum JSON-LD names this JPEG URL and CC BY-SA 4.0. Image credit: Litharenia Polychronopoulou / Nationalmuseet, Danmark. The actual JPEG pixel dimensions have been checked; larger TIFF catalogue dimensions are not applied to the JPEG used.
The individual ImageObject in the museum JSON-LD names this JPEG URL and CC BY-SA 4.0. Image credit: Litharenia Polychronopoulou / Nationalmuseet, Danmark. The actual JPEG pixel dimensions have been checked; larger TIFF catalogue dimensions are not applied to the JPEG used.
Hornshøj/Gudum: silver Thor’s hammer with triangular punch marks
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Norse Viking-age pendant tradition Hornshøj, Gudum area, Jutland, Denmark · Viking Age according to the museum catalogue; no more precise individual year dating given
Silver hammer with punched triangles on the front and an open bend for suspension. Front and back views are shown as surviving museum photographs.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Norse Viking-age pendant tradition
Region
Hornshøj, Gudum area, Jutland, Denmark
Date of the evidence
Viking Age according to the museum catalogue; no more precise individual year dating given
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Silver hammer with punched triangles on the front and an open bend for suspension. Front and back views are shown as surviving museum photographs.
Historically recorded use
Small hammer-shaped silver pendant, identified by the museum as Thor’s hammer. The loop bend is open and may never have been completed.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The possibility that it is unfinished is a museum interpretation. The open curve is not closed. An obviously erroneous catalogue height of 302 cm is neither adopted nor silently corrected to another value.
Before designing
Photographed surviving original form with wear, folds, perforation and any broken edges. No addition of invisible parts of lettering and no invented geometric reconstruction. The source-based photographic view is a checked reference, not yet a manufacturing outline.
Research draft. The two labelled views of the same historical find are shown with unchanged JPEG bytes. Possible incompleteness is a museum interpretation. The open bend is not closed. An obviously erroneous catalogue height of 302 cm is neither adopted nor silently corrected to another value. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The two labelled views of the same historical find are shown with unchanged JPEG bytes. Possible incompleteness is a museum interpretation. The open bend is not closed. An obviously erroneous catalogue height of 302 cm is neither adopted nor silently corrected to another value.
Possible incompleteness is a museum interpretation. The open bend is not closed. An obviously erroneous catalogue height entry of 302 cm is neither adopted nor silently corrected to another value. Specific material, find and object details come from the institutional raw data for this object page.
Source location: DO-60870; C 39029; front/outside, side a
Image-specific JSON-LD identifies the actual JPEG URL and CC BY-SA 4.0. Nationalmuseet, Danmark; photographer not named in the media catalogue. The original file and its native pixel dimensions are retained separately; the TIFF resolution stated in the catalogue is not applied to the supplied JPEG. The image is listed on the object page for this inventory.
Source location: DO-60871; C 39029; reverse/exterior side b
Image-specific JSON-LD identifies the actual JPEG URL and CC BY-SA 4.0. Nationalmuseet, Danmark; photographer not named in the media catalogue. The original file and its native pixel dimensions are retained separately; the TIFF resolution stated in the catalogue is not applied to the supplied JPEG. The image is listed on the object page for this inventory.
Ancient Egyptian religion Egypt · Evidence dated 664–30 BC; Late Period to Ptolemaic period
Horus as a child between Isis and Nephthys, who are holding his hands.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Ancient Egyptian religion
Region
Egypt
Date of the evidence
Evidence dated 664–30 BC; Late Period to Ptolemaic period
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Description
Horus as a child between Isis and Nephthys, who are holding his hands.
Historically recorded use
The protective gesture of the two goddesses was probably transferred to the deceased reborn.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Met 26.7.890; specific historical group of three, not a newly invented composite motif.
Before designing
Check the specific historical variant and object image against a source before using it; do not design a newly combined sigil.
Research draft. Complete, visually checked museum photograph of the specific linked historical object. Unaltered original JPEG bytes are embedded in the SVG as a raster facsimile; this is neither a cropped individual glyph nor a traced sigil. The object context and all visible image details are retained. No production-ready vector paths; engraving or CNC manufacture requires separate assessment. Image crop, orientation, background and object condition remain exactly as in the original JPEG. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete, visually checked museum photograph of the specific linked historical object. Unaltered original JPEG bytes are embedded in the SVG as a raster facsimile; this is neither a cropped individual glyph nor a traced sigil. The object context and all visible image details are retained. No production-ready vector paths; engraving or CNC manufacture requires separate assessment. Image crop, orientation, background and object condition remain exactly as in the original JPEG.
Source location: Met object 550957; Inventory 26.7.890; complete primary image from the current institutional API, uncropped; original 2930 × 3857 px
Nordic historical amulet and image traditions Hou near Mariager, Jutland, Denmark · Viking Age according to the individual museum title
Bronze shield pendant with traces of tinning. Central boss and incised outer edge; remains of loops on the reverse.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Nordic historical amulet and image traditions
Region
Hou near Mariager, Jutland, Denmark
Date of the evidence
Viking Age according to the individual museum title
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Bronze shield pendant with traces of tinning. Central boss and incised outer edge; remains of loops on the reverse.
Historically recorded use
The museum describes it as an amulet or amulet candidate. The surviving form is historically attested; specific spiritual use and efficacy are described only to the extent supported by the individual evidence.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The museum explicitly calls it an amulet/pendant. Specific personal protective use or an individual wearer is not known. No additional ornaments are evidenced.
Before designing
Unaltered historical museum views with surviving damage, corrosion and any scales. No retouching, and no additions to missing writing or lines. The facsimile provides a source reference and requires a separate manufacturing outline.
Research draft. Bronze shield pendant with traces of tinning. Central boss and incised outer edge; remains of loops on the reverse. The museum explicitly calls it an amulet/pendant. No specific personal use for protection or individual wearer is known. No additional ornaments are attested. The named object views are shown side by side; this is not a claim about a historical arrangement of signs. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Bronze shield pendant with traces of tinning. Central boss and incised outer edge; remains of loops on the reverse. The museum explicitly calls it an amulet/pendant. No specific personal use for protection or individual wearer is known. No additional ornaments are attested. The named object views are shown side by side; this is not a claim about a historical arrangement of signs.
The museum explicitly describes it as an amulet/pendant. No specific personal use for protection or individual wearer is known. No additional ornaments are documented. Individual object classification, material, find events and images are taken from the museum’s raw-data block.
The individual ImageObject in the museum JSON-LD names this JPEG URL and CC BY-SA 4.0. Image credit: Nationalmuseet, Danmark; photographer not named according to the media catalogue. The actual JPEG pixel dimensions are checked; larger TIFF catalogue dimensions are not transferred to the JPEG used.
The individual ImageObject in the museum JSON-LD names this JPEG URL and CC BY-SA 4.0. Image credit: Nationalmuseet, Danmark; photographer not named according to the media catalogue. The actual JPEG pixel dimensions are checked; larger TIFF catalogue dimensions are not transferred to the JPEG used.
Hovgård – lead amulet with cross and triangular signs
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Danish medieval writing and protective culture Hovgård, Zealand · Medieval or Renaissance (catalogue attribution)
Folded lead plate with a cross, a letter-like sign and a crossed-out triangular form.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Danish medieval writing and protective culture
Region
Hovgård, Zealand
Date of the evidence
Medieval or Renaissance (catalogue attribution)
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Folded lead plate with a cross, a letter-like sign and a crossed-out triangular form.
Historically recorded use
Classified by the museum as a medieval lead amulet; an individual protective intention has not been fully deciphered.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Catalogue dating: Middle Ages or Renaissance. The triangular form could be a letter or a house mark; traces of working are not automatically signs of writing.
Before designing
Unchanged original photographs as image reference. Individual views are shown separately alongside one another; no engraving outline has been added and no manufacturing approval has been given.
Research draft. Catalogue dating: Middle Ages or Renaissance. The triangular shape could be a letter or a house mark; tool marks are not automatically written characters. Every image is complete and retains its unaltered native JPEG bytes; separate views do not constitute a historical overall form. Presentation files, not TIFF masters. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Catalogue dating: Middle Ages or Renaissance. The triangular shape could be a letter or a house mark; tool marks are not automatically written characters. Every image is complete and retains its unaltered native JPEG bytes; separate views do not constitute a historical overall form. Presentation files, not TIFF masters.
Source location: D 450/2022; DMR-235359, DMR-235361
Use of the template: CC BY-SA 4.0 with attribution and share-alike
Rasmus Bak Meng / Nationalmuseet, Danmark; D 450/2022; DMR-235359; CC BY-SA 4.0. Rasmus Bak Meng / Nationalmuseet, Danmark; D 450/2022; DMR-235361; CC BY-SA 4.0.
Individual institutional object record. Find, registration and photography dates are not treated as manufacturing dates. Uncertain signs and functional identifications remain qualified.
Egyptian amulet tradition of the First Intermediate Period Egypt; exact findspot not stated · 2123–2040 BC; First Intermediate Period according to the museum catalogue
Small turquoise-green animal in side view, with raised tail, head pointing right and an elongated opening between the body and the base bar. Glaze losses and the present surface form are retained.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Egyptian amulet tradition of the First Intermediate Period
Region
Egypt; exact findspot not stated
Date of the evidence
2123–2040 BC; First Intermediate Period according to the museum catalogue
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Small turquoise-green animal in side view, with raised tail, head pointing right and an elongated opening between the body and the base bar. Glaze losses and the present surface form are retained.
Historically recorded use
The institutional catalogue explicitly lists the small dog image as an amulet. It does not name a particular wearer, an individually transmitted spell, or a specific protective purpose.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 1914.793.6. The catalogue designation ‘dog’ is retained; there is no unsupported equation with Anubis, a jackal or a particular deity. Classification as an amulet does not replace evidence of individual use.
Before designing
Unchanged, complete native museum view(s), including background and present-day damage. Historical facsimile; separate outline preparation and manufacturing review required.
Research draft. Small turquoise-green animal in profile, with raised tail, head pointing right and an elongated opening between the body and the supporting bar. Losses to the glaze and the present surface form are retained. Unaltered complete native museum view(s), including background and present damage. Historical facsimile; separate outline preparation and manufacturing assessment required. Regular HTTP200 original retrieval on 12.10.2026. Current image retrieval HTTP403; current object page confirms unchanged exact image URL, dimensions and CC0. No claim is made of a fresh successful image retrieval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Small turquoise-green animal in profile, with raised tail, head pointing right and an elongated opening between the body and the supporting bar. Losses to the glaze and the present surface form are retained. Unaltered complete native museum view(s), including background and present damage. Historical facsimile; separate outline preparation and manufacturing assessment required. Regular HTTP200 original retrieval on 12.10.2026. Current image retrieval HTTP403; current object page confirms unchanged exact image URL, dimensions and CC0. No claim is made of a fresh successful image retrieval.
Source location: 1914.793.6; 1 complete native museum view(s)
Hyakumantō with associated dharani printed scroll (Met 30.47a–c)
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Japanese Buddhism of the Nara period Japan; institutionally associated with Hōryūji in Nara · c. 764–770 AD
Turned wooden pagoda with whitish paint residues and a separately photographed elongated printed scroll. The two complete images show the pagoda and text support; the scroll’s present-day framing remains visible.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Japanese Buddhism of the Nara period
Region
Japan; institutionally associated with Hōryūji in Nara
Date of the evidence
c. 764–770 AD
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Turned wooden pagoda with whitish paint residues and a separately photographed elongated printed scroll. The two complete images show the pagoda and text support; the scroll’s present-day framing remains visible.
Historically recorded use
Miniature pagoda and prayer print from Shōtoku’s temple foundation. The museum attributes this example to Hōryūji and identifies its role as Jishin’in-Darani. The foundation commemorated the suppression of the Emi Rebellion; individual use as a neck amulet is not attested.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Specific object variant of the already recorded Hyakumantō motif, not a new tradition. The scroll has lacunae; neither signs nor lost sections are supplied. The museum describes manufacture using bronze plates as probable, with woodblock printing as an alternative research view. The present-day frame is not dated to 764–770.
Before designing
Unaltered native original photographs as historical reference; no new engraving outline and no manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Turned wooden pagoda with whitish paint remnants and a long, separately photographed printed scroll. The two complete photographs show the pagoda and text carrier; the scroll’s present-day framing remains visible. A specific object variant of the already recorded Hyakumantō motif, not a new tradition. The scroll has losses; neither characters nor missing sections are supplied. The museum describes production using bronze plates as probable, with woodblock printing as an alternative research view. The present-day frame is not dated to 764–770. Native raster files unchanged; no manufacturing outlines. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Turned wooden pagoda with whitish paint remnants and a long, separately photographed printed scroll. The two complete photographs show the pagoda and text carrier; the scroll’s present-day framing remains visible. A specific object variant of the already recorded Hyakumantō motif, not a new tradition. The scroll has losses; neither characters nor missing sections are supplied. The museum describes production using bronze plates as probable, with woodblock printing as an alternative research view. The present-day frame is not dated to 764–770. Native raster files unchanged; no manufacturing outlines.
Source location: 30.47a–c; 2 complete native original photographs
Japanese Buddhism Japan, temple foundation under Empress Shōtoku · 764–770 CE
Short printed scrolls as contents of the One Million Pagodas dedication.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Japanese Buddhism
Region
Japan, temple foundation under Empress Shōtoku
Date of the evidence
764–770 CE
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Description
Short printed scrolls as contents of the One Million Pagodas dedication.
Historically recorded use
Printed dharani prayers in small three-storey wooden pagodas, donated to ten temples.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Historical printed object and temple use documented; not to be equated with modern omamori pouches.
Before designing
Check LoC 2021667586 / National Diet Library print; retain the specific text and pagoda reference, and do not invent an Omamori design.
Research draft. Unchanged photograph of the complete surviving printed scroll, NDL WA3-1, year 770; the source is the text, not a traced wooden pagoda. Paper losses remain visible. Unchanged JPEG bytes; documented SVG viewport only. Raster facsimile, not approved for CNC or manufacture. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Unchanged photograph of the complete surviving printed scroll, NDL WA3-1, year 770; the source is the text, not a traced wooden pagoda. Paper losses remain visible. Unchanged JPEG bytes; documented SVG viewport only. Raster facsimile, not approved for CNC or manufacture.
The manifest dates the original print to 770 and lists Access Restrictions=PDM. Canvas 1 shows the later cover, Canvas 2 the printed Dharani text; both visually checked.
Hematite amulet – woman with flowing blood and orant
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Byzantine Christian amulets Byzantine Egypt · 6th–7th century
Incised hematite piece in a silver setting; Christ and a woman on the front, a woman with her arms raised in prayer on the reverse, each with Greek writing.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Byzantine Christian amulets
Region
Byzantine Egypt
Date of the evidence
6th–7th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Incised hematite piece in a silver setting; Christ and a woman on the front, a woman with her arms raised in prayer on the reverse, each with Greek writing.
Historically recorded use
Christian amulet: the museum links its scenes and material with contemporary ideas about bleeding and female reproductive complaints.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The commentary identifies the Gospel story of the woman with the issue of blood. The historical material conception is not a demonstrated medical effect. Uncertain inscriptions are not transcribed. The numerical range follows the legible catalogue dating; the differing numerical API values are retained separately in the evidence record.
Before designing
Both actual original views side by side; complete stone surface including inscription and silver setting, without adding weak lines. CC0 raster reference; not a verified manufacturing file. Engraving or casting requires a separately verified outline preparation.
Research draft. Both actual original views side by side; complete stone surface including inscription and silver setting, without adding faint lines. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Both actual original views side by side; complete stone surface including inscription and silver setting, without adding faint lines.
Source location: Met 17.190.491; two documented sides of the object
Source location: Met 17.190.491; object 464456; API title, objectDate, medium, geography, images
Directly archived institutional object record for this exact inventory item. Image form also checked visually; named function and attribution only to the extent documented in each case.
Hårby: three-dimensional Valkyrie figure with shield and sword
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Nordic historical amulet and image traditions Tjørnehøj near Hårby, Funen, Denmark · 9th century according to the museum’s find report; object catalogue generally classifies it as Viking Age
Gilded silver figure with niello, shield, raised sword and horse tail. The garment ornaments on the back include ring-shaped knots. The lower body and parts of the shield and sword are damaged.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Nordic historical amulet and image traditions
Region
Tjørnehøj near Hårby, Funen, Denmark
Date of the evidence
9th century according to the museum’s find report; object catalogue generally classifies it as Viking Age
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Gilded silver figure with niello, shield, raised sword and horse tail. The garment ornaments on the back include ring-shaped knots. The lower body and parts of the shield and sword are damaged.
Historically recorded use
Historically attested figurative/jewellery image. Individual use for protection or healing is not demonstrated by the available object evidence.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The identification as a Valkyrie and the dating are based on the museum’s iconographic interpretation. Possible use as jewellery/a pin head remains uncertain; a ritual of wearing it personally as a protective amulet is not attested. Four views also preserve the actual knots on the reverse, without modernising them into symmetry.
Before designing
Unaltered historical museum views with surviving damage, corrosion and any scales. No retouching, and no additions to missing writing or lines. The facsimile provides a source reference and requires a separate manufacturing outline.
Research draft. Gilt silver figure with niello, shield, raised sword and horse’s tail. Garment ornaments on the reverse include ring-shaped knots. The lower body and parts of the shield and sword are damaged. The identification as a valkyrie and the dating are based on the museum’s iconographic interpretation. Possible use as jewellery/pin head remains open; a personally worn protective-amulet ritual has not been evidenced. Four views also preserve the actual reverse knots without modern symmetry adjustments. The named object views are placed side by side; this does not claim a historical arrangement of signs. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Gilt silver figure with niello, shield, raised sword and horse’s tail. Garment ornaments on the reverse include ring-shaped knots. The lower body and parts of the shield and sword are damaged. The identification as a valkyrie and the dating are based on the museum’s iconographic interpretation. Possible use as jewellery/pin head remains open; a personally worn protective-amulet ritual has not been evidenced. Four views also preserve the actual reverse knots without modern symmetry adjustments. The named object views are placed side by side; this does not claim a historical arrangement of signs.
Source location: C 39227; DO-63207, DO-63208, DO-63209, DO-63193
The identification as a Valkyrie and the dating are based on the museum’s iconographic interpretation. Possible use as jewellery/pin head remains open; no evidence establishes a personally worn protective amulet ritual. Four views also preserve the actual knots on the reverse, without modernising them into symmetry. Individual object classification, material, find events and images are taken from the museum raw-data block.
The individual ImageObject in the museum JSON-LD names this JPEG URL and CC BY-SA 4.0. Image credit: John Lee / Nationalmuseet, Danmark. The actual JPEG pixel dimensions are checked; larger TIFF catalogue dimensions are not transferred to the JPEG used.
The individual ImageObject in the museum JSON-LD names this JPEG URL and CC BY-SA 4.0. Image credit: John Lee / Nationalmuseet, Danmark. The actual JPEG pixel dimensions are checked; larger TIFF catalogue dimensions are not transferred to the JPEG used.
The individual ImageObject in the museum JSON-LD names this JPEG URL and CC BY-SA 4.0. Image credit: John Lee / Nationalmuseet, Danmark. The actual JPEG pixel dimensions are checked; larger TIFF catalogue dimensions are not transferred to the JPEG used.
The individual ImageObject in the museum JSON-LD names this JPEG URL and CC BY-SA 4.0. Image credit: Nationalmuseet, Danmark; photographer not named according to the media catalogue. The actual JPEG pixel dimensions are checked; larger TIFF catalogue dimensions are not transferred to the JPEG used.
Source location: Find report of 28 February 2013; Hårby figure
The museum excavation report assigns the three-dimensional figure iconographically to the 9th century. Valkyrie is a museum interpretation; no individual amulet effect is inferred from it.
Early Nordic visual and written tradition Høvlsbakke, Bornholm, Denmark · Older Germanic Iron Age; catalogue period 375–540 AD
Preserved front of a bent gold bracteate with a head-and-animal image and eyelet area; the stamped image is catalogued as IK 625.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early Nordic visual and written tradition
Region
Høvlsbakke, Bornholm, Denmark
Date of the evidence
Older Germanic Iron Age; catalogue period 375–540 AD
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Preserved front of a bent gold bracteate with a head-and-animal image and eyelet area; the stamped image is catalogued as IK 625.
Historically recorded use
Historically documented gold pendant with a stamped image field. A specific protective effect or particular ritual is not demonstrated for this individual piece by the cited object records.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The period classification comes from the historical time keywords. 7 June 2017 is the image date. The folds and distorted appearance are retained.
Before designing
The model is the surviving museum photograph, including wear and damage. No modern addition of missing lines, and no conversion of unclear runes or letter imitations into an invented readable formula.
Research draft. Unaltered museum JPEG bytes are embedded in an SVG image crop. Photograph of the surviving object; neither a drawn reconstruction nor an AI-generated symbol. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Unaltered museum JPEG bytes are embedded in an SVG image crop. Photograph of the surviving object; neither a drawn reconstruction nor an AI-generated symbol.
Source location: Image DO-14130; inventory C 42493
Museum description: bent C-bracteate of image type IK 625, obverse. The photo record gives the Early Germanic Iron Age 375–540; the Dating field 2017 refers to the photograph. The image record and image-specific JSON-LD point to CC BY-SA 4.0. The photographer and actual JPEG resolution are recorded in the symbol manifest; TIFF metadata refers to a different original file.
Ancient Egyptian amulets and historical symbol forms Egypt · 400–30 BC
Compact ibis form in an older black-and-white photograph with details that are only partly legible.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Ancient Egyptian amulets and historical symbol forms
Region
Egypt
Date of the evidence
400–30 BC
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Compact ibis form in an older black-and-white photograph with details that are only partly legible.
Historically recorded use
Small glass bird catalogued as an ibis amulet.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The dating range 400–30 BC begins before the Ptolemaic period designation also given. The broader dating is retained; no secure Thoth or Maat combination is added.
Before designing
Original photograph without AI enlargement or completion of damaged bird sections. CC0 raster reference; not a checked manufacturing file. A separately checked contour preparation is required for engraving or casting.
Research draft. Original photograph without AI enlargement or reconstruction of damaged bird sections. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Original photograph without AI enlargement or reconstruction of damaged bird sections.
Source location: Met 89.2.339; selected original photograph
Source location: Met 89.2.339; object 552874; API title, objectDate, medium, geography, images
Directly archived institutional object record for this exact inventory item. Image form also checked visually; named function and attribution only to the extent documented in each case.
Ancient Egyptian amulets and historical symbol forms Egypt · 664–30 BC
Long, running ichneumon on a base; smaller cat figures are beneath the body.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Ancient Egyptian amulets and historical symbol forms
Region
Egypt
Date of the evidence
664–30 BC
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Long, running ichneumon on a base; smaller cat figures are beneath the body.
Historically recorded use
Historical animal figure with a name inscription beneath the base; use of this individual piece as a worn object or amulet is not documented here.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The title names Padineith, son of Isekhebi. The individual piece is interpreted as a historical symbolic form, not automatically as a worn protective amulet.
Before designing
The original animal group remains complete; an underside name inscription has not been added from an unseen view. CC0 raster reference; not a verified manufacturing file. A separately verified outline preparation is required for engraving or casting.
Research draft. The original animal group remains complete; an underside name inscription is not added from a view that has not been seen. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The original animal group remains complete; an underside name inscription is not added from a view that has not been seen.
Source location: Met 04.2.654; selected original photograph
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Ichneumon on a base with small cats, inscribed beneath base with the name of Padineith son of Isekhebi, 04.2.654; Gift of Darius Ogden Mills, 1904; Open Access.
Source location: Met 04.2.654; object 544117; API title, objectDate, medium, geography, images
Directly archived institutional object record for this exact inventory item. Image form also checked visually; named function and attribution only to the extent documented in each case.
Ancient Egyptian amulets and historical symbol forms Egypt · c. 1550–1070 BC
Hedgehog photographed from the side, with a patterned back surface and a compact, flat underside.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Ancient Egyptian amulets and historical symbol forms
Region
Egypt
Date of the evidence
c. 1550–1070 BC
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Hedgehog photographed from the side, with a patterned back surface and a compact, flat underside.
Historically recorded use
Small animal-shaped seal amulet made of glazed steatite.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The readable date, c. 1550–1070 BC, conflicts with the period field ‘Middle Kingdom’ and the dynasty entry 12–17. The date is retained as a catalogue entry, with the contradiction unresolved.
Before designing
The approved right-profile photograph is used unchanged; the only partially visible seal surface has not been supplemented. CC0 raster reference; not an approved manufacturing file. A separately checked contour preparation is required for engraving or casting.
Research draft. The verified right-profile photograph is used unchanged; the partially visible seal surface has not been supplemented. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The verified right-profile photograph is used unchanged; the partially visible seal surface has not been supplemented.
Source location: Met 10.130.871; selected original photograph
Source location: Met 10.130.871; object 544084; API title, objectDate, medium, geography, images
Directly archived institutional object record for this exact inventory item. Image form also checked visually; named function and attribution only to the extent documented in each case.
Egyptian Egypt · New Kingdom to Third Intermediate Period, approximately 1550–664 BC
Small hedgehog-like figure with large ears, patterned back and base. The photographed side view shows the animal and an opening in the area beneath the body.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Egyptian
Region
Egypt
Date of the evidence
New Kingdom to Third Intermediate Period, approximately 1550–664 BC
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Small hedgehog-like figure with large ears, patterned back and base. The photographed side view shows the animal and an opening in the area beneath the body.
Historically recorded use
Treated by the museum as a scaraboid amulet. The museum text mentions possible links to the observed properties of the hedgehog; no specific ancient instructions for use have been transmitted.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The museum text probably assigns the type to the long-eared hedgehog; zoological identification of the motif is not a universal spiritual meaning. The underside view could not be retrieved; no individual inscription or seal drawing is reconstructed from it. Object, inventory, material and dating are tied to the archived API record.
Before designing
Actually seen: hedgehog in side/three-quarter view, large ears and a back divided into scale-like segments; underside not seen. Unmodified institutional JPEG presentation image in its full frame; neither an isolated engraving outline nor manufacturing approval.
Research draft. The museum text tentatively identifies the type as a long-eared hedgehog; zoological identification of the motif is not a universal spiritual meaning. The underside view was unavailable; no individual inscription or seal drawing is reconstructed from it. Complete institutional presentation image, 1686 pixels wide; the larger IIIF master dimensions, 3248×2436, are documented separately. The embedded JPEG bytes have not been locally scaled or re-encoded. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The museum text tentatively identifies the type as a long-eared hedgehog; zoological identification of the motif is not a universal spiritual meaning. The underside view was unavailable; no individual inscription or seal drawing is reconstructed from it. Complete institutional presentation image, 1686 pixels wide; the larger IIIF master dimensions, 3248×2436, are documented separately. The embedded JPEG bytes have not been locally scaled or re-encoded.
Source location: Inventory 1894.846; institutional main view a7c7b141-af64-8f7a-8d28-358bf0673a71
Art Institute of Chicago. Scaraboid in the Form of a Hedgehog, New Kingdom–Third Intermediate Period (about 1550–664 BCE), 1894.846. Gift of Henry H. Getty and Charles L. Hutchinson
Source location: Inventory 1894.846; API object 140366; JSON /data[id=140366]
Institutional evidence for an individual object from an archived multi-record API retrieval. Dating, material, provenance and inventory details follow the specific record; source attribution is not an independent scientific authenticity test.
Source location: Open Access Images; CC0 Public Domain Designation
Specific images only when accompanied by the individual is_public_domain=true and the object's image ID. Descriptive API texts separately carry CC BY4; image release is CC0.
Hedgehog scaraboid with a blessing formula relating to Re – Met 09.180.1057
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Ancient Egyptian seal and amulet culture Egypt, Memphis region, North Lisht, cemetery; Met excavations · Middle Kingdom, late 12th–13th Dynasty; c. 1850–1640 BC according to text, API numeric values −1855/−1640
Small glazed hedgehog body with a gridded back and engraved base. The two reference views show the complete inscribed underside and a side profile.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Ancient Egyptian seal and amulet culture
Region
Egypt, Memphis region, North Lisht, cemetery; Met excavations
Date of the evidence
Middle Kingdom, late 12th–13th Dynasty; c. 1850–1640 BC according to text, API numeric values −1855/−1640
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Small glazed hedgehog body with a gridded back and engraved base. The two reference views show the complete inscribed underside and a side profile.
Historically recorded use
The Met catalogues the hedgehog scaraboid as bearing a blessing formula relating to Re. The API field objectName contains the institution's reading, “May Re Give”, rdi re; this is adopted without independent additions.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
No independent reading of the hieroglyphs, added blessing formula or individual protective effect is claimed. The visible cord and inventory label document the photographed museum state, not an ancient way of wearing it. The find region is evidenced, but not a particular tomb or original wearer. The dating discrepancy remains unresolved. The existing private object reference remains linked unchanged.
Before designing
Unchanged native museum views as source evidence; no redrawn signs or approved engraving outlines.
Research draft. Small glazed hedgehog body with a gridded back and engraved base. The two reference views show the complete inscribed underside and a side profile. No independent hieroglyphic reading, added blessing formula or individual protective effect is claimed. The visible cord and inventory label attest to the photographed museum state, not an ancient way of wearing it. The find region is attested, but not a particular tomb or original wearer. The dating discrepancy remains unresolved. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Small glazed hedgehog body with a gridded back and engraved base. The two reference views show the complete inscribed underside and a side profile. No independent hieroglyphic reading, added blessing formula or individual protective effect is claimed. The visible cord and inventory label attest to the photographed museum state, not an ancient way of wearing it. The find region is attested, but not a particular tomb or original wearer. The dating discrepancy remains unresolved.
Source location: 09.180.1057; two complete native individual views
Object identity, material, specific find information, dating text/numerical values and image attribution; catalogue interpretation is not presented as an effect.
Object identity, material, specific find information, dating text/numerical values and image attribution; catalogue interpretation is not presented as an effect.
Ancient Egyptian amulets and historical symbol forms Egypt; Lisht North, cemetery, burial pit 995 · c. 1750–1700 BC
Small hedgehog made of glazed steatite, photographed together with the surviving cord laid out at length.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Ancient Egyptian amulets and historical symbol forms
Region
Egypt; Lisht North, cemetery, burial pit 995
Date of the evidence
c. 1750–1700 BC
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Small hedgehog made of glazed steatite, photographed together with the surviving cord laid out at length.
Historically recorded use
Animal amulet with a traditional linen cord; the cord is part of the catalogued object.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
This specific variant differs by its surviving cord from the glazed seal hedgehog and the Assyrian lapis lazuli hedgehog; it is not a new universal basic type.
Before designing
The original photograph, including the historical cord, is retained. CC0 raster reference; not a vetted manufacturing file. Engraving or casting requires separately vetted outline preparation.
Research draft. The original photograph, including the historical cord, is retained. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The original photograph, including the historical cord, is retained.
Source location: Met 22.1.301; selected original photograph
Source location: Met 22.1.301; object 545175; API title, objectDate, medium, geography, images
Directly archived institutional object record for this exact inventory item. Image form also checked visually; named function and attribution only to the extent documented in each case.
Iconographic sketch for the mandala of the Sutra of the Benevolent Kings
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Japan, Heian period (794–1185) Japan · 1100s
Japanese iconographic drawing of a mandala for a sutra recited in the context of prayers for the protection of the state. The photograph documents the illustrated figure side of the sheet. Symbolic objects mentioned by the museum on a reverse side are not photographed here. No portable amulet is evidenced.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Japan, Heian period (794–1185)
Region
Japan
Date of the evidence
1100s
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Japanese iconographic drawing of a mandala for a sutra recited in the context of prayers for the protection of the state. The photograph documents the illustrated figure side of the sheet. Symbolic objects mentioned by the museum on a reverse side are not photographed here. No portable amulet is evidenced.
Historically recorded use
Japanese iconographic drawing of a mandala for a sutra recited in the context of prayers for the protection of the state.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The photograph documents the drawn figure side of the folio. Symbolic objects mentioned by the museum on a reverse are not photographed here. No wearable amulet is evidenced.
Before designing
Mounted picture scroll with a fine ink drawing of several figures and animal bearers on pale paper; the entire mounting remains visible. Original photograph as a complete facsimile; not approved for manufacture and no outlines added.
Research draft. The photograph documents the drawn figure side of the leaf. Symbolic objects mentioned by the museum on a reverse are not photographed here. No portable amulet is attested. All native JPEG bytes and the full image area remain unchanged. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The photograph documents the drawn figure side of the leaf. Symbolic objects mentioned by the museum on a reverse are not photographed here. No portable amulet is attested. All native JPEG bytes and the full image area remain unchanged.
Source location: Individual inventory 1987.39; object ID 153733; title, dating, culture, material and image link
The photograph documents the drawn figure side of the folio. Symbolic objects mentioned by the museum on a reverse are not photographed here. No wearable amulet is evidenced.
Illuminated Tibetan dharani leaves (Met 1986.509.1a, b)
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Tibetan Buddhist Dharani manuscripts Tibet; museum cultural attribution · 14th–15th century; separate API search interval 1300–1499
Two elongated sheets of paper with lines of writing and coloured image panels at both ends. The complete joint museum photograph is retained in its unchanged original bytes at 925 × 557 pixels.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Tibetan Buddhist Dharani manuscripts
Region
Tibet; museum cultural attribution
Date of the evidence
14th–15th century; separate API search interval 1300–1499
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Two elongated sheets of paper with lines of writing and coloured image panels at both ends. The complete joint museum photograph is retained in its unchanged original bytes at 925 × 557 pixels.
Historically recorded use
The Met identifies the two leaves as parts of a dispersed Dharani manuscript. The upper witness associates Vajradhara and an esoteric form of Vajrapani with the text panel; the lower shows Shakyamuni and four esoteric Bodhisattva figures. The object attests a historical association of Buddhist ritual text and an illuminated image programme.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The exact dharani text, individual characters, a specific protective use and the individual wearing of these leaves as an amulet are not evidenced here. The low resolution limits legibility; no high-resolution, transcription or manufacturing template is claimed. The profile covers the pair of leaves catalogued together, not an additional invented tradition.
Before designing
Unchanged museum photographs as historical references; no added lines, reconstructed lettering or engraving outlines, and no manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Two elongated paper sheets with lines of writing and coloured image panels at both ends. The complete joint museum photograph is retained in its unchanged original bytes, at 925 × 557 pixels. The exact Dharani text, individual characters, a specific protective application and the individual wearing of these sheets as an amulet are not evidenced here. The low resolution limits the legibility of the writing; no high-resolution, transcription or production template is claimed. The profile covers the pair of sheets catalogued together, not an additionally invented tradition. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Two elongated paper sheets with lines of writing and coloured image panels at both ends. The complete joint museum photograph is retained in its unchanged original bytes, at 925 × 557 pixels. The exact Dharani text, individual characters, a specific protective application and the individual wearing of these sheets as an amulet are not evidenced here. The low resolution limits the legibility of the writing; no high-resolution, transcription or production template is claimed. The profile covers the pair of sheets catalogued together, not an additionally invented tradition.
Source location: 1986.509.1a, b; joint full-sheet photograph of both surviving leaves; original resolution 925 × 557 pixels
Egyptian Egypt · Third Intermediate Period, 21st–25th Dynasties, 1070–656 BC (catalogue attribution)
Seated human faience figure with a flat headdress and a rectangular object lying in front of the body. The figure and seat stand on a small base.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Egyptian
Region
Egypt
Date of the evidence
Third Intermediate Period, 21st–25th Dynasties, 1070–656 BC (catalogue attribution)
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Seated human faience figure with a flat headdress and a rectangular object lying in front of the body. The figure and seat stand on a small base.
Historically recorded use
Catalogued as an amulet of Imhotep. The object source documents no specific healing-cult rite or personal wearer.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Name and dating follow the museum record. The object is not presented as readable text in the image description; no promise of healing. Object, inventory, material and dating are tied to the archived API record.
Before designing
Actually observed: seated figure with a flat cap and an object on the knees; characters are not legible. Unaltered institutional JPEG presentation photograph in its complete frame; not an isolated engraving outline and not approval for manufacture.
Research draft. Name and dating follow the museum record. The object is not presented as readable text in the image description; no claim of healing. Complete institutional presentation image, 1686 pixels wide; larger IIIF master dimensions 2401×3000 documented separately. No local scaling or re-encoding of the embedded JPEG bytes. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Name and dating follow the museum record. The object is not presented as readable text in the image description; no claim of healing. Complete institutional presentation image, 1686 pixels wide; larger IIIF master dimensions 2401×3000 documented separately. No local scaling or re-encoding of the embedded JPEG bytes.
Source location: Inventory 1892.222; institutional main view ea1ddee0-700e-45ca-b243-075383f3b3d1
Art Institute of Chicago. Amulet of the God Imhotep, Third Intermediate Period, Dynasty 21–25 (1070–656 BCE), 1892.222. Gift of Henry H. Getty, Charles L. Hutchinson, and Norman W. Harris
Source location: Inventory 1892.222; API object 136084; JSON /data[id=136084]
Institutional evidence for an individual object from an archived multi-record API retrieval. Dating, material, provenance and inventory details follow the specific record; source attribution is not an independent scientific authenticity test.
Source location: Open Access Images; CC0 Public Domain Designation
Specific images only when accompanied by the individual is_public_domain=true and the object's image ID. Descriptive API texts separately carry CC BY4; image release is CC0.
Imsety, human-headed son of Horus (Walters 48.1640)
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Ancient Egyptian amulets Egypt · c. 750–650 BC (Third Intermediate Period)
Mummiform figure with a human head, divine beard, wig, broad collar and diagonal stripes. The front and back are retained, including visible cracks and edge perforations.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Ancient Egyptian amulets
Region
Egypt
Date of the evidence
c. 750–650 BC (Third Intermediate Period)
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Mummiform figure with a human head, divine beard, wig, broad collar and diagonal stripes. The front and back are retained, including visible cracks and edge perforations.
Historically recorded use
According to Egyptian beliefs about the afterlife, the four sons of Horus protected the mummified organs. This figure explicitly belongs to the Walters set 48.1638–48.1641; the perforations enabled attachment to mummy wrappings or bead nets.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Specific museum object, Walters 48.1640. Four related individual objects from a set, not four independent traditions. No specific tomb find or wearer is claimed.
Before designing
Unaltered, complete original photographs in an SVG facsimile. No reconstructed outline and no manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Mummiform figure with a human head, divine beard, wig, broad collar and diagonal stripes. The front and back are retained, including visible cracks and edge perforations. Specific museum object, Walters 48.1640. Four related individual objects from one set, not four independent traditions. No particular tomb find or wearer is asserted. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Mummiform figure with a human head, divine beard, wig, broad collar and diagonal stripes. The front and back are retained, including visible cracks and edge perforations. Specific museum object, Walters 48.1640. Four related individual objects from one set, not four independent traditions. No particular tomb find or wearer is asserted.
Source location: The Walters Art Museum, 48.1640; complete original view(s)
Indian jewellery and tāwīz form tradition India; museum attribution · 18th century
Four gold pendants in tāwīz form, with filigree, gemstones and pearls, on a necklace with gold beads.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Indian jewellery and tāwīz form tradition
Region
India; museum attribution
Date of the evidence
18th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Four gold pendants in tāwīz form, with filigree, gemstones and pearls, on a necklace with gold beads.
Historically recorded use
Kaliganthi necklace with amulet-shaped pendants; according to the museum, a form of jewellery given to the bride by the groom’s family.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The catalogue attests to the historical amulet form, but neither to surviving enclosed writing nor to a specific protective effect of this necklace. It is therefore solely a historical form reference, not an attested individual magical inscription.
Before designing
Entire historical necklace with four tāwīz forms. The image is not reworked into a new combination or a freely invented Indian sign. CC0 raster reference; not a checked manufacturing file. A separately checked contour preparation is required for engraving or casting.
Research draft. Complete historical necklace with four tāwīz forms. The image is not altered into a new combination or an invented Indian sign. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete historical necklace with four tāwīz forms. The image is not altered into a new combination or an invented Indian sign.
Source location: Met 15.95.103; primary object photograph
Small standing terracotta figure in the amulet form described by the museum as a warrior figure.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
India; Shunga period
Region
India
Date of the evidence
2nd–1st century BC
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Small standing terracotta figure in the amulet form described by the museum as a warrior figure.
Historically recorded use
The museum identifies this specific figure as an amulet. No particular god, specific protective formula or individual use is stated on the object page examined.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Worn details are left unchanged. The brief object description is not supplemented with invented identifications of armour, mantras or deities.
Before designing
The complete institutional object image remains an image reference. No isolated historical SVG glyph or approved engraving path; form, inscription and material require their own manufacturing assessment.
Research draft. Worn details remain unchanged. The brief object description is not supplemented with invented identifications of armour, mantras or deities. Original JPEG bytes unchanged; full view, no redrawn lines. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Worn details remain unchanged. The brief object description is not supplemented with invented identifications of armour, mantras or deities. Original JPEG bytes unchanged; full view, no redrawn lines.
Source location: Met 1987.142.389; current primary object view
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Amulet in the Form of a Warrior, 1987.142.389; Samuel Eilenberg Collection, Gift of Samuel Eilenberg, 1987; Open Access.
Source location: Met 1987.142.389; object 38288; Artwork Details
The current object page and archived live API evidence the title, provenance, material and dating of this example. Image rights have also been checked individually.
Germanic runic script Reference: Gotland · Elder Futhark; check model dating separately
Sign ŋ.
Research draftSource-based vector template
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Germanic runic script
Region
Reference: Gotland
Date of the evidence
Elder Futhark; check model dating separately
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Description
Sign ŋ.
Historically recorded use
Written signs
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Historical letter; the normalised older form of the name is reconstructed. No individual amulet effect is inferred from the name.
Before designing
Unicode shows a normalised letter form. For manufacture, select a specific historical character variant and check it against the find.
Research draft. Normalised editorial letterform ᛜ (U+16DC); hand-set font-free line geometry, not taken from a font file. Do not present as an object-faithful Kylver facsimile or as an individually attested amulet sign. Names are reconstructed; no individual magical effect is inferred. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Vector template: Normalised editorial letterform ᛜ (U+16DC); hand-set font-free line geometry, not taken from a font file. Do not present as an object-faithful Kylver facsimile or as an individually attested amulet sign. Names are reconstructed; no individual magical effect is inferred.
Source location: G 88 / Kylver; Sequence A I, sign 22; normalised Unicode character U+16DC
Normalised editorial letterform ᛜ (U+16DC); hand-set font-free line geometry, not taken from a font file. Do not present as an object-faithful Kylver facsimile or as an individually attested amulet sign. Names are reconstructed; no individual magical effect is inferred.
Niedersächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, RuneS
Source location: Signs 11458–11482; sequence A I
Scholarly names and transliterations; the names are catalogue designations, not recorded explanations of the names in the ancient incision. Kylver places p before ï and d before o.
Japanese Inrō and Ema image tradition Japan · Second half of the 18th century
Dark multi-part lacquer box with gold fan-shaped and framed images. The native overall photograph also shows the cord, small slider and puppy-shaped netsuke.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Japanese Inrō and Ema image tradition
Region
Japan
Date of the evidence
Second half of the 18th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Dark multi-part lacquer box with gold fan-shaped and framed images. The native overall photograph also shows the cord, small slider and puppy-shaped netsuke.
Historically recorded use
The lacquer box is a portable inrō with cord, ojime and netsuke. According to the museum, its decoration refers to ema votive plaques. The religious imagery does not provide evidence either of an enclosed talisman or of a protective function for the box.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 29.100.737, Met object 58650. The museum title refers to eight fan forms in the decoration of the entire object; the selected single view does not show all eight. These fans are not Aṣṭamaṅgala signs.
Before designing
Unchanged complete native museum image; no reconstruction of damaged details. No manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete native museum photograph, with no raster transformation or reconstruction of old forms. Historical religious image evidence; not approved for manufacture. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete native museum photograph, with no raster transformation or reconstruction of old forms. Historical religious image evidence; not approved for manufacture.
Source location: The Metropolitan Museum of Art; 29.100.737; complete selected individual image
Source location: CC0 for individually designated public-domain collection images
Institutional CC0 policy read in the web tool on 10 October. The direct native website response was HTTP429 and is not treated as text of a rights notice that was read.
Islamic jewellery / possible interpretation as Solomon signs Iraq; according to the museum, discovered in al-Hillah · Probably 11th–13th century; API index 900–1500
Single gold earring with spiral filigree, a clearly visible six-pointed star, an empty round centre and surrounding settings or loops.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Islamic jewellery / possible interpretation as Solomon signs
Region
Iraq; according to the museum, discovered in al-Hillah
Date of the evidence
Probably 11th–13th century; API index 900–1500
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Single gold earring with spiral filigree, a clearly visible six-pointed star, an empty round centre and surrounding settings or loops.
Historically recorded use
The museum classifies the gold earring as a type of Iraqi jewellery from the 11th–13th centuries. In its assessment, the central hexagram probably refers to the apotropaic Seal of Solomon. This association is an iconographic interpretation, not proof of the personal intention of any particular wearer.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 95.16.2, Met object 444834. The image is associated with inventory 95.16.2 and shows one earring, not the complete pair 95.16.2/.3. The narrower probable dating in the object text differs from the broad API index 900–1500; both statements are retained. Solomon’s rule over jinn is a transmitted legend here.
Before designing
Complete, unaltered native museum photograph; no restoration of historical damage and no manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete native museum image; no raster transformation, added drawing or manufacturing approval. The image is associated with inventory 95.16.2 and shows one earring, not the complete pair 95.16.2/.3. The narrower probable dating in the object prose differs from the broad API index 900–1500; both statements are retained. Solomon’s rule over jinn is a transmitted legend here. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete native museum image; no raster transformation, added drawing or manufacturing approval. The image is associated with inventory 95.16.2 and shows one earring, not the complete pair 95.16.2/.3. The narrower probable dating in the object prose differs from the broad API index 900–1500; both statements are retained. Solomon’s rule over jinn is a transmitted legend here.
Source location: The Metropolitan Museum of Art; 95.16.2; complete individual photograph
Iranian Islamic script amulets Iran · 18th century
Oval agate with very fine engraved Ghubār script, densely filling the surviving inscribed field.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Iranian Islamic script amulets
Region
Iran
Date of the evidence
18th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Oval agate with very fine engraved Ghubār script, densely filling the surviving inscribed field.
Historically recorded use
An agate amulet inscribed with Qur’anic verses and the names Muhammad and Ali; the catalogue leaves open the possibility that it was originally worn as an arm or neck ornament.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The specific material, dating and script are described by the institution. The barely legible micro-inscription has not been transcribed anew and missing letters have not been supplied.
Before designing
The complete oval inscription panel in the unchanged Met original. No artificial roughening of the lettering, calligraphic recreation or reversal of the photographed side. CC0 raster reference; not a verified manufacturing file. A separately checked outline preparation is required for engraving or casting.
Research draft. The complete oval text field in the unchanged Met original. No artificial coarsening of the writing, newly created calligraphy or reversal of the photographed page. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The complete oval text field in the unchanged Met original. No artificial coarsening of the writing, newly created calligraphy or reversal of the photographed page.
Source location: Met 2013.171; primary object photograph
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Amulet, 2013.171; Purchase, Elizabeth S. Ettinghausen Gift, in memory of Richard Ettinghausen, Louise E. and Theresa S. Seley Purchase Fund for Islamic Art and Persian Heritage Foundation Gift, 2013; Open Access.
Isis amulet with throne hieroglyph and perforation through the back
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Egyptian Isis amulets of the Ptolemaic period Egypt; exact findspot not stated · 332–30 BC; Ptolemaic period
Three complete photographs of the same green faience amulet show the front, right profile with the back perforation visible, and the reverse. The present-day gold-coloured display base and red inventory number remain in the image; they are not part of the reconstructed historical sign form.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Egyptian Isis amulets of the Ptolemaic period
Region
Egypt; exact findspot not stated
Date of the evidence
332–30 BC; Ptolemaic period
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Three complete photographs of the same green faience amulet show the front, right profile with the back perforation visible, and the reverse. The present-day gold-coloured display base and red inventory number remain in the image; they are not part of the reconstructed historical sign form.
Historically recorded use
The museum description identifies Isis and the throne hieroglyph in her name on her head. According to historical belief, the figure was intended to convey the goddess’s protection. The perforated back support allowed it to be hung, for example from a chain.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 1984.176. Protection is a historical religious attribution. This is a new image variant based on the unchanged private reference met-ref-551003. The modern mount, surface losses and hole in the back are not turned into an invented outline.
Before designing
Unchanged, complete native museum view(s), including background and present-day damage. Historical facsimile; separate outline preparation and manufacturing review required.
Research draft. Three complete views of the same green faience amulet show the front, right profile with the back perforation visible, and reverse. The present-day gold-coloured display stand and red inventory number remain in the image; they are not part of the reconstructed historical design. Unaltered complete native museum view(s), including background and present-day damage. Historical facsimile; separate outline preparation and manufacturing review required. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Three complete views of the same green faience amulet show the front, right profile with the back perforation visible, and reverse. The present-day gold-coloured display stand and red inventory number remain in the image; they are not part of the reconstructed historical design. Unaltered complete native museum view(s), including background and present-day damage. Historical facsimile; separate outline preparation and manufacturing review required.
Source location: 1984.176; 3 complete native museum view(s)
Jacadiel pentacle with winged head and moon – Penn f.79r (= 80r)
Original image · source evidence
Historical grimoire pentacle
Latin Clavicula Salomonis manuscript; transmission of the Keys of Solomon European manuscript; place of manufacture unknown; present collection in Philadelphia · 1750–1799; second half of the 18th century, dating of the specific example
A winged head lies above a tangle of small loops and downward-pointing strokes. A large crescent fills the lower part of the word circle. The accompanying text names Jacadiel and deals with dreams, apparitions and departed souls. This is the statement of a historical ritual text; no actual effect is evidenced.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Latin Clavicula Salomonis manuscript; transmission of the Keys of Solomon
Region
European manuscript; place of manufacture unknown; present collection in Philadelphia
Date of the evidence
1750–1799; second half of the 18th century, dating of the specific example
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A winged head lies above a tangle of small loops and downward-pointing strokes. A large crescent fills the lower part of the word circle. The accompanying text names Jacadiel and deals with dreams, apparitions and departed souls. This is the statement of a historical ritual text; no actual effect is evidenced.
Historically recorded use
The accompanying text names Jacadiel and discusses dreams, apparitions and departed souls. This is the statement of a historical ritual text; no actual effect is demonstrated.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Dating of this specific Latin copy: 1750–1799. The catalogue attribution to Abraham Colorni does not confirm that he personally produced this later manuscript. The drawing is a localised component of 43 surviving pentacles in the same copy, not a new tradition or a separately surviving worn amulet. Written and corrected foliation differ by one leaf. The changing historical internal numbering is not unified into an invented continuous sequence of 1–43.
Before designing
The completely preserved individual pentacle remains embedded as an unaltered native OPenn web JPEG; only the SVG viewport limits the visible area of the leaf. The separately offered TIFF master was not used. The accompanying text can be read in full on the archived full leaf, although it is partly cut off in the viewport. No addition of lines or letters, outline transcription or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Dating of this specific Latin copy: 1750–1799. The catalogue attribution to Abraham Colorni does not confirm that he personally made this later manuscript. The drawing is a localised component of 43 surviving pentacles in the same copy, not a new tradition or a separately surviving worn amulet. Written and corrected foliation differ by one leaf. The changing historical internal numbering is not standardised into an invented continuous sequence from 1 to 43. The single, fully preserved pentacle is embedded as an unaltered native OPenn web JPEG in the SVG; only the SVG viewport limits the visible area of the leaf. The separately offered TIFF master was not used. The accompanying text can be read in full on the archived full leaf, though it is partly cut off in the viewport. No lines or letters have been added, no outline transcription has been made, and no manufacturing approval is implied. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Dating of this specific Latin copy: 1750–1799. The catalogue attribution to Abraham Colorni does not confirm that he personally made this later manuscript. The drawing is a localised component of 43 surviving pentacles in the same copy, not a new tradition or a separately surviving worn amulet. Written and corrected foliation differ by one leaf. The changing historical internal numbering is not standardised into an invented continuous sequence from 1 to 43. The single, fully preserved pentacle is embedded as an unaltered native OPenn web JPEG in the SVG; only the SVG viewport limits the visible area of the leaf. The separately offered TIFF master was not used. The accompanying text can be read in full on the archived full leaf, though it is partly cut off in the viewport. No lines or letters have been added, no outline transcription has been made, and no manufacturing approval is implied.
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Jacadiel-Pentakel mit geflügeltem Kopf und Mond – Penn f.79r (= 80r). Ms. Codex 1673, 1750–1799. University of Pennsylvania, Kislak Center. Public Domain Mark. Katalogmetadaten separat CC BY 4.0.
Specific manuscript witness, second half of the 18th century. Earlier textual transmission and author attribution are not the date when this copy was made.
Jade amulet with a seated bovine-headed figure – probably Hongshan
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Northeast China; Neolithic, probably Hongshan North-east China · c. 4700–2920 BC
Seated nephrite figure with a bovine-like head, horns and hands resting on its knees; a specific capture of the inventoried object 1953.628.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Northeast China; Neolithic, probably Hongshan
Region
North-east China
Date of the evidence
c. 4700–2920 BC
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Seated nephrite figure with a bovine-like head, horns and hands resting on its knees; a specific capture of the inventoried object 1953.628.
Historically recorded use
According to the museum, the perforations above the shoulders suggest a pendant. Use by a shaman is an explicitly hypothetical museum interpretation.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Probably Hongshan; the cultural attribution is not certain. The museum interprets the figure as a ritual/shamanic sign and suspects it was worn as a pendant; this does not identify a documented individual shaman. The four horns are not freely added. The photograph shown is the unaltered institutional 406×600-pixel website view; high-resolution Piction retrieval HTTP403.
Before designing
The low-resolution object view is a historical form reference. No reconstruction of concealed horns, no new universal rune or zodiac interpretation, and no toolpath.
Research draft. Probably Hongshan; the cultural attribution is not certain. The museum interprets the figure as a ritual/shamanic sign and suspects it was worn as a pendant; this does not identify a documented individual shaman. The four horns are not freely added. The photograph shown is the unaltered institutional 406×600-pixel website view; high-resolution Piction retrieval HTTP403. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Probably Hongshan; the cultural attribution is not certain. The museum interprets the figure as a ritual/shamanic sign and suspects it was worn as a pendant; this does not identify a documented individual shaman. The four horns are not freely added. The photograph shown is the unaltered institutional 406×600-pixel website view; high-resolution Piction retrieval HTTP403.
Source location: Cleveland 1953.628; specific official website image 1953.628_o5.jpg
Current institutional page: c. 4700–2920 BCE, probably Hongshan; shamanic use is explicitly described by the museum as only a supposition. The website view is 406×600 pixels, not the blocked high-resolution original.
Wheel of the seasons with triangle and water – attribution to Basil, key 7, Musaeum 1678
Original image · source evidence
Alchemical-theosophical symbolic image
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art Frankfurt am Main, Germany; place of printing · 1678; specific copy used
A large circular diagram bears the names of the four seasons. Within it are a square and a triangle inscribed AQVA; above them stands a figure with scales and a sword.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art
Region
Frankfurt am Main, Germany; place of printing
Date of the evidence
1678; specific copy used
Type of evidence
Textual evidence
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A large circular diagram bears the names of the four seasons. Within it are a square and a triangle inscribed AQVA; above them stands a figure with scales and a sword.
Historically recorded use
Located as Key 7 in the printed sequence of Twelve Keys under the attribution to Basilius Valentinus. Image and text form an alchemical book allegory; interpretations of substances beyond this are not added without basis. Historical book illustration; actual use as a neck pendant is not attested.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
A historically located printed component of the specific 1678 example; not a new independent historical text and not an evidenced worn amulet. Efficacy and suitability for manufacture are not evidenced. The transmitted author’s name is given as a title attribution; no identity as a medieval monk or dating of this image to the 15th century is confirmed.
Before designing
Complete, unaltered institutional full-page JPEG view, 2880×3151px. The separately offered larger master, 4701×5143px, was not provided as the downloaded file. Image, writing, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile, not a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete, unaltered institutional full-page JPEG view, 2880×3151px. The separately offered larger master, 4701×5143px, was not provided as the downloaded file. Image, writing, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile, not a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete, unaltered institutional full-page JPEG view, 2880×3151px. The separately offered larger master, 4701×5143px, was not provided as the downloaded file. Image, writing, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile, not a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: QD25 .M87315 1678; Basilius attribution, Clavis 7, printed p. 407; viewer index 51, individual inventory cr56n193q; Large JPG 2880×3151
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Courtesy of Science History Institute; Musaeum Hermeticum Reformatum et Amplificatum, used edition 1678; QD25 .M87315 1678; Basilius-Zuschreibung, Clavis 7, gedruckte S. 407; Viewerindex 51, Einzelinventar cr56n193q; Public Domain Mark 1.0.
Source location: QD25 .M87315 1678; Frankfurt am Main, Hermann à Sande
Specific complete volume with 70 institutional digital images. Main title and catalogue date 1678; several bound component titles bear 1677. The 30 images captured are components of this single volume. The transmitted author names are attributions in the printed work; no confirmed biography of a medieval monk.
Source location: QD25 .M87315 1678; attribution to Basilius, Clavis 7, printed p. 407; viewer index 51, individual inventory cr56n193q
Located as key 7 in the printed sequence of Twelve Keys under the attribution to Basilius Valentinus. Image and text form an alchemical book allegory; interpretations of the substances beyond this are not added without evidence. Checked against the individual institutional metadata using PDM.
Jakugon Taijō’s Siddham mantras of the two realms (Met 2025.296a, b)
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Japanese Shingon Buddhism Japan, Kurashiki according to the museum attribution · Around 1767–1771, Edo period
Joint original photograph of two narrow hanging scrolls: large black Siddham script on pale paper, seals and a broad textile mounting. Dry brush marks and stains are retained.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Japanese Shingon Buddhism
Region
Japan, Kurashiki according to the museum attribution
Date of the evidence
Around 1767–1771, Edo period
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Joint original photograph of two narrow hanging scrolls: large black Siddham script on pale paper, seals and a broad textile mounting. Dry brush marks and stains are retained.
Historically recorded use
The museum associates the two mantras with Dainichi Nyorai: the right with the Diamond Realm (Oṃ vajra-dhātu vam), the left with the Womb Realm (A vi ra hūṃ khaṃ). This attribution is adopted as the museum’s reading, not as an independent decipherment. The calligraphies are evidence of religious writing.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
A related pair of rollers under one inventory number and one profile; no artificial individual sign profiles. According to the museum, the dating is based on a seal and Jakugon’s late life. Acquisition year 2025 is not the year of creation. No amulet function is claimed.
Before designing
Unaltered native museum photographs as reference; no sign reconstruction, no engraving-ready outline.
Research draft. Shared original photograph of two narrow hanging scrolls: large black Siddham script on pale paper, seals and broad textile mounting. Dry brushstrokes and stains are retained. A matching pair of scrolls under one inventory number and one profile; no artificial individual-character profiles. According to the museum, the dating is based on a seal and Jakugon’s late life. The acquisition year 2025 is not the year of creation. No amulet function is claimed. Native raster files are unaltered; no manufacturing outlines. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Shared original photograph of two narrow hanging scrolls: large black Siddham script on pale paper, seals and broad textile mounting. Dry brushstrokes and stains are retained. A matching pair of scrolls under one inventory number and one profile; no artificial individual-character profiles. According to the museum, the dating is based on a seal and Jakugon’s late life. The acquisition year 2025 is not the year of creation. No amulet function is claimed. Native raster files are unaltered; no manufacturing outlines.
Source location: 2025.296a, b; 1 complete native museum photograph(s)
Mahayana Buddhism in Sri Lanka Sri Lanka, Anuradhapura · 9th–10th century, late Anuradhapura period
Seated figure in copper alloy on a round base; bulging abdomen, tall headdress and uneven stance. Dark and greenish surfaces remain visible unchanged.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Mahayana Buddhism in Sri Lanka
Region
Sri Lanka, Anuradhapura
Date of the evidence
9th–10th century, late Anuradhapura period
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Seated figure in copper alloy on a round base; bulging abdomen, tall headdress and uneven stance. Dark and greenish surfaces remain visible unchanged.
Historically recorded use
The institutional explanation classifies Jambhala as a god of wealth and guardian of the north. It describes the directional guardian role as a function probably adopted later. The small cult image is not an attested neck amulet.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Figure 9.3 cm high, not classified as a wearable amulet because of its size. The worn hand attributes have not been independently identified, and lost details have not been redrawn.
Before designing
Unaltered native museum photographs as reference; no sign reconstruction, no engraving-ready outline.
Research draft. Seated figure in copper alloy on a round base; bulging belly, tall headdress and uneven stance. Dark and greenish surfaces remain visible and unchanged. Figure 9.3 cm high, not classified as a wearable amulet on the basis of its size. No independent identification of the worn hand attributes or tracing of lost details. Native raster files unchanged, no manufacturing outlines. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Seated figure in copper alloy on a round base; bulging belly, tall headdress and uneven stance. Dark and greenish surfaces remain visible and unchanged. Figure 9.3 cm high, not classified as a wearable amulet on the basis of its size. No independent identification of the worn hand attributes or tracing of lost details. Native raster files unchanged, no manufacturing outlines.
Source location: 2010.475.4; 1 complete native museum image(s)
Japanese mudra scroll – five photographed partial views (Met 1975.268.2)
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Japanese esoteric Buddhism; transmitted Tendai context Japan; transmission at Shōren-in Temple, Kyoto · 11th–12th century, Heian period; separate API search interval 1000–1185
Ink drawings of hand positions with accompanying inscriptions and occasional full-length figures on paper. Five unchanged museum photographs document different, partly overlapping sections of the same long scroll; the images are arranged as separate views with visible gaps between them.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Japanese esoteric Buddhism; transmitted Tendai context
Region
Japan; transmission at Shōren-in Temple, Kyoto
Date of the evidence
11th–12th century, Heian period; separate API search interval 1000–1185
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Ink drawings of hand positions with accompanying inscriptions and occasional full-length figures on paper. Five unchanged museum photographs document different, partly overlapping sections of the same long scroll; the images are arranged as separate views with visible gaps between them.
Historically recorded use
The scroll records ritual hand gestures. According to the Met description, mudras are formed in Japanese esoteric Buddhism during meditation and rituals and are used to understand Buddhist works of art. The Japanese term insō combines the meanings of seal and form. The specific witness was transmitted at the Tendai temple Shōren-in.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The source is not a seamless overall image or reconstruction of the scroll. Some figures are already cropped at the boundaries of the institutional partial images; overlaps are not counted as additional signs. Individual gestures and inscriptions are not given invented names, translations or protective powers. No individually worn amulet use is attested; this is an object profile, not a division into unsupported new amulets.
Before designing
Unchanged museum photographs as historical references; no added lines, reconstructed lettering or engraving outlines, and no manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Ink drawings on paper of hand positions with accompanying labels and individual full-body figures. Five unchanged museum photographs document different, partly overlapping sections of the same long scroll; the images are arranged as separate views with visible gaps between them. The source is not a seamless overall photograph or reconstruction of the scroll. Some figures are already cut off at the boundaries of the institution's partial captures; overlaps are not counted as additional signs. Individual gestures and labels are not given invented names, translations or protective effects. No evidence of individual use as a wearable amulet; this is one object profile, not a division into unsupported new amulets. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Ink drawings on paper of hand positions with accompanying labels and individual full-body figures. Five unchanged museum photographs document different, partly overlapping sections of the same long scroll; the images are arranged as separate views with visible gaps between them. The source is not a seamless overall photograph or reconstruction of the scroll. Some figures are already cut off at the boundaries of the institution's partial captures; overlaps are not counted as additional signs. Individual gestures and labels are not given invented names, translations or protective effects. No evidence of individual use as a wearable amulet; this is one object profile, not a division into unsupported new amulets.
Source location: 1975.268.2; five complete native photograph files of partially overlapping sections of the scroll, not a complete scroll panorama
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Scroll of Mudras, 1975.268.2. The Harry G. C. Packard Collection of Asian Art, Gift of Harry G. C. Packard, and Purchase, Fletcher, Rogers, Harris Brisbane Dick, and Louis V. Bell Funds, Joseph Pulitzer Bequest, and The Annenberg Fund Inc. Gift, 1975
Historical gold jewellery of Central Java; religious attribution open Indonesia, Central Java · 8th–12th century
Small elongated gold body with a domed lid, twisted wire bands and a side loop; the complete native museum photograph, 750 × 575 pixels, is reproduced.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Historical gold jewellery of Central Java; religious attribution open
Region
Indonesia, Central Java
Date of the evidence
8th–12th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Small elongated gold body with a domed lid, twisted wire bands and a side loop; the complete native museum photograph, 750 × 575 pixels, is reproduced.
Historically recorded use
The museum explicitly catalogues the small gold object as an amulet and as jewellery. The triple-wire design around the body belongs to the specifically attested historical form. The record mentions no surviving contents, no inscription and no particular protective ritual.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 2001.794.62, Met object 64240. The designation as an amulet is evidenced by the museum; the specific religious tradition and individual use remain open. No general Buddhist or Hindu consecration is claimed. The institutional web JPEG is retained without upscaling.
Before designing
Complete, unaltered native museum photograph; no restoration of historical damage and no manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete native museum image; no raster transformation, drawing additions or manufacturing approval. The museum documents the amulet designation, but the specific religious tradition and individual use remain open. No general Buddhist or Hindu consecration is claimed. The institutional web JPEG is retained without upscaling. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete native museum image; no raster transformation, drawing additions or manufacturing approval. The museum documents the amulet designation, but the specific religious tradition and individual use remain open. No general Buddhist or Hindu consecration is claimed. The institutional web JPEG is retained without upscaling.
Source location: The Metropolitan Museum of Art; 2001.794.62; complete individual photograph
Jejsing Bjerg – tightly folded cross-shaped lead amulet
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Danish medieval writing and protective culture Jejsing Bjerg, Jutland · Medieval (catalogue attribution; no more precise date of manufacture)
A tightly folded lead packet bears cross-like incisions on the outside. Both surfaces also show irregular surface marks.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Danish medieval writing and protective culture
Region
Jejsing Bjerg, Jutland
Date of the evidence
Medieval (catalogue attribution; no more precise date of manufacture)
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A tightly folded lead packet bears cross-like incisions on the outside. Both surfaces also show irregular surface marks.
Historically recorded use
Classified by the museum as a medieval lead amulet; an individual protective intention has not been fully deciphered.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The museum description phrases the identification of the cross cautiously. No definitive statement can be made about a possible interior inscription.
Before designing
Unchanged original photographs as image reference. Individual views are shown separately alongside one another; no engraving outline has been added and no manufacturing approval has been given.
Research draft. The museum description phrases the identification of the cross cautiously. No definite statement is made about a possible inscription on the interior. Each image is complete and retains its unaltered native JPEG bytes; separate views do not constitute a historical overall form. Presentation files, not TIFF masters. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The museum description phrases the identification of the cross cautiously. No definite statement is made about a possible inscription on the interior. Each image is complete and retains its unaltered native JPEG bytes; separate views do not constitute a historical overall form. Presentation files, not TIFF masters.
Source location: D 796/2022; DMR-236420, DMR-236421
Use of the template: CC BY-SA 4.0 with attribution and share-alike
Rasmus Bak Meng / Nationalmuseet, Danmark; D 796/2022; DMR-236420; CC BY-SA 4.0. Rasmus Bak Meng / Nationalmuseet, Danmark; D 796/2022; DMR-236421; CC BY-SA 4.0.
Individual institutional object record. Find, registration and photography dates are not treated as manufacturing dates. Uncertain signs and functional identifications remain qualified.
Seated Jizō with a bald head, raised hand, lotus throne and double halo on a round bronze plaque. The patina, small fastenings and upper suspension fittings remain visible.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Buddhist visual tradition
Region
Japan
Date of the evidence
12th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Seated Jizō with a bald head, raised hand, lotus throne and double halo on a round bronze plaque. The patina, small fastenings and upper suspension fittings remain visible.
Historically recorded use
The separately mounted Jizō figure belongs to a religious votive plaque of the late Heian period. Kakebotoke were hung in temples and shrines; this 35.6 cm plaque is not an attested neck amulet.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 1985.12, Met object 44844. The museum identifies Jizō and the separately hammered parts attached with nails. No individual act of protection or portable use of this example is evidenced.
Before designing
Unchanged complete native museum image; no reconstruction of damaged details. No manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete native museum photograph, with no raster transformation or reconstruction of old forms. Historical religious image evidence; not approved for manufacture. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete native museum photograph, with no raster transformation or reconstruction of old forms. Historical religious image evidence; not approved for manufacture.
Source location: The Metropolitan Museum of Art; 1985.12; complete selected individual image
Source location: CC0 for individually designated public-domain collection images
Institutional CC0 policy read in the web tool on 10 October. The direct native website response was HTTP429 and is not treated as text of a rights notice that was read.
Six-armed Jnanadakini with eight emanations and four goddesses in the gates. Inventory 1987.16.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Vajrayana / Sakya
Region
Tibet
Date of the evidence
late 14th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Six-armed Jnanadakini with eight emanations and four goddesses in the gates. Inventory 1987.16.
Historically recorded use
Ritual mandala; probably part of a Vajravali cycle.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The attribution to the Sakya lineage and association with the cycle are curatorial interpretations; the latter is probable. No evidence of portable amulet use.
Before designing
Examine only the variant from inventory 1987.16 as a model. Compare image details and outline with the museum image before drawing; no modern composite motif.
Research draft. Complete, visually checked museum photograph of the specific linked historical object. Unaltered original JPEG bytes are embedded in the SVG as a raster facsimile; this is neither a cropped individual glyph nor a redrawn sigil. The object context and all visible image details are retained. No vector paths suitable for manufacture; engraving or CNC manufacture requires separate assessment. The specific mandala/ritual-object variant remains visible with all its image figures, edge areas and material details; no schematic modern substitute drawing. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete, visually checked museum photograph of the specific linked historical object. Unaltered original JPEG bytes are embedded in the SVG as a raster facsimile; this is neither a cropped individual glyph nor a redrawn sigil. The object context and all visible image details are retained. No vector paths suitable for manufacture; engraving or CNC manufacture requires separate assessment. The specific mandala/ritual-object variant remains visible with all its image figures, edge areas and material details; no schematic modern substitute drawing.
Source location: Met object 37802; accession 1987.16; complete main image from the current institutional API, uncropped; original 2802 × 3311 px
European zodiac; medieval Christian calendar tradition Augsburg, Germany (attested manuscript) · Late 12th to early 13th century (this image evidence)
Virgo, calendar image.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
European zodiac; medieval Christian calendar tradition
Region
Augsburg, Germany (attested manuscript)
Date of the evidence
Late 12th to early 13th century (this image evidence)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Description
Virgo, calendar image.
Historically recorded use
Zodiac image in the calendar of the Claricia Psalter.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The evidence concerns the zodiac motif. It does not establish a wearable amulet or the glyph form used today.
Before designing
Check the historical image variant on fol. 5r; Unicode is only a search/display aid.
Research draft. Visually checked single-figure detail from the historical original. Raster facsimile in an SVG viewport; original JPEG embedded unchanged. Paper/parchment, printing irregularities and show-through are retained. No engraving-ready vector paths; manufacturing requires separately checked vectorisation. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Visually checked single-figure detail from the historical original. Raster facsimile in an SVG viewport; original JPEG embedded unchanged. Paper/parchment, printing irregularities and show-through are retained. No engraving-ready vector paths; manufacturing requires separately checked vectorisation.
Source location: Claricia Psalter, Walters W.26, fol. 5r; zodiac image in the calendar.
German-language alchemy and Christian theosophy German-speaking area of transmission; place of origin not established · c. 1735? (catalogue dating)
Figure above a large circular diagram, with further circular and square panels.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
German-language alchemy and Christian theosophy
Region
German-speaking area of transmission; place of origin not established
Date of the evidence
c. 1735? (catalogue dating)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Figure above a large circular diagram, with further circular and square panels.
Historically recorded use
Symbolic illustration in an alchemical-theosophical manuscript.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Specific handwritten page of MS.2492. The date around 1735 is inferred and is not presented as an exactly established year. Thematic parallels with later Rosicrucian panels do not prove an identical image version.
Before designing
Complete original view of handwritten p. 52, with context and surviving labels. No translation of hard-to-read letters, no idealised geometry added. Historical image symbolism, not evidence of a worn amulet; raster facsimile without manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete original view of handwritten p. 52, with context and surviving labels. No translation of hard-to-read letters, no idealised geometry added. Historical image symbolism, not evidence of a worn amulet; raster facsimile without manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete original view of handwritten p. 52, with context and surviving labels. No translation of hard-to-read letters, no idealised geometry added. Historical image symbolism, not evidence of a worn amulet; raster facsimile without manufacturing approval.
Source location: MS.2492, p. 52; b19294578_0055.jp2; native 3876×5799
Source location: MS.2492; dating 1735?; description and digitised copy b19294578
Historical German-language alchemical-theosophical pictorial witness. The date of around 1735 is a catalogue estimate; it is not recorded as an amulet proven to have been worn.
Source location: MS.2492, manuscript p. 52; Canvas index 54, image 55; unchanged JPEG view at native dimensions
Primary digital image witness of the named page; the IIIF manifest b19294578 is explicitly marked Public Domain Mark. Modern letterforms and additions are absent.
Jupiter as a bishop on horseback (Getty, fol. 49v)
Original image · source evidence
Historical planetary depiction
Late medieval German astronomical-astrological manuscript illustration Ulm or Augsburg, Germany; institutional attribution · Shortly after 1464
A blue-robed bishop with mitre, book and crozier rides a light-coloured horse. A blue star stands at the upper right of the image field. The accompanying text remains fully visible in the photograph above the illustration.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Late medieval German astronomical-astrological manuscript illustration
Region
Ulm or Augsburg, Germany; institutional attribution
Date of the evidence
Shortly after 1464
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A blue-robed bishop with mitre, book and crozier rides a light-coloured horse. A blue star stands at the upper right of the image field. The accompanying text remains fully visible in the photograph above the illustration.
Historically recorded use
Planetary depiction in a medical-astronomical miscellany manuscript containing astrological and divinatory material. Individual amulet use is not documented.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The Jupiter attribution follows Getty’s object title and the essay. The bishop’s attributes are treated as a historical personification of a planet; no real bishop is identified. The planetary group belongs to a single codex; six captured pages are on four leaves. Saturn is excluded from the import because its image view is fragmentary.
Before designing
Complete, unaltered institutional page capture with image, text and margin as a raster facsimile in the SVG. No local cropping, new outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. A bishop in blue robes, wearing a mitre and carrying a book and crozier, rides a pale horse. A blue star appears at the upper right of the image field. The accompanying text above the illustration is fully retained in the photograph. The Jupiter attribution follows Getty’s object title and the essay. The bishop’s attributes are treated as a historical personification of a planet; no real bishop is identified. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: A bishop in blue robes, wearing a mitre and carrying a book and crozier, rides a pale horse. A blue star appears at the upper right of the image field. The accompanying text above the illustration is fully retained in the photograph. The Jupiter attribution follows Getty’s object title and the essay. The bishop’s attributes are treated as a historical personification of a planet; no real bishop is identified.
Source location: Getty Ms. Ludwig XII 8, fol. 49v; complete institutional page image
Source location: Ms. Ludwig XII 8 (83.MO.137), fol. 49v
Directly retrieved HTML/JSON-LD: page inventory, folio side, material and date. The web reader returned only the JavaScript shell; no rendered portal visit is claimed.
French-language Clavicles of Solomon tradition French-language manuscript; place of production unknown; current holding in London · [1725?]; IIIF digitisation c.1725; dating of the specific manuscript is uncertain
Red staff, cross and angle signs stand among curving forms and a large central double staff. The French manuscript explicitly identifies this single sequence of signs as Characters of Jupiter for Thursday. This evidences a historical attribution within a grimoire text; a specific worn neck amulet or any effect is not evidenced.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French-language Clavicles of Solomon tradition
Region
French-language manuscript; place of production unknown; current holding in London
Date of the evidence
[1725?]; IIIF digitisation c.1725; dating of the specific manuscript is uncertain
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Red staff, cross and angle signs stand among curving forms and a large central double staff. The French manuscript explicitly identifies this single sequence of signs as Characters of Jupiter for Thursday. This evidences a historical attribution within a grimoire text; a specific worn neck amulet or any effect is not evidenced.
Historically recorded use
The French manuscript explicitly identifies this individual sequence of signs as characters of Jupiter for Thursday. This documents a historical attribution within a grimoire text; it does not document a specific worn neck amulet or any effect.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Specific manuscript according to the current API [1725?], c.1725 in the IIIF digitisation; the uncertain dating is not stored as an exact year. The seven planetary weekday lines are disjoint components of the same original page. Each complete red string is retained; its handwritten heading above it can be read in the archived full folio. Individual characters are not extracted as further motifs or normalised as readable modern alphabets.
Before designing
Unchanged native full-page JPEG in the SVG; only a disjoint SVG viewport selects the complete, labelled red planetary-tag character sequence. The associated heading lies outside the viewport and remains in the archived full sheet. No local raster editing, character repair, contour transcription or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Specific manuscript dated [1725?] according to the current API, c.1725 in the IIIF digital facsimile; the uncertain date is not stored as an exact year. The seven planetary-day rows are disjoint components of the same original page. Each complete red sequence of characters is retained; its handwritten heading above can be read in the archived full sheet. Individual characters are not extracted as further motifs or normalised as readable modern alphabets. Unaltered native full-page JPEG in the SVG; a disjoint SVG viewport alone selects the complete labelled red planetary-day sequence. The associated heading lies outside the viewport and is retained in the archived full sheet. No local raster editing, character repair, outline transcription or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Specific manuscript dated [1725?] according to the current API, c.1725 in the IIIF digital facsimile; the uncertain date is not stored as an exact year. The seven planetary-day rows are disjoint components of the same original page. Each complete red sequence of characters is retained; its handwritten heading above can be read in the archived full sheet. Individual characters are not extracted as further motifs or normalised as readable modern alphabets. Unaltered native full-page JPEG in the SVG; a disjoint SVG viewport alone selects the complete labelled red planetary-day sequence. The associated heading lies outside the viewport and is retained in the archived full sheet. No local raster editing, character repair, outline transcription or manufacturing approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.4656, Clavicules de Salomon; manuscript p.156; canvas position 160/260; separate Jupiter/Thursday line; visible heading: Caractères de jupiter au jeudy
Angular print stroke with a long upper cross-stroke, an oblique return stroke and two small terminal circles.
Historically recorded use
Independently labelled printed sign in the context of historical planetary talismanic practice. The sign form in this edition is attested; no individual surviving amulet and no modern effect are attested.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The specific Latin inscription was read from the original page. The magic square, planetary seal, intelligence and spirit signs are separate printed figures. No modern standard forms or modernly completed lines are adopted. Separate figure beneath the spirit inscription explicitly assigned to Jupiter; neither the circular planetary seal nor the intelligence sign.
Before designing
Historically image-verified individual figure. The complete native institutional IIIF JPEG file remains embedded byte-for-byte in the SVG; only the named original viewport is visible. No local scaling, re-encoding, tracing or additions. Paper, gaps in the print, ink traces and show-through from the writing on the reverse remain unchanged. The facsimile is a historical image reference, not a tool or engraving path; manufacture requires separately reviewed contour preparation. Separate figure beneath the spirit inscription explicitly assigned to Jupiter; neither a planetary seal within a circle nor an intelligence sign.
Research draft. Historically image-verified individual figure. The complete native institutional IIIF JPEG file remains embedded byte-for-byte in the SVG; only the named original viewport is visible. No local scaling, re-encoding, tracing or additions. Paper, gaps in the print, ink traces and show-through from the writing on the reverse remain unchanged. The facsimile is a historical image reference, not a tool or engraving path; manufacture requires separately reviewed contour preparation. Separate figure beneath the spirit inscription explicitly assigned to Jupiter; neither a planetary seal within a circle nor an intelligence sign. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historically image-verified individual figure. The complete native institutional IIIF JPEG file remains embedded byte-for-byte in the SVG; only the named original viewport is visible. No local scaling, re-encoding, tracing or additions. Paper, gaps in the print, ink traces and show-through from the writing on the reverse remain unchanged. The facsimile is a historical image reference, not a tool or engraving path; manufacture requires separately reviewed contour preparation. Separate figure beneath the spirit inscription explicitly assigned to Jupiter; neither a planetary seal within a circle nor an intelligence sign.
Source location: Liber II, Chapter XXII, printed p. CXLIX: Dæmonij Iouis.
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa, De occulta philosophia libri tres, Köln [Johannes Soter], 1533, Liber II, Kapitel XXII. Stiftung der Werke von C. G. Jung, Zürich / e-rara. DOI 10.3931/e-rara-4309. Public Domain Mark.
Stiftung der Werke von C. G. Jung, Zürich / e-rara
Source location: VD16 ZV 269; DOI 10.3931/e-rara-4309; Liber II, chapter XXII
The current institutional record was read directly and archived. It confirms the specific historical work, its classification and the Public Domain Mark; no modern redrawing.
Stiftung der Werke von C. G. Jung, Zürich / e-rara
Source location: VD16 ZV 269; DOI 10.3931/e-rara-4309; Liber II, chapter XXII
Manifest retrieved directly and archived. The specific canvas identities, native image dimensions and PDM image rights were checked against unchanged full/full JPEGs. Printed Roman page numbers are taken from the images actually viewed, not from a modern pentacle numbering system.
Stiftung der Werke von C. G. Jung, Zürich / e-rara
Source location: Liber II, Chapter XXII; printed p. CXLIX; Canvas 1343362
The specific original page was viewed as a complete native institutional JPEG; the image file was archived unchanged. Attribution and crop were also checked visually.
Stiftung der Werke von C. G. Jung, Zürich / e-rara
Source location: Liber II, Chapter XXII; printed p. CXLVIII; Canvas 1343361
Original page with historical planetary name and ritual correspondences. It serves as textual evidence; the individual signs appear on the following pages. No confirmed modern effect.
Flat, returning impression line with a small circle at both ends.
Historically recorded use
Printed sign in the context of historical planetary talismanism; no single museum amulet is attested.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The associated Latin inscription is visible on the specific original page. The number square, planet, intelligence and spirit are separate printed figures. What is attested is a specific historical form of a symbol, not a surviving amulet with individually verified use. The crop follows the 1533 print and does not adopt modern completed lines. The interruptions in the print and faded lines visible in the original are retained; no modern connection is added.
Before designing
Visually checked specific individual figure from the original 1533 print. The institutional JPEG rendition, 2000 pixels wide, is embedded byte-for-byte unchanged in the SVG; only the named original viewport is visible. Native IIIF canvas size 2550×3675, presentation image 2000×2882. Gaps in the print, paper, stains and show-through of writing on the reverse remain unchanged. No additions based on modern editions and no manufacturing approval; engraving requires separately reviewed outline preparation.
Research draft. Visually checked, specific single figure from the original print of 1533. The institutional JPEG rendition, 2000 pixels wide, remains embedded in the SVG byte-for-byte; only the named original viewport is visible. Native IIIF canvas size 2550×3675, presentation image 2000×2882. Gaps in the print, paper, stains and show-through of writing on the reverse remain unchanged. No additions based on modern editions and no manufacturing approval; engraving requires separately reviewed outline preparation. The print interruptions and faded lines visible in the original are retained; no modern connections are added. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Visually checked, specific single figure from the original print of 1533. The institutional JPEG rendition, 2000 pixels wide, remains embedded in the SVG byte-for-byte; only the named original viewport is visible. Native IIIF canvas size 2550×3675, presentation image 2000×2882. Gaps in the print, paper, stains and show-through of writing on the reverse remain unchanged. No additions based on modern editions and no manufacturing approval; engraving requires separately reviewed outline preparation. The print interruptions and faded lines visible in the original are retained; no modern connections are added.
Source location: Liber II, Chapter XXII, printed p. CXLIX: Intelligentiæ Iouis.
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa, De occulta philosophia libri tres, Köln [Johannes Soter], 1533, Liber II, Kapitel XXII. Stiftung der Werke von C. G. Jung, Zürich / e-rara. DOI 10.3931/e-rara-4309. Public Domain Mark.
Stiftung der Werke von C. G. Jung, Zürich / e-rara
Source location: VD16 ZV 269; DOI 10.3931/e-rara-4309; Cologne [Soter] 1533
Current institutional catalogue page read directly and archived: printing year 1533, C. G. Jung collection and Public Domain Mark. Not to be conflated with the English printing of 1651 or a modern redrawing.
Stiftung der Werke von C. G. Jung, Zürich / e-rara
Source location: Liber II, Chapter XXII; printed p. CXLIX; Canvas 1343362
The specific original page was viewed directly as an unaltered institutional JPEG. The caption, attribution and complete figure were checked separately; reverse-side writing and printing defects remain visible.
Stiftung der Werke von C. G. Jung, Zürich / e-rara
Source location: Liber II, Chapter XXII; printed p. CXLVIII; Canvas 1343361
Original page concluding the historical planetary talismanic art and giving separate name attributions to planet, intelligence and spirit. The passage reports historical attributions; it is not evidence of modern efficacy or of a surviving individual amulet.
Editorial textual evidence; claims of efficacy are historical attributions. Compare the print variant and corrections before design.
Before designing
Square: fig. 2-32; planetary seal: fig. 2-34. Keep the signs of Intelligence and Spirit separate.
Research draft. Numerical arrangement in Fig. 2-32 read visually and checked against the transmitted row/column sums. Numerical-square component of the catalogue profile; the separate planetary seal and intelligence and spirit signs are not included. Numbers set editorially using custom line geometry without a font; not a print facsimile. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Vector template: Numerical arrangement in Fig. 2-32 read visually and checked against the transmitted row/column sums. Numerical-square component of the catalogue profile; the separate planetary seal and intelligence and spirit signs are not included. Numbers set editorially using custom line geometry without a font; not a print facsimile.
Source location: Book II, chapter xxii; fig. 2-32; only the 4×4 number square
Numerical arrangement in Fig. 2-32 read visually and checked against the transmitted row/column sums. Numerical-square component of the catalogue profile; the separate planetary seal and intelligence and spirit signs are not included. Numbers set editorially using custom line geometry without a font; not a print facsimile.
Source location: Book II, chap. xxii; figures 2-27 to 2-63
Documents seven planetary squares and associated planetary seals. The planet, intelligence and spirit have distinct signs; they are not freely interchangeable.
Source location: Editorial introduction before Book I
Text follows the 1651 English edition; according to the editor, drawings follow Cologne 1533, with some Hebrew letters corrected according to the critical edition. Not an unaltered facsimile.
Circular printed mark with a diagonal cross and four small circles at the ends.
Historically recorded use
Printed sign in the context of historical planetary talismanism; no single museum amulet is attested.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The associated Latin inscription is visible on the specific original page. The number square, planet, intelligence and spirit are separate printed figures. What is evidenced is a specific historical sign form, not a surviving amulet with individually confirmed use. The crop follows the 1533 print and does not adopt any lines completed in modern times. The circle sign is assigned to the planet by the original inscription Iouis; it is not a generic sun or cross symbol.
Before designing
Visually checked specific individual figure from the original 1533 print. The institutional JPEG rendition, 2000 pixels wide, is embedded byte-for-byte unchanged in the SVG; only the named original viewport is visible. Native IIIF canvas size 2550×3675, presentation image 2000×2882. Gaps in the print, paper, stains and show-through of writing on the reverse remain unchanged. No additions based on modern editions and no manufacturing approval; engraving requires separately reviewed outline preparation.
Research draft. Specific individual figure in the original 1533 print, checked visually. The institutional JPEG rendition, 2000 pixels wide, remains embedded byte-for-byte in the SVG; only the named original viewport is visible. Native IIIF canvas size 2550×3675, presentation image 2000×2882. Print gaps, paper, stains and show-through of the reverse-side writing remain unchanged. No additions based on modern editions and no manufacturing approval; engraving requires separately checked contour preparation. The original caption Iouis assigns the circular sign to the planet; it is not a generic sun or cross symbol. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Specific individual figure in the original 1533 print, checked visually. The institutional JPEG rendition, 2000 pixels wide, remains embedded byte-for-byte in the SVG; only the named original viewport is visible. Native IIIF canvas size 2550×3675, presentation image 2000×2882. Print gaps, paper, stains and show-through of the reverse-side writing remain unchanged. No additions based on modern editions and no manufacturing approval; engraving requires separately checked contour preparation. The original caption Iouis assigns the circular sign to the planet; it is not a generic sun or cross symbol.
Source location: Liber II, chapter XXII, printed p. CXLIX: Iouis.
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa, De occulta philosophia libri tres, Köln [Johannes Soter], 1533, Liber II, Kapitel XXII. Stiftung der Werke von C. G. Jung, Zürich / e-rara. DOI 10.3931/e-rara-4309. Public Domain Mark.
Stiftung der Werke von C. G. Jung, Zürich / e-rara
Source location: VD16 ZV 269; DOI 10.3931/e-rara-4309; Cologne [Soter] 1533
Current institutional catalogue page read directly and archived: printing year 1533, C. G. Jung collection and Public Domain Mark. Not to be conflated with the English printing of 1651 or a modern redrawing.
Stiftung der Werke von C. G. Jung, Zürich / e-rara
Source location: Liber II, Chapter XXII; printed p. CXLIX; Canvas 1343362
The specific original page was viewed directly as an unaltered institutional JPEG. The caption, attribution and complete figure were checked separately; reverse-side writing and printing defects remain visible.
Stiftung der Werke von C. G. Jung, Zürich / e-rara
Source location: Liber II, Chapter XXII; printed p. CXLVIII; Canvas 1343361
Original page concluding the historical planetary talismanic art and giving separate name attributions to planet, intelligence and spirit. The passage reports historical attributions; it is not evidence of modern efficacy or of a surviving individual amulet.
Early modern European astromagic Europe (?) · 16th–18th century (?)
Incomplete partial outline; the complete image source remains unknown. Silver disc with a Jupiter square and various Jupiter signs. Only an incomplete historical partial outline is available: only the three engraved signs on the inner reverse. The two lower line ends remain separate as in the photograph. Latin transcription, Hebrew number square, obverse, hole and modern inventory inscription are not part of the source. The complete image source remains unknown.
Research draftSource-based vector template
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern European astromagic
Region
Europe (?)
Date of the evidence
16th–18th century (?)
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Description
Incomplete partial outline; the complete image source remains unknown. Silver disc with a Jupiter square and various Jupiter signs. Only an incomplete historical partial outline is available: only the three engraved signs on the inner reverse. The two lower line ends remain separate as in the photograph. Latin transcription, Hebrew number square, obverse, hole and modern inventory inscription are not part of the source. The complete image source remains unknown.
Historically recorded use
Catalogued by the museum as a magical amulet pendant.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Specific object evidence; the question marks in the museum dating are retained. 2026-10-09: Only the three incised signs on the inside of the reverse. Two lower line ends remain separate, as in the photograph. Latin transliteration, Hebrew number square, front, hole and modern inventory inscription are not part of the template. No Agrippa standard sign or PAS755270 substitute; no photo pixels or transcription. The modern photograph remains private; the public template is exclusively an original, limited line transfer, not an open permission to use the photograph and not manufacturing approval. Identity: visible1885/5/08/107 on the front photograph and paired filenames; primary museum catalogue and Pilcher1906 catalogueI,pp115–116. Secondary photo witness2017 is explicitly not an institutional primary-image retrieval.
Before designing
Only the three incised signs on the inner back. The two lower line ends remain separate, as in the photograph. Latin transliteration, Hebrew magic square, front, hole and modern inventory inscription are not part of the reference. Not an Agrippa standard sign or a PAS755270 substitute; no photographic pixels or transcription of writing.
Research draft. Only the three incised signs on the inner back. Two lower line ends remain separate, as in the photograph. Latin transliteration, Hebrew magic square, front, hole and modern inventory inscription are not part of the source. No Agrippa standard sign or PAS755270 substitute; no photographic pixels or transcription of the writing. An original line rendering of an old form, made without fonts; no modern photograph used. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Vector template: Only the three incised signs on the inner back. Two lower line ends remain separate, as in the photograph. Latin transliteration, Hebrew magic square, front, hole and modern inventory inscription are not part of the source. No Agrippa standard sign or PAS755270 substitute; no photographic pixels or transcription of the writing. An original line rendering of an old form, made without fonts; no modern photograph used.
Only the three incised signs on the inner back. Two lower line ends remain separate, as in the photograph. Latin transliteration, Hebrew magic square, front, hole and modern inventory inscription are not part of the source. No Agrippa standard sign or PAS755270 substitute; no photographic pixels or transcription of the writing. An original line rendering of an old form, made without fonts; no modern photograph used.
The museum catalogue describes a Jupiter square, planetary seal and intelligence sign; the dating and European manufacture are qualified with question marks.
Search index evidence – complete source page not yet checked · Checked on:
Printed1906 year observed. Archive metadata1878 is the series start. The article’s photographic plates are Nash collection objects, not these BM objects. Textual correspondence only.
Early modern English-Latin ritual magic English-Latin manuscript; present-day holding in London · Late 16th century (institutional dating of the manuscript)
Three horizontal bars with short teeth are crossed by a large curved diagonal. The directly inscribed Latin name Juppiter establishes the historical identification as Jupiter. The seven separate lines on the same page are preserved as spatially disjoint; individual amulet effect or wearing use is not evidenced.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern English-Latin ritual magic
Region
English-Latin manuscript; present-day holding in London
Date of the evidence
Late 16th century (institutional dating of the manuscript)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Three horizontal bars with short teeth are crossed by a large curved diagonal. The directly inscribed Latin name Juppiter establishes the historical identification as Jupiter. The seven separate lines on the same page are preserved as spatially disjoint; individual amulet effect or wearing use is not evidenced.
Historically recorded use
The directly inscribed Latin designation Juppiter establishes the historical identification with Jupiter. The seven separate lines on the same page are kept spatially distinct; no individual amulet effect or wearing practice is evidenced.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Specific manuscript witness MS.110, institutionally dated to the late 16th century. Pseudo-Bacon and Pseudo-Solomon are attributions, not securely established medieval authorship. The modern blue folio numbers are distinguished from the age of the text; verso references follow the adjacent visible recto foliation and the IIIF page sequence. Irregular lines, show-through, losses and original variations in the signs are retained. The complete selected group is a component of this one copy and not a new abstract type of tradition.
Before designing
Unaltered native full-page JPEG within the SVG; only the documented viewport selects the complete historical figure. No added lines, modern replacement glyphs, raster conversion, vector transcription or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Specific manuscript witness MS.110, institutionally dated to the late 16th century. Pseudo-Bacon and Pseudo-Solomon are attributions, not securely established medieval authorship. The modern blue folio numbers are distinguished from the age of the text; verso references follow the adjacent visible recto foliation and the IIIF page sequence. Irregular lines, show-through, losses and original variations in the signs are retained. The complete selected group is a component of this one copy, not a new abstract type of tradition. Unaltered native full-page JPEG in the SVG; only the documented viewport selects the complete historical figure. No added lines, modern substitute glyphs, raster conversion, vector transcription or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Specific manuscript witness MS.110, institutionally dated to the late 16th century. Pseudo-Bacon and Pseudo-Solomon are attributions, not securely established medieval authorship. The modern blue folio numbers are distinguished from the age of the text; verso references follow the adjacent visible recto foliation and the IIIF page sequence. Irregular lines, show-through, losses and original variations in the signs are retained. The complete selected group is a component of this one copy, not a new abstract type of tradition. Unaltered native full-page JPEG in the SVG; only the documented viewport selects the complete historical figure. No added lines, modern substitute glyphs, raster conversion, vector transcription or manufacturing approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.110, f.30r; Canvas position 73/256; labelled line Juppiter
Source location: MS.110; current API p8bhyjys; old ID afsfdgzh (HTTP 410)
Dating and exact Digital Location. Roger Bacon is a pseudo-author attribution; the present binding, early 19th century, is not the date of the writing. Rights: Individual Digital Location links b18937135 with PDM.
Source location: 256 Canvases; historical folio numbers in the image
Images, sequence, dimensions and institutional descriptions of the five component texts. Folios 36–38 incorrectly bound according to the catalogue. Rights: the specific digital surrogate as a whole carries the Public Domain Mark; no transfer of rights from other images.
Unaltered complete institutional JPEG page; historical individual sign located by visible evidence. Rights: PDM for the exactly corresponding IIIF digital surrogate b18937135.
English-Latin Balemyn seal tradition Manuscript from the Lightfoot Collection; held today in London · Mid-17th century (institutional dating)
A Jupiter sign stands in the inner circle. Around it are alternating bold characters, loops and a crossed triangular form. A historical group of planetary seals, attributed on the sheet itself to the Balemyn text. The text that follows concerns drawing and engraving planetary seals; this does not attest to an individual museum amulet that was actually worn.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
English-Latin Balemyn seal tradition
Region
Manuscript from the Lightfoot Collection; held today in London
Date of the evidence
Mid-17th century (institutional dating)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A Jupiter sign stands in the inner circle. Around it are alternating bold characters, loops and a crossed triangular form. A historical group of planetary seals, attributed on the sheet itself to the Balemyn text. The text that follows concerns drawing and engraving planetary seals; this does not attest to an individual museum amulet that was actually worn.
Historically recorded use
Historical group of planetary seals, attributed on the sheet itself to the Balemyn text. The following text discusses drawing and engraving planetary seals; this does not establish that an individual museum amulet was actually worn.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Specific new manuscript witness MS.426, institutionally dated to the mid-17th century. Lightfoot is probably the compiler; Balemyn remains a transmitted spelling of a name, without an invented author identification. The drawing sheet is visibly marked in pencil p. 24, followed by text p. 33; Canvas17/89 is not a folio number. The differing pagination transition is retained. The seven localised circles in this one ensemble are distinct image variants, not seven newly formed traditions. The central Jupiter sign is visible in the unchanged original.
Before designing
Complete selected circle in the unaltered native full-page JPEG. Rectangular viewports may retain small margins of neighbouring circles in their corners; these are not masked or painted over. The circular figures are neither moved nor supplemented. No raster re-encoding, new outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Concrete new manuscript witness MS.426, institutionally dated to the mid-17th century. Lightfoot is probably the compiler; Balemyn remains a transmitted spelling of a name, without an invented identification of the author. The drawing sheet visibly bears pencil p. 24, followed by text p. 33; Canvas17/89 is not a folio number. The differing pagination transition is retained. The seven localised circles in this one ensemble are distinct image variants, not seven newly emerged traditions. The central Jupiter sign is visible in the unchanged original. The complete selected circle is shown in the unchanged native full-sheet JPEG. Rectangular viewports may retain small margins of neighbouring circles at their corners; these are not masked or painted over. The circle figures are neither moved nor supplemented. No raster re-encoding, new outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Concrete new manuscript witness MS.426, institutionally dated to the mid-17th century. Lightfoot is probably the compiler; Balemyn remains a transmitted spelling of a name, without an invented identification of the author. The drawing sheet visibly bears pencil p. 24, followed by text p. 33; Canvas17/89 is not a folio number. The differing pagination transition is retained. The seven localised circles in this one ensemble are distinct image variants, not seven newly emerged traditions. The central Jupiter sign is visible in the unchanged original. The complete selected circle is shown in the unchanged native full-sheet JPEG. Rectangular viewports may retain small margins of neighbouring circles at their corners; these are not masked or painted over. The circle figures are neither moved nor supplemented. No raster re-encoding, new outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.426; drawing sheet, visible pencil p. 24; canvas position 17/89; Jupiter circle seal; next text visible on p. 33.
Jupiter talisman for offices and honours – MS.4670,p.165
Original image · source evidence
Historical pentacle
French Clavicula and pseudo-Solomon tradition French-language volume; now at Wellcome Collection, London · 1796; dating of the specific Wellcome volume MS.4670
Blue inscribed circle around two nested diamonds and a hexagram; small gold-coloured drawn signs sit at the centre and at the inner diamond points. The heading assigns the figure to Thursday and Jupiter and names honours and dignities as its purpose. This is a historical ritual attribution, with no evidence of such an effect.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French Clavicula and pseudo-Solomon tradition
Region
French-language volume; now at Wellcome Collection, London
Date of the evidence
1796; dating of the specific Wellcome volume MS.4670
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Blue inscribed circle around two nested diamonds and a hexagram; small gold-coloured drawn signs sit at the centre and at the inner diamond points. The heading assigns the figure to Thursday and Jupiter and names honours and dignities as its purpose. This is a historical ritual attribution, with no evidence of such an effect.
Historically recorded use
The heading assigns the figure to Thursday and Jupiter, and names honourable offices and dignities as its purpose. This is a historical ritual attribution, with no evidence of such an effect.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The individual Miro image number and CC-BY-DigitalLocation are institutionally linked to MS4670. The page number and individual heading have been checked against the unaltered full image. The figure is a single located component of the same volume, not another surviving amulet object. The specific manuscript is dated to 1796 in the institutional volume catalogue. Pseudo-Solomon and the claimed translation from Hebrew are transmitted attributions; no ancient authorship or surviving Hebrew original is claimed. Historical statements of purpose are not evidence of efficacy.
Before designing
Unchanged native full-page JPEG embedded in the SVG; only the visible figure area is bounded by the viewport. Paper, colours, show-through writing and existing traces are retained. No outline transcription, added lines or approval for engraving.
Research draft. The individual Miro image number and CC-BY-DigitalLocation are institutionally linked to MS4670. The page number and individual heading have been checked against the unaltered full image. The figure is a single, located component of the same volume, not another surviving amulet object. Unaltered native full-page JPEG embedded in the SVG; only the visible figure area is bounded by the viewport. The paper, colours, show-through text and existing traces are retained. No outline transcription, line additions or engraving approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The individual Miro image number and CC-BY-DigitalLocation are institutionally linked to MS4670. The page number and individual heading have been checked against the unaltered full image. The figure is a single, located component of the same volume, not another surviving amulet object. Unaltered native full-page JPEG embedded in the SVG; only the visible figure area is bounded by the viewport. The paper, colours, show-through text and existing traces are retained. No outline transcription, line additions or engraving approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.4670,1796; handwritten p.165;Pour obtenir les charges les plus honorables & les dignités. Le Jeudi sous Jupiter;original photograph L0073110
Jupiter-Talisman für Ämter und Würden – MS.4670,S.165. 1796; Datierung des konkreten Wellcome-Bands MS.4670. Source: Wellcome Collection. CC BY 4.0; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Darstellungsänderung: begrenzter SVG-Viewport; JPEG unverändert.
Institutional volume catalogue with a specific shelfmark and year date, 1796. The attribution J. S. Fyot, 1796 is recorded in Volume I; there is no secure individual attribution of the drawings for every sheet of the second volume.
Source location: MS4670; institutional Miro image number L0073110
CC BY 4.0 expressly applies to the individual IIIF image digital item; the catalogue prose describes the volume as a whole, while specific pages/figures are identified from the visible original.
Unaltered full/full JPEG; the individual work metadata explicitly links this image to MS4670. Viewports from different pages are separate and do not overlap.
Germanic runic script Reference: Gotland · Elder Futhark; check model dating separately
Sign j.
Research draftSource-based vector template
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Germanic runic script
Region
Reference: Gotland
Date of the evidence
Elder Futhark; check model dating separately
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Description
Sign j.
Historically recorded use
Written signs
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Historical letter; the normalised older form of the name is reconstructed. No individual amulet effect is inferred from the name.
Before designing
Unicode shows a normalised letter form. For manufacture, select a specific historical character variant and check it against the find.
Research draft. Normalised editorial letterform ᛃ (U+16C3); line geometry drawn by hand without a font, not taken from a font file. Do not present as a faithful Kylver facsimile or an individually evidenced amulet sign. Names are reconstructed; no individual magical effect is inferred. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Vector template: Normalised editorial letterform ᛃ (U+16C3); line geometry drawn by hand without a font, not taken from a font file. Do not present as a faithful Kylver facsimile or an individually evidenced amulet sign. Names are reconstructed; no individual magical effect is inferred.
Source location: G 88 / Kylver; sequence A I, character 12; normalised Unicode character U+16C3
Normalised editorial letterform ᛃ (U+16C3); line geometry drawn by hand without a font, not taken from a font file. Do not present as a faithful Kylver facsimile or an individually evidenced amulet sign. Names are reconstructed; no individual magical effect is inferred.
Niedersächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, RuneS
Source location: Signs 11458–11482; sequence A I
Scholarly names and transliterations; the names are catalogue designations, not recorded explanations of the names in the ancient incision. Kylver places p before ï and d before o.
Jewish Kabbalistic amulet culture Origin not specified in the short source · 18th century
Personalised Hebrew inscription amulet in the Wellcome Collection.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Jewish Kabbalistic amulet culture
Region
Origin not specified in the short source
Date of the evidence
18th century
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Description
Personalised Hebrew inscription amulet in the Wellcome Collection.
Historically recorded use
Protective intention against the plague for Bela, daughter of Rachel.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Title and description establish the recipient and protective intention; exact formula and image structure have not yet been checked.
Before designing
Read work eapkpjrv in full and check the source before extracting a motif segment; no universal health assurance.
Research draft. Full view of the Hebrew plague-protection sheet for Bela, daughter of Rachel; damage and folds are retained. Unmodified JPEG bytes; documented SVG viewport only. Raster facsimile, not CNC or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Full view of the Hebrew plague-protection sheet for Bela, daughter of Rachel; damage and folds are retained. Unmodified JPEG bytes; documented SVG viewport only. Raster facsimile, not CNC or manufacturing approval.
Source location: Or WEL HEB A.26; image L0038187; 5×5 grid and Hebrew writing beneath
Source location: Work eapkpjrv; title and description
Personal intention to protect Bela, daughter of Rachel, from plague. Brief image catalogue; precise formulas, provenance and image variants have not yet been deciphered.
Kalachakra monogram – All-Powerful Ten on a Mongolian helmet
Original image · source evidence
Mantras
Tibetan Buddhism Mongolia · 15th–17th century
Monogram of ten Sanskrit syllables in the centre of the headband.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Tibetan Buddhism
Region
Mongolia
Date of the evidence
15th–17th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Monogram of ten Sanskrit syllables in the centre of the headband.
Historically recorded use
Sacred mantra decoration within a helmet’s protection scheme.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Named form in the catalogue; invocations of Yamantaka on the same helmet.
Before designing
Draw only the monogram on 1999.120; check the graphic interweaving first.
Research draft. Complete, visually checked museum photograph of the specific linked historical object. The unchanged original JPEG bytes are embedded in the SVG as a raster facsimile; this is neither a cropped individual glyph nor a redrawn sigil. The object context and all visible image details are retained. No production-ready vector paths; engraving or CNC production requires separate review. The complete helmet photograph shows the visible historical writing/monogram areas in the object context. No new transcription, syllable composition or isolated standardised mantra form. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete, visually checked museum photograph of the specific linked historical object. The unchanged original JPEG bytes are embedded in the SVG as a raster facsimile; this is neither a cropped individual glyph nor a redrawn sigil. The object context and all visible image details are retained. No production-ready vector paths; engraving or CNC production requires separate review. The complete helmet photograph shows the visible historical writing/monogram areas in the object context. No new transcription, syllable composition or isolated standardised mantra form.
Source location: Met object 26628; inventory 1999.120; complete main photograph from the current institutional API, uncropped; original 3791 × 3792 px
Roman Imperial period; Mediterranean and Egyptian religious glyptic Mediterranean; exact location unknown · 2nd–early 3rd century A.D.
Carved Medusa head in three-quarter profile on layered sardonyx.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Roman Imperial period; Mediterranean and Egyptian religious glyptic
Region
Mediterranean; exact location unknown
Date of the evidence
2nd–early 3rd century A.D.
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Carved Medusa head in three-quarter profile on layered sardonyx.
Historically recorded use
The museum describes the religious or mythological image of Medusa as a specific ancient gem motif.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
No individual use of this cameo as a worn protective amulet is documented. General Gorgoneion protective traditions are not automatically transferred to this specimen.
Before designing
Unmodified native institutional photographic source; no invented glyph additions, no isolated vector outline and no manufacturing approval. Historical evidence and comparative interpretation remain separate.
Research draft. No individual use of this cameo as a worn protective amulet is documented. General Gorgoneion protective traditions are not automatically transferred to this specimen. Complete original JPEG bytes; losses to the writing and material are not supplied. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: No individual use of this cameo as a worn protective amulet is documented. General Gorgoneion protective traditions are not automatically transferred to this specimen. Complete original JPEG bytes; losses to the writing and material are not supplied.
Source location: 83.AN.437.43; complete view of the main image as actually photographed
Ancient Egyptian amulets and historical symbol forms Egypt; Lisht North, pit tomb 763, burial of Senebtisi · c. 1850–1775 BC
Orange carnelian falcon with a short beak and folded wings, shown in the museum photograph with an arrangement of beads.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Ancient Egyptian amulets and historical symbol forms
Region
Egypt; Lisht North, pit tomb 763, burial of Senebtisi
Date of the evidence
c. 1850–1775 BC
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Orange carnelian falcon with a short beak and folded wings, shown in the museum photograph with an arrangement of beads.
Historically recorded use
Small falcon amulet from a documented Middle Kingdom tomb find.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The primary photograph shows an extensive bead ensemble. Only the identifiable carnelian falcon 08.200.42a from the additional museum view is selected for the motif; the arrangement is not presented as an untouched ancient state. The date range follows the legible catalogue dating; the differing numerical API values are preserved separately in the evidence record.
Before designing
Source-bound SVG crop of the actual falcon in the additional original capture; adjacent beads are not retouched. CC0 raster reference; not a verified manufacturing file. A separately verified outline preparation is required for engraving or casting.
Research draft. Source-based SVG excerpt of the actual falcon in the additional original photograph; adjacent beads are not retouched. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Source-based SVG excerpt of the actual falcon in the additional original photograph; adjacent beads are not retouched.
Source location: Met 08.200.42a; selected original image
Source location: Met 08.200.42a; object 544163; API title, objectDate, medium, geography, images
Directly archived institutional object record for this exact inventory item. Image form also checked visually; named function and attribution only to the extent documented in each case.
Kartika with vajra handle and makara hilt – Eastern Tibet
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Tibetan Vajrayana Buddhism Eastern Tibet, Derge · Around the 15th century
Long curved steel blade, its base emerging from a wide-open Makara mouth; gold and silver inlays and a Vajra hilt.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Tibetan Vajrayana Buddhism
Region
Eastern Tibet, Derge
Date of the evidence
Around the 15th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Long curved steel blade, its base emerging from a wide-open Makara mouth; gold and silver inlays and a Vajra hilt.
Historically recorded use
Ritual knife with the vajra as the principal Buddhist symbol on the handle; the current museum description documents its form and provenance.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
No evidence of a specific historical act of cutting or a personal amulet. The original photograph documents the object’s present museum condition; the sources consulted here do not attest to individual restoration steps.
Before designing
Native institutional original photograph embedded unchanged; complete view or precisely localised component of a scroll. No new isolated signs, no local upscaling and no missing strokes added. A raster facsimile is not an engraving-ready outline.
Research draft. No evidence of a specific historical act of cutting or a personal amulet. The original photograph documents the present-day museum condition; individual restoration steps are not attested in the sources consulted here. Original JPEG bytes unchanged and pixel viewport documented. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: No evidence of a specific historical act of cutting or a personal amulet. The original photograph documents the present-day museum condition; individual restoration steps are not attested in the sources consulted here. Original JPEG bytes unchanged and pixel viewport documented.
Source location: Met 1985.397; complete current primary original view
Source location: Met 1985.397; object 39407; current object description and specific native original photograph
The current object page was read via web access, the Met object API was fully archived, and the individual original photograph was visually checked. Unattested ways of wearing the object or private protective effects have not been added. Text and API dating remain separate where they differ.
Source location: Open Access images under CC0; the specific isPublicDomain status is given in the individual object metadata
For each image, the release is combined with the current object API and the Public-Domain designation on the specific object page. Open metadata alone does not imply rights to third-party photographs.
Kassite Mesopotamia · About the 16th–12th century BC
Seal-shaped stone with several visible characters. The institutional black-and-white photograph is only 709 × 800 pixels and is retained at this native resolution.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Kassite
Region
Mesopotamia
Date of the evidence
About the 16th–12th century BC
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Seal-shaped stone with several visible characters. The institutional black-and-white photograph is only 709 × 800 pixels and is retained at this native resolution.
Historically recorded use
The Met explicitly catalogues the inscribed stone as a seal-shaped amulet. This establishes the historical object classification; the present source explains neither a specific protective invocation nor an identified wearer.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 52.119.13. No independent translation of the cuneiform and no restoration of abraded signs. The literal dating, c. 16th–12th century BC, and the numerical API bounds are preserved separately.
Before designing
Native museum photograph as a historical reference; damage, writing and present-day photographic condition unaltered. No manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Full native JPEG photograph without cropping, resampling, retouching or added glyphs. Seal-shaped stone with several visible characters. The institution’s black-and-white photograph is only 709 × 800 pixels and is retained at this native resolution. Not approved for manufacture. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Full native JPEG photograph without cropping, resampling, retouching or added glyphs. Seal-shaped stone with several visible characters. The institution’s black-and-white photograph is only 709 × 800 pixels and is retained at this native resolution. Not approved for manufacture.
Source location: 52.119.13; fully attributed museum photograph
Successfully read primary text from the web tool. The separate native HTML retrieval returned 429 and is archived as an error; it is not used as read licence text.
Egyptian Egypt · Middle Kingdom, 11th–13th Dynasties, approximately 2055–1650 BCE
Small greenish figure with a human face and crouching body. The photograph shows the surviving, partly worn facial features and the rounded overall form.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Egyptian
Region
Egypt
Date of the evidence
Middle Kingdom, 11th–13th Dynasties, approximately 2055–1650 BCE
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Small greenish figure with a human face and crouching body. The photograph shows the surviving, partly worn facial features and the rounded overall form.
Historically recorded use
The museum catalogues the green feldspar object as an amulet depicting a crouching female sphinx.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The female sphinx is the catalogue identification; no specific goddess or personal protective role is added. The object, inventory number, material and dating are tied to the archived API record.
Before designing
Actually seen: green crouching figure with a human head, body drawn forwards and worn details. Unmodified institutional JPEG presentation image in the complete image crop; not an isolated engraving outline and not manufacturing approval.
Research draft. The female sphinx is the catalogue identification; no specific goddess or personal protective function has been added. Complete institutional presentation photograph, 1686 pixels wide; larger IIIF master dimensions 2371×3000 documented separately. No local scaling or re-encoding of the embedded JPEG bytes. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The female sphinx is the catalogue identification; no specific goddess or personal protective function has been added. Complete institutional presentation photograph, 1686 pixels wide; larger IIIF master dimensions 2371×3000 documented separately. No local scaling or re-encoding of the embedded JPEG bytes.
Source location: Inventory 1894.832; institutional main view 97a971fc-9001-c335-f73a-09141abc2295
Art Institute of Chicago. Amulet of a Crouched Female Sphinx, Middle Kingdom, Dynasty 11–13 (about 2055–1650 BCE), 1894.832. Gift of Henry H. Getty and Charles L. Hutchinson
Source location: Inventory 1894.832; API object 140810; JSON /data[id=140810]
Institutional evidence for an individual object from an archived multi-record API retrieval. Dating, material, provenance and inventory details follow the specific record; source attribution is not an independent scientific authenticity test.
Source location: Open Access Images; CC0 Public Domain Designation
Specific images only when accompanied by the individual is_public_domain=true and the object's image ID. Descriptive API texts separately carry CC BY4; image release is CC0.
Germanic runic script Reference: Gotland · Elder Futhark; check model dating separately
Sign k.
Research draftSource-based vector template
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Germanic runic script
Region
Reference: Gotland
Date of the evidence
Elder Futhark; check model dating separately
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Description
Sign k.
Historically recorded use
Written signs
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Historical letter; the normalised older form of the name is reconstructed. No individual amulet effect is inferred from the name. Treat the name reconstruction or phonetic value with particular caution.
Before designing
Unicode shows a normalised letter form. For manufacture, select a specific historical character variant and check it against the find.
Research draft. Normalised editorial letterform ᚲ (U+16B2); hand-set, font-free line geometry, not taken from a font file. Do not present as a faithful Kylver facsimile or an individually attested amulet sign. Names are reconstructed; no individual magical effect is inferred. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Vector template: Normalised editorial letterform ᚲ (U+16B2); hand-set, font-free line geometry, not taken from a font file. Do not present as a faithful Kylver facsimile or an individually attested amulet sign. Names are reconstructed; no individual magical effect is inferred.
Source location: G 88 / Kylver; sequence A I, sign 6; normalised Unicode character U+16B2
Normalised editorial letterform ᚲ (U+16B2); hand-set, font-free line geometry, not taken from a font file. Do not present as a faithful Kylver facsimile or an individually attested amulet sign. Names are reconstructed; no individual magical effect is inferred.
Niedersächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, RuneS
Source location: Signs 11458–11482; sequence A I
Scholarly names and transliterations; the names are catalogue designations, not recorded explanations of the names in the ancient incision. Kylver places p before ï and d before o.
A cowrie-shell-like side and a depiction of a hare come together in a double-sided amber pendant.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Archaic Italy; Etruscan, Greek and Italic visual traditions
Region
Italy
Date of the evidence
600–500 B.C.
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A cowrie-shell-like side and a depiction of a hare come together in a double-sided amber pendant.
Historically recorded use
The catalogue compares the form, animal and amber with fertility, regeneration and possible protective functions; the perforation is part of the pendant form.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The piece is Italic, not an Egyptian original. The archived main photograph documents only its visible side; the other side of the image is additionally supported by the institutional description.
Before designing
Unmodified native institutional photographic source; no invented glyph additions, no isolated vector outline and no manufacturing approval. Historical evidence and comparative interpretation remain separate.
Research draft. The piece is Italic, not an Egyptian original. The archived main photograph documents only its visible side; the other image side is additionally supported by the institutional description. Complete original JPEG bytes; losses of text and material have not been filled in. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The piece is Italic, not an Egyptian original. The archived main photograph documents only its visible side; the other image side is additionally supported by the institutional description. Complete original JPEG bytes; losses of text and material have not been filled in.
Source location: 79.AO.75.28; full main image view actually photographed
Scholarly comparison and interpretation are presented separately from secure object form and actual use. Photograph separately from current collection metadata relation.
Kebehsenuef, falcon-headed son of Horus (Walters 48.1638)
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Ancient Egyptian amulets Egypt · c. 750–650 BC (Third Intermediate Period)
Flat mummy-shaped figure with a falcon head, neck collar and five diagonal body stripes. Front and back show edge perforations; according to the museum, the break at the middle of the body has been rejoined.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Ancient Egyptian amulets
Region
Egypt
Date of the evidence
c. 750–650 BC (Third Intermediate Period)
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Flat mummy-shaped figure with a falcon head, neck collar and five diagonal body stripes. Front and back show edge perforations; according to the museum, the break at the middle of the body has been rejoined.
Historically recorded use
According to Egyptian beliefs about the afterlife, the four sons of Horus protected the mummified organs. This figure explicitly belongs to the Walters set 48.1638–48.1641; the perforations enabled attachment to mummy wrappings or bead nets.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Specific museum object, Walters 48.1638. Four related individual objects from one set, not four independent traditions. No particular grave find or wearer is claimed.
Before designing
Unaltered, complete original photographs in an SVG facsimile. No reconstructed outline and no manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Flat, mummy-shaped figure with a falcon head, neck collar and five diagonal body stripes. Front and back show edge perforations; according to the museum, the break at the centre of the body has been rejoined. Specific museum object, Walters 48.1638. Four related individual objects from one set, not four independent traditions. No specific tomb find or wearer is claimed. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Flat, mummy-shaped figure with a falcon head, neck collar and five diagonal body stripes. Front and back show edge perforations; according to the museum, the break at the centre of the body has been rejoined. Specific museum object, Walters 48.1638. Four related individual objects from one set, not four independent traditions. No specific tomb find or wearer is claimed.
Source location: The Walters Art Museum, 48.1638; complete original view(s)
Wide openwork metal plate with an upper suspension, dense plant decoration and two birds facing one another in the foreground. The complete native photograph is black and white.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Buddhist visual tradition
Region
Japan
Date of the evidence
13th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Wide openwork metal plate with an upper suspension, dense plant decoration and two birds facing one another in the foreground. The complete native photograph is black and white.
Historically recorded use
Keman hang from pillars or from the canopy above the altar in Buddhist temples. The museum describes their presumed origin in flower garlands offered as votive gifts. This large decorative temple pendant is not a documented bodily amulet.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 68.76, Met object 44888. The type’s derivation from flower garlands is a museum interpretation. Keman here means a sacred hanging decoration; the 27.9×38.7 cm form is not reinterpreted as a small neck medallion.
Before designing
Unchanged complete native museum image; no reconstruction of damaged details. No manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete native museum photograph, with no raster transformation or reconstruction of old forms. Historical religious image evidence; not approved for manufacture. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete native museum photograph, with no raster transformation or reconstruction of old forms. Historical religious image evidence; not approved for manufacture.
Source location: The Metropolitan Museum of Art; 68.76; complete selected individual image
Ceramic mould for a grape amulet – Princeton y1958-39
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Ancient Egyptian amulet-making Egypt; API excavation record: Tell el Amarna, object page names only Egypt · 1550–1300 BC; New Kingdom, 18th Dynasty
Fully photographed ceramic moulded object with a recessed grape design. Irregularities and pale residue are reproduced unchanged.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Ancient Egyptian amulet-making
Region
Egypt; API excavation record: Tell el Amarna, object page names only Egypt
Date of the evidence
1550–1300 BC; New Kingdom, 18th Dynasty
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Fully photographed ceramic moulded object with a recessed grape design. Irregularities and pale residue are reproduced unchanged.
Historically recorded use
Catalogued as a form for making amulets. The grape motif is attested by the museum’s indexing and the visible negative form; the mould itself is not a worn amulet.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
No positive cast or actual protective use of the form is claimed. Provenance: acquired by the Metropolitan Museum in 1958; the number 1312 given there has no confirmed identity as a Met inventory number. The shorter caption omits the height; the full measurements are retained in the metadata. The API lists Tell el Amarna under geography.excavation, whereas the public object page gives only Egypt; this does not establish a precise findspot or excavation context.
Before designing
Native, complete museum view as a source reference; no reconstructed engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Unaltered complete native JPEG file. No positive cast and no actual protective use of the form are claimed. Provenance: acquired by the Metropolitan Museum in 1958, with the reference there given as No. 1312, without confirmed Met inventory identity. The shorter caption omits the height; the full measurements are retained in the metadata. No outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Unaltered complete native JPEG file. No positive cast and no actual protective use of the form are claimed. Provenance: acquired by the Metropolitan Museum in 1958, with the reference there given as No. 1312, without confirmed Met inventory identity. The shorter caption omits the height; the full measurements are retained in the metadata. No outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: y1958-39; complete native museum view
Scandinavian Viking Age symbol and jewellery culture Kertinge Mark, Funen · Viking Age (catalogue attribution)
A lead hammer has a slightly asymmetrical head. The catalogue identifies traces of a now-plugged hole in the shaft.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Scandinavian Viking Age symbol and jewellery culture
Region
Kertinge Mark, Funen
Date of the evidence
Viking Age (catalogue attribution)
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A lead hammer has a slightly asymmetrical head. The catalogue identifies traces of a now-plugged hole in the shaft.
Historically recorded use
Historical hammer-shaped jewellery or symbolic object; its specific use and the owner’s personal intention are not recorded.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The museum dates it to the Viking Age. The filled perforation is not digitally opened, and the original suspension is not reconstructed.
Before designing
Unchanged original photographs as image reference. Individual views are shown separately alongside one another; no engraving outline has been added and no manufacturing approval has been given.
Research draft. The museum dates it to the Viking Age. The filled perforation is not digitally opened, and the original suspension is not reconstructed. Each image is complete and retains its unchanged native JPEG bytes; separate views are not a historical overall form. Presentation files, not TIFF masters. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The museum dates it to the Viking Age. The filled perforation is not digitally opened, and the original suspension is not reconstructed. Each image is complete and retains its unchanged native JPEG bytes; separate views are not a historical overall form. Presentation files, not TIFF masters.
Individual institutional object record. Find, registration and photography dates are not treated as manufacturing dates. Uncertain signs and functional identifications remain qualified.
Khatvanga staff finial with three heads (Met 2015.500.6.13)
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Tibetan Buddhism in early Ming China China; Tibetan Buddhist ritual context · Early 15th century; API search interval 1400–1433
Carved ivory finial with tiered heads, a skull and a richly ornamented lower section. Complete front and rear views document the surviving object; two side views remain additional private research evidence.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Tibetan Buddhism in early Ming China
Region
China; Tibetan Buddhist ritual context
Date of the evidence
Early 15th century; API search interval 1400–1433
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Carved ivory finial with tiered heads, a skull and a richly ornamented lower section. Complete front and rear views document the surviving object; two side views remain additional private research evidence.
Historically recorded use
According to the Met's curatorial interpretation, the finial probably crowned a long staff used in Buddhist rituals to subdue demons. The museum explains these as symbols of obstacles on the path to enlightenment and dates the piece to Tibetan Buddhism at the Chinese court in the 15th century. The museum interprets the overflowing vase as an Indian symbol of abundance and the sequence of human, decomposing and skeletal heads as expressing the inevitability of change and death.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Surviving finial, not a complete staff; the former attachment to a staff remains a curatorial reconstruction. Ritual object with a symbolic programme; no evidence that it was worn as an amulet pendant. Ivory is the historical material designation; this does not constitute a material or manufacturing recommendation. The symbolic interpretations are attributed to the museum; there is no independent reading of an inscription, no reconstruction and no claim of efficacy.
Before designing
Unaltered native original photographs as historical reference. No engraving outlines, no reconstruction of writing and no manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Carved ivory finial with tiered heads, a skull and a richly ornamented lower section. Complete front and back views document the surviving piece; two side views remain additional private research evidence. Surviving finial, not a complete staff; its former attachment to a staff remains a curatorial reconstruction. Ritual implement with a symbolic programme; no evidence of a worn amulet pendant. Ivory is the historical material description; this does not imply a material or manufacturing recommendation. The symbolic interpretations are attributed to the museum; no independent reading of inscriptions, reconstruction or promise of effect is offered. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Carved ivory finial with tiered heads, a skull and a richly ornamented lower section. Complete front and back views document the surviving piece; two side views remain additional private research evidence. Surviving finial, not a complete staff; its former attachment to a staff remains a curatorial reconstruction. Ritual implement with a symbolic programme; no evidence of a worn amulet pendant. Ivory is the historical material description; this does not imply a material or manufacturing recommendation. The symbolic interpretations are attributed to the museum; no independent reading of inscriptions, reconstruction or promise of effect is offered.
Source location: 2015.500.6.13; two complete native original captures
Source location: CC0 policy for public-domain artwork images
Institutional rights statement, checked alongside the individual public-domain information on the three object pages and APIs. No blanket CC0 release of curatorial descriptive texts is claimed.
Jewish protective amulets Place of manufacture not stated in the museum catalogue · 18th century
Round iron amulet with a suspension loop, a large He, a small flower and encircling Hebrew writing. The reverse bears several lines of heavily corroded text.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Jewish protective amulets
Region
Place of manufacture not stated in the museum catalogue
Date of the evidence
18th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Round iron amulet with a suspension loop, a large He, a small flower and encircling Hebrew writing. The reverse bears several lines of heavily corroded text.
Historically recorded use
Historical child’s amulet with a blessing and a request for protection from the evil eye and illness.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The museum’s reading of the corroded reverse is treated as a catalogue interpretation. Two complete native museum photographs show both sides; no missing letters are supplied.
Before designing
Two complete native original photographs in one SVG view; no raster alteration or traced inscription, no manufacturing approval.
Research draft. The museum’s reading of the corroded reverse is treated as a catalogue interpretation. Two complete native museum photographs show both sides; no missing letters are added. Both native WebP files embedded in full and unchanged; no local raster conversion. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The museum’s reading of the corroded reverse is treated as a catalogue interpretation. Two complete native museum photographs show both sides; no missing letters are added. Both native WebP files embedded in full and unchanged; no local raster conversion.
Short original summary of specifically located objects. Inventories, dates, source uncertainties and individual image rights are kept separate. Native institutional source archived.
Kirttimukha, named face of glory, on a Vajracharya crown.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Nepalese Vajrayana Buddhism
Region
Nepal
Date of the evidence
12th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Description
Kirttimukha, named face of glory, on a Vajracharya crown.
Historically recorded use
Apotropaic face motif beneath the Buddha niches of a ritually worn priestly crown.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
A ritual object historically worn on the body; this particular face is therefore not an evidenced neck pendant.
Before designing
Examine M.81.67 directly; do not conflate the crown and face with unchecked Hindu or modern variants.
Research draft. Overall view of the 12th-century Nepalese Vajracharya priest’s crown, with Kīrttimukha in the lower central area. Not an isolated facial glyph. Unchanged JPEG bytes; documented SVG viewport only. Raster facsimile, not CNC or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Overall view of the 12th-century Nepalese Vajracharya priest’s crown, with Kīrttimukha in the lower central area. Not an isolated facial glyph. Unchanged JPEG bytes; documented SVG viewport only. Raster facsimile, not CNC or manufacturing approval.
The current object record explicitly marks this crown publicDomain=1. Kīrttimukha visually confirmed beneath the central Buddha niche; the entire crown remains visible.
Kjøllergård: C-bracteate with encircling runic sequence
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Early Nordic visual and written tradition Kjøllergård, Nylarsker, Bornholm, Denmark · About 440–560 AD; iconographic dating according to RuneS
Gold C-bracteate with a large head above an animal, a loop and a surrounding sequence of older runes. The model is inventory C 5366, the older find preserved in its entirety.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early Nordic visual and written tradition
Region
Kjøllergård, Nylarsker, Bornholm, Denmark
Date of the evidence
About 440–560 AD; iconographic dating according to RuneS
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Gold C-bracteate with a large head above an animal, a loop and a surrounding sequence of older runes. The model is inventory C 5366, the older find preserved in its entirety.
Historically recorded use
Historically documented gold pendant with a stamped image field. A specific protective effect or particular ritual is not demonstrated for this individual piece by the cited object records.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The record contains two model-matched examples. The inventory and image are explicitly assigned here to the complete piece; no invented protective translation is given for the sequence of signs.
Before designing
The model is the surviving museum photograph, including wear and damage. No modern addition of missing lines, and no conversion of unclear runes or letter imitations into an invented readable formula.
Research draft. Unaltered museum JPEG bytes are embedded in an SVG image crop. Photograph of the surviving object; neither a drawn reconstruction nor an AI-generated symbol. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Unaltered museum JPEG bytes are embedded in an SVG image crop. Photograph of the surviving object; neither a drawn reconstruction nor an AI-generated symbol.
Source location: DO-2094, overall view, inventory C 5366
RuneS / Niedersächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen
Source location: IK 95 / IK 95,1; C 5366; 440–560, iconographic
Two finds of the same model, from 1884 and 2009, are distinguished; here only the complete older piece, not the fragment IK 95,2. RuneS offers no secure translation of the encircling sequence of signs. The RuneS data licence CC BY-SA 4.0 does not replace an image licence; the separately verified museum photograph is used in each case.
Documents Kjøllergård/Nylarsker and the complete C-bracteate; the historical chronology comes from RuneS, not the photograph’s update date. The image record and image-specific JSON-LD refer to CC BY-SA 4.0. The photographer and actual JPEG resolution are recorded in the symbol manifest; TIFF metadata identify a different original file.
Egypt; medieval Islamic written amulets Attributed to Egypt · 11th–12th century
Narrow paper scroll with writing bands divided in different ways and visible material losses.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Egypt; medieval Islamic written amulets
Region
Attributed to Egypt
Date of the evidence
11th–12th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Narrow paper scroll with writing bands divided in different ways and visible material losses.
Historically recorded use
The museum inventory describes the specific paper object as a talismanic scroll. No information is given about an individual owner or use.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The existing private Met reference is explicitly linked. No reconstruction of the lost paper or independent, uncertain reading of the text is offered. The current museum text says Ink on paper; no specific printing technique is asserted here without object-specific evidence.
Before designing
Unaltered complete institutional image; material losses, inscriptions and present-day object condition are retained. No formula added, sigil redrawn or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. The existing private Met reference is explicitly linked. No reconstruction of the lost paper or independent, uncertain reading of the text. The current museum text says Ink on paper; a specific printing technique is not claimed here without individual evidence. Complete original JPEG bytes; losses of writing and material are not supplemented. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The existing private Met reference is explicitly linked. No reconstruction of the lost paper or independent, uncertain reading of the text. The current museum text says Ink on paper; a specific printing technique is not claimed here without individual evidence. Complete original JPEG bytes; losses of writing and material are not supplemented.
Source location: Object ID 452761; inventory 1975.192.20; current individual API retrieval and institutional page text
Current API attribution, inventory number, material, date and specifically linked CC0 images; curatorial statements additionally checked against the institutional web page text. Direct native HTML retrieval returns 429 and is not presented as archived HTML.
Source location: Specific image/metadata permission additionally checked for each object
The general institutional CC0 rule can be used only together with an individual object/image relation; the failed image retrieval remains visible in the retrieval report.
Sumerian; Early Dynastic II period according to the museum Mesopotamia, Nippur · Around 2700–2600 BCE
Small, light-coloured, flattened stone form with an irregular upper outline. The single museum view shows no securely identifiable perforation; no claim about how it was worn is inferred from this.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Sumerian; Early Dynastic II period according to the museum
Region
Mesopotamia, Nippur
Date of the evidence
Around 2700–2600 BCE
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Small, light-coloured, flattened stone form with an irregular upper outline. The single museum view shows no securely identifiable perforation; no claim about how it was worn is inferred from this.
Historically recorded use
Described as an amulet in the individual museum catalogue. The precise ritual purpose and the meaning of the form are not given.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The museum places a question mark after the material name limestone, which therefore remains uncertain. New public image variant of the existing private reference; no invented identification of animal, deity or planet.
Before designing
Unaltered complete institutional image; material losses, inscriptions and present-day object condition are retained. No formula added, sigil redrawn or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. The museum places a question mark after the material name limestone, which therefore remains uncertain. New public image variant of the existing private reference; no animal, deity or planet identification has been invented. Complete original JPEG bytes; losses of writing and material are not filled in. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The museum places a question mark after the material name limestone, which therefore remains uncertain. New public image variant of the existing private reference; no animal, deity or planet identification has been invented. Complete original JPEG bytes; losses of writing and material are not filled in.
Source location: Object ID 325471; inventory 62.70.66; current individual API retrieval and institutional page text
Current API attribution, inventory number, material, date and specifically linked CC0 images; curatorial statements additionally checked against the institutional web page text. Direct native HTML retrieval returns 429 and is not presented as archived HTML.
Source location: Specific image/metadata permission additionally checked for each object
The general institutional CC0 rule can be used only together with an individual object/image relation; the failed image retrieval remains visible in the retrieval report.
Small protective Buddha of the Mon-Dvaravati tradition
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Buddhist Mon-Dvaravati image tradition Thailand / Mon-Dvaravati · Second half of the 6th century
Small seated bronze with legs hanging down, right hand raised and robe folded. The face, hair, feet and dark patinated surface are worn in places.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Buddhist Mon-Dvaravati image tradition
Region
Thailand / Mon-Dvaravati
Date of the evidence
Second half of the 6th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Small seated bronze with legs hanging down, right hand raised and robe folded. The face, hair, feet and dark patinated surface are worn in places.
Historically recorded use
The museum calls the small bronze Seated Protective Buddha and interprets it as an early image type of a preaching Buddha with legs hanging down. This is a historical religious representation of protection and teaching; individual use as a worn amulet is not attested.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 2015.782.2, Met object 705432. The classification as a possibly earliest known bronze of this image type is a museum hypothesis, not a precedence over all other finds established here. The precise function of this individual object remains uncertain.
Before designing
Unchanged complete native museum image; no reconstruction of damaged details. No manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete native museum photograph, with no raster transformation or reconstruction of old forms. Historical religious image evidence; not approved for manufacture. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete native museum photograph, with no raster transformation or reconstruction of old forms. Historical religious image evidence; not approved for manufacture.
Source location: The Metropolitan Museum of Art; 2015.782.2; complete selected individual photograph
Early modern English-Latin ritual magic English-Latin manuscript; present-day holding in London · Late 16th century (institutional dating of the manuscript)
A small downward-pointing triangle contains handwritten names and a staff-like character ending in a ring. The adjacent Latin text mentions a triangular figure in the context of an invocation. Uncertain names are left without supplementary transcription.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern English-Latin ritual magic
Region
English-Latin manuscript; present-day holding in London
Date of the evidence
Late 16th century (institutional dating of the manuscript)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A small downward-pointing triangle contains handwritten names and a staff-like character ending in a ring. The adjacent Latin text mentions a triangular figure in the context of an invocation. Uncertain names are left without supplementary transcription.
Historically recorded use
The adjacent Latin text mentions a triangular figure in the context of an invocation. Uncertain names are left without adding a transcription.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Specific manuscript witness MS.110, institutionally dated to the late 16th century. Pseudo-Bacon and Pseudo-Solomon are attributions, not securely established medieval authorship. The modern blue folio numbers are distinguished from the age of the text; verso references follow the adjacent visible recto foliation and the IIIF page sequence. Irregular lines, show-through, losses and original variations in the signs are retained. The complete selected group is a component of this one copy and not a new abstract type of tradition.
Before designing
Unaltered native full-page JPEG within the SVG; only the documented viewport selects the complete historical figure. No added lines, modern replacement glyphs, raster conversion, vector transcription or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Specific manuscript witness MS.110, institutionally dated to the late 16th century. Pseudo-Bacon and Pseudo-Solomon are attributions, not securely established medieval authorship. The modern blue folio numbers are distinguished from the age of the text; verso references follow the adjacent visible recto foliation and the IIIF page sequence. Irregular lines, show-through, losses and original variations in the signs are retained. The complete selected group is a component of this one copy, not a new abstract type of tradition. Unaltered native full-page JPEG in the SVG; only the documented viewport selects the complete historical figure. No added lines, modern substitute glyphs, raster conversion, vector transcription or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Specific manuscript witness MS.110, institutionally dated to the late 16th century. Pseudo-Bacon and Pseudo-Solomon are attributions, not securely established medieval authorship. The modern blue folio numbers are distinguished from the age of the text; verso references follow the adjacent visible recto foliation and the IIIF page sequence. Irregular lines, show-through, losses and original variations in the signs are retained. The complete selected group is a component of this one copy, not a new abstract type of tradition. Unaltered native full-page JPEG in the SVG; only the documented viewport selects the complete historical figure. No added lines, modern substitute glyphs, raster conversion, vector transcription or manufacturing approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.110, f.103v; canvas position 220/256; small inscribed ritual triangle
Source location: MS.110; current API p8bhyjys; old ID afsfdgzh (HTTP 410)
Dating and exact Digital Location. Roger Bacon is a pseudo-author attribution; the present binding, early 19th century, is not the date of the writing. Rights: Individual Digital Location links b18937135 with PDM.
Source location: 256 Canvases; historical folio numbers in the image
Images, sequence, dimensions and institutional descriptions of the five component texts. Folios 36–38 incorrectly bound according to the catalogue. Rights: the specific digital surrogate as a whole carries the Public Domain Mark; no transfer of rights from other images.
Unaltered complete institutional JPEG page; historical individual sign located by visible evidence. Rights: PDM for the exactly corresponding IIIF digital surrogate b18937135.
Small votive fragment with figure and lateral forms
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Buddhist visual tradition Tibet, possibly Central Asia · 15th–17th century
Small clay relief, broken off at the bottom, with a central figure and flower-like forms at the sides. The arms brought close together, the heavily worn head and the remnant of the frame are visible.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Buddhist visual tradition
Region
Tibet, possibly Central Asia
Date of the evidence
15th–17th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Small clay relief, broken off at the bottom, with a central figure and flower-like forms at the sides. The arms brought close together, the heavily worn head and the remnant of the frame are visible.
Historically recorded use
The museum catalogues the clay fragment as a religious votive plaque and regards its Central Asian provenance as uncertain. The historical imagery is recorded without inferring a particular deity or use as bodily protection.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 30.32.89, Met object 38862. The cultural attribution Tibet (Central Asia?) is retained as uncertain. Neither the lost lower body nor an indistinct inscription or deity’s identity is reconstructed.
Before designing
Unchanged complete native museum image; no reconstruction of damaged details. No manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete native museum photograph, with no raster transformation or reconstruction of old forms. Historical religious image evidence; not approved for manufacture. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete native museum photograph, with no raster transformation or reconstruction of old forms. Historical religious image evidence; not approved for manufacture.
Source location: The Metropolitan Museum of Art; 30.32.89; complete selected individual image
Historical West Asian cultural sphere Egypt / Bahnasa · 30 BC–AD 364
Small bone figure of an animal, either rearing or crouching, with a long projecting muzzle, incised body details and highly simplified limbs. The irregular surface remains unchanged.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Historical West Asian cultural sphere
Region
Egypt / Bahnasa
Date of the evidence
30 BC–AD 364
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Small bone figure of an animal, either rearing or crouching, with a long projecting muzzle, incised body details and highly simplified limbs. The irregular surface remains unchanged.
Historically recorded use
The Met lists the small bone figure from Bahnasa as an amulet. The surviving animal form is concrete evidence from the object, but the brief entry names neither a specific animal species nor a religious protective function. The form is therefore described without adding a deity or animal significance.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 03.4.54, object 444945. The general designation as an amulet is supported by the museum record. A secure identification as a dog, baboon or divine animal is avoided for lack of an unambiguous entry for this individual object.
Before designing
Complete native museum photograph as a historical reference; damage and present-day photographic elements remain visible. No contour reconstruction, no production approval.
Research draft. Unchanged complete native museum image; no raster transformation or addition of old outlines. Historical reference, not manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Unchanged complete native museum image; no raster transformation or addition of old outlines. Historical reference, not manufacturing approval.
Source location: The Metropolitan Museum of Art; 03.4.54; 444945
The actually read single-object text from the web tool on use and limits of interpretation. A separate ordinary native HTML retrieval returned 429 and is archived only as an error response.
Source location: CC0 for individually designated public-domain images
Freshly read institutional CC0 primary text from the web tool. Individual rights attribution was additionally checked in each archived individual object API record.
Bone amulet with dotted-circle ornament from the Fayum
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Historical West Asian cultural sphere Egypt / Fayum · 30 BC–AD 364
Elongated bone object with notched outer edges, pointed ends and several incised concentric circles of dots. Remains of coloured inlays and material discolouration are still visible.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Historical West Asian cultural sphere
Region
Egypt / Fayum
Date of the evidence
30 BC–AD 364
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Elongated bone object with notched outer edges, pointed ends and several incised concentric circles of dots. Remains of coloured inlays and material discolouration are still visible.
Historically recorded use
The museum text explains that dotted-circle ornaments on bone amulets may have expressed protection against the evil eye. It also leaves open whether these forms had lost their earlier meaning or were merely decorative. Accordingly, only a debated apotropaic interpretation is given for this specimen.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 02.4.188, object 444871, find region Fayum. The open interpretation comes from the current museum text; there is no basis for a fixed number of magical powers or an assignment to chakras.
Before designing
Complete native museum photograph as a historical reference; damage and present-day photographic elements remain visible. No contour reconstruction, no production approval.
Research draft. Unchanged complete native museum image; no raster transformation or addition of old outlines. Historical reference, not manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Unchanged complete native museum image; no raster transformation or addition of old outlines. Historical reference, not manufacturing approval.
Source location: The Metropolitan Museum of Art; 02.4.188; 444871
The actually read single-object text from the web tool on use and limits of interpretation. A separate ordinary native HTML retrieval returned 429 and is archived only as an error response.
Source location: CC0 for individually designated public-domain images
Freshly read institutional CC0 primary text from the web tool. Individual rights attribution was additionally checked in each archived individual object API record.
Bone cross from Maghagha with five ring-shaped eyes, Met 12.182.102
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Early Byzantine Christian cross pendants Egypt, findspot Maghagha · 5th–8th century
Small brownish bone cross with flaring arms, five circular eyes, transverse lines at the upper and lower ends, and a damaged edge. The photograph shows an individual frontal view of this inventory item.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early Byzantine Christian cross pendants
Region
Egypt, findspot Maghagha
Date of the evidence
5th–8th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Small brownish bone cross with flaring arms, five circular eyes, transverse lines at the upper and lower ends, and a damaged edge. The photograph shows an individual frontal view of this inventory item.
Historically recorded use
The museum describes small crosses of this group as pendants worn around the neck and explains historical ideas about protection. The circular ornaments are cautiously associated with mirror-like protective symbolism.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Met object 446229, inventory 12.182.102. The interpretation of the circles as mirrors is a possibility proposed by the museum, not an established meaning of every circular eye. The protective belief is historically described; no actual effect is claimed.
Before designing
Complete native original capture(s), embedded unchanged in the SVG. The facsimile is not an engraving outline; it is not approved for manufacture.
Research draft. Small brownish bone cross with flared arms, five circular eyes, transverse lines at the top and bottom, and a damaged edge. The photograph shows an individual frontal view of this inventory item. Interpreting the circles as mirrors is a possibility proposed by the museum, not an established meaning for each circular eye. The protective belief is described historically; no actual effect is claimed. Original bytes unchanged; no raster transformation or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Small brownish bone cross with flared arms, five circular eyes, transverse lines at the top and bottom, and a damaged edge. The photograph shows an individual frontal view of this inventory item. Interpreting the circles as mirrors is a possibility proposed by the museum, not an established meaning for each circular eye. The protective belief is described historically; no actual effect is claimed. Original bytes unchanged; no raster transformation or manufacturing approval.
Source location: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 12.182.102; complete individual museum view
Fresh native API response: object identity, raw dating, dimensions, material, specific image URLs and isPublicDomain. Editorial reading additionally checked against the object page.
Institutional object page retained today via the web reader; text and public-domain evidence. The web reader’s crawl age is visible in the archived extract.
Bone cross from Maghagha with circular ornaments, Met 12.182.104
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Early Byzantine Christian cross pendants Egypt, findspot Maghagha · 5th–7th century
A freestanding small bone cross with five circular eyes, a short upper projection and an irregularly notched right arm. Wear and breaks remain visible; it is not the adjacent inventory 12.182.102.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early Byzantine Christian cross pendants
Region
Egypt, findspot Maghagha
Date of the evidence
5th–7th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A freestanding small bone cross with five circular eyes, a short upper projection and an irregularly notched right arm. Wear and breaks remain visible; it is not the adjacent inventory 12.182.102.
Historically recorded use
The museum identifies the piece as a cross worn around the neck and places the circular ornaments in the context of early Byzantine ideas of protection. An interpretation as mirror-like is explicitly considered possible.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Met object 446231, inventory 12.182.104. A related formal motif does not make it the same individual object. The 5th–7th-century dating and the merely possible interpretation of the circles are retained separately. No confirmed protective effect.
Before designing
Complete native original capture(s), embedded unchanged in the SVG. The facsimile is not an engraving outline; it is not approved for manufacture.
Research draft. Independent small bone cross with five circular eyes, a short upper projection and an irregularly notched right arm. Wear and chips remain visible; this is not the adjacent inventory 12.182.102. A related form motif does not make it the same individual object. The dating to the 5th–7th century and the merely possible interpretation of the circles are retained separately. No confirmed protective effect. Original bytes unchanged, with no raster transformation or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Independent small bone cross with five circular eyes, a short upper projection and an irregularly notched right arm. Wear and chips remain visible; this is not the adjacent inventory 12.182.102. A related form motif does not make it the same individual object. The dating to the 5th–7th century and the merely possible interpretation of the circles are retained separately. No confirmed protective effect. Original bytes unchanged, with no raster transformation or manufacturing approval.
Source location: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 12.182.104; complete individual museum view
Fresh native API response: object identity, raw dating, dimensions, material, specific image URLs and isPublicDomain. Editorial reading additionally checked against the object page.
Institutional object page retained today via the web reader; text and public-domain evidence. The web reader’s crawl age is visible in the archived extract.
Early Byzantine Christianity Egypt, findspot Maghagha · 5th–7th century
Small cross pendant made of bone, with flaring arms and incised circular ornaments. The native image shows the surviving object, including wear and damage.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early Byzantine Christianity
Region
Egypt, findspot Maghagha
Date of the evidence
5th–7th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Small cross pendant made of bone, with flaring arms and incised circular ornaments. The native image shows the surviving object, including wear and damage.
Historically recorded use
The museum describes a cross worn around the neck and the attribution of protective power that was widespread in early Christianity. It suggests that the circular ornaments may refer to mirrors, to which the warding off of misfortune was attributed.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The mirror interpretation is explicitly a possibility, not a certain intention at the time of creation. Neither the circular ornaments nor the cross promise an effect demonstrated today. The Islamic Art department of the museum describes the collection attribution; it does not make the Christian object an Islamic amulet.
Before designing
Byte-identical native museum JPEGs in a secure SVG wrapper, full image crops. No invented glyphs, typographic additions or new historical reconstruction; no manufacturing approval.
Research draft. The mirror interpretation is explicitly a possibility, not a secure intention at creation. Neither the circular ornaments nor the cross promise an effect demonstrated today. The Islamic Art department describes the collection attribution and does not make the Christian piece into an Islamic amulet. Native JPEG bytes and the complete photographed image area remain unchanged. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The mirror interpretation is explicitly a possibility, not a secure intention at creation. Neither the circular ornaments nor the cross promise an effect demonstrated today. The Islamic Art department describes the collection attribution and does not make the Christian piece into an Islamic amulet. Native JPEG bytes and the complete photographed image area remain unchanged.
Source location: 12.182.108; Artwork Details and available curatorial description
Primary page successfully opened using the web tool, archived separately. A direct local HTML GET returned a Vercel checkpoint despite HTTP 200; this is not used as page content.
Source location: CC0 for public collection images and object data
Primary text successfully read using the web tool; the local HTTP-200 HTML retrieval was a Vercel checkpoint. Individual isPublicDomain status and the exact JPEG relationship are additionally checked through the native API.
Evidence ca. 1080–332 BCE; Third Intermediate Period to Late Period
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Description
Upright cobra with a widened hood and suspension loop.
Historically recorded use
Catalogued as an amulet; no individual protective intent is stated for this piece.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Met 17.194.2436; the general Egyptian amulet context does not permit a precise additional attribution of effect.
Before designing
Check the specific historical variant and object image against a source before using it; do not design a newly combined sigil.
Research draft. Simplified outline of the actual frontal museum photograph 1326390 of cobra amulet 17.194.2436. The head, hood, visible belly plates, suspension area and base are reproduced in their observed arrangement; no arbitrary snake line or modern uraeus variant has been substituted. Small eye and scale details are not clear enough in the photograph to be certain, and have not been added. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Vector template: Simplified outline of the actual frontal museum photograph 1326390 of cobra amulet 17.194.2436. The head, hood, visible belly plates, suspension area and base are reproduced in their observed arrangement; no arbitrary snake line or modern uraeus variant has been substituted. Small eye and scale details are not clear enough in the photograph to be certain, and have not been added.
Source location: 17.194.2436; frontal view 1326390, not a side projection
Simplified outline of the actual frontal museum photograph 1326390 of cobra amulet 17.194.2436. The head, hood, visible belly plates, suspension area and base are reproduced in their observed arrangement; no arbitrary snake line or modern uraeus variant has been substituted. Small eye and scale details are not clear enough in the photograph to be certain, and have not been added.
Composite deity with a ram’s head and wings – Chicago 1894.1953
Original image · source evidence
Deity motif
Egyptian Egypt · Late Period, 664–332 BC
Small faience figure on a rectangular base with a stocky body and animal head. A broken or missing area is visible above the head; it remains unchanged.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Egyptian
Region
Egypt
Date of the evidence
Late Period, 664–332 BC
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Small faience figure on a rectangular base with a stocky body and animal head. A broken or missing area is visible above the head; it remains unchanged.
Historically recorded use
The museum catalogues a composite deity with a dwarf’s body, ram’s head, bird’s wings and tail as an amulet.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The components named in the catalogue are not all discernible in every detail in this front/three-quarter view. No specific named deity or lost head parts have been added. The object, inventory, material and dating are tied to the archived API record.
Before designing
Actually seen: squat figure, animal head, base and markedly damaged upper end. Unaltered institutional JPEG presentation photograph in the full image frame; not an isolated engraving outline and not manufacturing approval.
Research draft. The components mentioned in the catalogue are not all discernible in this frontal/three-quarter view. No specific named deity or lost head parts are added. Complete institutional presentation photograph, 1686 pixels wide; larger IIIF master dimensions of 2943×3000 documented separately. No local scaling or re-encoding of the embedded JPEG bytes. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The components mentioned in the catalogue are not all discernible in this frontal/three-quarter view. No specific named deity or lost head parts are added. Complete institutional presentation photograph, 1686 pixels wide; larger IIIF master dimensions of 2943×3000 documented separately. No local scaling or re-encoding of the embedded JPEG bytes.
Source location: Inventory 1894.1953; institutional main view 2f7c1618-1f77-f254-5ed8-8d82a1b8cdb6
Art Institute of Chicago. Amulet of a Hybrid Deity (Body of Dwarf, Ram Head, Bird Wings and Tail), Late Period (664–332 BCE), 1894.1953. Gift of Charles L. Hutchinson
Source location: Inventory 1894.1953; API object 134580; JSON /data[id=134580]
Institutional evidence for an individual object from an archived multi-record API retrieval. Dating, material, provenance and inventory details follow the specific record; source attribution is not an independent scientific authenticity test.
Source location: Open Access Images; CC0 Public Domain Designation
Specific images only when accompanied by the individual is_public_domain=true and the object's image ID. Descriptive API texts separately carry CC BY4; image release is CC0.
Japanese esoteric Buddhism / Five Wisdom Kings Japan · 12th century; Heian period
Ink drawing of the three-faced, six-armed deity seated on lotuses, with a flaming mandorla, sword, bow, arrow, wheel, vajra and bell; writing beside the figure and a red owner's seal.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Japanese esoteric Buddhism / Five Wisdom Kings
Region
Japan
Date of the evidence
12th century; Heian period
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Ink drawing of the three-faced, six-armed deity seated on lotuses, with a flaming mandorla, sword, bow, arrow, wheel, vajra and bell; writing beside the figure and a red owner's seal.
Historically recorded use
The museum places Kongōyasha among the five great protector kings, whose images were used in ceremonies for the Benevolent Kings Sutra to protect the community. Three faces, five eyes and six arms bearing different attributes characterise this specific figure.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 1975.268.12, Met object 45620. Complete institutional folio photograph, including mounting. Historical iconographic drawing, not evidence of wearing as an amulet. No independent transcription of the side writing and no completion of faint lines.
Before designing
Complete, unaltered native museum photograph; no restoration of historical damage and no manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete native museum photograph; no raster transformation, drawn additions or manufacturing approval. Complete institutional photograph of the sheet, including its mount. Historical iconographic drawing, not evidence of use as an amulet. No independent transcription of the side inscription and no addition of faint lines. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete native museum photograph; no raster transformation, drawn additions or manufacturing approval. Complete institutional photograph of the sheet, including its mount. Historical iconographic drawing, not evidence of use as an amulet. No independent transcription of the side inscription and no addition of faint lines.
Source location: The Metropolitan Museum of Art; 1975.268.12; complete individual image
Concentric character wheel with sectors – MS.110, f.22r
Original image · source evidence
Historical ritual and planetary figure
Early modern English-Latin ritual magic English-Latin manuscript; present-day holding in London · Late 16th century (institutional dating of the manuscript)
Several concentric rings divide radial fields containing bars, arches, boxes and unconnected characters. Writing runs along the ring bands. The wheel belongs to the drawn magical figures in the manuscript compilation. Individual names that are difficult to read are not replaced with modern readings.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern English-Latin ritual magic
Region
English-Latin manuscript; present-day holding in London
Date of the evidence
Late 16th century (institutional dating of the manuscript)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Several concentric rings divide radial fields containing bars, arches, boxes and unconnected characters. Writing runs along the ring bands. The wheel belongs to the drawn magical figures in the manuscript compilation. Individual names that are difficult to read are not replaced with modern readings.
Historically recorded use
The wheel belongs to the drawn magical figures in the manuscript compilation. Individual names that are difficult to read have not been replaced with modern readings.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Specific manuscript witness MS.110, institutionally dated to the late 16th century. Pseudo-Bacon and Pseudo-Solomon are attributions, not securely established medieval authorship. The modern blue folio numbers are distinguished from the age of the text; verso references follow the adjacent visible recto foliation and the IIIF page sequence. Irregular lines, show-through, losses and original variations in the signs are retained. The complete selected group is a component of this one copy and not a new abstract type of tradition.
Before designing
Unaltered native full-page JPEG within the SVG; only the documented viewport selects the complete historical figure. No added lines, modern replacement glyphs, raster conversion, vector transcription or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Specific manuscript witness MS.110, institutionally dated to the late 16th century. Pseudo-Bacon and Pseudo-Solomon are attributions, not securely established medieval authorship. The modern blue folio numbers are distinguished from the age of the text; verso references follow the adjacent visible recto foliation and the IIIF page sequence. Irregular lines, show-through, losses and original variations in the signs are retained. The complete selected group is a component of this one copy, not a new abstract type of tradition. Unaltered native full-page JPEG in the SVG; only the documented viewport selects the complete historical figure. No added lines, modern substitute glyphs, raster conversion, vector transcription or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Specific manuscript witness MS.110, institutionally dated to the late 16th century. Pseudo-Bacon and Pseudo-Solomon are attributions, not securely established medieval authorship. The modern blue folio numbers are distinguished from the age of the text; verso references follow the adjacent visible recto foliation and the IIIF page sequence. Irregular lines, show-through, losses and original variations in the signs are retained. The complete selected group is a component of this one copy, not a new abstract type of tradition. Unaltered native full-page JPEG in the SVG; only the documented viewport selects the complete historical figure. No added lines, modern substitute glyphs, raster conversion, vector transcription or manufacturing approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.110, f.22r; Canvas position 57/256; concentric character wheel with sectors
Source location: MS.110; current API p8bhyjys; old ID afsfdgzh (HTTP 410)
Dating and exact Digital Location. Roger Bacon is a pseudo-author attribution; the present binding, early 19th century, is not the date of the writing. Rights: Individual Digital Location links b18937135 with PDM.
Source location: 256 Canvases; historical folio numbers in the image
Images, sequence, dimensions and institutional descriptions of the five component texts. Folios 36–38 incorrectly bound according to the catalogue. Rights: the specific digital surrogate as a whole carries the Public Domain Mark; no transfer of rights from other images.
Unaltered complete institutional JPEG page; historical individual sign located by visible evidence. Rights: PDM for the exactly corresponding IIIF digital surrogate b18937135.
Archaic Italy; Etruscan, Greek and Italic visual traditions Tarentum (?), Italy · 550–525 BC
Frontal head with elaborately arranged hair and remains of old metal attachments.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Archaic Italy; Etruscan, Greek and Italic visual traditions
Region
Tarentum (?), Italy
Date of the evidence
550–525 BC
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Frontal head with elaborately arranged hair and remains of old metal attachments.
Historically recorded use
The catalogue discusses its use as an inlay or part of a pendant, and the religious significance of a superhuman head.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Goddess, siren, sphinx or another identity remains uncertain. Metal attachments may be part of the headdress; an individually worn protective amulet is not proven.
Before designing
Unmodified native institutional photographic source; no invented glyph additions, no isolated vector outline and no manufacturing approval. Historical evidence and comparative interpretation remain separate.
Research draft. Goddess, siren, sphinx or another identity remains open. Metal attachments may be part of the headdress; an individually worn protective amulet is not proven. Complete original JPEG bytes; losses in the writing and material are not supplemented. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Goddess, siren, sphinx or another identity remains open. Metal attachments may be part of the headdress; an individually worn protective amulet is not proven. Complete original JPEG bytes; losses in the writing and material are not supplemented.
Source location: 76.AO.79; complete actually photographed main image view
Scholarly comparison and interpretation are presented separately from secure object form and actual use. Photograph separately from current collection metadata relation.
Early medieval Scandinavian pictorial and jewellery tradition Sweden; find context according to the individual catalogue: Plats: Bringsarve, Sojs, Fornlämning: L1977:1657, Socken: Eskelhem socken, Kommun: Gotland kommun, Landskap: Gotland, Land: Sverige · 400–550 AD according to the current SHM individual object page; Folkvandringstid
Round gold sheet with a profile head and a stylised animal figure, a ribbed border and a loop. The centimetre scale photographed alongside it remains part of the original image.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early medieval Scandinavian pictorial and jewellery tradition
Region
Sweden; find context according to the individual catalogue: Plats: Bringsarve, Sojs, Fornlämning: L1977:1657, Socken: Eskelhem socken, Kommun: Gotland kommun, Landskap: Gotland, Land: Sverige
Date of the evidence
400–550 AD according to the current SHM individual object page; Folkvandringstid
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Round gold sheet with a profile head and a stylised animal figure, a ribbed border and a loop. The centimetre scale photographed alongside it remains part of the original image.
Historically recorded use
Individually inventoried historical gold pendant with a stamped image field. The museum catalogue lists the piece as a bracteate; a specific protective formula, deity or individual amulet practice is not securely attested in this single source.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Specific SHM individual inventory 110302_HST. The current museum dating of 400–550 (Migration Period) is separate from the modern acquisition registration. Erroneous date values in the older K-samsök search metadata are archived only as discovery data and are not used as the manufacturing date. A historical gold pendant with an image field is not evidence of personal magical use. No deity attribution or free translation of runes.
Before designing
Unaltered complete capture of the surviving object surface as a historical image reference. Wear, breakage, original photographic background, inventory writing and scale are retained. Not a reconstructed complete state and not an engraving-ready design vector.
Research draft. Complete unchanged institutional presentation image of the surviving original object; no camera master is claimed and no local raster transformation has been made. Round gold sheet with a profile head and stylised animal figure, a ribbed border and a loop. The centimetre scale photographed alongside remains part of the original image. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete unchanged institutional presentation image of the surviving original object; no camera master is claimed and no local raster transformation has been made. Round gold sheet with a profile head and stylised animal figure, a ribbed border and a loop. The centimetre scale photographed alongside remains part of the original image.
Source location: 110302_HST; SHM media ID aa8689db-148f-422a-a1d8-490306a2af9c
Current individual object identity, period of manufacture, material and find context; the linked individual media page attests to the photographer and CC BY 4.0. The modern acquisition year is not transferred to the date of manufacture.
Early medieval Scandinavian pictorial and jewellery tradition Sweden; find context according to the individual catalogue: Plats: Fjärestad, Fornlämning: L1988:965, Fastighet: Fjärestad 24, Socken: Fjärestad socken, Kommun: Helsingborg kommun, Landskap: Skåne, Land: Sverige · 400–550 AD according to the current SHM individual object page; Folkvandringstid
Round gold pendant with a large profile head above a stylised animal, a ribbed loop and a beaded border. The curved accompanying lines remain in the historical impression.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early medieval Scandinavian pictorial and jewellery tradition
Region
Sweden; find context according to the individual catalogue: Plats: Fjärestad, Fornlämning: L1988:965, Fastighet: Fjärestad 24, Socken: Fjärestad socken, Kommun: Helsingborg kommun, Landskap: Skåne, Land: Sverige
Date of the evidence
400–550 AD according to the current SHM individual object page; Folkvandringstid
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Round gold pendant with a large profile head above a stylised animal, a ribbed loop and a beaded border. The curved accompanying lines remain in the historical impression.
Historically recorded use
Individually inventoried historical gold pendant with a stamped image field. The museum catalogue lists the piece as a bracteate; a specific protective formula, deity or individual amulet practice is not securely attested in this single source.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Specific SHM individual inventory 110355_HST. The current museum date of 400–550 (Migration Period) is separate from the modern acquisition registration. Incorrect date values in older K-samsök search metadata are archived only as discovery data and are not used to date manufacture. A historical gold pendant with an image panel is not evidence of personal magical use. No deity attribution or free translation of the runes.
Before designing
Unaltered complete capture of the surviving object surface as a historical image reference. Wear, breakage, original photographic background, inventory writing and scale are retained. Not a reconstructed complete state and not an engraving-ready design vector.
Research draft. Complete, unaltered institutional presentation image of the surviving original object; no camera master is claimed and no local raster transformation was made. Round gold pendant with a large profile head above a stylised animal, a ribbed suspension loop and a beaded border. The curved accompanying lines remain part of the historical striking. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete, unaltered institutional presentation image of the surviving original object; no camera master is claimed and no local raster transformation was made. Round gold pendant with a large profile head above a stylised animal, a ribbed suspension loop and a beaded border. The curved accompanying lines remain part of the historical striking.
Source location: 110355_HST; SHM media ID 7659FBEC-8B9C-40F7-B8F1-1C02C55AB655
Source location: 110355_HST; Acquisition number 24624
Current individual object identity, period of manufacture, material and find context; the linked individual media page attests to the photographer and CC BY 4.0. The modern acquisition year is not transferred to the date of manufacture.
Early medieval Scandinavian pictorial and jewellery tradition Sweden; find context according to the individual catalogue: Place: Lunnane, Parish: Töftedal socken, Municipality: Dals-Ed kommun, Province: Dalsland, Country: Sverige · 400–550 AD according to the current SHM individual object page; Folkvandringstid
Profile head above a stylised four-legged animal figure, surrounded by a narrow ribbed border; the ribbed loop is preserved.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early medieval Scandinavian pictorial and jewellery tradition
Region
Sweden; find context according to the individual catalogue: Place: Lunnane, Parish: Töftedal socken, Municipality: Dals-Ed kommun, Province: Dalsland, Country: Sverige
Date of the evidence
400–550 AD according to the current SHM individual object page; Folkvandringstid
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Profile head above a stylised four-legged animal figure, surrounded by a narrow ribbed border; the ribbed loop is preserved.
Historically recorded use
Individually inventoried historical gold pendant with a stamped image field. The museum catalogue lists the piece as a bracteate; a specific protective formula, deity or individual amulet practice is not securely attested in this single source.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Specific SHM individual inventory 108987_HST. The current museum date of 400–550 (Migration Period) is separate from the modern acquisition registration. Erroneous date values in the older K-samsök search metadata are archived only as discovery data and are not used to date manufacture. A historical gold pendant with an image field is not proof of personal magical use. No attribution to deities or free translation of runes.
Before designing
Unaltered complete capture of the surviving object surface as a historical image reference. Wear, breakage, original photographic background, inventory writing and scale are retained. Not a reconstructed complete state and not an engraving-ready design vector.
Research draft. Complete, unchanged institutional presentation photograph of the surviving original object; no camera master is claimed and no local raster transformation has been made. Profile head above a stylised four-legged animal figure, surrounded by a narrow ribbed border; the ribbed loop is retained. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete, unchanged institutional presentation photograph of the surviving original object; no camera master is claimed and no local raster transformation has been made. Profile head above a stylised four-legged animal figure, surrounded by a narrow ribbed border; the ribbed loop is retained.
Source location: 108987_HST; SHM media ID 72672DE9-7779-4B66-90FE-F1E9F0811A9E
Source location: 108987_HST; acquisition number 5111
Current individual object identity, period of manufacture, material and find context; the linked individual media page attests to the photographer and CC BY 4.0. The modern acquisition year is not transferred to the date of manufacture.
Early medieval Scandinavian pictorial and jewellery tradition Sweden; find context according to the individual catalogue: Place: "Äskatorp, ""Skattekärret""", Ancient monument: L1997:2549, Property: Äskatorp 7:21, Parish: Fjärås socken, Municipality: Kungsbacka kommun, Province: Halland, Country: Sverige · 400–550 AD according to the current SHM individual object page; Folkvandringstid
Large profile head with an ear area designed in a spiral pattern above a stylised animal figure. Dotted border, gold spheres beneath the broad loop and wear are preserved.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early medieval Scandinavian pictorial and jewellery tradition
Region
Sweden; find context according to the individual catalogue: Place: "Äskatorp, ""Skattekärret""", Ancient monument: L1997:2549, Property: Äskatorp 7:21, Parish: Fjärås socken, Municipality: Kungsbacka kommun, Province: Halland, Country: Sverige
Date of the evidence
400–550 AD according to the current SHM individual object page; Folkvandringstid
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Large profile head with an ear area designed in a spiral pattern above a stylised animal figure. Dotted border, gold spheres beneath the broad loop and wear are preserved.
Historically recorded use
Individually inventoried historical gold pendant with a stamped image field. The museum catalogue lists the piece as a bracteate; a specific protective formula, deity or individual amulet practice is not securely attested in this single source.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Specific SHM individual inventory 3232051. The current museum dating of 400–550 (Migration Period) is distinct from the modern acquisition registration. Erroneous date values in the older K-samsök search metadata are archived only as discovery data and are not used to date manufacture. A historical gold pendant with an image field is not evidence of personal magical use. No attribution to deities or free translation of runes. The archived scholarly descriptive comment suggests broadly the last quarter of the 5th century. The current overarching museum dates of 400–550 are retained as such; no independent narrowing of the date.
Before designing
Unaltered complete capture of the surviving object surface as a historical image reference. Wear, breakage, original photographic background, inventory writing and scale are retained. Not a reconstructed complete state and not an engraving-ready design vector.
Research draft. Complete, unaltered institutional presentation photograph of the surviving original object; no camera master is claimed and no local raster transformation has been made. Large profile head with a spiral-shaped ear area above a stylised animal figure. The dotted border, gold balls beneath the wide loop and wear are preserved. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete, unaltered institutional presentation photograph of the surviving original object; no camera master is claimed and no local raster transformation has been made. Large profile head with a spiral-shaped ear area above a stylised animal figure. The dotted border, gold balls beneath the wide loop and wear are preserved.
Source location: 3232051; SHM media ID 42c55b95-88f7-46e8-98e5-92ce667da4c2
Current individual object identity, period of manufacture, material and find context; the linked individual media page attests to the photographer and CC BY 4.0. The modern acquisition year is not transferred to the date of manufacture.
Ancient Egyptian religion Egypt · Evidence 664–332 BC; Late Period
Miniature of a curved headrest.
Research draftSource-based vector template
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Ancient Egyptian religion
Region
Egypt
Date of the evidence
Evidence 664–332 BC; Late Period
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Description
Miniature of a curved headrest.
Historically recorded use
Exclusively funerary: intended to protect the heads of the deceased and secure rebirth.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Met 04.2.80; no modern sleep- or health-protective function can be inferred from this.
Before designing
Check the specific historical variant and object image against a source before using it; do not design a newly combined sigil.
Research draft. Source-based outline of the specific miniature headrest 04.2.80: curved support, short pillar and stepped base from the museum image. The perspective and slight asymmetry of the image remain recognisable. No modern sleep or health protection is inferred; historically, it is classified solely as funerary. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Vector template: Source-based outline of the specific miniature headrest 04.2.80: curved support, short pillar and stepped base from the museum image. The perspective and slight asymmetry of the image remain recognisable. No modern sleep or health protection is inferred; historically, it is classified solely as funerary.
Source location: 04.2.80; main close frontal photograph of the miniature headrest
Source-based outline of the specific miniature headrest 04.2.80: curved support, short pillar and stepped base from the museum image. The perspective and slight asymmetry of the image remain recognisable. No modern sleep or health protection is inferred; historically, it is classified solely as funerary.
Headrest amulet made of hematite – Chicago 1894.708
Original image · source evidence
Symbol amulet
Egyptian Egypt · Late Period to Ptolemaic Period, 7th–1st century BC
Dark stone miniature of a headrest with an upward-curving support, central shaft and elongated foot. The image used shows the complete photographed view.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Egyptian
Region
Egypt
Date of the evidence
Late Period to Ptolemaic Period, 7th–1st century BC
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Dark stone miniature of a headrest with an upward-curving support, central shaft and elongated foot. The image used shows the complete photographed view.
Historically recorded use
Catalogued as a headrest amulet. The individual object record names no specific wearer or securely attributed tomb find.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The historical form of the object is not described as evidence of a present-day effect on sleep or healing. The object, inventory, material and dating are tied to the archived API record.
Before designing
Actually observed: curved upper support, central stem and stepped elongated foot. Unaltered institutional JPEG presentation photograph in the complete image frame; no isolated engraving outline and no manufacturing approval.
Research draft. The historical object form is not described as having a demonstrated present-day effect on sleep or healing. Complete institutional presentation image, 1686 pixels wide; the larger IIIF master dimensions, 3000×2353, are documented separately. No local scaling or re-encoding of the embedded JPEG bytes. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The historical object form is not described as having a demonstrated present-day effect on sleep or healing. Complete institutional presentation image, 1686 pixels wide; the larger IIIF master dimensions, 3000×2353, are documented separately. No local scaling or re-encoding of the embedded JPEG bytes.
Source location: Inventory 1894.708; institutional main view da3b7dc6-95bb-15b1-5298-265d22f8a3f7
Art Institute of Chicago. Amulet of a Headrest, Late Period–Ptolemaic Period (7th –1st century BCE), 1894.708. Gift of Henry H. Getty, Charles L. Hutchinson, and Norman W. Harris
Source location: Inventory 1894.708; API object 140617; JSON /data[id=140617]
Institutional evidence for an individual object from an archived multi-record API retrieval. Dating, material, provenance and inventory details follow the specific record; source attribution is not an independent scientific authenticity test.
Source location: Open Access Images; CC0 Public Domain Designation
Specific images only when accompanied by the individual is_public_domain=true and the object's image ID. Descriptive API texts separately carry CC BY4; image release is CC0.
Coptic Christian jewellery and devotional culture Byzantine Egypt; Medinet Habu near Thebes · 500–700
Complete institutional ensemble photograph of a chain of transparent crystal beads with a silver-mounted crystal cross. The sequence of the beads and the cross’s attachment are shown unchanged.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Coptic Christian jewellery and devotional culture
Region
Byzantine Egypt; Medinet Habu near Thebes
Date of the evidence
500–700
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Complete institutional ensemble photograph of a chain of transparent crystal beads with a silver-mounted crystal cross. The sequence of the beads and the cross’s attachment are shown unchanged.
Historically recorded use
The museum suspects a find near a church dedicated to Saint Theodore Stratelates. A high-ranking bishop is mentioned as a possible wearer; these attributions remain uncertain.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Met object 473068, Inventory 08.202.27a, b. Proximity to a church and episcopal ownership are museum conjectures. The ensemble provides evidence of Christian jewellery; a specific protective rite or an effect of rock crystal is not individually attested.
Before designing
Complete native original capture(s), embedded unchanged in the SVG. The facsimile is not an engraving outline; it is not approved for manufacture.
Research draft. Complete institutional ensemble photograph of a chain of transparent crystal beads with a silver-mounted crystal cross. The sequence of beads and the cross attachment are shown unchanged. Proximity to a church and episcopal ownership are museum conjectures. The ensemble is evidence of Christian jewellery; no particular protective rite or effect of rock crystal is individually attested. Original bytes unchanged, no raster transformation or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete institutional ensemble photograph of a chain of transparent crystal beads with a silver-mounted crystal cross. The sequence of beads and the cross attachment are shown unchanged. Proximity to a church and episcopal ownership are museum conjectures. The ensemble is evidence of Christian jewellery; no particular protective rite or effect of rock crystal is individually attested. Original bytes unchanged, no raster transformation or manufacturing approval.
Source location: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 08.202.27a, b; complete individual museum view
Fresh native API response: object identity, raw dating, dimensions, material, specific image URLs and isPublicDomain. Editorial reading additionally checked against the object page.
Institutional object page retained today via the web reader; text and public-domain evidence. The web reader’s crawl age is visible in the archived extract.
Coptic pilgrim flask with figure and two animals – Met 25.10.20.73
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Coptic Christianity, late Roman/Byzantine Egypt Kharga Oasis, Byzantine Egypt · 4th–7th century
Flat, round ceramic flask with two handles at the sides. The relief side shows a standing figure with raised arms between two animals inside a dotted frame.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Coptic Christianity, late Roman/Byzantine Egypt
Region
Kharga Oasis, Byzantine Egypt
Date of the evidence
4th–7th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Flat, round ceramic flask with two handles at the sides. The relief side shows a standing figure with raised arms between two animals inside a dotted frame.
Historically recorded use
The institutional object title classifies the ceramic vessel as a pilgrim flask. The page does not document any surviving contents, an individual pilgrimage, or a specific protective or wearing use.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The image recalls familiar Menas image types; however, this specific object page does not identify the figure. The figure’s name, animal species and sacred content therefore remain open. The piece is historical evidence of pilgrimage and imagery, not an amulet claimed to have been worn or to have been effective.
Before designing
Byte-identical native museum JPEGs in a secure SVG wrapper, full image crops. No invented glyphs, typographic additions or new historical reconstruction; no manufacturing approval.
Research draft. The image recalls known Menas image types; however, this specific object page does not identify the figure. The figure’s name, animal species and sacred content therefore remain open questions. The piece is historical evidence of pilgrimage and imagery, not an amulet claimed to have been worn or to have been effective. The native JPEG bytes and the full photographed image area remain unchanged. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The image recalls known Menas image types; however, this specific object page does not identify the figure. The figure’s name, animal species and sacred content therefore remain open questions. The piece is historical evidence of pilgrimage and imagery, not an amulet claimed to have been worn or to have been effective. The native JPEG bytes and the full photographed image area remain unchanged.
Source location: 25.10.20.73; Artwork Details and existing curatorial description
Primary page successfully opened using the web tool, archived separately. A direct local HTML GET returned a Vercel checkpoint despite HTTP 200; this is not used as page content.
Source location: CC0 for public collection images and object data
Primary text successfully read using the web tool; the local HTTP-200 HTML retrieval was a Vercel checkpoint. Individual isPublicDomain status and the exact JPEG relationship are additionally checked through the native API.
Coptic vowel triangles in a medical book of spells
Original image · source evidence
Text amulet
Coptic medical-magical tradition Egypt · 6th century CE
Two abbreviated vowel sequences and a square with rings between them.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Coptic medical-magical tradition
Region
Egypt
Date of the evidence
6th century CE
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Two abbreviated vowel sequences and a square with rings between them.
Historically recorded use
Instruction for inscribing a tin support.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Ritual instruction survives; no surviving tin amulet from this passage is claimed.
Before designing
Check page 8 of the named Coptic codex.
Research draft. The specific image area retains both vowel sequences and all the marks actually drawn in the intermediate square. No translation or invented ring letters. The contribution refers to the passage in the main text as page eight, while the caption says pp.6 and7; this discrepancy in page references remains unresolved and is not presented as a verified folio number. Unaltered institutional JPEG bytes, SVG viewport and source description added; photograph under the explicitly linked CC BY 4.0, with no differing individual-image statement. No production-ready paths. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The specific image area retains both vowel sequences and all the marks actually drawn in the intermediate square. No translation or invented ring letters. The contribution refers to the passage in the main text as page eight, while the caption says pp.6 and7; this discrepancy in page references remains unresolved and is not presented as a verified folio number. Unaltered institutional JPEG bytes, SVG viewport and source description added; photograph under the explicitly linked CC BY 4.0, with no differing individual-image statement. No production-ready paths.
Source location: Institutional Figure 2.10, right-hand folio area: both complete vowel triangles, together with the square and rings between them.
University of Michigan Library / Pablo Alvarez, Abracadabra, 12.12.2016; Book of Ritual Spells (Medical Problems), Figure 2.10. CC BY 4.0, sofern nicht anders angegeben; keine abweichende Bildangabe.
Late Antique and Early Byzantine Christian/Mediterranean culture Egypt · 4th–7th century
The museum explicitly lists a small late-antique object as an amulet.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Late Antique and Early Byzantine Christian/Mediterranean culture
Region
Egypt
Date of the evidence
4th–7th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
The museum explicitly lists a small late-antique object as an amulet.
Historically recorded use
Object from Coptic-Byzantine Egypt, catalogued by the museum as an amulet. The general protective function of the type does not substitute for a specific original instruction for use.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The material is labelled with a question mark by the institution. No particular reading, deity or protective intention is invented from the photograph.
Before designing
Unmodified native institutional photographic source; no invented glyph additions, no isolated vector outline and no manufacturing approval. Historical evidence and comparative interpretation remain separate.
Research draft. The material is labelled institutionally with a question mark. No particular reading, deity or protective intention is invented from the photograph. Complete original JPEG bytes; losses to writing and material are not filled in. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The material is labelled institutionally with a question mark. No particular reading, deity or protective intention is invented from the photograph. Complete original JPEG bytes; losses to writing and material are not filled in.
Source location: 10.130.2540; complete actually photographed main image view
Corals from the water – Atalanta fugiens 1618, Emblem 32
Original image · source evidence
Alchemical-theosophical symbolic image
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art Oppenheim, Germany; place of printing · 1618; specific copy used
A person reaches with a long staff towards forms in the water. A river, bridge and houses form the background.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art
Region
Oppenheim, Germany; place of printing
Date of the evidence
1618; specific copy used
Type of evidence
Textual evidence
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A person reaches with a long staff towards forms in the water. A river, bridge and houses form the background.
Historically recorded use
The motto describes coral growing in water and hardening in air; what is documented is the early modern comparative text, not a modern biological explanation. Historical book illustration; actual use as a neck pendant is not attested.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Individually located historical printed component from the specific 1618 copy, not a new independent historical text and not an attested worn amulet. Effect and suitability for manufacture are not established. Work first published in 1617; the print used here is from 1618.
Before designing
Complete unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view 2880×3442px. The separately offered larger master 4291×5129px was not supplied as a downloaded file. Image, writing, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view 2880×3442px. The separately offered larger master 4291×5129px was not supplied as a downloaded file. Image, writing, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view 2880×3442px. The separately offered larger master 4291×5129px was not supplied as a downloaded file. Image, writing, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: QD25 .M354 1618; Emblem 32, printed p. 137; individual inventory zg64tm73g; Large JPG 2880×3442
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Courtesy of Science History Institute; Atalanta fugiens, used edition 1618; QD25 .M354 1618; Emblem 32, gedruckte S. 137; Einzelinventar zg64tm73g; Public Domain Mark 1.0.
The same specifically identified copy as for the 30 emblems already included; this batch adds only the remaining 20 individual sheets. First publication in 1617 and the edition used, 1618, are distinguished.
The motto describes corals growing in water and becoming hard in air; it documents an early modern comparative text, not a modern biological explanation. Checked against the institution’s own individual metadata with PDM.
Quran text and 99 names of God on a talismanic shirt
Original image · source evidence
Text amulet
Islamic amulet culture Attributed to northern India or the Deccan · 15th–early 16th century
Inscription panels with Qur’anic texts, framed by the 99 names of God.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Islamic amulet culture
Region
Attributed to northern India or the Deccan
Date of the evidence
15th–early 16th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Description
Inscription panels with Qur’anic texts, framed by the 99 names of God.
Historically recorded use
Protective clothing; the museum describes possible use beneath armour as a supposition.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The historical support medium is a shirt. Do not describe square fields of writing as a magic square without evidence.
Before designing
Select and check a specific inscribed field from 1998.199 calligraphically; no arbitrary selection or abbreviated protective formula.
Research draft. Complete, visually checked museum photograph of the specific linked historical object. Unaltered original JPEG bytes are embedded in the SVG as a raster facsimile; this is neither a cropped individual glyph nor a traced sigil. The object context and all visible image details are retained. No production-ready vector paths; engraving or CNC manufacture requires separate assessment. Image crop, orientation, background and object condition remain exactly as in the original JPEG. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete, visually checked museum photograph of the specific linked historical object. Unaltered original JPEG bytes are embedded in the SVG as a raster facsimile; this is neither a cropped individual glyph nor a traced sigil. The object context and all visible image details are retained. No production-ready vector paths; engraving or CNC manufacture requires separate assessment. Image crop, orientation, background and object condition remain exactly as in the original JPEG.
Source location: Met object 453498; inventory 1998.199; complete main photograph from the current institutional API, uncropped; original 4000 × 2692 px
Cosmogram in Norton’s Credemihi – Musaeum Hermeticum 1678
Original image · source evidence
Alchemical-theosophical symbolic image
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art Frankfurt am Main, Germany; place of printing · 1678; specific copy used; partial imprint 1677
A vertical diagram links a radiant upper circle bearing the inscription DEVS IEHOVA, an elemental and celestial area with a triangle, and a lower area of chaos. COELVM, AER, TERRA, AQVA and HOMO are arranged in the historical diagram.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art
Region
Frankfurt am Main, Germany; place of printing
Date of the evidence
1678; specific copy used; partial imprint 1677
Type of evidence
Textual evidence
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A vertical diagram links a radiant upper circle bearing the inscription DEVS IEHOVA, an elemental and celestial area with a triangle, and a lower area of chaos. COELVM, AER, TERRA, AQVA and HOMO are arranged in the historical diagram.
Historically recorded use
Unpaginated cosmological image witness immediately after the part-title Thomae Nortoni Angli Tractatus Chymicus, Credemihi sive Ordinale. The preceding part-imprint reads 1677; the specific complete volume used is from 1678. Its placement evidences the printed context, not secure personal design authorship by Norton. Historical book illustration; actual use as a neck pendant is not attested.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Individually located historical print component of the specific 1678 copy, not a new independent historical text and not an evidenced worn amulet. Effect and suitability for manufacture are not established. Visible partial imprint 1677, distinct from the year of the complete volume, 1678; not equated with the first creation of the image form.
Before designing
Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view, 2880×2755px. The separately offered larger master, 5289×5059px, was not supplied as a downloaded file. The image, lettering, printed page, condition of the paper and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile, not a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view, 2880×2755px. The separately offered larger master, 5289×5059px, was not supplied as a downloaded file. The image, lettering, printed page, condition of the paper and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile, not a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view, 2880×2755px. The separately offered larger master, 5289×5059px, was not supplied as a downloaded file. The image, lettering, printed page, condition of the paper and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile, not a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: QD25 .M87315 1678; unpaginated; viewer index 60, asset xd07gt819; Large JPG 2880×2755
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Courtesy of Science History Institute; Musaeum Hermeticum Reformatum et Amplificatum, used edition 1678; QD25 .M87315 1678; unpaginiert; Viewerindex 60, Asset xd07gt819; Public Domain Mark 1.0.
Source location: QD25 .M87315 1678; Frankfurt am Main, Hermann à Sande
Specific complete volume with 70 institutional digital images. Main title and catalogue date 1678; several bound component titles bear 1677. The 30 images captured are components of this single volume. The transmitted author names are attributions in the printed work; no confirmed biography of a medieval monk.
Unpaginated cosmological image witness immediately following the part-title Thomae Nortoni Angli Tractatus Chymicus, Credemihi sive Ordinale. The preceding part-imprint reads 1677; the specific complete volume used is from 1678. Its placement establishes the printing context, not secure personal authorship of the design by Norton. Specific image file of the identified PDM volume; viewer membership, individual download and the individual PDM download display checked. No non-existent individual catalogue page has been invented.
Source location: QD25 .M87315 1678; viewer index 59, asset jh343t30n
Contextual evidence immediately before the cosmogram, visibly MDCLXXVII = 1677. The volume catalogue and main title read 1678; no additional motif entry.
Sick King and Physicians – Atalanta fugiens 1618, Emblem 48
Original image · source evidence
Alchemical-theosophical symbolic image
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art Oppenheim, Germany; place of printing · 1618; specific copy used
Several men stand in a palace around a crowned king. Another scene, at a bed, can be seen in the background.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art
Region
Oppenheim, Germany; place of printing
Date of the evidence
1618; specific copy used
Type of evidence
Textual evidence
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Several men stand in a palace around a crowned king. Another scene, at a bed, can be seen in the background.
Historically recorded use
The motto depicts the sick king, water and doctors; the alchemical healing narrative is transmitted as a historical book allegory, without any claim about present-day therapy. Historical book illustration; actual use as a neck pendant is not attested.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Individually located historical printed component from the specific 1618 copy, not a new independent historical text and not an attested worn amulet. Effect and suitability for manufacture are not established. Work first published in 1617; the print used here is from 1618.
Before designing
Complete unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view 2880×3442px. The separately offered larger master 4291×5129px was not supplied as a downloaded file. Image, writing, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view 2880×3442px. The separately offered larger master 4291×5129px was not supplied as a downloaded file. Image, writing, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view 2880×3442px. The separately offered larger master 4291×5129px was not supplied as a downloaded file. Image, writing, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: QD25 .M354 1618; Emblem 48, printed p. 201; individual inventory w95051292; Large JPG 2880×3442
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Courtesy of Science History Institute; Atalanta fugiens, used edition 1618; QD25 .M354 1618; Emblem 48, gedruckte S. 201; Einzelinventar w95051292; Public Domain Mark 1.0.
The same specifically identified copy as for the 30 emblems already included; this batch adds only the remaining 20 individual sheets. First publication in 1617 and the edition used, 1618, are distinguished.
The motto depicts the sick king, water and physicians; the alchemical healing story is transmitted as a historical book allegory, not as a present-day therapeutic claim. Individual institutional metadata checked against PDM.
European zodiac; medieval Christian calendar tradition Augsburg, Germany (attested manuscript) · Late 12th to early 13th century (this image evidence)
Cancer, calendar image.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
European zodiac; medieval Christian calendar tradition
Region
Augsburg, Germany (attested manuscript)
Date of the evidence
Late 12th to early 13th century (this image evidence)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Description
Cancer, calendar image.
Historically recorded use
Zodiac image in the calendar of the Claricia Psalter.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The evidence concerns the zodiac motif. It does not establish a wearable amulet or the glyph form used today.
Before designing
Check historical image variant on fol. 4r; Unicode is only a search/display aid.
Research draft. Visually checked single-figure detail from the historical original. Raster facsimile in an SVG viewport; original JPEG embedded unchanged. Paper/parchment, printing irregularities and show-through are retained. No engraving-ready vector paths; manufacturing requires separately checked vectorisation. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Visually checked single-figure detail from the historical original. Raster facsimile in an SVG viewport; original JPEG embedded unchanged. Paper/parchment, printing irregularities and show-through are retained. No engraving-ready vector paths; manufacturing requires separately checked vectorisation.
Source location: Claricia Psalter, Walters W.26, fol. 4r; zodiac image in the calendar.
Historical coin bearing a pictorial zodiac sign for Cancer; the image reproduces the actual surviving face of the coin.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Mughal Empire; zodiac signs on coins
Region
India; partly Agra
Date of the evidence
1622–1623; 1032 AH?
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Historical coin bearing a pictorial zodiac sign for Cancer; the image reproduces the actual surviving face of the coin.
Historically recorded use
The museum description identifies the zodiac sign as indicating the month of striking and expressly rules out original talismanic manufacture.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Historical evidence of signs only, not a worn amulet and not a prediction of personality. The written-out inscription date and, where applicable, broader numerical API limits remain documented separately.
Before designing
Native institutional object image as a historical image reference; no isolated vector glyph, added inscription or manufacturing approval. The photograph and original form remain separate from later engraving outlines.
Research draft. Historical drawing evidence only, not a worn amulet and not a personality prediction. The written-out inscription dating and any broader numerical API limits remain documented separately. Original JPEGs are embedded byte-for-byte; no lettering or lines have been added. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historical drawing evidence only, not a worn amulet and not a personality prediction. The written-out inscription dating and any broader numerical API limits remain documented separately. Original JPEGs are embedded byte-for-byte; no lettering or lines have been added.
Source location: Met 99.35.2397; complete selected original view
Title, inventory number, material and dating are checked individually; cultural-historical use is included only to the extent stated in the object description. The linked web text snapshots document the independent, current review of the object pages.
Crab, Barcha and marginal letters – Getty 85.AN.444.3
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Roman Imperial period; Egyptian and Mediterranean image-making/magical glyptics Mediterranean region; the precise place of manufacture of this piece is not established · 2nd–4th century A.D.
Octagonal yellowish stone with a Cancer image; museum and research descriptions document a magical word-form and letters on the side facets on the reverse.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Roman Imperial period; Egyptian and Mediterranean image-making/magical glyptics
Region
Mediterranean region; the precise place of manufacture of this piece is not established
Date of the evidence
2nd–4th century A.D.
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Octagonal yellowish stone with a Cancer image; museum and research descriptions document a magical word-form and letters on the side facets on the reverse.
Historically recorded use
The magical gem combines the animal image with a Barcha variant and border letters. The specific original use is not recorded.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Getty’s current reading of the facets ends with Lambda/My, while Phoinix PP-2389 interprets the sequence as the seven Greek vowels. Both sources are identified as differing readings; the current image page does not allow this conflict to be resolved independently. The crab image is not identified as a zodiacal Cancer amulet without evidence.
Before designing
Native institutional museum photograph as a historical reference; no invented glyph additions, isolated vector outline or manufacturing approval. The visible photographed side and the reverse documented only in text remain distinct.
Research draft. Getty’s current reading of the facets ends with Lambda/My, while Phoinix PP-2389 interprets the series as seven Greek vowels. Both sources remain identified as differing readings; the current image page does not allow this conflict to be resolved independently. The crab image is not explained as a zodiac Cancer amulet without evidence. Complete original JPEG bytes; losses of writing and material are not supplemented. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Getty’s current reading of the facets ends with Lambda/My, while Phoinix PP-2389 interprets the series as seven Greek vowels. Both sources remain identified as differing readings; the current image page does not allow this conflict to be resolved independently. The crab image is not explained as a zodiac Cancer amulet without evidence. Complete original JPEG bytes; losses of writing and material are not supplemented.
Source location: 85.AN.444.3; complete actually photographed main image view
Source location: 85.AN.444.3; JSON-LD: description, date, material and individual CC0 image credit
Current institutional object metadata from byte-identical archived HTML/JSON-LD; native IIIF Max JPEG checked separately against info.json and actual pixel dimensions. No claim of a complete JavaScript page render.
Source location: Specific image/metadata permission additionally checked for each object
The general institutional CC0 rule can be used only together with an individual object/image relation; the failed image retrieval remains visible in the retrieval report.
Phoinix Platform for Studying Ancient Amuletic Jewellery; Museum of Fine Arts Budapest
Source location: PP-2389; Getty 85.AN.444.3; description by J. Spier and the Phoinix team
Additional specific reading of the reverse formula and marginal vowels; the divergence from Getty remains visible. Photographs are taken exclusively from the separately checked Getty source.
Circle, square and triangle of the Philosopher’s Stone – Atalanta fugiens 1618, Emblem 21
Original image · source evidence
Alchemical-theosophical symbolic image
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art Oppenheim, Germany; place of printing · 1618; first publication of the work 1617
A person draws with a large pair of compasses on a masonry wall. A man and a woman stand within an inner circle; a square, a triangle and an outer circle form the surrounding geometrical diagram.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art
Region
Oppenheim, Germany; place of printing
Date of the evidence
1618; first publication of the work 1617
Type of evidence
Textual evidence
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A person draws with a large pair of compasses on a masonry wall. A man and a woman stand within an inner circle; a square, a triangle and an outer circle form the surrounding geometrical diagram.
Historically recorded use
The motto links man and woman with a circle, square, triangle and another circle, and names the philosopher’s stone. No universal ancient sigil or evidenced amulet effect is inferred from this. A historical book illustration with an epigram and associated discourse; no evidenced use as a pendant.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
An individually located emblem in the specific 1618 Oppenheimer print; the first publication in 1617 is distinct from this. Part of the same work and the same copy, not an independent amulet object. Individual use as a worn amulet, ancient origin of this graphic and efficacy are not evidenced.
Before designing
Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view with motto, image, epigram, printed page number and side margin notes. Paper, stains, binding shadows and any coloured areas are retained. Institutional presentation resolution 2880×3442; larger master 4291×5129 documented separately. Historical image evidence without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view with motto, image, epigram, printed page number and side margin notes. Paper, stains, binding shadows and any coloured areas are retained. Institutional presentation resolution 2880×3442; larger master 4291×5129 documented separately. Historical image evidence without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view with motto, image, epigram, printed page number and side margin notes. Paper, stains, binding shadows and any coloured areas are retained. Institutional presentation resolution 2880×3442; larger master 4291×5129 documented separately. Historical image evidence without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: QD25 .M354 1618, Emblem 21, printed p. 93; institutional individual inventory wp988k73q; Large JPG 2880×3442
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Courtesy of Science History Institute; Michael Maier, Atalanta fugiens (Oppenheim 1618), Emblem 21, S.93; engraver Matthaeus Merian; Public Domain Mark 1.0.
Source location: QD25 .M354 1618; Oppenheim, Johann-Theodor de Bry; complete work with 50 emblems
Copy used from 1618; the work's first publication in 1617 is attested separately. Historical alchemical emblem, epigram and musical context. No evidence for 30 independent works, worn amulets or present-day claims of efficacy. Individual image rights additionally checked for each inventory item.
The motto links man and woman with a circle, square, triangle and another circle, and names the philosophers’ stone. No universal ancient sigil or attested amulet effect is inferred from this. The original title, English institutional counter-label, date 1618 and specific PDM image release correspond to the individual page.
Circle, square and triangular text arrangement – Khunrath 1609, Plate 5
Original image · source evidence
Alchemical-theosophical symbolic image
Christian Kabbalistic theosophy and early modern alchemy Hanau, Germany; place of printing · 1609; title page states 1602
Concentric text rings surround a square containing a book, tablets and a triangular arrangement of writing around a central two-headed figure.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Christian Kabbalistic theosophy and early modern alchemy
Region
Hanau, Germany; place of printing
Date of the evidence
1609; title page states 1602
Type of evidence
Textual evidence
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Concentric text rings surround a square containing a book, tablets and a triangular arrangement of writing around a central two-headed figure.
Historically recorded use
Symbolic illustration in an alchemical-theosophical book. Individual use of the book illustration as an amulet is not attested.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Specific engraving of the 1609 print. The date 1602 on the title is not accepted as the actual year of publication. No universal protective effect, ancient origin or association with a modern standard seal form is claimed.
Before designing
Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG view of the opened historical print. Fold lines, paper, shadows and all original inscriptions are preserved. The resolution of the presentation view limits the legibility of fine text; larger institutional masters exist separately. Historical image evidence, not a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG view of the opened historical print. Fold lines, paper, shadows and all original inscriptions are preserved. The resolution of the presentation view limits the legibility of fine text; larger institutional masters exist separately. Historical image evidence, not a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG view of the opened historical print. Fold lines, paper, shadows and all original inscriptions are preserved. The resolution of the presentation view limits the legibility of fine text; larger institutional masters exist separately. Historical image evidence, not a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: Hanau 1609; shelfmark QD25 .K486 1609; title gives 1602, actual publication 1609
Historical Christian Kabbalistic and alchemical print with individually catalogued engravings. No source attests to wearing these complete book images as amulets. Specific image rights: Public Domain Mark 1.0.
Source location: Amphitheatrum 1609, plate 5; Member ng451h55k
Individual image witness and institutional description; specific PDM release. Unaltered institutional Large-JPEG presentation (2880 pixels wide), distinct from the considerably larger TIFF/Full-sized-JPEG master. The plate number identifies this institutional copy.
Circular diagram of writing, body parts and horoscope references – Ms. Codex 1898, 24r
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Islamic divination and the transmission of Arabic diagrams Egypt? · Probably 1767; institutional reading of the colophon: 4 Ṣafar 1181 AH, 2 July 1767
A historical circular diagram divided into sectors and several concentric rings; the catalogue’s attribution of the contents is kept separate from an independent decipherment of the text.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Islamic divination and the transmission of Arabic diagrams
Region
Egypt?
Date of the evidence
Probably 1767; institutional reading of the colophon: 4 Ṣafar 1181 AH, 2 July 1767
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A historical circular diagram divided into sectors and several concentric rings; the catalogue’s attribution of the contents is kept separate from an independent decipherment of the text.
Historically recorded use
Specific diagram in an Arabic divination work concerning events and people, with letters, horoscopes and planetary references. Portable amulet use of this page is not evidenced.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Ms. Codex 1898; attributed to Kurdī Sayyidī Maḥmūd ʻAjamī. The catalogue calculates the probable year of copying from the 309th year since Qāʾitbāy’s accession in 872 AH. The provenance and this dating derivation are recorded as uncertain. The inscription is taken from the institution’s decorative-arts inventory.
Before designing
A precisely localised historical diagram, not a newly generated universal protective sigil. The similarly labelled second body image 22r remains a private comparison.
Research draft. Unaltered native institutional web JPEG file in an SVG viewport; no new interpretation of the writing, addition of lost ink or modern replacement form. The larger TIFF masters offered separately are not archived locally for these Penn pages. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Unaltered native institutional web JPEG file in an SVG viewport; no new interpretation of the writing, addition of lost ink or modern replacement form. The larger TIFF masters offered separately are not archived locally for these Penn pages.
Egypt; medieval Islamic written amulets Attributed to Egypt · 11th century
Circular cut paper sheet with circular bands of writing around the central text field.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Egypt; medieval Islamic written amulets
Region
Attributed to Egypt
Date of the evidence
11th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Circular cut paper sheet with circular bands of writing around the central text field.
Historically recorded use
Described as a block-printed talismanic roundel. The individual wearer and the precise use are not recorded.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The circular design is attested on the original; illegible small letters and losses at the edge are not freely supplemented. No newly typeset modern circular text replaces the block print.
Before designing
Native institutional object image as a historical image reference; no isolated vector glyph, added inscription or manufacturing approval. The photograph and original form remain separate from later engraving outlines.
Research draft. The circular design is evidenced on the original; illegible small letters and losses at the edge have not been freely filled in. No newly typeset modern circular text replaces the block print. Original JPEGs are embedded byte-for-byte; no lettering or lines have been added. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The circular design is evidenced on the original; illegible small letters and losses at the edge have not been freely filled in. No newly typeset modern circular text replaces the block print. Original JPEGs are embedded byte-for-byte; no lettering or lines have been added.
Source location: Met 1978.546.37; complete selected original view
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Block-printed Talismanic Circular Leaf, 1978.546.37; Gift of Nelly, Violet and Elie Abemayor, in memory of Michel Abemayor, 1978; Open Access.
Title, inventory number, material and dating are checked individually; cultural-historical use is included only to the extent stated in the object description. The linked web text snapshots document the independent, current review of the object pages.
Catholic devotional and blessing culture Vienna, Karlsgasse 3; find 1938 · AD 1600–1800 (museum catalogue)
The front and reverse connect the Crucifixion of Christ with the Immaculate Mary. A titulus crucis is above Christ; below him is a skull with bones. The Marian side bears a plea for a pure life.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Catholic devotional and blessing culture
Region
Vienna, Karlsgasse 3; find 1938
Date of the evidence
AD 1600–1800 (museum catalogue)
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
The front and reverse connect the Crucifixion of Christ with the Immaculate Mary. A titulus crucis is above Christ; below him is a skull with bones. The Marian side bears a plea for a pure life.
Historically recorded use
Catholic devotional pendant with Christian pictorial and textual motifs. No individual use is recorded.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The figure of Mary with a crescent moon and a crown of stars is identified according to the museum catalogue. The specific historical wearer and any personal use for protection are not recorded.
Before designing
Unaltered, complete museum photographs of two sides, shown separately. No reconstructed writing, engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. The figure of Mary with a crescent moon and a crown of stars is identified according to the museum catalogue. The specific historical carrier and any personal protective use are not recorded. Both complete institutionally offered Full-JPEGs remain unchanged in their native bytes. No local cropping, deskewing or additions. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The figure of Mary with a crescent moon and a crown of stars is identified according to the museum catalogue. The specific historical carrier and any personal protective use are not recorded. Both complete institutionally offered Full-JPEGs remain unchanged in their native bytes. No local cropping, deskewing or additions.
Source location: Wien Museum MV 46911; two original photographs
Unbekannt, Anhänger in Form eines Kreuzes, 1600–1800, Wien Museum Inv.-Nr. MV 46911, CC BY 4.0, Foto: TimTom, Wien Museum (https://sammlung.wienmuseum.at/objekt/2507613/)
Own concise description of a specific historical object. Date of manufacture, year of discovery and present-day photography remain distinct. Individual CC-BY-4.0 image rights, including the institution’s suggested citation, archived.
Danish historical amulet and rune culture Kærsgård, Tornby, Hjørring, Denmark · Viking Age or early Middle Ages, according to the museum
Plain small lead cross with three rounded ends and a fourth end with a hole. No decoration is clearly visible on the surface; the museum measurements are 2.2 × 2.1 cm.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Danish historical amulet and rune culture
Region
Kærsgård, Tornby, Hjørring, Denmark
Date of the evidence
Viking Age or early Middle Ages, according to the museum
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Plain small lead cross with three rounded ends and a fourth end with a hole. No decoration is clearly visible on the surface; the museum measurements are 2.2 × 2.1 cm.
Historically recorded use
Identified by the museum as a cross-shaped amulet with a suspension fitting; no specific prayer formula is present.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The complete institutional presentation photograph shows the piece in the museum orientation. The find date range 2019–2021 and accession into the collection in 2021 are not manufacturing dates. No rune or sigil motif is inferred from the cross.
Before designing
Complete original photograph as a source reference; losses in preservation remain visible. No engraving outline and no manufacturing approval.
Research draft. The complete institutional presentation photograph shows the piece in the museum’s orientation. The find range 2019–2021 and its accession into the collection in 2021 are not manufacturing dates. No rune or sigil motif is inferred from the cross. Complete native presentation file, unchanged JPEG bytes; no TIFF master and no local raster editing. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The complete institutional presentation photograph shows the piece in the museum’s orientation. The find range 2019–2021 and its accession into the collection in 2021 are not manufacturing dates. No rune or sigil motif is inferred from the cross. Complete native presentation file, unchanged JPEG bytes; no TIFF master and no local raster editing.
Cross pentacle with varied end forms – Penn f.60r (= 61r)
Original image · source evidence
Historical grimoire pentacle
Latin Clavicula Salomonis manuscript; transmission of the Keys of Solomon European manuscript; place of manufacture unknown; present collection in Philadelphia · 1750–1799; second half of the 18th century, dating of the specific example
A large cross has differently shaped terminals, including an upper crescent and a lower open ring. Two further crescents stand between its arms. The accompanying text mentions authority, prestige, good fortune and the name of God, Tetragrammaton. This is the statement of a historical ritual text; no actual effect is evidenced.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Latin Clavicula Salomonis manuscript; transmission of the Keys of Solomon
Region
European manuscript; place of manufacture unknown; present collection in Philadelphia
Date of the evidence
1750–1799; second half of the 18th century, dating of the specific example
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A large cross has differently shaped terminals, including an upper crescent and a lower open ring. Two further crescents stand between its arms. The accompanying text mentions authority, prestige, good fortune and the name of God, Tetragrammaton. This is the statement of a historical ritual text; no actual effect is evidenced.
Historically recorded use
The accompanying text mentions dominion, prestige, good fortune and the name of God, Tetragrammaton. This is the claim of a historical ritual text; no actual effect is evidenced.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Dating of this specific Latin copy: 1750–1799. The catalogue attribution to Abraham Colorni does not confirm that he personally produced this later manuscript. The drawing is a localised component of 43 surviving pentacles in the same copy, not a new tradition or a separately surviving worn amulet. Written and corrected foliation differ by one leaf. The changing historical internal numbering is not unified into an invented continuous sequence of 1–43.
Before designing
The completely preserved individual pentacle remains embedded as an unaltered native OPenn web JPEG; only the SVG viewport limits the visible area of the leaf. The separately offered TIFF master was not used. The accompanying text can be read in full on the archived full leaf, although it is partly cut off in the viewport. No addition of lines or letters, outline transcription or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Dating of this specific Latin copy: 1750–1799. The catalogue attribution to Abraham Colorni does not confirm that he personally made this later manuscript. The drawing is a localised component of 43 surviving pentacles in the same copy, not a new tradition or a separately surviving worn amulet. Written and corrected foliation differ by one leaf. The changing historical internal numbering is not standardised into an invented continuous sequence from 1 to 43. The single, fully preserved pentacle is embedded as an unaltered native OPenn web JPEG in the SVG; only the SVG viewport limits the visible area of the leaf. The separately offered TIFF master was not used. The accompanying text can be read in full on the archived full leaf, though it is partly cut off in the viewport. No lines or letters have been added, no outline transcription has been made, and no manufacturing approval is implied. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Dating of this specific Latin copy: 1750–1799. The catalogue attribution to Abraham Colorni does not confirm that he personally made this later manuscript. The drawing is a localised component of 43 surviving pentacles in the same copy, not a new tradition or a separately surviving worn amulet. Written and corrected foliation differ by one leaf. The changing historical internal numbering is not standardised into an invented continuous sequence from 1 to 43. The single, fully preserved pentacle is embedded as an unaltered native OPenn web JPEG in the SVG; only the SVG viewport limits the visible area of the leaf. The separately offered TIFF master was not used. The accompanying text can be read in full on the archived full leaf, though it is partly cut off in the viewport. No lines or letters have been added, no outline transcription has been made, and no manufacturing approval is implied.
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Kreuzpentakel mit verschiedenen Endformen – Penn f.60r (= 61r). Ms. Codex 1673, 1750–1799. University of Pennsylvania, Kislak Center. Public Domain Mark. Katalogmetadaten separat CC BY 4.0.
Specific manuscript witness, second half of the 18th century. Earlier textual transmission and author attribution are not the date when this copy was made.
Cross sign at the end of a prayer formula – Clm 30010, f.11v
Original image · source evidence
Historical knowledge-ritual figure
Latin Ars notoria tradition in the broader sense; BSB catalogue title Place of manufacture unknown; current collection in Munich · 14th century; dating of the specific parchment codex, not an exact year of 1301
Several red cross forms, enclosed in small squares, appear in a line with handwritten letters and words at the end of a prayer. The cross forms are part of the transmitted wording of the prayer. They are not separated from their text and assembled into a new magical alphabet. Historical practice associated prayers and contemplation of such figures with the pursuit of knowledge. No actual effect or surviving worn amulet is evidenced.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Latin Ars notoria tradition in the broader sense; BSB catalogue title
Region
Place of manufacture unknown; current collection in Munich
Date of the evidence
14th century; dating of the specific parchment codex, not an exact year of 1301
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Several red cross forms, enclosed in small squares, appear in a line with handwritten letters and words at the end of a prayer. The cross forms are part of the transmitted wording of the prayer. They are not separated from their text and assembled into a new magical alphabet. Historical practice associated prayers and contemplation of such figures with the pursuit of knowledge. No actual effect or surviving worn amulet is evidenced.
Historically recorded use
The cross forms are part of the transmitted wording of the prayer. They are not separated from its text and assembled into a new magical alphabet. Historical practice linked prayers and contemplation of such figures with the pursuit of knowledge. No actual effect or surviving worn amulet is evidenced.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
A specific Latin parchment codex of the 14th century, now Clm 30010; catalogue title Ars notoria. The BSB identifies depictions of the Artes liberales except music, together with magical prayers and explanatory text on f.15v–16r. No narrower textual recension or historical author is specified here. The modern navigation metadata and MARC data contain 1301 as a technical value, whereas the visible catalogue dating gives only 14th century; therefore no exact year is stated. Seven localised figure/sign ensembles from the same copy are source variants, not seven new traditions.
Before designing
Unaltered native full-page JPEG bytes from the institutional IIIF service are embedded in the SVG. Only the SVG viewport limits the visible area of the leaf. This is the supplied JPEG presentation, not a verified TIFF master. Faint writing, irregular geometry and existing ageing are retained. No raster repair, line completion, outline transcription or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. A specific 14th-century Latin parchment codex, now Clm 30010; catalogue title Ars notoria. The BSB names depictions of the Artes liberales except music, with magical prayers and explanatory text on f.15v–16r. No narrower textual recension or historical author is specified here. The modern navigation metadata and MARC data contain 1301 as a technical value, whereas the visible catalogue dating gives only 14th century; therefore no exact year is given. Seven localised figure/sign ensembles from the same copy are source variants, not seven new traditions. Unaltered native full-page JPEG bytes from the institutional IIIF service are embedded in the SVG. Only the SVG viewport limits the visible page area. This is the supplied JPEG presentation, not a verified TIFF master. Faint writing, irregular geometry and existing ageing are retained. No raster repair, line additions, outline transcription or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: A specific 14th-century Latin parchment codex, now Clm 30010; catalogue title Ars notoria. The BSB names depictions of the Artes liberales except music, with magical prayers and explanatory text on f.15v–16r. No narrower textual recension or historical author is specified here. The modern navigation metadata and MARC data contain 1301 as a technical value, whereas the visible catalogue dating gives only 14th century; therefore no exact year is given. Seven localised figure/sign ensembles from the same copy are source variants, not seven new traditions. Unaltered native full-page JPEG bytes from the institutional IIIF service are embedded in the SVG. Only the SVG viewport limits the visible page area. This is the supplied JPEG presentation, not a verified TIFF master. Faint writing, irregular geometry and existing ageing are retained. No raster repair, line additions, outline transcription or manufacturing approval.
Source location: Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Clm 30010, catalogue title Ars notoria; folio 11v; canvas position 28/53, institutional canvas label (0028); image bsb00137282_00028. Folio numbering follows the visible recto numerals and the sequence of leaves; the IIIF label itself gives only the image position.
Source location: BV035952023; BSB 991019740539707356; MARC 264/300/500/990
The written-out dating of the 14th century remains authoritative; the technical figure 1301 is not adopted as the exact year of creation. Formerly in the Phillipps Collection; modern half-leather binding.
Additional explicit CC0 evidence for catalogue metadata. The individual PDM declaration for the specific digitisation remains the separate basis for the image.
Warrior gem in an Etruscan swivel ring – Met 95.15.7
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Etruscan glyptic art Etruria; exact findspot not stated · 5th–4th century BC
Gold swivel ring with a small red carnelian scarab. The only institutionally linked photograph shows the whole object on a textile background.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Etruscan glyptic art
Region
Etruria; exact findspot not stated
Date of the evidence
5th–4th century BC
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Gold swivel ring with a small red carnelian scarab. The only institutionally linked photograph shows the whole object on a textile background.
Historically recorded use
The catalogue description names a kneeling warrior with a vessel and sword on the scarab. The swivel ring is historical evidence for jewellery and imagery; no individual protective or ritual use is specified.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The native image is only 561 × 535 pixels. The fine intaglio figure cannot be read securely as a distinct image in it; its identification is based on the museum text. The source documents the ring form and stone, but does not provide a faithful outline of the warrior, vessel or sword.
Before designing
Byte-identical native museum JPEGs in a secure SVG wrapper, full image crops. No invented glyphs, typographic additions or new historical reconstruction; no manufacturing approval.
Research draft. The native image is only 561 × 535 pixels. The fine intaglio figure cannot be read independently with certainty in it; its identification is based on the museum text. The source documents the ring form and stone, but does not provide a contour-faithful transfer of the warrior, vessel or sword. The native JPEG bytes and the complete photographed image area remain unchanged. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The native image is only 561 × 535 pixels. The fine intaglio figure cannot be read independently with certainty in it; its identification is based on the museum text. The source documents the ring form and stone, but does not provide a contour-faithful transfer of the warrior, vessel or sword. The native JPEG bytes and the complete photographed image area remain unchanged.
Source location: 95.15.7; Artwork Details and existing curatorial description
Primary page successfully opened using the web tool, archived separately. A direct local HTML GET returned a Vercel checkpoint despite HTTP 200; this is not used as page content.
Source location: CC0 for public collection images and object data
Primary text successfully read using the web tool; the local HTTP-200 HTML retrieval was a Vercel checkpoint. Individual isPublicDomain status and the exact JPEG relationship are additionally checked through the native API.
The statement of purpose is a historical attribution. The German short name is editorial; it is not a claim of efficacy.
Before designing
Check the source drawing and inscription in full before creating a motif drawing; an image link is not a finished engraving template.
Research draft. Visually checked single-figure detail from the historical original. Raster facsimile in an SVG viewport; original JPEG embedded unchanged. Paper/parchment, printing irregularities and show-through are retained. No engraving-ready vector paths; manufacturing requires separately checked vectorisation. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Visually checked single-figure detail from the historical original. Raster facsimile in an SVG viewport; original JPEG embedded unchanged. Paper/parchment, printing irregularities and show-through are retained. No engraving-ready vector paths; manufacturing requires separately checked vectorisation.
Source location: Second numbered pentacle part, handwritten p. 17; IIIF Canvas position 191, image 0202
Source location: Work hwqdep8w; MS. 4659; La Clavicule…; mid-18th century; French
Institutional catalogue: French manuscript from the mid-18th century, with numerous pentacles, sigils and inserted parchment leaves. The claim of a translation from Hebrew belongs to the work’s title and is not adopted as a proven source text. Place of manufacture unknown. Twelve selected drawings from the second numbered pentacle section have been individually located visually; statements of purpose are historical attributions made by the manuscript.
Institutional manifest obtained directly; twelve complete, distinguishable drawings viewed in the browser. Page 15 was initially obscured by the loose slip; the complete image is in Canvas 189/Image 0200. Canvas here is a 1-based image position. Page 21 was set aside because its internal drawing is faded/unclear. The German titles are descriptive catalogue labels, not asserted traditional proper names.
Crocodile bead with solar barque and Amun-Re inscription (Walters 42.24)
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Ancient Egyptian amulets Egypt · c. 1069–715 BC (Third Intermediate Period)
The upper side depicts a crocodile in relief; the underside bears a solar barque and several registers of incised signs. Both complete original views are documented together.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Ancient Egyptian amulets
Region
Egypt
Date of the evidence
c. 1069–715 BC (Third Intermediate Period)
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
The upper side depicts a crocodile in relief; the underside bears a solar barque and several registers of incised signs. Both complete original views are documented together.
Historically recorded use
According to the museum’s reading, the solar barque represents Amun-Re. The inscription expresses wishes for life, happiness and permanence; this interpretation is documented as the museum’s reading.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
A specific museum object, Walters 42.24. Dating and interpretation follow the individual museum record. Earlier use, efficacy and lost signs are not supplemented on the basis of the photograph.
Before designing
Unaltered, complete original photographs in an SVG facsimile. No reconstructed outline and no manufacturing approval.
Research draft. The upper surface depicts a crocodile in relief; the underside bears a solar barque and several registers of incised signs. Both complete original views are documented together. Specific museum object, Walters 42.24. Dating and interpretation follow the individual museum record. Earlier use, efficacy and lost signs are not supplemented from the photograph. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The upper surface depicts a crocodile in relief; the underside bears a solar barque and several registers of incised signs. Both complete original views are documented together. Specific museum object, Walters 42.24. Dating and interpretation follow the individual museum record. Earlier use, efficacy and lost signs are not supplemented from the photograph.
Source location: The Walters Art Museum, 42.24; complete original view(s)
Ancient Egyptian amulets and historical symbol forms Egypt · 664–332 BC
Small faience form, now appearing light in colour, with a high back and a crown-like projection at the front.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Ancient Egyptian amulets and historical symbol forms
Region
Egypt
Date of the evidence
664–332 BC
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Small faience form, now appearing light in colour, with a high back and a crown-like projection at the front.
Historically recorded use
Amulet in the form of the crown of Lower Egypt.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The name describes the historical crown type. No present-day red colouring has been added to the photographed object. The numerical range follows the legible catalogue dating; the differing numerical API values are preserved separately in the evidence record.
Before designing
Original photograph; the modern display rod is not part of the historical crown. CC0 raster reference; not a verified manufacturing file. A separately verified outline preparation is required for engraving or casting.
Research draft. Original photograph; the modern display rod is not part of the historical crown. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Original photograph; the modern display rod is not part of the historical crown.
Source location: Met 10.130.1822; selected original capture
Source location: Met 10.130.1822; object 545368; API title, objectDate, medium, geography, images
Directly archived institutional object record for this exact inventory item. Image form also checked visually; named function and attribution only to the extent documented in each case.
Crucifix pendant with heart and further reverse symbols
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Catholic devotional and blessing culture Vienna, Karlsgasse 3; find 1938 · AD 1600–1800 (museum catalogue)
Cross pendant with plant-shaped arm ends, Christ, a cross plaque and a skull. The other side bears several applied signs on a grooved ground, including a heart and a wreath.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Catholic devotional and blessing culture
Region
Vienna, Karlsgasse 3; find 1938
Date of the evidence
AD 1600–1800 (museum catalogue)
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Cross pendant with plant-shaped arm ends, Christ, a cross plaque and a skull. The other side bears several applied signs on a grooved ground, including a heart and a wreath.
Historically recorded use
Catholic devotional pendant with Christian pictorial and textual motifs. No individual use is recorded.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Not all reverse-side signs are securely identified; a possible lily in particular remains uncertain. No systematic secret doctrine is inferred from the individual forms.
Before designing
Unaltered, complete museum photographs of two sides, shown separately. No reconstructed writing, engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Not all marks on the reverse have been identified with certainty; in particular, a possible lily remains uncertain. No systematic secret doctrine is inferred from the individual forms. Both complete Full-JPEGs offered by the institution remain unchanged in their native bytes. No local cropping, deskewing or additions. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Not all marks on the reverse have been identified with certainty; in particular, a possible lily remains uncertain. No systematic secret doctrine is inferred from the individual forms. Both complete Full-JPEGs offered by the institution remain unchanged in their native bytes. No local cropping, deskewing or additions.
Source location: Wien Museum MV 46921; two original photographs
Unbekannt, Anhänger in Form eines Kreuzes, 1600–1800, Wien Museum Inv.-Nr. MV 46921, CC BY 4.0, Foto: TimTom, Wien Museum (https://sammlung.wienmuseum.at/objekt/2507622/)
Own concise description of a specific historical object. Date of manufacture, year of discovery and present-day photography remain distinct. Individual CC-BY-4.0 image rights, including the institution’s suggested citation, archived.
Catholic devotional and blessing culture Vienna, Karlsgasse 3; find 1938 · AD 1600–1800 (museum catalogue)
A cross pendant bears Christ and a titulus. A chain link is preserved at the top, with a second loop below; at the foot, the catalogue tentatively identifies a skull and bones.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Catholic devotional and blessing culture
Region
Vienna, Karlsgasse 3; find 1938
Date of the evidence
AD 1600–1800 (museum catalogue)
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A cross pendant bears Christ and a titulus. A chain link is preserved at the top, with a second loop below; at the foot, the catalogue tentatively identifies a skull and bones.
Historically recorded use
Catholic devotional pendant with Christian pictorial and textual motifs. No individual use is recorded.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The identification of the small depiction at the foot remains uncertain. The surviving chain fragment does not justify reconstructing a complete historical chain.
Before designing
Unaltered, complete museum photographs of two sides, shown separately. No reconstructed writing, engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. The identification of the small depiction at the foot remains uncertain. The surviving chain fragment does not justify reconstructing a complete historical chain. Both complete institutionally offered Full-JPEGs remain unchanged in their native bytes. No local cropping, deskewing or additions. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The identification of the small depiction at the foot remains uncertain. The surviving chain fragment does not justify reconstructing a complete historical chain. Both complete institutionally offered Full-JPEGs remain unchanged in their native bytes. No local cropping, deskewing or additions.
Source location: Wien Museum MV 46914; two original photographs
Unbekannt, Anhänger in Form eines Kreuzes, 1600–1800, Wien Museum Inv.-Nr. MV 46914, CC BY 4.0, Foto: TimTom, Wien Museum (https://sammlung.wienmuseum.at/objekt/2507616/)
Own concise description of a specific historical object. Date of manufacture, year of discovery and present-day photography remain distinct. Individual CC-BY-4.0 image rights, including the institution’s suggested citation, archived.
Catholic devotional and blessing culture Vienna, Karlsgasse 3; find 1938 · AD 1600–1800 (museum catalogue)
Small cross-shaped pendant with a schematic image of Christ and a cross plaque. The upper loop is broken off; the reverse is unfinished.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Catholic devotional and blessing culture
Region
Vienna, Karlsgasse 3; find 1938
Date of the evidence
AD 1600–1800 (museum catalogue)
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Small cross-shaped pendant with a schematic image of Christ and a cross plaque. The upper loop is broken off; the reverse is unfinished.
Historically recorded use
Catholic devotional pendant with Christian pictorial and textual motifs. No individual use is recorded.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The break remains visible in both original photographs. No added suspension fitting and no unknown reverse inscription.
Before designing
Unaltered, complete museum photographs of two sides, shown separately. No reconstructed writing, engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. The break remains visible in both original photographs. No suspension added and no unknown inscription on the reverse. Both complete institutionally provided Full-JPEGs remain unchanged in their native bytes. No local masking, deskewing or additions. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The break remains visible in both original photographs. No suspension added and no unknown inscription on the reverse. Both complete institutionally provided Full-JPEGs remain unchanged in their native bytes. No local masking, deskewing or additions.
Source location: Wien Museum MV 46913; two original images
Unbekannt, Anhänger in Form eines Kreuzes, 1600–1800, Wien Museum Inv.-Nr. MV 46913, CC BY 4.0, Foto: TimTom, Wien Museum (https://sammlung.wienmuseum.at/objekt/2507615/)
Own concise description of a specific historical object. Date of manufacture, year of discovery and present-day photography remain distinct. Individual CC-BY-4.0 image rights, including the institution’s suggested citation, archived.
Catholic devotional and blessing culture Vienna, Karlsgasse 3; find 1938 · AD 1600–1800 (museum catalogue)
A cast crucifix has a loop at both the top and the bottom. The front depicts Christ and a cross plaque; the back is flat.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Catholic devotional and blessing culture
Region
Vienna, Karlsgasse 3; find 1938
Date of the evidence
AD 1600–1800 (museum catalogue)
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A cast crucifix has a loop at both the top and the bottom. The front depicts Christ and a cross plaque; the back is flat.
Historically recorded use
Catholic devotional pendant with Christian pictorial and textual motifs. No individual use is recorded.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The two loops demonstrate attachment possibilities, but do not establish a securely reconstructed rosary or a particular original chain arrangement.
Before designing
Unaltered, complete museum photographs of two sides, shown separately. No reconstructed writing, engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. The two loops demonstrate possible attachment points, but do not establish a securely reconstructed rosary or a particular original chain arrangement. Both complete institutionally supplied Full-JPEGs remain unchanged in their native bytes. No local cropping, straightening or additions. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The two loops demonstrate possible attachment points, but do not establish a securely reconstructed rosary or a particular original chain arrangement. Both complete institutionally supplied Full-JPEGs remain unchanged in their native bytes. No local cropping, straightening or additions.
Source location: Wien Museum MV 46912; two original photographs
Unbekannt, Anhänger in Form eines Kreuzes, 1600–1800, Wien Museum Inv.-Nr. MV 46912, CC BY 4.0, Foto: TimTom, Wien Museum (https://sammlung.wienmuseum.at/objekt/2507614/)
Own concise description of a specific historical object. Date of manufacture, year of discovery and present-day photography remain distinct. Individual CC-BY-4.0 image rights, including the institution’s suggested citation, archived.
Toad at a woman’s breast – Atalanta fugiens 1618, Emblem 5
Original image · source evidence
Alchemical-theosophical symbolic image
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art Oppenheim, Germany; place of printing · 1618; first publication of the work 1617
An armoured man stands before a woman and brings a small animal to her breast. A city with multi-storey houses can be seen in the background.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art
Region
Oppenheim, Germany; place of printing
Date of the evidence
1618; first publication of the work 1617
Type of evidence
Textual evidence
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
An armoured man stands before a woman and brings a small animal to her breast. A city with multi-storey houses can be seen in the background.
Historically recorded use
The motto explicitly names the animal bufo, a toad, and describes a drastic alchemical image of nourishment. The scene is documented as a historical allegory. Historical book illustration with epigram and related discourse; not an evidenced pendant.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
An individually located emblem in the specific Oppenheimer printing of 1618; the first publication in 1617 is distinct from it. Part of the same work and the same copy, not an independent amulet object. Individual use as a worn amulet, the ancient origin of this graphic and efficacy are not evidenced. Visible coloured areas belong to the present condition of this copy; a separate age for the colouring is not documented.
Before designing
Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view with motto, image, epigram, printed page number and side margin notes. Paper, stains, binding shadows and any coloured areas are retained. Institutional presentation resolution 2880×3442; larger master 4291×5129 documented separately. Historical image evidence without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view with motto, image, epigram, printed page number and side margin notes. Paper, stains, binding shadows and any coloured areas are retained. Institutional presentation resolution 2880×3442; larger master 4291×5129 documented separately. Historical image evidence without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view with motto, image, epigram, printed page number and side margin notes. Paper, stains, binding shadows and any coloured areas are retained. Institutional presentation resolution 2880×3442; larger master 4291×5129 documented separately. Historical image evidence without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: QD25 .M354 1618, Emblem 5, printed p. 29; institutional item inventory pc289k00t; Large JPG 2880×3442
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Courtesy of Science History Institute; Michael Maier, Atalanta fugiens (Oppenheim 1618), Emblem 5, S.29; engraver Matthaeus Merian; Public Domain Mark 1.0.
Source location: QD25 .M354 1618; Oppenheim, Johann-Theodor de Bry; complete work with 50 emblems
Copy used from 1618; the work's first publication in 1617 is attested separately. Historical alchemical emblem, epigram and musical context. No evidence for 30 independent works, worn amulets or present-day claims of efficacy. Individual image rights additionally checked for each inventory item.
The motto explicitly names the animal as bufo, a toad, and describes a stark alchemical feeding image. The scene is documented as a historical allegory. The original title, English institutional counter-label, dating of 1618 and specific PDM image permission correspond to the individual page.
Three lines of Kufic script on a dark background, preserved as a calligraphy sheet in its own right.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Islamic Egypt; medieval Arabic script tradition
Region
Egypt
Date of the evidence
10th–early 11th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Three lines of Kufic script on a dark background, preserved as a calligraphy sheet in its own right.
Historically recorded use
The museum description identifies the Basmala invocation in the first two lines. The sheet is a specific historical example of religious writing as an image.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The invocation alone provides evidence neither of a worn amulet nor of any specific protective use of this sheet. Missing or illegible letters have not been reconstructed.
Before designing
Unmodified native institutional photographic source; no invented glyph additions, no isolated vector outline and no manufacturing approval. Historical evidence and comparative interpretation remain separate.
Research draft. The invocation alone establishes neither a worn amulet nor a specific protective use of this sheet. Missing or illegible letters are not reconstructed. Complete original JPEG bytes; losses of writing and material are not filled in. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The invocation alone establishes neither a worn amulet nor a specific protective use of this sheet. Missing or illegible letters are not reconstructed. Complete original JPEG bytes; losses of writing and material are not filled in.
Source location: 1978.546.40; complete main image view actually photographed
Copper plate with a runic inscription on both sides.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Norse tradition
Region
Öland, Sweden
Date of the evidence
950–1100 AD
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Description
Copper plate with a runic inscription on both sides.
Historically recorded use
The inscription asks for protection for Bófi and invokes Thor.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Protective use is evident in the text; individual readings and the hammer passage remain uncertain.
Before designing
Set the complete inscription only after a critical reading of both sides of the object. Do not turn word fragments into new sigils.
Research draft. Unaltered original photograph showing both inscribed sides. The SVG viewport includes both complete object images; no damaged rune is supplemented. RuneS identifies precisely image 14876 as PD / public domain. The reading and protective interpretation remain dependent on the sources. Raster facsimile, not manufacturing-ready outline paths. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Unaltered original photograph showing both inscribed sides. The SVG viewport includes both complete object images; no damaged rune is supplemented. RuneS identifies precisely image 14876 as PD / public domain. The reading and protective interpretation remain dependent on the sources. Raster facsimile, not manufacturing-ready outline paths.
Source location: Öl SAS1989;43; RuneS Fund 4491, image 14876, complete facing pages A and B.
The text mentions the subjugation of demons by displaying it.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The statement of purpose is a historical attribution. The German short name is editorial; it is not a claim of efficacy.
Before designing
Check the source drawing and inscription in full before creating a motif drawing; an image link is not a finished engraving template.
Research draft. Visually checked single-figure detail from the historical original. Raster facsimile in an SVG viewport; original JPEG embedded unchanged. Paper/parchment, printing irregularities and show-through are retained. No engraving-ready vector paths; manufacturing requires separately checked vectorisation. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Visually checked single-figure detail from the historical original. Raster facsimile in an SVG viewport; original JPEG embedded unchanged. Paper/parchment, printing irregularities and show-through are retained. No engraving-ready vector paths; manufacturing requires separately checked vectorisation.
Source location: Second numbered pentacle section, manuscript p.18; IIIF canvas position 192, image 0203
Source location: Work hwqdep8w; MS. 4659; La Clavicule…; mid-18th century; French
Institutional catalogue: French manuscript from the mid-18th century, with numerous pentacles, sigils and inserted parchment leaves. The claim of a translation from Hebrew belongs to the work’s title and is not adopted as a proven source text. Place of manufacture unknown. Twelve selected drawings from the second numbered pentacle section have been individually located visually; statements of purpose are historical attributions made by the manuscript.
Institutional manifest obtained directly; twelve complete, distinguishable drawings viewed in the browser. Page 15 was initially obscured by the loose slip; the complete image is in Canvas 189/Image 0200. Canvas here is a 1-based image position. Page 21 was set aside because its internal drawing is faded/unclear. The German titles are descriptive catalogue labels, not asserted traditional proper names.
Danish medieval writing and protective culture Kåstrup, Jutland · Medieval (catalogue attribution; no more precise date of manufacture)
A small lead packet is folded from several layers. Rune-like signs, crosses and diagonal incisions are visible on the outside.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Danish medieval writing and protective culture
Region
Kåstrup, Jutland
Date of the evidence
Medieval (catalogue attribution; no more precise date of manufacture)
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A small lead packet is folded from several layers. Rune-like signs, crosses and diagonal incisions are visible on the outside.
Historically recorded use
Classified by the museum as a medieval lead amulet; an individual protective intention has not been fully deciphered.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The sequence of signs has not been securely deciphered. Diagonals and intersections are not automatically interpreted as independent magical symbols.
Before designing
Unchanged original photographs as image reference. Individual views are shown separately alongside one another; no engraving outline has been added and no manufacturing approval has been given.
Research draft. The sequence of characters has not been securely deciphered. Diagonals and intersections are not automatically interpreted as independent magical symbols. Each image is complete and retains its original, unaltered JPEG bytes; separate views are not a historical composite form. Presentation files, not TIFF masters. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The sequence of characters has not been securely deciphered. Diagonals and intersections are not automatically interpreted as independent magical symbols. Each image is complete and retains its original, unaltered JPEG bytes; separate views are not a historical composite form. Presentation files, not TIFF masters.
Source location: D 2529/2025; DMR-264469, DMR-264470
Use of the template: CC BY-SA 4.0 with attribution and share-alike
Emilie Sommer Jappe / Nationalmuseet, Danmark; D 2529/2025; DMR-264469; CC BY-SA 4.0. Emilie Sommer Jappe / Nationalmuseet, Danmark; D 2529/2025; DMR-264470; CC BY-SA 4.0.
Individual institutional object record. Find, registration and photography dates are not treated as manufacturing dates. Uncertain signs and functional identifications remain qualified.
Danish medieval writing and protective culture Kærstrup, Funen · Medieval (catalogue attribution; no more precise date of manufacture)
Small folded lead packet with traces of writing on the outer surfaces. The selected detail photographs show both sides without the inventory tag.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Danish medieval writing and protective culture
Region
Kærstrup, Funen
Date of the evidence
Medieval (catalogue attribution; no more precise date of manufacture)
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Small folded lead packet with traces of writing on the outer surfaces. The selected detail photographs show both sides without the inventory tag.
Historically recorded use
Classified by the museum as a medieval lead amulet; an individual protective intention has not been fully deciphered.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The signs do not form a fully legible formula. The image source makes no statement about the concealed inner surfaces.
Before designing
Unchanged original photographs as image reference. Individual views are shown separately alongside one another; no engraving outline has been added and no manufacturing approval has been given.
Research draft. The signs do not form a fully legible formula. The image source makes no statement about the concealed inner surfaces. Each photograph is complete and retains its unaltered native JPEG bytes; separate views do not constitute a historical complete form. Presentation files, not TIFF masters. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The signs do not form a fully legible formula. The image source makes no statement about the concealed inner surfaces. Each photograph is complete and retains its unaltered native JPEG bytes; separate views do not constitute a historical complete form. Presentation files, not TIFF masters.
Source location: D 1009/2021; DMR-231967, DMR-231968
Use of the template: CC BY-SA 4.0 with attribution and share-alike
Rasmus Bak Meng / Nationalmuseet, Danmark; D 1009/2021; DMR-231967; CC BY-SA 4.0. Rasmus Bak Meng / Nationalmuseet, Danmark; D 1009/2021; DMR-231968; CC BY-SA 4.0.
Individual institutional object record. Find, registration and photography dates are not treated as manufacturing dates. Uncertain signs and functional identifications remain qualified.
King in the heated bath – Atalanta fugiens 1618, Emblem 28
Original image · source evidence
Alchemical-theosophical symbolic image
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art Oppenheim, Germany; place of printing · 1618; specific copy used
A crowned man sits reclining in a cabinet-like heated bath above a fire. Clouds of smoke surround the bath.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art
Region
Oppenheim, Germany; place of printing
Date of the evidence
1618; specific copy used
Type of evidence
Textual evidence
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A crowned man sits reclining in a cabinet-like heated bath above a fire. Clouds of smoke surround the bath.
Historically recorded use
The motto mentions a laconic bath of the king and black bile as an alchemical allegory; no real treatment is inferred from this. Historical book illustration; actual use as a neck pendant is not evidenced.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Individually located historical printed component from the specific 1618 copy, not a new independent historical text and not an attested worn amulet. Effect and suitability for manufacture are not established. Work first published in 1617; the print used here is from 1618.
Before designing
Complete unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view 2880×3442px. The separately offered larger master 4291×5129px was not supplied as a downloaded file. Image, writing, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view 2880×3442px. The separately offered larger master 4291×5129px was not supplied as a downloaded file. Image, writing, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view 2880×3442px. The separately offered larger master 4291×5129px was not supplied as a downloaded file. Image, writing, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: QD25 .M354 1618; Emblem 28, printed p. 121; individual inventory 12579s858; Large JPG 2880×3442
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Courtesy of Science History Institute; Atalanta fugiens, used edition 1618; QD25 .M354 1618; Emblem 28, gedruckte S. 121; Einzelinventar 12579s858; Public Domain Mark 1.0.
The same specifically identified copy as for the 30 emblems already included; this batch adds only the remaining 20 individual sheets. First publication in 1617 and the edition used, 1618, are distinguished.
The motto mentions a laconic bath of the king and black bile as an alchemical allegory; no real healing procedure is inferred from this. Individual institutional metadata checked against PDM.
King in the heavenly bed – Lambspring, figure 14, Musaeum 1678
Original image · source evidence
Alchemical-theosophical symbolic image
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art Frankfurt am Main, Germany; place of printing · 1678; specific copy used; partial imprint 1677
A crowned man lies in a large bed with a canopy. Open windows show sky and clouds.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art
Region
Frankfurt am Main, Germany; place of printing
Date of the evidence
1678; specific copy used; partial imprint 1677
Type of evidence
Textual evidence
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A crowned man lies in a large bed with a canopy. Open windows show sky and clouds.
Historically recorded use
The text describes the sweating father and philosophical tincture as a historical alchemical metaphor, not as present-day medical or chemical guidance. Historical book illustration; actual use as a neck pendant is not attested.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Individually localised historical printed component of the specific 1678 copy, not a new independent historical text and not an attested worn amulet. Efficacy and suitability for manufacture have not been demonstrated. Visible partial imprint 1677, distinct from the year of the complete volume, 1678; not to be equated with the first creation of the image form. The transmitted author’s name is given as an attribution in the title; no identity as a medieval monk or dating of this image to the 15th century is confirmed.
Before designing
Complete, unaltered institutional full-page JPEG view, 2880×3151px. The separately offered larger master, 4701×5143px, was not provided as the downloaded file. Image, writing, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile, not a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete, unaltered institutional full-page JPEG view, 2880×3151px. The separately offered larger master, 4701×5143px, was not provided as the downloaded file. Image, writing, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile, not a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete, unaltered institutional full-page JPEG view, 2880×3151px. The separately offered larger master, 4701×5143px, was not provided as the downloaded file. Image, writing, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile, not a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: QD25 .M87315 1678; Lambsprinck De Lapide Philosophico, Figure 14, p. 369; Viewer index 41, Asset 1c18dg972; Large JPG 2880×3151
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Courtesy of Science History Institute; Musaeum Hermeticum Reformatum et Amplificatum, used edition 1678; QD25 .M87315 1678; Lambsprinck De Lapide Philosophico, Figur 14, S. 369; Viewerindex 41, Asset 1c18dg972; Public Domain Mark 1.0.
Source location: QD25 .M87315 1678; Frankfurt am Main, Hermann à Sande
Specific complete volume with 70 institutional digital images. Main title and catalogue date 1678; several bound component titles bear 1677. The 30 images captured are components of this single volume. The transmitted author names are attributions in the printed work; no confirmed biography of a medieval monk.
Source location: QD25 .M87315 1678; Lambsprinck De Lapide Philosophico, figure 14, p. 369; Viewerindex 41, Asset 1c18dg972
The text describes the sweating father and philosophical tincture as a historical alchemical metaphor, not as present-day medical or chemical instructions. Specific image file from the identified PDM volume; viewer membership, own download and individual PDM download display checked. No non-existent individual catalogue page has been invented.
King in the sea – Atalanta fugiens 1618, Emblem 31
Original image · source evidence
Alchemical-theosophical symbolic image
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art Oppenheim, Germany; place of printing · 1618; first publication of the work 1617
A crowned, bearded man swims or sinks in moving water and stretches out an arm. Another person rises from the water behind him; buildings stand on the shore.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art
Region
Oppenheim, Germany; place of printing
Date of the evidence
1618; first publication of the work 1617
Type of evidence
Textual evidence
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A crowned, bearded man swims or sinks in moving water and stretches out an arm. Another person rises from the water behind him; buildings stand on the shore.
Historically recorded use
The motto depicts the king calling for rescue in the sea. The upper printed heading actually reads DISCURSUS XXXI; the epigram and individual institutional inventory identify the image as Emblem 31. Historical book illustration with epigram and associated discourse; no attested use as a neck pendant.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Individually located emblem in the specific Oppenheimer print of 1618; the first publication in 1617 is distinct from it. Part of the same work and the same copy, not an independent amulet object. Individual use as a worn amulet, ancient origin of this graphic and efficacy are not evidenced. The printed page heading reads DISCURSUS XXXI, while the epigram and institutional emblem title confirm the image identification.
Before designing
Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view with motto, image, epigram, printed page number and side margin notes. Paper, stains, binding shadows and any coloured areas are retained. Institutional presentation resolution 2880×3442; larger master 4291×5129 documented separately. Historical image evidence without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view with motto, image, epigram, printed page number and side margin notes. Paper, stains, binding shadows and any coloured areas are retained. Institutional presentation resolution 2880×3442; larger master 4291×5129 documented separately. Historical image evidence without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view with motto, image, epigram, printed page number and side margin notes. Paper, stains, binding shadows and any coloured areas are retained. Institutional presentation resolution 2880×3442; larger master 4291×5129 documented separately. Historical image evidence without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: QD25 .M354 1618, Emblem 31, printed p. 133; individual institutional inventory sq87bv51d; Large JPG 2880×3442
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Courtesy of Science History Institute; Michael Maier, Atalanta fugiens (Oppenheim 1618), Emblem 31, S.133; engraver Matthaeus Merian; Public Domain Mark 1.0.
Source location: QD25 .M354 1618; Oppenheim, Johann-Theodor de Bry; complete work with 50 emblems
Copy used from 1618; the work's first publication in 1617 is attested separately. Historical alchemical emblem, epigram and musical context. No evidence for 30 independent works, worn amulets or present-day claims of efficacy. Individual image rights additionally checked for each inventory item.
The motto depicts the king calling for rescue in the sea. The upper printed heading does indeed read DISCURSUS XXXI; the epigram and the institution’s individual inventory identify the image as Emblem 31. The original title, English institutional counter-label, dating 1618 and specific PDM image release all correspond to the individual page.
King in a city pavilion – Lambspring, Figure 9, Musaeum 1678
Original image · source evidence
Alchemical-theosophical symbolic image
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art Frankfurt am Main, Germany; place of printing · 1678; specific copy used; partial imprint 1677
A crowned man sits with a sceptre and orb on a throne in an open building above a town.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art
Region
Frankfurt am Main, Germany; place of printing
Date of the evidence
1678; specific copy used; partial imprint 1677
Type of evidence
Textual evidence
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A crowned man sits with a sceptre and orb on a throne in an open building above a town.
Historically recorded use
The motto and caption compare a ruler’s rise and fall with an alchemical sequence of stages. Historical book illustration; actual use as a neck pendant is not attested.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Individually localised historical printed component of the specific 1678 copy, not a new independent historical text and not an attested worn amulet. Efficacy and suitability for manufacture have not been demonstrated. Visible partial imprint 1677, distinct from the year of the complete volume, 1678; not to be equated with the first creation of the image form. The transmitted author’s name is given as an attribution in the title; no identity as a medieval monk or dating of this image to the 15th century is confirmed.
Before designing
Complete, unaltered institutional full-page JPEG view, 2880×3151px. The separately offered larger master, 4701×5143px, was not provided as the downloaded file. Image, writing, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile, not a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete, unaltered institutional full-page JPEG view, 2880×3151px. The separately offered larger master, 4701×5143px, was not provided as the downloaded file. Image, writing, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile, not a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete, unaltered institutional full-page JPEG view, 2880×3151px. The separately offered larger master, 4701×5143px, was not provided as the downloaded file. Image, writing, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile, not a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: QD25 .M87315 1678; Lambsprinck De Lapide Philosophico, figure 9, p. 359; viewer index 36, asset 76537245j; Large JPG 2880×3151
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Courtesy of Science History Institute; Musaeum Hermeticum Reformatum et Amplificatum, used edition 1678; QD25 .M87315 1678; Lambsprinck De Lapide Philosophico, Figur 9, S. 359; Viewerindex 36, Asset 76537245j; Public Domain Mark 1.0.
Source location: QD25 .M87315 1678; Frankfurt am Main, Hermann à Sande
Specific complete volume with 70 institutional digital images. Main title and catalogue date 1678; several bound component titles bear 1677. The 30 images captured are components of this single volume. The transmitted author names are attributions in the printed work; no confirmed biography of a medieval monk.
Source location: QD25 .M87315 1678; Lambsprinck De Lapide Philosophico, Figure 9, p. 359; Viewer index 36, Asset 76537245j
The motto and caption compare a ruler’s ascent and descent with an alchemical sequence of stages. Specific image file of the identified PDM volume; viewer entry, own download and individual PDM download display checked. No non-existent individual catalogue page invented.
King and queen with wolf and fire – Basil attribution, Key 1, Musaeum 1678
Original image · source evidence
Alchemical-theosophical symbolic image
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art Frankfurt am Main, Germany; place of printing · 1678; specific copy used
A crowned male and female pair stand in a landscape. On the left, a wolf-like animal leaps towards a vessel; on the right, a man tends a fire and crucible.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art
Region
Frankfurt am Main, Germany; place of printing
Date of the evidence
1678; specific copy used
Type of evidence
Textual evidence
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A crowned male and female pair stand in a landscape. On the left, a wolf-like animal leaps towards a vessel; on the right, a man tends a fire and crucible.
Historically recorded use
Located as Key 1 in the printed sequence of Twelve Keys under the attribution to Basilius Valentinus. Image and text form an alchemical book allegory; further interpretations of substances are not added without evidence. Historical book illustration; actual use as a neck pendant is not attested.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
A historically located printed component of the specific 1678 example; not a new independent historical text and not an evidenced worn amulet. Efficacy and suitability for manufacture are not evidenced. The transmitted author’s name is given as a title attribution; no identity as a medieval monk or dating of this image to the 15th century is confirmed.
Before designing
Complete, unaltered institutional full-page JPEG view, 2880×3151px. The separately offered larger master, 4701×5143px, was not provided as the downloaded file. Image, writing, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile, not a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete, unaltered institutional full-page JPEG view, 2880×3151px. The separately offered larger master, 4701×5143px, was not provided as the downloaded file. Image, writing, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile, not a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete, unaltered institutional full-page JPEG view, 2880×3151px. The separately offered larger master, 4701×5143px, was not provided as the downloaded file. Image, writing, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile, not a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: QD25 .M87315 1678; attribution to Basilius, Clavis 1, printed p. 393; viewer index 45, individual inventory nk322f305; Large JPG 2880×3151
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Courtesy of Science History Institute; Musaeum Hermeticum Reformatum et Amplificatum, used edition 1678; QD25 .M87315 1678; Basilius-Zuschreibung, Clavis 1, gedruckte S. 393; Viewerindex 45, Einzelinventar nk322f305; Public Domain Mark 1.0.
Source location: QD25 .M87315 1678; Frankfurt am Main, Hermann à Sande
Specific complete volume with 70 institutional digital images. Main title and catalogue date 1678; several bound component titles bear 1677. The 30 images captured are components of this single volume. The transmitted author names are attributions in the printed work; no confirmed biography of a medieval monk.
Source location: QD25 .M87315 1678; attribution to Basilius, Clavis 1, printed p. 393; viewer index 45, individual inventory nk322f305
Located as Key 1 in the printed sequence of Twelve Keys under the attribution to Basilius Valentinus. Image and text together form an alchemical book allegory; interpretations of substances beyond this are not added freely. Individual institutional metadata checked against PDM.
Laboratory with lion and incense burner – attributed to Basilius, Key 12, Musaeum 1678
Original image · source evidence
Alchemical-theosophical symbolic image
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art Frankfurt am Main, Germany; place of printing · 1678; specific copy used
A man stands in front of a table and a smoking barrel. Laboratory equipment, a wall depiction of the sun and moon, and a lion with a crowned bird on its back are visible.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art
Region
Frankfurt am Main, Germany; place of printing
Date of the evidence
1678; specific copy used
Type of evidence
Textual evidence
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A man stands in front of a table and a smoking barrel. Laboratory equipment, a wall depiction of the sun and moon, and a lion with a crowned bird on its back are visible.
Historically recorded use
Located as Key 12 in the printed sequence of twelve keys under the attribution to Basilius Valentinus. Image and text form an alchemical book allegory; further interpretations of the substances have not been freely added. Historical book illustration; actual use as a neck pendant is not evidenced.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
A historically located printed component of the specific 1678 example; not a new independent historical text and not an evidenced worn amulet. Efficacy and suitability for manufacture are not evidenced. The transmitted author’s name is given as a title attribution; no identity as a medieval monk or dating of this image to the 15th century is confirmed.
Before designing
Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view, 2880×2710px. The separately offered larger master, 5289×4976px, was not supplied as a downloaded file. Image, lettering, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile, not a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view, 2880×2710px. The separately offered larger master, 5289×4976px, was not supplied as a downloaded file. Image, lettering, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile, not a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view, 2880×2710px. The separately offered larger master, 5289×4976px, was not supplied as a downloaded file. Image, lettering, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile, not a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: QD25 .M87315 1678; Basilius attribution, Clavis 12, printed p. 422; viewer index 56, individual inventory 6108vc37m; Large JPG 2880×2710
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Courtesy of Science History Institute; Musaeum Hermeticum Reformatum et Amplificatum, used edition 1678; QD25 .M87315 1678; Basilius-Zuschreibung, Clavis 12, gedruckte S. 422; Viewerindex 56, Einzelinventar 6108vc37m; Public Domain Mark 1.0.
Source location: QD25 .M87315 1678; Frankfurt am Main, Hermann à Sande
Specific complete volume with 70 institutional digital images. Main title and catalogue date 1678; several bound component titles bear 1677. The 30 images captured are components of this single volume. The transmitted author names are attributions in the printed work; no confirmed biography of a medieval monk.
Source location: QD25 .M87315 1678; attribution to Basil, Clavis 12, printed p. 422; viewer index 56, individual inventory 6108vc37m
Located as key 12 in the printed sequence of twelve keys under the attribution to Basilius Valentinus. Image and text form an alchemical book allegory; further interpretations of the substances are not added speculatively. Individual institutional metadata checked against PDM.
Labyrinth, seven-pointed star and dragon – Khunrath 1609, plate 8
Original image · source evidence
Alchemical-theosophical symbolic image
Christian Kabbalistic theosophy and early modern alchemy Hanau, Germany; place of printing · 1609; title page states 1602
Circular textual labyrinth around a seven-pointed inner border and a dragon on a central mountain. The surrounding figures and inscriptions remain visible.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Christian Kabbalistic theosophy and early modern alchemy
Region
Hanau, Germany; place of printing
Date of the evidence
1609; title page states 1602
Type of evidence
Textual evidence
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Circular textual labyrinth around a seven-pointed inner border and a dragon on a central mountain. The surrounding figures and inscriptions remain visible.
Historically recorded use
Symbolic illustration in an alchemical-theosophical book. Individual use of the book illustration as an amulet is not attested.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Specific engraving of the 1609 print. The date 1602 on the title is not accepted as the actual year of publication. No universal protective effect, ancient origin or association with a modern standard seal form is claimed.
Before designing
Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG view of the opened historical print. Fold lines, paper, shadows and all original inscriptions are preserved. The resolution of the presentation view limits the legibility of fine text; larger institutional masters exist separately. Historical image evidence, not a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG view of the opened historical print. Fold lines, paper, shadows and all original inscriptions are preserved. The resolution of the presentation view limits the legibility of fine text; larger institutional masters exist separately. Historical image evidence, not a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG view of the opened historical print. Fold lines, paper, shadows and all original inscriptions are preserved. The resolution of the presentation view limits the legibility of fine text; larger institutional masters exist separately. Historical image evidence, not a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: Hanau 1609; shelfmark QD25 .K486 1609; title gives 1602, actual publication 1609
Historical Christian Kabbalistic and alchemical print with individually catalogued engravings. No source attests to wearing these complete book images as amulets. Specific image rights: Public Domain Mark 1.0.
Source location: Amphitheatrum 1609, plate 8; Member 8k71nh10x
Individual image witness and institutional description; specific PDM release. Unaltered institutional Large-JPEG presentation (2880 pixels wide), distinct from the considerably larger TIFF/Full-sized-JPEG master. The plate number identifies this institutional copy.
Germanic runic script Reference: Gotland · Elder Futhark; check model dating separately
Sign l.
Research draftSource-based vector template
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Germanic runic script
Region
Reference: Gotland
Date of the evidence
Elder Futhark; check model dating separately
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Description
Sign l.
Historically recorded use
Written signs
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Historical letter; the normalised older form of the name is reconstructed. No individual amulet effect is inferred from the name.
Before designing
Unicode shows a normalised letter form. For manufacture, select a specific historical character variant and check it against the find.
Research draft. Normalised editorial letter form ᛚ (U+16DA); hand-set font-free line geometry, not taken from a font file. Do not present as a faithful Kylver facsimile or as an individually attested amulet sign. Names are reconstructed; no individual magical effect is inferred. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Vector template: Normalised editorial letter form ᛚ (U+16DA); hand-set font-free line geometry, not taken from a font file. Do not present as a faithful Kylver facsimile or as an individually attested amulet sign. Names are reconstructed; no individual magical effect is inferred.
Source location: G 88 / Kylver; Sequence A I, character 21; normalised Unicode letter U+16DA
Normalised editorial letter form ᛚ (U+16DA); hand-set font-free line geometry, not taken from a font file. Do not present as a faithful Kylver facsimile or as an individually attested amulet sign. Names are reconstructed; no individual magical effect is inferred.
Niedersächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, RuneS
Source location: Signs 11458–11482; sequence A I
Scholarly names and transliterations; the names are catalogue designations, not recorded explanations of the names in the ancient incision. Kylver places p before ï and d before o.
Hinduism / Pala period India (possibly West Bengal) or Bangladesh · 11th–12th century
Narayana as a form of Vishnu with Lakshmi in a pavilion. Inventory 1986.501.6.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Hinduism / Pala period
Region
India (possibly West Bengal) or Bangladesh
Date of the evidence
11th–12th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Narayana as a form of Vishnu with Lakshmi in a pavilion. Inventory 1986.501.6.
Historically recorded use
Religious image on a worked shell.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Specific image identification and object date evidenced; use as an amulet not evidenced. No wearable amulet use is evidenced.
Before designing
Check only the variant of Inventory 1986.501.6 as a source. Compare image details and outline with the museum image before drawing; do not create a modern composite motif.
Research draft. Complete, visually checked museum photograph of the specific linked historical object. Unaltered original JPEG bytes are embedded in the SVG as a raster facsimile; this is neither a cropped individual glyph nor a redrawn sigil. The object context and all visible image details are retained. No vector paths suitable for manufacture; engraving or CNC manufacture requires separate assessment. The specific mandala/ritual-object variant remains visible with all its image figures, edge areas and material details; no schematic modern substitute drawing. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete, visually checked museum photograph of the specific linked historical object. Unaltered original JPEG bytes are embedded in the SVG as a raster facsimile; this is neither a cropped individual glyph nor a redrawn sigil. The object context and all visible image details are retained. No vector paths suitable for manufacture; engraving or CNC manufacture requires separate assessment. The specific mandala/ritual-object variant remains visible with all its image figures, edge areas and material details; no schematic modern substitute drawing.
Source location: Met object 38131; inventory 1986.501.6; complete main image from the current institutional API, uncropped; original 3002 × 4000 px
Inscribed obsidian plaque with a human-animal female demon figure.
Historically recorded use
The image and incantation were used for personal protection against Lamashtu.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Met 1984.348, Mesopotamia or Iran. The depiction of the dangerous figure is intended here precisely to act against it.
Before designing
Check the specific historical variant and object image against a source before using it; do not design a newly combined sigil.
Research draft. Complete, visually checked museum photograph of the specific linked historical object. Unaltered original JPEG bytes are embedded in the SVG as a raster facsimile; this is neither a cropped individual glyph nor a traced sigil. The object context and all visible image details are retained. No production-ready vector paths; engraving or CNC manufacture requires separate assessment. Image crop, orientation, background and object condition remain exactly as in the original JPEG. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete, visually checked museum photograph of the specific linked historical object. Unaltered original JPEG bytes are embedded in the SVG as a raster facsimile; this is neither a cropped individual glyph nor a traced sigil. The object context and all visible image details are retained. No production-ready vector paths; engraving or CNC manufacture requires separate assessment. Image crop, orientation, background and object condition remain exactly as in the original JPEG.
Source location: Met object 326961; inventory 1984.348; complete main photograph from the current institutional API, uncropped; original 3657 × 4000 px
Relief plaque with a central demon figure, flanking objects and animal depictions; the upper left area is damaged.
Historically recorded use
Limestone plaque catalogued as an amulet with Lamaštu; the specific ritual use of this piece is not described in the object record.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Distinct object 86.11.2, not a new image of the existing obsidian plaque 1984.348. The museum’s Lamaštu identification is retained; missing relief parts and an unsupported Pazuzu head have not been added.
Before designing
A different specific historical Lamaštu variant from the existing Met object 1984.348. The surviving front and break remain visible; the existing original is not silently replaced. CC0 raster reference; not a checked manufacturing file. A separately checked outline preparation is required for engraving or casting.
Research draft. A different specific historical Lamaštu variant from the existing Met object 1984.348. The surviving front and break remain visible; the existing original is not silently replaced. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: A different specific historical Lamaštu variant from the existing Met object 1984.348. The surviving front and break remain visible; the existing original is not silently replaced.
Source location: Met 86.11.2; primary object photograph
Nordic historical amulet and image traditions Langetofte, Zealand, Denmark · Viking Age according to individual museum classification; no more precise dating given
Hollow silver pendant in the form of a longhouse, with a vaulted roof, central ridge and doorway cut through one long side. One of two loops survives.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Nordic historical amulet and image traditions
Region
Langetofte, Zealand, Denmark
Date of the evidence
Viking Age according to individual museum classification; no more precise dating given
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Hollow silver pendant in the form of a longhouse, with a vaulted roof, central ridge and doorway cut through one long side. One of two loops survives.
Historically recorded use
The museum describes it as an amulet or amulet candidate. The surviving form is historically attested; specific spiritual use and efficacy are described only to the extent supported by the individual evidence.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The specific catalogue describes the piece as a house amulet. No particular household-protection ritual or association with a deity is attested for this example.
Before designing
Unaltered historical museum views with surviving damage, corrosion and any scales. No retouching, and no additions to missing writing or lines. The facsimile provides a source reference and requires a separate manufacturing outline.
Research draft. Hollow silver pendant in the form of a longhouse, with a vaulted roof, central ridge and doorway through one long side. One of two loops survives. The specific catalogue calls the piece a house amulet. No particular house-protection rite or attribution to a deity is evidenced for this specimen. The named object views are placed side by side; this does not claim that they formed a historical arrangement of signs. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Hollow silver pendant in the form of a longhouse, with a vaulted roof, central ridge and doorway through one long side. One of two loops survives. The specific catalogue calls the piece a house amulet. No particular house-protection rite or attribution to a deity is evidenced for this specimen. The named object views are placed side by side; this does not claim that they formed a historical arrangement of signs.
The specific catalogue describes the piece as a house amulet. No particular house-protection rite or attribution to a deity is evidenced for this specimen. Individual object classification, material, find events and images are taken from the museum raw data block.
The individual ImageObject in the museum’s JSON-LD names this JPEG URL and CC BY-SA 4.0. Image credit: Søren Greve / Nationalmuseet, Danmark. The actual JPEG pixel dimensions are checked; larger TIFF catalogue dimensions are not applied to the JPEG used.
The individual ImageObject in the museum’s JSON-LD names this JPEG URL and CC BY-SA 4.0. Image credit: Søren Greve / Nationalmuseet, Danmark. The actual JPEG pixel dimensions are checked; larger TIFF catalogue dimensions are not applied to the JPEG used.
Latona with Sun and Moon children – Atalanta fugiens 1618, Emblem 11
Original image · source evidence
Alchemical-theosophical symbolic image
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art Oppenheim, Germany; place of printing · 1618; specific copy used
A seated woman holds children with sun and moon heads. Men stand beside her; torn books lie on the ground.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art
Region
Oppenheim, Germany; place of printing
Date of the evidence
1618; specific copy used
Type of evidence
Textual evidence
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A seated woman holds children with sun and moon heads. Men stand beside her; torn books lie on the ground.
Historically recorded use
The motto names the purification or whitening of Latona and torn books as an alchemical comparison. Historical book illustration; actual use as a neck pendant is not attested.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Individually located historical print component of the specific 1618 copy, not a new independent historical text and not an attested worn amulet. Effects and suitability for manufacture are not established. Work first published in 1617; the print used here is from 1618. Visible areas of colour belong to the present condition of this copy; their separate date of colouring is not attested.
Before designing
Complete unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view 2880×3442px. The separately offered larger master 4291×5129px was not supplied as a downloaded file. Image, writing, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view 2880×3442px. The separately offered larger master 4291×5129px was not supplied as a downloaded file. Image, writing, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view 2880×3442px. The separately offered larger master 4291×5129px was not supplied as a downloaded file. Image, writing, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: QD25 .M354 1618; Emblem 11, printed p. 53; individual inventory cj82k820n; Large JPG 2880×3442
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Courtesy of Science History Institute; Atalanta fugiens, used edition 1618; QD25 .M354 1618; Emblem 11, gedruckte S. 53; Einzelinventar cj82k820n; Public Domain Mark 1.0.
The same specifically identified copy as for the 30 emblems already included; this batch adds only the remaining 20 individual sheets. First publication in 1617 and the edition used, 1618, are distinguished.
The motto refers to the purification or whitening of Latona and torn books as an alchemical analogy. Checked against the institution’s individual metadata with PDM.
Early Germanic tradition Skrydstrup, Denmark · AD 440–560
B-bracteate with laukaz and alu.
Research draftSource-based vector template
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early Germanic tradition
Region
Skrydstrup, Denmark
Date of the evidence
AD 440–560
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Description
B-bracteate with laukaz and alu.
Historically recorded use
Formula words on a gold bracteate; exact function debated.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
IK 166. The leek interpretation is attested in specialist literature; the alternative reading of the name is not suppressed.
Before designing
Check the runes and image field against the IK-166 reference; do not attribute a general fertility or money effect.
Research draft. Font-free formal transcription of the specifically attested words laukaz and alu on two separate lines. The RuneS reading is rendered in normalised runic letters; the original angles, circumferential positions and stroke forms are not claimed to be identical. The editorial line break separates two attested sequences. No new bind-rune, no completed object figure and no fixed modern meaning for individual runes. The Natmus reference photo DO-14956 is under CC BY-NC4.0 and is not included in this vector. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Vector template: Font-free formal transcription of the specifically attested words laukaz and alu on two separate lines. The RuneS reading is rendered in normalised runic letters; the original angles, circumferential positions and stroke forms are not claimed to be identical. The editorial line break separates two attested sequences. No new bind-rune, no completed object figure and no fixed modern meaning for individual runes. The Natmus reference photo DO-14956 is under CC BY-NC4.0 and is not included in this vector.
Source location: IK166 / KJ109 / DR BR6; RuneS Fund106: laukaz and alu; surviving original photograph4642 visually checked.
Font-free formal transcription of the specifically attested words laukaz and alu on two separate lines. The RuneS reading is rendered in normalised runic letters; the original angles, circumferential positions and stroke forms are not claimed to be identical. The editorial line break separates two attested sequences. No new bind-rune, no completed object figure and no fixed modern meaning for individual runes. The Natmus reference photo DO-14956 is under CC BY-NC4.0 and is not included in this vector.
Lecabel pentacle with overwritten number – Forked staff with looped foot – MS.4662, p. 23
Original image · source evidence
Historical angel pentacle
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition French-language manuscript; current holding in London · Late 18th century (institutional dating)
A vertical staff with a forked upper part bears several letter and loop forms. The visible black number has been overwritten and is not silently corrected to a definite 30. Numbered pentacles labelled with angel names in a French-language ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. An individually worn amulet and any specific effect of this sign are not attested.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition
Region
French-language manuscript; current holding in London
Date of the evidence
Late 18th century (institutional dating)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A vertical staff with a forked upper part bears several letter and loop forms. The visible black number has been overwritten and is not silently corrected to a definite 30. Numbered pentacles labelled with angel names in a French-language ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. An individually worn amulet and any specific effect of this sign are not attested.
Historically recorded use
Numbered pentacles labelled with angel names from a French ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. The use of this sign on an actually worn individual amulet, and any specific effect, are not evidenced.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
A specific new manuscript witness from the late 18th century (institutional dating). The pencil addition 1790? to the title is not treated as a certain year of origin. The figures taken over are 30 located components of this one witness, not 30 newly formed traditions. All original labels remain photographically preserved; their spelling is not replaced with modern lists of angels. The black numeral appears overwritten and is legible only as 31?; 30 here denotes the selection position alone, not a silently corrected historical figure number.
Before designing
Complete selected double circle, including its associated black label, in the unchanged native full-page JPEG. All six rectangular crops from the same page are disjoint. Translucent writing, holes, stains and later pencil marks are not removed. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. A specific new late-18th-century manuscript witness (institutional dating). The pencil addition 1790? in the title is not treated as a certain year of creation. The adopted figures are 30 located components of this one witness, not 30 newly originating traditions. All original labels are preserved photographically; their spelling is not replaced with modern angel lists. The black numeral appears overwritten and is legible only as 31?; 30 here denotes only the selection position, not a silently corrected historical figure number. Complete selected double circle, including its associated black label, in the unchanged native full-sheet JPEG. All six rectangular crops of the same sheet are disjoint. Show-through writing, holes, stains and later pencil marks are not removed. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: A specific new late-18th-century manuscript witness (institutional dating). The pencil addition 1790? in the title is not treated as a certain year of creation. The adopted figures are 30 located components of this one witness, not 30 newly originating traditions. All original labels are preserved photographically; their spelling is not replaced with modern angel lists. The black numeral appears overwritten and is legible only as 31?; 30 here denotes only the selection position, not a silently corrected historical figure number. Complete selected double circle, including its associated black label, in the unchanged native full-sheet JPEG. All six rectangular crops of the same sheet are disjoint. Show-through writing, holes, stains and later pencil marks are not removed. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.4662; visible p. 23; Canvas position 28/176; bottom right; visible figure number 31? (overwritten numeral).
Source location: End of preface and table of contents; Canvas position 11/176
Complete native JPEG image witness examined. The text names Secrets of the Secrets de Tozgraec; King Solomon is not historically confirmed as its author.
Source location: visible p. 23; Canvas position 28/176
Complete native JPEG image witness examined. Six numbered figures fully visible; black names and numbers, red signs. The pencil bibliography on p. 15 is distinguished from the set of signs.
The guide dates the historical thunder script on the amulet to 1700–1800. The individual inventory and the specific visible script form remain unknown. Do not reconstruct it from modern character sets or other Qing sale images; no precisely matching freely licensed image witness has been found.
Amulet coin
Daoist protective amulets China · 1700–1800
Coin-shaped amulet with special signs of a divine command.
Research draftSpecific model required
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Daoist protective amulets
Region
China
Date of the evidence
1700–1800
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Description
Coin-shaped amulet with special signs of a divine command.
Historically recorded use
The inscription invokes Lei Ting to ward off demons.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The museum guide describes a specific thunder inscription, not a general good-luck coin.
Before designing
The guide dates the historical thunder script on the amulet to 1700–1800. The individual inventory and the specific visible script form remain unknown. Do not reconstruct it from modern character sets or other Qing sale images; no precisely matching freely licensed image witness has been found.
Research draft. The guide dates the historical thunder script on the amulet to 1700–1800. The individual inventory and the specific visible script form remain unknown. Do not reconstruct it from modern character sets or other Qing sale images; no precisely matching freely licensed image witness has been found. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical West Asian cultural sphere Southern Mesopotamia · c. 3300–2900 BC
Reclining cow of veined onyx with incised legs and raised head. The second photograph shows the old underside on the left and a modern positive seal impression on the right.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Historical West Asian cultural sphere
Region
Southern Mesopotamia
Date of the evidence
c. 3300–2900 BC
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Reclining cow of veined onyx with incised legs and raised head. The second photograph shows the old underside on the left and a modern positive seal impression on the right.
Historically recorded use
The Met lists this separate onyx object as a seal amulet in the form of a recumbent cow. The figural upper side and the pierced underside belong to the same ancient stone. No individual protective text or specific cultic identification is attested.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 41.160.235, object 323826. This onyx example differs materially and in its seal image from the two separately recorded marble cows. The modern impression is not a second ancient amulet.
Before designing
Complete native museum photograph as a historical reference; damage and present-day photographic elements remain visible. No contour reconstruction, no production approval.
Research draft. Unmodified, complete native museum image; the second image contains the ancient seal face on the left and a modern positive impression on the right. Historical reference, not manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Unmodified, complete native museum image; the second image contains the ancient seal face on the left and a modern positive impression on the right. Historical reference, not manufacturing approval.
Source location: The Metropolitan Museum of Art; 41.160.235; 323826
The actually read single-object text from the web tool on use and limits of interpretation. A separate ordinary native HTML retrieval returned 429 and is archived only as an error response.
Source location: CC0 for individually designated public-domain images
Freshly read institutional CC0 primary text from the web tool. Individual rights attribution was additionally checked in each archived individual object API record.
Historical West Asian cultural sphere Southern Mesopotamia · c. 3300–2900 BC
Reclining cow made of whitish marble veined with yellow, with its legs folded beneath it and its head turned. The second complete museum image shows the ancient underside on the left and a modern positive seal impression on the right.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Historical West Asian cultural sphere
Region
Southern Mesopotamia
Date of the evidence
c. 3300–2900 BC
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Reclining cow made of whitish marble veined with yellow, with its legs folded beneath it and its head turned. The second complete museum image shows the ancient underside on the left and a modern positive seal impression on the right.
Historically recorded use
The Met catalogues the recumbent marble cow as a seal amulet. The example combines the animal figure with an individually grouped, intaglio-cut underside. No specific protective effect or religious identification is recorded in the individual object text.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 55.65.10, object 324427. This example is catalogued as a specific material and seal-image variant. The modern impression remains and their damage are not supplemented as ancient writing.
Before designing
Complete native museum photograph as a historical reference; damage and present-day photographic elements remain visible. No contour reconstruction, no production approval.
Research draft. Unmodified, complete native museum image; the second image contains the ancient seal face on the left and a modern positive impression on the right. Historical reference, not manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Unmodified, complete native museum image; the second image contains the ancient seal face on the left and a modern positive impression on the right. Historical reference, not manufacturing approval.
Source location: The Metropolitan Museum of Art; 55.65.10; 324427
The actually read single-object text from the web tool on use and limits of interpretation. A separate ordinary native HTML retrieval returned 429 and is archived only as an error response.
Source location: CC0 for individually designated public-domain images
Freshly read institutional CC0 primary text from the web tool. Individual rights attribution was additionally checked in each archived individual object API record.
Lying animal made of reddish-brown amber, with a small curled tail and emphasised belly details. There are small areas of damage on the chest and lower jaw; the surface is cracked.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Etruscan
Region
Italy
Date of the evidence
c. 500–480 BCE
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Lying animal made of reddish-brown amber, with a small curled tail and emphasised belly details. There are small areas of damage on the chest and lower jaw; the surface is cracked.
Historically recorded use
The Getty catalogue discusses the reclining female animal as a possible fertility or regeneration pendant. It leaves the animal’s identification open and compares a lioness, dog, pig and hare. An amuletic function has therefore been proposed in scholarship, but neither the species nor an individual protective intention is established.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 77.AO.81.8; catalogue no. 32, object 103TE7. The short description Crouching lion is more definite than the scholarly catalogue title Female Animal (Lioness?). The question mark and the alternatives under discussion are retained; lost collars or young animals are not added.
Before designing
Complete native museum photograph as a historical reference; damage and present-day photographic elements remain visible. No contour reconstruction, no production approval.
Research draft. Unchanged complete native museum image; no raster transformation or addition of old outlines. Historical reference, not manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Unchanged complete native museum image; no raster transformation or addition of old outlines. Historical reference, not manufacturing approval.
Source location: J. Paul Getty Museum; 77.AO.81.8; 103TE7
Current Native individual object page with specific CC0 photo attribution and text separately identified as CC BY 4.0. JSON-LD extracted unchanged from this HTML.
Complete institutional specialist catalogue: dating, condition, provenance and explicitly weighed interpretations of the image and function. The catalogue text is scholarly commentary; no original excavation documentation is claimed.
Lillevorde: folded lead amulet with possible runic writing
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Nordic medieval written amulets Lillevorde, North Jutland, Denmark · Medieval according to the museum catalogue; D 377/2025 is the modern inventory number
Thin folded lead strip with three corroded lines of writing on the outer surface.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Nordic medieval written amulets
Region
Lillevorde, North Jutland, Denmark
Date of the evidence
Medieval according to the museum catalogue; D 377/2025 is the modern inventory number
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Thin folded lead strip with three corroded lines of writing on the outer surface.
Historically recorded use
The museum describes it as an amulet or amulet candidate. The surviving form is historically attested; specific spiritual use and efficacy are described only to the extent supported by the individual evidence.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The signs are probably runes only. No free reading or supplementation of abraded strokes is inferred from the surviving photographs.
Before designing
Unaltered historical museum views with surviving damage, corrosion and any scales. No retouching, and no additions to missing writing or lines. The facsimile provides a source reference and requires a separate manufacturing outline.
Research draft. Thin folded lead strip with three corroded lines of writing on the outside. The characters are only probably runes. No free reading or completion of abraded strokes is inferred from the surviving photographs. The named object views are placed side by side; this does not claim that they had that historical arrangement of characters. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Thin folded lead strip with three corroded lines of writing on the outside. The characters are only probably runes. No free reading or completion of abraded strokes is inferred from the surviving photographs. The named object views are placed side by side; this does not claim that they had that historical arrangement of characters.
Source location: D 377/2025; DMR-261160, DMR-261161
The signs are probably runes only. No free reading or completion of abraded strokes is inferred from the surviving photographs. Individual object classification, material, find circumstances and images are taken from the museum raw-data block.
The individual ImageObject in the museum JSON-LD specifies this JPEG URL and CC BY-SA 4.0. Image credit: Rasmus Bak Meng / Nationalmuseet, Danmark. The actual JPEG pixel dimensions are verified; larger TIFF catalogue dimensions are not attributed to the JPEG used.
The individual ImageObject in the museum JSON-LD specifies this JPEG URL and CC BY-SA 4.0. Image credit: Rasmus Bak Meng / Nationalmuseet, Danmark. The actual JPEG pixel dimensions are verified; larger TIFF catalogue dimensions are not attributed to the JPEG used.
Early Germanic tradition Skåne, Sweden · 375–570 AD; more precise dating open
Elder Futhark with repetitions, a name formula and alu.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early Germanic tradition
Region
Skåne, Sweden
Date of the evidence
375–570 AD; more precise dating open
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Description
Elder Futhark with repetitions, a name formula and alu.
Historically recorded use
Inscribed bone carrier often interpreted as an amulet.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Find 34. The term amulet is used in research; the specific intended effect remains unverified.
Before designing
Check repetition counts and damaged signs against the edition; do not create an invented Tiwaz bind-rune from them.
Research draft. Complete visually checked view of the specific bone amulet with both rune lines visible. No completion of illegible signs. The Natmus single-image record explicitly links CC BY-SA 4.0 and names Sophus Bengtsson. Original JPEG embedded unchanged; SVG wrapper augmented with source description. Modifications and redistribution of this image are under the same licence. No CNC or engraving outlines. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete visually checked view of the specific bone amulet with both rune lines visible. No completion of illegible signs. The Natmus single-image record explicitly links CC BY-SA 4.0 and names Sophus Bengtsson. Original JPEG embedded unchanged; SVG wrapper augmented with source description. Modifications and redistribution of this image are under the same licence. No CNC or engraving outlines.
Source location: Sk 69 / KJ 29 / DR 261; RuneS Fund 34, image 13821; institutional image DMR-7340.
Left-hand love-magic sign – Stockholm-Galdrabók, f. 7r
Original image · source evidence
Historical handwritten magical sign
Early modern Icelandic Galdrabók tradition Icelandic manuscript; current holding in Stockholm · Late 16th to 17th century; dating of the codex, not a more precise year for the figure
Four-armed cross sign with comb-like cross ends. The adjacent figure on the right is a different form.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern Icelandic Galdrabók tradition
Region
Icelandic manuscript; current holding in Stockholm
Date of the evidence
Late 16th to 17th century; dating of the codex, not a more precise year for the figure
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Four-armed cross sign with comb-like cross ends. The adjacent figure on the right is a different form.
Historically recorded use
One figure from the pair of signs recorded on f. 7r in a love-magic context. The research translation explicitly describes the use of the later/right-hand figure; no separate instruction for using the left-hand sign is invented here.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Anonymous Icelandic magical manuscript written by several hands; oldest parts date to the end of the 16th century, with additions in the 17th century; no evidence from the Viking Age. The title is a modern, factual description of the figure, not an invented old proper name. No linkage as a substitute for Lbs 143 or for the two Solomonic seals.
Before designing
Complete native JPEG embedded unchanged; the checked viewport shows the entire selected figure or group of four. No tracing, filled-in ink losses or engraving approval.
Research draft. Complete native JPEG embedded unchanged; the checked viewport shows the entire selected figure or group of four. No redrawing, filling of lost ink or approval for engraving. Anonymous multi-hand Icelandic magical manuscript, earliest parts dating to the end of the 16th century, additions in the 17th century; no evidence for the Viking Age. The title is a modern factual description of the figure, not an invented old proper name. Not linked as a replacement for Lbs 143 or the two seals of Solomon. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete native JPEG embedded unchanged; the checked viewport shows the entire selected figure or group of four. No redrawing, filling of lost ink or approval for engraving. Anonymous multi-hand Icelandic magical manuscript, earliest parts dating to the end of the 16th century, additions in the 17th century; no evidence for the Viking Age. The title is a modern factual description of the figure, not an invented old proper name. Not linked as a replacement for Lbs 143 or the two seals of Solomon.
73 digitised items; oldest parts from the late 16th century, additions in the 17th century; acquired in Copenhagen in 1682. PDM expressly applies to the specific catalogue object.
Source location: SHM 21284; ATA F16:26; ATTACHMENT-0015
Unaltered institutional JPEG at full JP2 resolution; specific signs and context actually viewed on the native sheet. PDM comes from the exact Alvin catalogue object, not the modern research graphic.
Lombard reliquary pendant with painted rock crystal
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Italian Christian devotional and relic art Northern Italy, Lombardy · First quarter of the 16th century; 17th-century additions
Oval case with suspension loop, side hinges and a multifigure coloured scene beneath the crystal. The image shows the surviving assemblage as it is today, including scratches and optical overlays.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Italian Christian devotional and relic art
Region
Northern Italy, Lombardy
Date of the evidence
First quarter of the 16th century; 17th-century additions
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Oval case with suspension loop, side hinges and a multifigure coloured scene beneath the crystal. The image shows the surviving assemblage as it is today, including scratches and optical overlays.
Historically recorded use
The museum catalogue describes the piece as a pendant reliquary. Gilded silver, rock crystal painted on the reverse and painted parchment combine a container with a Christian devotional image.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Met object 193717, Inventory 17.190.1001. The 17th-century additions are not redated to the early 16th century. No complete historical reading of the image or specific protective function is inferred from the photograph alone.
Before designing
Complete native original capture(s), embedded unchanged in the SVG. The facsimile is not an engraving outline; it is not approved for manufacture.
Research draft. Oval case with suspension loop, side hinges and a multi-figure coloured scene beneath the crystal. The photograph shows the ensemble as it survives today, including scratches and optical overlays. The additions from the 17th century are not redated to the early 16th century. No complete historical reading of the image or specific protective function is inferred from the photograph alone. Original bytes unchanged; no raster transformation or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Oval case with suspension loop, side hinges and a multi-figure coloured scene beneath the crystal. The photograph shows the ensemble as it survives today, including scratches and optical overlays. The additions from the 17th century are not redated to the early 16th century. No complete historical reading of the image or specific protective function is inferred from the photograph alone. Original bytes unchanged; no raster transformation or manufacturing approval.
Source location: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 17.190.1001; complete individual museum view
Fresh native API response: object identity, raw dating, dimensions, material, specific image URLs and isPublicDomain. Editorial reading additionally checked against the object page.
Institutional object page retained today via the web reader; text and public-domain evidence. The web reader’s crawl age is visible in the archived extract.
Egyptian Egypt · Late Period, 26th–31st Dynasty, 664–332 BC
Flat dark stone object with a triangular outer structure and a centrally hanging, rounded-bottom element. The form follows the specific surviving piece.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Egyptian
Region
Egypt
Date of the evidence
Late Period, 26th–31st Dynasty, 664–332 BC
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Flat dark stone object with a triangular outer structure and a centrally hanging, rounded-bottom element. The form follows the specific surviving piece.
Historically recorded use
Catalogued by the museum as an amulet in the form of a plumb bob; the object text gives no individual ritual instruction or specific protective function.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
No unsupported equation with a modern Masonic symbol, a universal doctrine of balance or a specific historical wearer. The object, inventory, material and dating are tied to the archived API record.
Before designing
Actually seen: triangular shape with two broad arms and a central perpendicular body; no lines added. Unaltered institutional JPEG presentation photograph in the complete image frame; no isolated engraving outline and no manufacturing approval.
Research draft. No unsupported identification with a modern Freemason symbol, a universal doctrine of balance or a specific historical bearer. Complete institutional presentation image, 1686 pixels wide; larger IIIF master dimensions of 1893×1515 documented separately. No local scaling or re-encoding of the embedded JPEG bytes. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: No unsupported identification with a modern Freemason symbol, a universal doctrine of balance or a specific historical bearer. Complete institutional presentation image, 1686 pixels wide; larger IIIF master dimensions of 1893×1515 documented separately. No local scaling or re-encoding of the embedded JPEG bytes.
Source location: Inventory 1894.185; institutional main view 46b580a2-8c6d-186a-5f53-6706de872f60
Art Institute of Chicago. Amulet of a Plummet, Late Period, Dynasty 26–31 (664–332 BCE), 1894.185. Gift of Henry H. Getty, Charles L. Hutchinson, and Norman W. Harris
Source location: Inventory 1894.185; API object 140917; JSON /data[id=140917]
Institutional evidence for an individual object from an archived multi-record API retrieval. Dating, material, provenance and inventory details follow the specific record; source attribution is not an independent scientific authenticity test.
Source location: Open Access Images; CC0 Public Domain Designation
Specific images only when accompanied by the individual is_public_domain=true and the object's image ID. Descriptive API texts separately carry CC BY4; image release is CC0.
SAM 33.124.5 (lotus): A targeted current inventory search for 33.124.5 found no new individual museum image link; the existing identification remains an older catalogue reference. Current museum policy requires publication permission; there is no individual PDM/CC0/CC-BY(SA) release. No exact image was actually seen in this round; no vector outline of this textile has been invented.
Buddhist auspicious signs
Buddhism China · 17th century
Inventory 33.124.5: lotus.
Research draftSpecific model required
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Buddhism
Region
China
Date of the evidence
17th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Individually inventoried; wearing is not evidenced.
Before designing
SAM 33.124.5 (lotus): A targeted current inventory search for 33.124.5 found no new individual museum image link; the existing identification remains an older catalogue reference. Current museum policy requires publication permission; there is no individual PDM/CC0/CC-BY(SA) release. No exact image was actually seen in this round; no vector outline of this textile has been invented.
Research draft. SAM 33.124.5 (lotus): A targeted current inventory search for 33.124.5 found no new individual museum image link; the existing identification remains an older catalogue reference. Current museum policy requires publication permission; there is no individual PDM/CC0/CC-BY(SA) release. No exact image was actually seen in this round; no vector outline of this textile has been invented. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Source location: Image rights; Available photography; Terms; Copyright restrictions
The current museum policy does not provide general open image permission. Publication and reproduction require written permission; low-resolution images for research do not permit publication. Therefore the eight specific textiles 33.124.1–8 remain without publishable images and are not replaced by other ensembles.
Search index evidence – complete source page not yet checked · Checked on:
Source location: Fair use is permitted; Commercial use is prohibited without prior written consent
The museum explicitly distinguishes personal research and non-commercial viewing from use without the relevant permission. No CC0/Public Domain image licence for the product database is inferred from this.
Search index evidence – complete source page not yet checked · Checked on:
Current indexed policy text read; direct retrieval returned 403 or timed out. A personal research view does not constitute open commercial reproduction permission. Specific image permission remains individually unresolved for each inventory number from 33.124.1 to .8.
Search index evidence – complete source page not yet checked · Checked on:
Source location: Reproduction, permission and commercial use
Current indexed text read; direct retrieval returned 403 or timed out. No PDM/CC0/CC-BY(SA) licence for individual images was found, and no permission was requested. No general modern graphic of the Eight Auspicious Symbols used as a substitute.
Search index evidence – complete source page not yet checked · Checked on:
BM 1940,0716.329 remains without a securely identified image file of its own. The Moor plate II/89 actually examined in the 1861 reprint shows a square writing/lotus plan; an object-specific inventory link to Moor No 339 is lacking. The same central basic forms do not establish object identity. No modern BM photo permission was found; direct retrieval returned 403.
Ritual diagram
Hindu goddess worship North India; find/acquisition place probably Maharashtra · 18th century
Lotus leaves with inscriptions; a triangle within two circles at the centre.
Research draftSpecific model required
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Hindu goddess worship
Region
North India; find/acquisition place probably Maharashtra
Date of the evidence
18th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Description
Lotus leaves with inscriptions; a triangle within two circles at the centre.
Historically recorded use
Bronze ritual plaque for the worship of the goddess.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The museum identifies this variant as Yantra, not as Sri Yantra and not as a worn amulet.
Before designing
BM 1940,0716.329 remains without a securely identified image file of its own. The Moor plate II/89 actually examined in the 1861 reprint shows a square writing/lotus plan; an object-specific inventory link to Moor No 339 is lacking. The same central basic forms do not establish object identity. No modern BM photo permission was found; direct retrieval returned 403.
Research draft. BM 1940,0716.329 remains without a securely identified image file of its own. The Moor plate II/89 actually examined in the 1861 reprint shows a square writing/lotus plan; an object-specific inventory link to Moor No 339 is lacking. The same central basic forms do not establish object identity. No modern BM photo permission was found; direct retrieval returned 403. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Source location: 1940,0716.329; Description, Production date, Curator's comments
Northern India, 18th century; goddess worship, mantras and a triangle within two circles. Not identified as a Sri Yantra. Indexed; direct retrieval HTTP 403.
Search index evidence – complete source page not yet checked · Checked on:
Source location: Original print 1810; text on yantras and plate II, figure 89; institutional metadata with PDM 1.0
Historical text and public IIIF catalogue consulted; no link between figure 89 and BM Moor No 339 is attested. Moor No 339 is a collection number, not a plate number. The book’s existing PDM does not resolve the open individual-object identity.
Princeton Theological Seminary Library; Internet Archive
Source location: 1861 edition; PDF page 29, plate II, figure 89; explanatory text for figure 89
Direct inspection of the complete plate: Figure 89 shows a square text/lotus plan with a central triangle and rings. It cannot be securely identified with the round, cast BM lotus 1940,0716.329. The later reprint is not a manufacturing date for the object depicted there.
Large pale flower with a pink edge and numerous petals. A separate lotus base and parts of the connecting tendrils remain visible in the localised image window.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Buddhist visual tradition
Region
China
Date of the evidence
18th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Large pale flower with a pink edge and numerous petals. A separate lotus base and parts of the connecting tendrils remain visible in the localised image window.
Historically recorded use
Religious good-luck sign on a sutra cover; no documented use of this textile image detail as a worn amulet.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 2012.559, Met object 78284. The museum and surviving photograph identify this component as one of the eight Buddhist auspicious symbols. Only the named textile component is shown; no universal modern symbol form is supplied, and the image gap at Seattle, attested elsewhere, is not filled.
Before designing
Unaltered native museum photograph with an exactly documented image window.
Research draft. Named image section of the sutra cover, with lotus base and partially cropped surrounding decoration; the complete JPEG witness is embedded unaltered. No character reconstruction and no manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Named image section of the sutra cover, with lotus base and partially cropped surrounding decoration; the complete JPEG witness is embedded unaltered. No character reconstruction and no manufacturing approval.
Source location: The Metropolitan Museum of Art; 2012.559; sutra cover 2012.559; central sign, fourth from left; sutra-lotus
Source location: CC0 for individually designated public-domain collection images
Institutional CC0 policy read in the web tool on 10 October. The direct native website response was HTTP429 and is not treated as text of a rights notice that was read.
Lotus-flower pendant in faience – Chicago 1894.969a
Original image · source evidence
Symbol amulet
Egyptian Egypt · New Kingdom to Late Period, approximately 1550–664 BC (catalogue text)
Small, solidly formed, bright blue faience form with a tapering body and several rounded lower lobes. The photograph shows the compact three-dimensional flower form.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Egyptian
Region
Egypt
Date of the evidence
New Kingdom to Late Period, approximately 1550–664 BC (catalogue text)
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Small, solidly formed, bright blue faience form with a tapering body and several rounded lower lobes. The photograph shows the compact three-dimensional flower form.
Historically recorded use
Catalogued as a lotus-flower pendant and included in the institutional amulet category. No specific ritual use of the piece is documented.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
A historical pendant in plant form; no universal modern chakra or meditation meaning. The dating remains in the museum’s unusually broad wording. The object, inventory, material and dating are tied to the archived API record.
Before designing
Actually observed: blue, conical flower form with several lower lobes. Unaltered institutional JPEG presentation photograph in the full image frame; not an isolated engraving outline and not manufacturing approval.
Research draft. A historical pendant in plant form; it has no universal modern chakra or meditation meaning. The dating remains in the museum’s unusually broad wording. Complete institutional presentation photograph, 1686 pixels wide; larger IIIF master dimensions of 2108×3000 are documented separately. No local scaling or re-encoding of the embedded JPEG bytes. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: A historical pendant in plant form; it has no universal modern chakra or meditation meaning. The dating remains in the museum’s unusually broad wording. Complete institutional presentation photograph, 1686 pixels wide; larger IIIF master dimensions of 2108×3000 are documented separately. No local scaling or re-encoding of the embedded JPEG bytes.
Source location: Inventory 1894.969a; institutional main view 58a99118-0fff-887b-cedd-f02e5d8b7893
Art Institute of Chicago. Pendant in the Shape of a Lotus Blossom, New Kingdom–Late Period (about 1550–664 BCE), 1894.969a. Gift of Henry H. Getty and Charles L. Hutchinson
Source location: Inventory 1894.969a; API object 140654; JSON /data[id=140654]
Institutional evidence for an individual object from an archived multi-record API retrieval. Dating, material, provenance and inventory details follow the specific record; source attribution is not an independent scientific authenticity test.
Source location: Open Access Images; CC0 Public Domain Designation
Specific images only when accompanied by the individual is_public_domain=true and the object's image ID. Descriptive API texts separately carry CC BY4; image release is CC0.
Scandinavian Viking Age symbol and jewellery culture Lundsgård Mark, Funen · Viking Age (catalogue attribution)
Very slender bronze hammer with an unusually long shaft and an asymmetrical head.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Scandinavian Viking Age symbol and jewellery culture
Region
Lundsgård Mark, Funen
Date of the evidence
Viking Age (catalogue attribution)
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Very slender bronze hammer with an unusually long shaft and an asymmetrical head.
Historically recorded use
Possibly a hammer-shaped amulet; the museum explicitly regards this functional identification as uncertain.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The museum catalogue explicitly describes the interpretation as a Thor’s hammer as a possibility. It is therefore only a qualified historical example of a form, not a securely evidenced personal protective amulet.
Before designing
Unchanged original photographs as image reference. Individual views are shown separately alongside one another; no engraving outline has been added and no manufacturing approval has been given.
Research draft. The museum catalogue explicitly describes the interpretation as a Thor’s hammer as a possibility. It is therefore only a qualified historical example of a form, not a securely evidenced personal protective amulet. Each image is complete and retains its original, unaltered JPEG bytes; separate views are not a historical composite form. Presentation files, not TIFF masters. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The museum catalogue explicitly describes the interpretation as a Thor’s hammer as a possibility. It is therefore only a qualified historical example of a form, not a securely evidenced personal protective amulet. Each image is complete and retains its original, unaltered JPEG bytes; separate views are not a historical composite form. Presentation files, not TIFF masters.
Use of the template: CC BY-SA 4.0 with attribution and share-alike
Nationalmuseet, Danmark (Fotograf nicht genannt) / Nationalmuseet, Danmark; C 63463; DO-139065; CC BY-SA 4.0. Nationalmuseet, Danmark (Fotograf nicht genannt) / Nationalmuseet, Danmark; C 63463; DO-139066; CC BY-SA 4.0.
Individual institutional object record. Find, registration and photography dates are not treated as manufacturing dates. Uncertain signs and functional identifications remain qualified.
Early Nordic visual and written tradition Lyngby Parish, Randers County, Denmark · Early Germanic Iron Age; museum period 375–540 AD.
Historical reverse of an A-bracteate with a fourfold looped sign, which the museum catalogue calls Skt. Hans kors. Inventory MCDLXXXII.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early Nordic visual and written tradition
Region
Lyngby Parish, Randers County, Denmark
Date of the evidence
Early Germanic Iron Age; museum period 375–540 AD.
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Historical reverse of an A-bracteate with a fourfold looped sign, which the museum catalogue calls Skt. Hans kors. Inventory MCDLXXXII.
Historically recorded use
Historically documented gold pendant with a stamped image field. A specific protective effect or particular ritual is not demonstrated for this individual piece by the cited object records.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The source documents this specific form on an Iron Age object. The modern museum name Sankt-Hans-Kreuz does not attest to the name at the time or to a Christian or universal protective meaning.
Before designing
The model is the surviving museum photograph, including wear and damage. No modern addition of missing lines, and no conversion of unclear runes or letter imitations into an invented readable formula.
Research draft. Unaltered museum JPEG bytes are embedded in an SVG image crop. Photograph of the surviving object; neither a drawn reconstruction nor an AI-generated symbol. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Unaltered museum JPEG bytes are embedded in an SVG image crop. Photograph of the surviving object; neither a drawn reconstruction nor an AI-generated symbol.
The museum description explicitly names the reverse with a St Hans cross, as well as an older Germanic Iron Age. The present-day sign name does not date the object to the Christian Middle Ages. The image dataset and image-specific JSON-LD refer to CC BY-SA 4.0. The photographer and actual JPEG resolution are recorded in the symbol manifest; TIFF metadata refers to a different original file.
Longitudinally perforated amber ram’s head as a possible finial
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Italic Italy · c. 500–400 BC
Small elongated ram’s head with curled horns and a drilled channel running through it. The light-coloured ageing crust obscures parts of the carving; one horn root is badly damaged.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Italic
Region
Italy
Date of the evidence
c. 500–400 BC
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Small elongated ram’s head with curled horns and a drilled channel running through it. The light-coloured ageing crust obscures parts of the carving; one horn root is badly damaged.
Historically recorded use
The longitudinal perforation in this ram’s head prompted discussion in the Getty catalogue of a spout, ring decoration or jewellery terminal. A jewellery mount appears most likely there, but remains an interpretation. Use of this example as a protective amulet worn on the person is not securely attested.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 82.AO.161.4; catalogue no. 53, object 1065NM. The alternatives Spout or Finial are retained. The photograph and information refer to this inventory item, not to a complete piece of jewellery added to it.
Before designing
Complete native museum photograph as a historical reference; damage and present-day photographic elements remain visible. No contour reconstruction, no production approval.
Research draft. Unchanged complete native museum image; no raster transformation or addition of old outlines. Historical reference, not manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Unchanged complete native museum image; no raster transformation or addition of old outlines. Historical reference, not manufacturing approval.
Source location: J. Paul Getty Museum; 82.AO.161.4; 1065NM
Current Native individual object page with specific CC0 photo attribution and text separately identified as CC BY 4.0. JSON-LD extracted unchanged from this HTML.
Complete institutional specialist catalogue: dating, condition, provenance and explicitly weighed interpretations of the image and function. The catalogue text is scholarly commentary; no original excavation documentation is claimed.
Icelandic Christian manuscript magic Iceland; now Copenhagen · Around 1500 (1490–1510); image evidence: scholarly printed edition, 1907
Three crosses of different sizes with small rings at their ends.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Icelandic Christian manuscript magic
Region
Iceland; now Copenhagen
Date of the evidence
Around 1500 (1490–1510); image evidence: scholarly printed edition, 1907
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Three crosses of different sizes with small rings at their ends.
Historically recorded use
Historical reconciliation spell, whose text promises an end to enmity.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The evidenced use encompasses the crosses and letters within a textual context. The image contains only the three specific crosses in their printed arrangement and does not claim to show a complete magical formula.
Before designing
Kålund’s 1907 printed transcription of signs after AM 434 a 12mo, not the original scan. The documented use comprises the crosses and letters in a textual context. The image contains only the three specific crosses in their printed arrangement and does not claim to be a complete spell. The original manuscript arranges two crosses above one; the 1907 printed edition used here places them horizontally.
Research draft. Kålund’s 1907 printed transcription of signs after AM 434 a 12mo, not the original scan. The attested use covers the crosses and letters in a textual context. The image contains only the three specific crosses in their printed arrangement and does not claim to show a complete magical formula. Unchanged JPEG bytes; only the SVG viewport limits the image crop. No manufacturing pathway. The 1907 edition arranges the three crosses horizontally; the manuscript shows two above and one below. This difference arising from the transmission is retained. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Kålund’s 1907 printed transcription of signs after AM 434 a 12mo, not the original scan. The attested use covers the crosses and letters in a textual context. The image contains only the three specific crosses in their printed arrangement and does not claim to show a complete magical formula. Unchanged JPEG bytes; only the SVG viewport limits the image crop. No manufacturing pathway. The 1907 edition arranges the three crosses horizontally; the manuscript shows two above and one below. This difference arising from the transmission is retained.
Source location: AM 434 a 12mo, fol.5rb; Kålund 1907, p. 14, lines 1–3
Source location: AM 434 a 12mo; 4va–5vb; origin notBefore=1490, notAfter=1510
The original is parchment, two columns, 40 leaves, Iceland. The catalogue lists magical staves on 4vb–5vb. The differing NorseMap fields Paper, German and the type assignment Vegvísir are not adopted. Handrit photographs were used exclusively for visual comparison and are not included in the public assets.
Source location: 1907, printed pp. 13–14 (series pages 367–368), PDF pages 20–21, JPEG objects 104 and106
Critical edition with printed transcriptions of the original signs and associated recipes. A print facsimile of this transcription is not a pixel-identical manuscript image. The PDF rights statement permits free use if all authors died more than 70 years ago; editor Kålund died in 1919. Original JPEG streams are taken unchanged from the PDF.
Source location: Question 81960; depiction in Lækningakver around 1500 and Kålund 1907
University classification of the oldest surviving Icelandic Galdrastafir corpus. No evidence that these figures had the same form in the Viking Age; image and text together establish their historical purpose.
Icelandic Christian manuscript magic Iceland; now Copenhagen · Around 1500 (1490–1510); image evidence: scholarly printed edition, 1907
Eight-pointed sign with small ring-shaped terminals, in a partly angular form.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Icelandic Christian manuscript magic
Region
Iceland; now Copenhagen
Date of the evidence
Around 1500 (1490–1510); image evidence: scholarly printed edition, 1907
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Eight-pointed sign with small ring-shaped terminals, in a partly angular form.
Historically recorded use
A sign which, according to the recipe, is supposed to make an opponent fear the bearer.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The recipe links the rod with a separate sequence of letters. The component image shows only the drawn rod; the text sequence is not invented, added or presented as part of the rays.
Before designing
Kålund’s 1907 printed transcription of the sign after AM 434 a 12mo, not the original scan. The recipe connects the staff with a separate sequence of letters. The component image shows only the drawn staff; the text sequence is not invented, added or presented as part of the rays.
Research draft. Kålund’s 1907 printed transcription of the signs after AM 434 a 12mo, not the original scan. The recipe connects the staff with a separate sequence of letters. The component image shows only the drawn staff; the text sequence is neither invented nor supplemented, nor presented as part of the rays. Unaltered JPEG bytes; only the SVG viewport limits the image area. No manufacturing path. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Kålund’s 1907 printed transcription of the signs after AM 434 a 12mo, not the original scan. The recipe connects the staff with a separate sequence of letters. The component image shows only the drawn staff; the text sequence is neither invented nor supplemented, nor presented as part of the rays. Unaltered JPEG bytes; only the SVG viewport limits the image area. No manufacturing path.
Source location: AM 434 a 12mo, fol.5ra; Kålund 1907, p. 13, lines 25–27
Source location: AM 434 a 12mo; 4va–5vb; origin notBefore=1490, notAfter=1510
The original is parchment, two columns, 40 leaves, Iceland. The catalogue lists magical staves on 4vb–5vb. The differing NorseMap fields Paper, German and the type assignment Vegvísir are not adopted. Handrit photographs were used exclusively for visual comparison and are not included in the public assets.
Source location: 1907, printed pp. 13–14 (series pages 367–368), PDF pages 20–21, JPEG objects 104 and106
Critical edition with printed transcriptions of the original signs and associated recipes. A print facsimile of this transcription is not a pixel-identical manuscript image. The PDF rights statement permits free use if all authors died more than 70 years ago; editor Kålund died in 1919. Original JPEG streams are taken unchanged from the PDF.
Source location: Question 81960; depiction in Lækningakver around 1500 and Kålund 1907
University classification of the oldest surviving Icelandic Galdrastafir corpus. No evidence that these figures had the same form in the Viking Age; image and text together establish their historical purpose.
Lækningakver – Royal names in runes in the board game
Original image · source evidence
Runic formula
Icelandic Christian manuscript magic Iceland; now Copenhagen · Around 1500 (1490–1510); image evidence: scholarly printed edition, 1907
Five sequences of names written in runes, explained in the edition as Ólafr, Ólafr, Haraldr, Haraldr and Eiríkr.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Icelandic Christian manuscript magic
Region
Iceland; now Copenhagen
Date of the evidence
Around 1500 (1490–1510); image evidence: scholarly printed edition, 1907
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Five sequences of names written in runes, explained in the edition as Ólafr, Ólafr, Haraldr, Haraldr and Eiríkr.
Historically recorded use
Runes and a Christian prayer in a recipe for the board game; the commentary names Kotra.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The printed sequence is shown unchanged. Normalised readings of names from the note are not a claim that they are identical to modern rune spellings; Christian ritual text and game-related purpose remain distinct from a universal rune oracle.
Before designing
Kålund’s 1907 printed transcription of the signs from AM 434 a 12mo, not the original scan. The printed sequence is shown unchanged. Normalised readings of names from the note do not claim identical modern rune spellings; Christian ritual text and a game-related purpose remain distinct from a universal rune oracle. The original names are on several lines; the 1907 printed edition shows a continuous line.
Research draft. Kålund’s 1907 printed transcription of signs after AM 434 a 12mo, not the original scan. The printed sequence is shown unchanged. Normalized name readings from the note do not claim identical modern rune spellings; the Christian ritual text and gaming-related purpose remain distinct from a universal rune oracle. JPEG bytes unchanged; only the SVG viewport limits the image crop. No manufacturing pathway. The 1907 edition presents in one printed line the names distributed over several lines in the manuscript. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Kålund’s 1907 printed transcription of signs after AM 434 a 12mo, not the original scan. The printed sequence is shown unchanged. Normalized name readings from the note do not claim identical modern rune spellings; the Christian ritual text and gaming-related purpose remain distinct from a universal rune oracle. JPEG bytes unchanged; only the SVG viewport limits the image crop. No manufacturing pathway. The 1907 edition presents in one printed line the names distributed over several lines in the manuscript.
Source location: AM 434 a 12mo, fol.4va; Kålund 1907, p. 13, lines 15–17 and note 15–17
Source location: AM 434 a 12mo; 4va–5vb; origin notBefore=1490, notAfter=1510
The original is parchment, two columns, 40 leaves, Iceland. The catalogue lists magical staves on 4vb–5vb. The differing NorseMap fields Paper, German and the type assignment Vegvísir are not adopted. Handrit photographs were used exclusively for visual comparison and are not included in the public assets.
Source location: 1907, printed pp. 13–14 (series pages 367–368), PDF pages 20–21, JPEG objects 104 and106
Critical edition with printed transcriptions of the original signs and associated recipes. A print facsimile of this transcription is not a pixel-identical manuscript image. The PDF rights statement permits free use if all authors died more than 70 years ago; editor Kålund died in 1919. Original JPEG streams are taken unchanged from the PDF.
Source location: Question 81960; depiction in Lækningakver around 1500 and Kålund 1907
University classification of the oldest surviving Icelandic Galdrastafir corpus. No evidence that these figures had the same form in the Viking Age; image and text together establish their historical purpose.
Icelandic Christian manuscript magic Iceland; now Copenhagen · Around 1500 (1490–1510); image evidence: scholarly printed edition, 1907
Cross-shaped staff with small paired terminal hooks.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Icelandic Christian manuscript magic
Region
Iceland; now Copenhagen
Date of the evidence
Around 1500 (1490–1510); image evidence: scholarly printed edition, 1907
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Cross-shaped staff with small paired terminal hooks.
Historically recorded use
Sign in a Christian-framed protective ritual intended to avert the wrath of a powerful lord.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
In the note, Kålund suggests an Ægishjálmur variant; this identification remains explicitly uncertain. The purpose of the recipe and its original form around 1500 are not equated with modern magic for success or charisma.
Before designing
Kålund’s 1907 printed sign transcription after AM 434 a 12mo, not the original scan. In the note, Kålund suggests an Ægishjálmur variant; this identification remains explicitly uncertain. The purpose of the recipe and the original form around 1500 are not equated with modern success or charisma magic.
Research draft. Kålund’s 1907 printed transcription of the signs after AM 434 a 12mo, not the original scan. In the note, Kålund suggests an Ægishjálmur variant; this identification remains explicitly uncertain. The purpose of the recipe and the original form around 1500 are not equated with modern success or charisma magic. Unaltered JPEG bytes; only the SVG viewport limits the image area. No manufacturing pathway. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Kålund’s 1907 printed transcription of the signs after AM 434 a 12mo, not the original scan. In the note, Kålund suggests an Ægishjálmur variant; this identification remains explicitly uncertain. The purpose of the recipe and the original form around 1500 are not equated with modern success or charisma magic. Unaltered JPEG bytes; only the SVG viewport limits the image area. No manufacturing pathway.
Source location: AM 434 a 12mo, fol.5vb; Kålund 1907, p. 14, lines 10–13 and note 13
Source location: AM 434 a 12mo; 4va–5vb; origin notBefore=1490, notAfter=1510
The original is parchment, two columns, 40 leaves, Iceland. The catalogue lists magical staves on 4vb–5vb. The differing NorseMap fields Paper, German and the type assignment Vegvísir are not adopted. Handrit photographs were used exclusively for visual comparison and are not included in the public assets.
Source location: 1907, printed pp. 13–14 (series pages 367–368), PDF pages 20–21, JPEG objects 104 and106
Critical edition with printed transcriptions of the original signs and associated recipes. A print facsimile of this transcription is not a pixel-identical manuscript image. The PDF rights statement permits free use if all authors died more than 70 years ago; editor Kålund died in 1919. Original JPEG streams are taken unchanged from the PDF.
Source location: Question 81960; depiction in Lækningakver around 1500 and Kålund 1907
University classification of the oldest surviving Icelandic Galdrastafir corpus. No evidence that these figures had the same form in the Viking Age; image and text together establish their historical purpose.
Icelandic Christian manuscript magic Iceland; now Copenhagen · Around 1500 (1490–1510); image evidence: scholarly printed edition, 1907
Eight-rayed staff with varied hooks and triangular terminals.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Icelandic Christian manuscript magic
Region
Iceland; now Copenhagen
Date of the evidence
Around 1500 (1490–1510); image evidence: scholarly printed edition, 1907
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Eight-rayed staff with varied hooks and triangular terminals.
Historically recorded use
Sign in a historically transmitted ritual intended to make a thief’s shadow visible.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The text mentions water, yarrow and a Christian closing formula. This is a historical attribution, not a confirmed effect; the sign is not a newly designed bind-rune.
Before designing
Kålund’s 1907 printed transcription of the signs based on AM 434 a 12mo, not the original scan. The text mentions water, yarrow and a Christian closing formula. This is a historical attribution, not a confirmed effect; the sign is not a newly designed bind-rune.
Research draft. Kålund’s 1907 printed transcription of the signs from AM 434 a 12mo, not the original scan. The text mentions water, yarrow and a Christian closing formula. This is a historical attribution, not a confirmed effect; the sign is not a newly designed bindrune. Unchanged JPEG bytes; only the SVG viewport limits the image area. No manufacturing pathway. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Kålund’s 1907 printed transcription of the signs from AM 434 a 12mo, not the original scan. The text mentions water, yarrow and a Christian closing formula. This is a historical attribution, not a confirmed effect; the sign is not a newly designed bindrune. Unchanged JPEG bytes; only the SVG viewport limits the image area. No manufacturing pathway.
Source location: AM 434 a 12mo, fol.4vb; Kålund 1907, p. 13, lines 18–22
Source location: AM 434 a 12mo; 4va–5vb; origin notBefore=1490, notAfter=1510
The original is parchment, two columns, 40 leaves, Iceland. The catalogue lists magical staves on 4vb–5vb. The differing NorseMap fields Paper, German and the type assignment Vegvísir are not adopted. Handrit photographs were used exclusively for visual comparison and are not included in the public assets.
Source location: 1907, printed pp. 13–14 (series pages 367–368), PDF pages 20–21, JPEG objects 104 and106
Critical edition with printed transcriptions of the original signs and associated recipes. A print facsimile of this transcription is not a pixel-identical manuscript image. The PDF rights statement permits free use if all authors died more than 70 years ago; editor Kålund died in 1919. Original JPEG streams are taken unchanged from the PDF.
Source location: Question 81960; depiction in Lækningakver around 1500 and Kålund 1907
University classification of the oldest surviving Icelandic Galdrastafir corpus. No evidence that these figures had the same form in the Viking Age; image and text together establish their historical purpose.
Lækningakver – two quadrilateral signs for truth-seeking
Original image · source evidence
Historical magical sign
Icelandic Christian manuscript magic Iceland; now Copenhagen · Around 1500 (1490–1510); image evidence: scholarly printed edition, 1907
Two distinct small quadrilaterals with inner cross-shaped or diagonal strokes.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Icelandic Christian manuscript magic
Region
Iceland; now Copenhagen
Date of the evidence
Around 1500 (1490–1510); image evidence: scholarly printed edition, 1907
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Two distinct small quadrilaterals with inner cross-shaped or diagonal strokes.
Historically recorded use
A sign within a letter formula which, according to the text, is intended to obtain answers from a sleeping person.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The two squares occur in a longer sequence of letters. The asset places only these clearly visible components side by side; it replaces neither the whole formula nor actual evidence of its efficacy.
Before designing
Kålund’s 1907 printed transcription of the signs after AM 434 a 12mo, not the original scan. The two squares appear in a longer sequence of letters. The asset presents only these clearly visible components side by side; it neither replaces the complete formula nor constitutes actual evidence of its efficacy. The montage isolates both squares from their respective lines of text; no original shared arrangement is asserted.
Research draft. Kålund’s 1907 printed transcription of characters after AM 434 a 12mo, not the original scan. The two squares appear in a longer sequence of letters. The asset places only these clearly visible components side by side; it replaces neither the whole formula nor actual evidence of its efficacy. JPEG bytes unchanged; only the SVG viewport limits the image crop. No manufacturing pathway. The two squares occur on different lines of text in the manuscript; the asset montage preserves their individual forms and makes no claim that they were originally arranged together horizontally. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Kålund’s 1907 printed transcription of characters after AM 434 a 12mo, not the original scan. The two squares appear in a longer sequence of letters. The asset places only these clearly visible components side by side; it replaces neither the whole formula nor actual evidence of its efficacy. JPEG bytes unchanged; only the SVG viewport limits the image crop. No manufacturing pathway. The two squares occur on different lines of text in the manuscript; the asset montage preserves their individual forms and makes no claim that they were originally arranged together horizontally.
Source location: AM 434 a 12mo, fol.5va; Kålund 1907, p. 14, lines 4–6
Source location: AM 434 a 12mo; 4va–5vb; origin notBefore=1490, notAfter=1510
The original is parchment, two columns, 40 leaves, Iceland. The catalogue lists magical staves on 4vb–5vb. The differing NorseMap fields Paper, German and the type assignment Vegvísir are not adopted. Handrit photographs were used exclusively for visual comparison and are not included in the public assets.
Source location: 1907, printed pp. 13–14 (series pages 367–368), PDF pages 20–21, JPEG objects 104 and106
Critical edition with printed transcriptions of the original signs and associated recipes. A print facsimile of this transcription is not a pixel-identical manuscript image. The PDF rights statement permits free use if all authors died more than 70 years ago; editor Kålund died in 1919. Original JPEG streams are taken unchanged from the PDF.
Source location: Question 81960; depiction in Lækningakver around 1500 and Kålund 1907
University classification of the oldest surviving Icelandic Galdrastafir corpus. No evidence that these figures had the same form in the Viking Age; image and text together establish their historical purpose.
European zodiac; medieval Christian calendar tradition Augsburg, Germany (attested manuscript) · Late 12th to early 13th century (this image evidence)
Leo, calendar image.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
European zodiac; medieval Christian calendar tradition
Region
Augsburg, Germany (attested manuscript)
Date of the evidence
Late 12th to early 13th century (this image evidence)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Description
Leo, calendar image.
Historically recorded use
Zodiac image in the calendar of the Claricia Psalter.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The evidence concerns the zodiac motif. It does not establish a wearable amulet or the glyph form used today.
Before designing
Check historical image variant on fol. 4v; Unicode is only a search/display aid.
Research draft. Visually checked single-figure detail from the historical original. Raster facsimile in an SVG viewport; original JPEG embedded unchanged. Paper/parchment, printing irregularities and show-through are retained. No engraving-ready vector paths; manufacturing requires separately checked vectorisation. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Visually checked single-figure detail from the historical original. Raster facsimile in an SVG viewport; original JPEG embedded unchanged. Paper/parchment, printing irregularities and show-through are retained. No engraving-ready vector paths; manufacturing requires separately checked vectorisation.
Source location: Claricia Psalter, Walters W.26, fol. 4v; zodiac image in the calendar.
Historical coin bearing the pictorial zodiac sign Leo; the image reproduces the coin face that actually survives.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Mughal Empire; zodiac signs on coins
Region
India; partly Agra
Date of the evidence
1624; 1033 AH
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Historical coin bearing the pictorial zodiac sign Leo; the image reproduces the coin face that actually survives.
Historically recorded use
The museum description identifies the zodiac sign as indicating the month of striking and expressly rules out original talismanic manufacture.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Historical evidence of signs only, not a worn amulet and not a prediction of personality. The written-out inscription date and, where applicable, broader numerical API limits remain documented separately.
Before designing
Native institutional object image as a historical image reference; no isolated vector glyph, added inscription or manufacturing approval. The photograph and original form remain separate from later engraving outlines.
Research draft. Historical drawing evidence only, not a worn amulet and not a personality prediction. The written-out inscription dating and any broader numerical API limits remain documented separately. Original JPEGs are embedded byte-for-byte; no lettering or lines have been added. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historical drawing evidence only, not a worn amulet and not a personality prediction. The written-out inscription dating and any broader numerical API limits remain documented separately. Original JPEGs are embedded byte-for-byte; no lettering or lines have been added.
Source location: Met 99.35.7403; complete selected original view
Title, inventory number, material and dating are checked individually; cultural-historical use is included only to the extent stated in the object description. The linked web text snapshots document the independent, current review of the object pages.
Lion with wreath, smoke and water – Atalanta fugiens 1618, Emblem 37
Original image · source evidence
Alchemical-theosophical symbolic image
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art Oppenheim, Germany; place of printing · 1618; first publication of the work 1617
A lion wearing a wreath of leaves looks forward from a landscape. Behind it, clouds of smoke rise from a mountain; water runs on the right.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art
Region
Oppenheim, Germany; place of printing
Date of the evidence
1618; first publication of the work 1617
Type of evidence
Textual evidence
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A lion wearing a wreath of leaves looks forward from a landscape. Behind it, clouds of smoke rise from a mountain; water runs on the right.
Historically recorded use
The title mentions white smoke, a green lion or the ore of Hermes, and foul-smelling water. The photograph used is monochrome; the word green is retained only as a historical textual description. Historical book illustration with epigram and associated discourse; no evidenced neck pendant.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
An individually located emblem in the specific 1618 Oppenheimer print; the first publication in 1617 is distinct from this. Part of the same work and the same copy, not an independent amulet object. Individual use as a worn amulet, ancient origin of this graphic and efficacy are not evidenced.
Before designing
Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view with motto, image, epigram, printed page number and side margin notes. Paper, stains, binding shadows and any coloured areas are retained. Institutional presentation resolution 2880×3442; larger master 4291×5129 documented separately. Historical image evidence without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view with motto, image, epigram, printed page number and side margin notes. Paper, stains, binding shadows and any coloured areas are retained. Institutional presentation resolution 2880×3442; larger master 4291×5129 documented separately. Historical image evidence without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view with motto, image, epigram, printed page number and side margin notes. Paper, stains, binding shadows and any coloured areas are retained. Institutional presentation resolution 2880×3442; larger master 4291×5129 documented separately. Historical image evidence without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: QD25 .M354 1618, Emblem 37, printed p. 157; institutional individual inventory d504rm145; Large JPG 2880×3442
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Courtesy of Science History Institute; Michael Maier, Atalanta fugiens (Oppenheim 1618), Emblem 37, S.157; engraver Matthaeus Merian; Public Domain Mark 1.0.
Source location: QD25 .M354 1618; Oppenheim, Johann-Theodor de Bry; complete work with 50 emblems
Copy used from 1618; the work's first publication in 1617 is attested separately. Historical alchemical emblem, epigram and musical context. No evidence for 30 independent works, worn amulets or present-day claims of efficacy. Individual image rights additionally checked for each inventory item.
The title refers to white smoke, a green lion or the ore of Hermes, and foul-smelling water. The image used is monochrome; the word ‘green’ is retained only as a historical textual description. The original title, English institutional counter-label, dating 1618 and specific PDM image release all match the individual page.
The lion’s body and a long-necked bird are joined together in a compact amber pendant.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Archaic Italy; Etruscan, Greek and Italic visual traditions
Region
Italy
Date of the evidence
600–550 B.C.
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
The lion’s body and a long-necked bird are joined together in a compact amber pendant.
Historically recorded use
The catalogue considers a possible amuletic transmission of strength and protection from danger. It explicitly presents this as a possibility alongside image and status symbolism.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The relationship between the lion and bird, and the precise meaning of the swan, remain in need of research. Comparisons with Egyptian or Near Eastern lion amulets do not automatically determine the function of the Italic object.
Before designing
Unmodified native institutional photographic source; no invented glyph additions, no isolated vector outline and no manufacturing approval. Historical evidence and comparative interpretation remain separate.
Research draft. The relationship between the lion and bird, and the precise meaning of the swan, remain in need of research. Comparisons with Egyptian or Near Eastern lion amulets do not automatically determine the function of the Italic object. Complete original JPEG bytes; no lost writing or material has been supplemented. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The relationship between the lion and bird, and the precise meaning of the swan, remain in need of research. Comparisons with Egyptian or Near Eastern lion amulets do not automatically determine the function of the Italic object. Complete original JPEG bytes; no lost writing or material has been supplemented.
Source location: 77.AO.81.2; complete main image view as actually photographed
Scholarly comparison and interpretation are presented separately from secure object form and actual use. Photograph separately from current collection metadata relation.
Iran; early Islamic image and inscription amulets Iran, Nishapur · 10th century
Round bronze pendant with a loop, an animal image in the central field and pseudo-inscription around the edge.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Iran; early Islamic image and inscription amulets
Region
Iran, Nishapur
Date of the evidence
10th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Round bronze pendant with a loop, an animal image in the central field and pseudo-inscription around the edge.
Historically recorded use
The museum considers the pendant a talisman for the protection of its wearer. The interpretation of the animals as Leo and Scorpio is explicitly treated as a suggestion.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The writing is not a securely established full transcription of the Shahada. Its resemblance to an Islamic profession of faith and the zodiac interpretation are museum interpretations; the choice of these particular two animals remains unclear.
Before designing
Native institutional object image as a historical image reference; no isolated vector glyph, added inscription or manufacturing approval. The photograph and original form remain separate from later engraving outlines.
Research draft. The writing is not a securely identified, fully written-out shahada. Its resemblance to an Islamic declaration of faith and the zodiacal interpretation are museum interpretations; the choice of these particular two animals remains unclear. Original JPEGs are embedded byte-for-byte; no writing or lines have been added. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The writing is not a securely identified, fully written-out shahada. Its resemblance to an Islamic declaration of faith and the zodiacal interpretation are museum interpretations; the choice of these particular two animals remains unclear. Original JPEGs are embedded byte-for-byte; no writing or lines have been added.
Source location: Met 40.170.245; complete selected original view
Title, inventory number, material and dating are checked individually; cultural-historical use is included only to the extent stated in the object description. The linked web text snapshots document the independent, current review of the object pages.
Iran; early Islamic image and inscription amulets Iran, Nishapur · 10th century
Small double-sided silver pendant, inventoried separately as 40.170.246. Both actual sides of the object are shown side by side.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Iran; early Islamic image and inscription amulets
Region
Iran, Nishapur
Date of the evidence
10th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Small double-sided silver pendant, inventoried separately as 40.170.246. Both actual sides of the object are shown side by side.
Historically recorded use
Described as a probable talisman; pseudo-writing on one side, and a lion and scorpion on the other, with a possible astrological protective interpretation.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Not a replacement for the larger bronze pendant 40.170.245. Pseudo-script is not reconstructed as readable words; Leo/Scorpio remain a possible attribution.
Before designing
Native institutional object image as a historical image reference; no isolated vector glyph, added inscription or manufacturing approval. The photograph and original form remain separate from later engraving outlines.
Research draft. Not a replacement for the larger bronze pendant 40.170.245. Pseudo-script is not reconstructed as readable words; Leo/Scorpio remain a possible identification. Original JPEGs are embedded byte-for-byte; no lettering or lines have been added. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Not a replacement for the larger bronze pendant 40.170.245. Pseudo-script is not reconstructed as readable words; Leo/Scorpio remain a possible identification. Original JPEGs are embedded byte-for-byte; no lettering or lines have been added.
Source location: Met 40.170.246; two original views side by side, not a redrawn complete sign
Title, inventory number, material and dating are checked individually; cultural-historical use is included only to the extent stated in the object description. The linked web text snapshots document the independent, current review of the object pages.
Lion, dragon and fantastic creatures – Khunrath 1609, plate 1
Original image · source evidence
Alchemical-theosophical symbolic image
Christian Kabbalistic theosophy and early modern alchemy Hanau, Germany; place of printing · 1609; title page states 1602
People, animal-headed figures and fantastical beings surround a stone structure with a lion and dragon; historical text accompanies the scene.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Christian Kabbalistic theosophy and early modern alchemy
Region
Hanau, Germany; place of printing
Date of the evidence
1609; title page states 1602
Type of evidence
Textual evidence
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
People, animal-headed figures and fantastical beings surround a stone structure with a lion and dragon; historical text accompanies the scene.
Historically recorded use
Symbolic illustration in an alchemical-theosophical book. Individual use of the book illustration as an amulet is not attested.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Specific engraving of the 1609 print. The date 1602 on the title is not accepted as the actual year of publication. No universal protective effect, ancient origin or association with a modern standard seal form is claimed.
Before designing
Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG view of the opened historical print. Fold lines, paper, shadows and all original inscriptions are preserved. The resolution of the presentation view limits the legibility of fine text; larger institutional masters exist separately. Historical image evidence, not a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG view of the opened historical print. Fold lines, paper, shadows and all original inscriptions are preserved. The resolution of the presentation view limits the legibility of fine text; larger institutional masters exist separately. Historical image evidence, not a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG view of the opened historical print. Fold lines, paper, shadows and all original inscriptions are preserved. The resolution of the presentation view limits the legibility of fine text; larger institutional masters exist separately. Historical image evidence, not a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: Hanau 1609; shelfmark QD25 .K486 1609; title gives 1602, actual publication 1609
Historical Christian Kabbalistic and alchemical print with individually catalogued engravings. No source attests to wearing these complete book images as amulets. Specific image rights: Public Domain Mark 1.0.
Source location: Amphitheatrum 1609, plate 1; Member f7623c645
Individual image witness and institutional description; specific PDM release. Unaltered institutional Large-JPEG presentation (2880 pixels wide), distinct from the considerably larger TIFF/Full-sized-JPEG master. The plate number identifies this institutional copy.
Single prominent lion’s head with carved facial features and old drill holes.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Archaic Italy; Etruscan, Greek and Italic visual traditions
Region
Italy
Date of the evidence
550–500 B.C.
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Single prominent lion’s head with carved facial features and old drill holes.
Historically recorded use
According to the catalogue, wear and perforations indicate use; in comparison, lions are understood as possible amulet images intended to ward off danger.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The catalogue emphasises the lack of internal evidence as to whether this head was worn as personal jewellery or attached, for example, to harness, a branch or architecture. Traces of use are not equated with confirmed wearing on the body.
Before designing
Unmodified native institutional photographic source; no invented glyph additions, no isolated vector outline and no manufacturing approval. Historical evidence and comparative interpretation remain separate.
Research draft. The catalogue emphasises the lack of internal evidence as to whether this head was worn as personal jewellery or attached, for example, to harness, a branch or architecture. Traces of use are not equated with certain wearing on the body. Complete original JPEG bytes; losses to the inscription and material are not supplemented. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The catalogue emphasises the lack of internal evidence as to whether this head was worn as personal jewellery or attached, for example, to harness, a branch or architecture. Traces of use are not equated with certain wearing on the body. Complete original JPEG bytes; losses to the inscription and material are not supplemented.
Source location: 76.AO.80; complete main image view actually photographed
Scholarly comparison and interpretation are presented separately from secure object form and actual use. Photograph separately from current collection metadata relation.
Amber plaque with opposed lion heads and a boar in relief.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Archaic Italy; Etruscan, Greek and Italic visual traditions
Region
Italy
Date of the evidence
500–480 B.C.
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Amber plaque with opposed lion heads and a boar in relief.
Historically recorded use
The catalogue examines possible protective imagery and attachment to complex jewellery, a brooch or a comb-like object.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The five perforations do not prove that it was worn as an amulet. Before the museum acquired it, the piece was assembled from five parts with resin fills; the reference shows the documented present-day state.
Before designing
Unmodified native institutional photographic source; no invented glyph additions, no isolated vector outline and no manufacturing approval. Historical evidence and comparative interpretation remain separate.
Research draft. The five perforations do not prove that it was worn as an amulet. The piece was assembled from five parts with resin fillings before the museum acquired it; the reference shows its documented present condition. Complete original JPEG bytes; losses of writing and material are not filled in. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The five perforations do not prove that it was worn as an amulet. The piece was assembled from five parts with resin fillings before the museum acquired it; the reference shows its documented present condition. Complete original JPEG bytes; losses of writing and material are not filled in.
Source location: 77.AO.83; complete actually photographed main image view
Scholarly comparison and interpretation are presented separately from secure object form and actual use. Photograph separately from current collection metadata relation.
Pair of lions with riders and sun-moon symbols – attributed to Basilius, Key 11, Musaeum 1678
Original image · source evidence
Alchemical-theosophical symbolic image
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art Frankfurt am Main, Germany; place of printing · 1678; specific copy used
Two large lions face one another, carrying human figures. Small lions, a vessel, and suns and crescent moons complete the scene.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art
Region
Frankfurt am Main, Germany; place of printing
Date of the evidence
1678; specific copy used
Type of evidence
Textual evidence
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Two large lions face one another, carrying human figures. Small lions, a vessel, and suns and crescent moons complete the scene.
Historically recorded use
Located as key 11 in the printed sequence of twelve keys, under the attribution to Basilius Valentinus. Image and text form an alchemical book allegory; further interpretations of substances are not freely added. Historical book illustration; actual use as a neck pendant is not evidenced.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
A historically located printed component of the specific 1678 example; not a new independent historical text and not an evidenced worn amulet. Efficacy and suitability for manufacture are not evidenced. The transmitted author’s name is given as a title attribution; no identity as a medieval monk or dating of this image to the 15th century is confirmed.
Before designing
Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view, 2880×2800px. The separately offered larger master, 5289×5143px, was not supplied as a downloaded file. Image, writing, printed page, paper condition and binding shadow are retained. Source facsimile, not a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view, 2880×2800px. The separately offered larger master, 5289×5143px, was not supplied as a downloaded file. Image, writing, printed page, paper condition and binding shadow are retained. Source facsimile, not a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view, 2880×2800px. The separately offered larger master, 5289×5143px, was not supplied as a downloaded file. Image, writing, printed page, paper condition and binding shadow are retained. Source facsimile, not a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: QD25 .M87315 1678; attributed to Basilius, Clavis 11, printed p. 420; viewer index 55, individual inventory gx41mj90g; Large JPG 2880×2800
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Courtesy of Science History Institute; Musaeum Hermeticum Reformatum et Amplificatum, used edition 1678; QD25 .M87315 1678; Basilius-Zuschreibung, Clavis 11, gedruckte S. 420; Viewerindex 55, Einzelinventar gx41mj90g; Public Domain Mark 1.0.
Source location: QD25 .M87315 1678; Frankfurt am Main, Hermann à Sande
Specific complete volume with 70 institutional digital images. Main title and catalogue date 1678; several bound component titles bear 1677. The 30 images captured are components of this single volume. The transmitted author names are attributions in the printed work; no confirmed biography of a medieval monk.
Source location: QD25 .M87315 1678; attribution to Basilius, Clavis 11, printed p. 420; viewer index 55, individual inventory gx41mj90g
Located as key 11 in the printed sequence of twelve keys under the attribution to Basilius Valentinus. Image and text form an alchemical book allegory; no further interpretations of substances have been added freely. Individual institutional metadata checked against PDM.
Lønborg Church – folded lead amulet with traces of runes
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Danish medieval writing and protective culture Lønborg Church, Jutland · Medieval (catalogue attribution; no more precise date of manufacture)
The lead packet bears faint runic or incised traces on the outside. Areas preserved to varying degrees and adhering material are visible in the images.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Danish medieval writing and protective culture
Region
Lønborg Church, Jutland
Date of the evidence
Medieval (catalogue attribution; no more precise date of manufacture)
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
The lead packet bears faint runic or incised traces on the outside. Areas preserved to varying degrees and adhering material are visible in the images.
Historically recorded use
Classified by the museum as a medieval lead amulet; an individual protective intention has not been fully deciphered.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The reading of the signs and the writing direction remain uncertain. Foreign material makes identification difficult on one side; no complete inscription is claimed.
Before designing
Unchanged original photographs as image reference. Individual views are shown separately alongside one another; no engraving outline has been added and no manufacturing approval has been given.
Research draft. The reading of the signs and writing direction remain uncertain. Foreign material on one side makes identification difficult; no complete inscription is claimed. Each photograph is complete and retains its native JPEG bytes unchanged; separate views do not constitute a historical overall form. Presentation files, not TIFF masters. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The reading of the signs and writing direction remain uncertain. Foreign material on one side makes identification difficult; no complete inscription is claimed. Each photograph is complete and retains its native JPEG bytes unchanged; separate views do not constitute a historical overall form. Presentation files, not TIFF masters.
Source location: D 317/2022; DMR-235417, DMR-235418
Use of the template: CC BY-SA 4.0 with attribution and share-alike
Rasmus Bak Meng / Nationalmuseet, Danmark; D 317/2022; DMR-235417; CC BY-SA 4.0. Rasmus Bak Meng / Nationalmuseet, Danmark; D 317/2022; DMR-235418; CC BY-SA 4.0.
Individual institutional object record. Find, registration and photography dates are not treated as manufacturing dates. Uncertain signs and functional identifications remain qualified.
Magical Characters and Thanaba – Getty 83.AN.437.60
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Roman Imperial period; Egyptian and Mediterranean image-making/magical glyptics Mediterranean region; the precise place of manufacture of this piece is not established · 2nd–4th century A.D.
Oval gem with several lines of signs and letters. The museum cites Thanaba as a legible example in the third line of the reverse.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Roman Imperial period; Egyptian and Mediterranean image-making/magical glyptics
Region
Mediterranean region; the precise place of manufacture of this piece is not established
Date of the evidence
2nd–4th century A.D.
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Oval gem with several lines of signs and letters. The museum cites Thanaba as a legible example in the third line of the reverse.
Historically recorded use
The museum documents magical characters and symbols on both sides, including a few legible words. No specific purpose of use is stated.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Unclear signs are not rewritten as modern letters or sigils. The page evidenced by a single institutional photograph is not presented as a complete double transcription.
Before designing
Native institutional museum photograph as a historical reference; no invented glyph additions, isolated vector outline or manufacturing approval. The visible photographed side and the reverse documented only in text remain distinct.
Research draft. Unclear signs are not rewritten as modern letters or sigils. The page evidenced by a single institutional image is not presented as a complete double transcription. Complete original JPEG bytes; losses of writing and material are not supplemented. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Unclear signs are not rewritten as modern letters or sigils. The page evidenced by a single institutional image is not presented as a complete double transcription. Complete original JPEG bytes; losses of writing and material are not supplemented.
Source location: 83.AN.437.60; complete, actually photographed main image view
Source location: 83.AN.437.60; JSON-LD: description, date, material and individual CC0 image credit
Current institutional object metadata from byte-identical archived HTML/JSON-LD; native IIIF Max JPEG checked separately against info.json and actual pixel dimensions. No claim of a complete JavaScript page render.
Source location: Specific image/metadata permission additionally checked for each object
The general institutional CC0 rule can be used only together with an individual object/image relation; the failed image retrieval remains visible in the retrieval report.
Magical gem with standing figure and border inscription
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Roman Roman Empire · 2nd–4th century AD
The open-access image shows a standing figure with a distinctive headdress and surrounding letters on a yellowish-brown stone surface. The second engraved side is not photographically evidenced in this package.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Roman
Region
Roman Empire
Date of the evidence
2nd–4th century AD
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
The open-access image shows a standing figure with a distinctive headdress and surrounding letters on a yellowish-brown stone surface. The second engraved side is not photographically evidenced in this package.
Historically recorded use
The Getty catalogues the stone as a gem engraved on both sides with a magical inscription. The museum bibliography cites relevant gem studies; no complete edition that has not been read is reproduced here. The available object text does not explain any specific healing or protective function for this stone.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 83.AN.437.52. A magical sequence of names transcribed uncertainly in the museum catalogue is not used to identify the figure securely as Abrasax or Anubis. Illegible letters remain unchanged.
Before designing
Native museum photograph as a historical reference; damage, writing and present-day photographic condition unaltered. No manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete native JPEG capture without cropping, resampling, retouching or added glyphs. The open capture shows a standing figure with a conspicuous headdress and surrounding letters on a yellowish-brown stone surface. The second engraved side is not photographically documented in this package. No manufacturing approval. A reverse described in the catalogue is not present here as a photograph. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete native JPEG capture without cropping, resampling, retouching or added glyphs. The open capture shows a standing figure with a conspicuous headdress and surrounding letters on a yellowish-brown stone surface. The second engraved side is not photographically documented in this package. No manufacturing approval. A reverse described in the catalogue is not present here as a photograph.
Source location: 83.AN.437.52; fully attributed museum photograph
Magical animal composition with Ouroboros on carnelian
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Roman Roman world · Gemstone: 1st–4th century CE
Composition of animals and hybrid creatures within a snake frame, set in a gold pin. The black-and-white photograph shows the complete stone and the visible setting components.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Roman
Region
Roman world
Date of the evidence
Gemstone: 1st–4th century CE
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Composition of animals and hybrid creatures within a snake frame, set in a gold pin. The black-and-white photograph shows the complete stone and the visible setting components.
Historically recorded use
The museum assigns the complex engraving to the ancient tradition of magical gems. Several figures are identified only tentatively as Amon or as a jackal or fox. The available object text does not attest to a precise purpose or a particular owner.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 42.870. The 1st–4th-century dating applies to the gem; contemporaneous creation of the present gold pin setting is not claimed. Uncertain animal identifications remain unresolved.
Before designing
Native museum photograph as a historical reference; damage, writing and present-day photographic condition unaltered. No manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete native JPEG photograph without cropping, resampling, retouching or added glyphs. Animal and hybrid-creature composition within a serpent frame, set in a gold pin. The black-and-white photograph shows the complete stone and the visible setting components. No manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete native JPEG photograph without cropping, resampling, retouching or added glyphs. Animal and hybrid-creature composition within a serpent frame, set in a gold pin. The black-and-white photograph shows the complete stone and the visible setting components. No manufacturing approval.
Source location: 42.870; fully attributed museum image
Mahakala as a wrathful protective figure – Tibetan textile image
Original image · source evidence
Protective figures
Vajrayana Tibet · early 18th century
Mahakala as a protective form of Avalokiteshvara; painting on cloth. Inventory 69.72.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Vajrayana
Region
Tibet
Date of the evidence
early 18th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Mahakala as a protective form of Avalokiteshvara; painting on cloth. Inventory 69.72.
Historically recorded use
Religious depiction of a tantric protective figure.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The protective character appears in the object title; use as a wearable amulet is not attested. No wearable amulet use is attested.
Before designing
Check only the variant of inventory 69.72 as the model. Compare image details and outline with the museum image before drawing; no modern composite motif.
Research draft. Complete, visually checked museum photograph of the specific linked historical object. Unaltered original JPEG bytes are embedded in the SVG as a raster facsimile; this is neither a cropped individual glyph nor a redrawn sigil. The object context and all visible image details are retained. No vector paths suitable for manufacture; engraving or CNC manufacture requires separate assessment. The specific mandala/ritual-object variant remains visible with all its image figures, edge areas and material details; no schematic modern substitute drawing. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete, visually checked museum photograph of the specific linked historical object. Unaltered original JPEG bytes are embedded in the SVG as a raster facsimile; this is neither a cropped individual glyph nor a redrawn sigil. The object context and all visible image details are retained. No vector paths suitable for manufacture; engraving or CNC manufacture requires separate assessment. The specific mandala/ritual-object variant remains visible with all its image figures, edge areas and material details; no schematic modern substitute drawing.
Source location: Met object 37808; inventory 69.72; complete main image from the current institutional API, uncropped; original 2674 × 3760 px
Eight-armed Mahapratisara at the centre, surrounded by Dharani script.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Esoteric Buddhism
Region
Dunhuang, China
Date of the evidence
980 CE
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Description
Eight-armed Mahapratisara at the centre, surrounded by Dharani script.
Historically recorded use
Ritual print with a protective figure and Sanskrit formula.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Dated to the fifth year of Taiping xingguo; the museum describes protective attributes, but no way of wearing this sheet.
Before designing
Original photograph of the exact specimen Ch.xliii.004 from Serindia IV (1921), with Plate CII bound in. The Sanskrit Dharani, eight-armed central figure and Chinese marginal text remain in their documented state of preservation; no missing marginal pieces are reconstructed and no text is freely set. Historical facsimile as an image reference, not an automatically engraving-ready outline.
Research draft. Exact historical copy from 980. The complete old plate page contains the image and historical inscription; damaged margins are retained. Sanskrit/Chinese script is not reset and the eight arms are not supplemented. Original JPEG embedded unchanged and in full; only the SVG viewport is set. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Exact historical copy from 980. The complete old plate page contains the image and historical inscription; damaged margins are retained. Sanskrit/Chinese script is not reset and the eight arms are not supplemented. Original JPEG embedded unchanged and in full; only the SVG viewport is set.
Dunhuang, woodblock print of 980; eight-armed Mahapratisara with Sanskrit Dharani. Direct page 403, official search index including bibliography checked: Serindia IV (1921), Plate CII. The exact freely licensed historical plate photograph was independently obtained from Internet Archive; no modern BM photograph was used.
Search index evidence – complete source page not yet checked · Checked on:
The actual plate caption gives Ch.xliii.004 and 980. The current British Museum bibliography 1919,0101,0.249 explicitly refers to Serindia IV, plate CII. Complete historical plate showing the photographed state of preservation; lost marginal sections remain visible.
Internet Archive; historischer Primärdruck Oxford / Clarendon Press
Source location: Identifier Serindia4Plates; metadata.date=1921; metadata.licenseurl=Public Domain Mark 1.0
The specific freely accessible scan is marked Public Domain in the archive. This is a rights statement by the community uploader, not an open-access release of present-day museum photographs. Unaltered images of the plates printed in 1921 are used; Aurel Stein (1862–1943). The separate NII/Toyo-Bunko scan with restrictive conditions is not used.
Buddhist visual tradition Bihar / India · 11th–12th century
Seated wrathful figure with sword, skull cup, flame crown and large backplate. One hand is missing; small figures, vessels and an inscription appear around the base.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Buddhist visual tradition
Region
Bihar / India
Date of the evidence
11th–12th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Seated wrathful figure with sword, skull cup, flame crown and large backplate. One hand is missing; small figures, vessels and an inscription appear around the base.
Historically recorded use
The museum describes Mahākāla here as a guardian of the Dharma and the Buddhist community. The large stone cult relief is evidence of a historical depiction of a protective deity, but not of a worn amulet. The interpretation of the small pair at the base as donors remains a museum supposition.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 1996.465, Met object 39600. The relief height of 58.7 cm does not rule out general protective symbolism, but it is not presented as a body pendant. The lost chisel suspected by the museum is not reconstructed. The inscription reading and donor names follow the institutional text exclusively.
Before designing
Unchanged complete native museum image; no reconstruction of damaged details. No manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete native museum photograph, with no raster transformation or reconstruction of old forms. Historical religious image evidence; not approved for manufacture. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete native museum photograph, with no raster transformation or reconstruction of old forms. Historical religious image evidence; not approved for manufacture.
Source location: The Metropolitan Museum of Art; 1996.465; complete selected individual photograph
Tibetan Buddhism / Sakya commission Central Tibet · Around 1500; API 1450–1550
Large black three-eyed Mahākāla with a knife and skull cup against a coloured flame background; a surrounding row of teachers and deities and a separate lower row of attendants.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Tibetan Buddhism / Sakya commission
Region
Central Tibet
Date of the evidence
Around 1500; API 1450–1550
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Large black three-eyed Mahākāla with a knife and skull cup against a coloured flame background; a surrounding row of teachers and deities and a separate lower row of attendants.
Historically recorded use
The museum attributes the commission to the Sakya tradition and links the design with older murals in Gyantse. Mahākāla, his gandi held crosswise and the attendants at his sides represent the protection of the monastic community and the overcoming of obstacles on the path to enlightenment.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 2012.444.4, Met object 78195. The composition differs clearly from the black-ground silk image of around 1650: coloured landscape and flame fields, numerous surrounding portraits of teachers and a different retinue. The complete, large cloth image is a historical witness to ritual imagery, not a worn amulet.
Before designing
Complete, unaltered native museum photograph; no restoration of historical damage and no manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete native museum photograph; no raster transformation, addition of signs or manufacturing approval. The composition differs markedly from the black-ground silk image of around 1650: coloured landscape and flame fields, numerous surrounding portraits of teachers and a different retinue. The complete large cloth image is historical evidence of a ritual image, not a worn amulet. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete native museum photograph; no raster transformation, addition of signs or manufacturing approval. The composition differs markedly from the black-ground silk image of around 1650: coloured landscape and flame fields, numerous surrounding portraits of teachers and a different retinue. The complete large cloth image is historical evidence of a ritual image, not a worn amulet.
Source location: The Metropolitan Museum of Art; 2012.444.4; complete individual photograph
Tibetan Buddhism / Sakya protective iconography Tibet · Around 1650; API 1640–1660
Dark cloth image with a large black, three-eyed Mahākāla, red flames, two teacher figures above and a row of wrathful attendants below; visible areas of wear are retained.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Tibetan Buddhism / Sakya protective iconography
Region
Tibet
Date of the evidence
Around 1650; API 1640–1660
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Dark cloth image with a large black, three-eyed Mahākāla, red flames, two teacher figures above and a row of wrathful attendants below; visible areas of wear are retained.
Historically recorded use
The museum text describes the image as a visualisation of Mahākāla in his Pañjaranātha form. In the Buddhist interpretive framework, the knife, skull bowl and horizontally held ritual staff represent the overcoming of ignorance. The surrounding figures and Sakya teachers connect the image with a protective tradition for Buddhist teachings.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 2006.105, Met object 73202. Large visualisation image on blue silk, not an evidenced body amulet. The designation and attributes follow the specific museum description. The differing coloured painting from around 1500 depicts another, more detailed historical composition.
Before designing
Complete, unaltered native museum photograph; no restoration of historical damage and no manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete native museum image; no raster transformation, drawing additions or manufacturing approval. Large visualisation image on blue silk, not a proven bodily amulet. The designation and attributes follow the specific museum description. The differing coloured painting from around 1500 depicts another, more elaborate historical composition. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete native museum image; no raster transformation, drawing additions or manufacturing approval. Large visualisation image on blue silk, not a proven bodily amulet. The designation and attributes follow the specific museum description. The differing coloured painting from around 1500 depicts another, more elaborate historical composition.
Source location: The Metropolitan Museum of Art; 2006.105; complete individual photograph
Mandala with Vajradhara, Manjushri and Sadakshari-Lokeshvara
Original image · source evidence
Mandalas
Tibetan Buddhism in Ming China China · dated 1479
Three principal deities and 39 subsidiary deities on lotus thrones. Inventory 1985.392.2.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Tibetan Buddhism in Ming China
Region
China
Date of the evidence
dated 1479
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Three principal deities and 39 subsidiary deities on lotus thrones. Inventory 1985.392.2.
Historically recorded use
Religious mandala on a dated thangka.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Dated 1479 in the object record; subsidiary figures remain unidentified individually. No evidence of portable amulet use.
Before designing
Check only the version of inventory 1985.392.2 as a template. Compare image details and outline against the museum image before drawing; not a modern composite motif.
Research draft. Complete, visually checked museum photograph of the specific linked historical object. Unaltered original JPEG bytes are embedded in the SVG as a raster facsimile; this is neither a cropped individual glyph nor a redrawn sigil. The object context and all visible image details are retained. No vector paths suitable for manufacture; engraving or CNC manufacture requires separate assessment. The specific mandala/ritual-object variant remains visible with all its image figures, edge areas and material details; no schematic modern substitute drawing. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete, visually checked museum photograph of the specific linked historical object. Unaltered original JPEG bytes are embedded in the SVG as a raster facsimile; this is neither a cropped individual glyph nor a redrawn sigil. The object context and all visible image details are retained. No vector paths suitable for manufacture; engraving or CNC manufacture requires separate assessment. The specific mandala/ritual-object variant remains visible with all its image figures, edge areas and material details; no schematic modern substitute drawing.
Source location: Met object 37983; inventory 1985.392.2; complete primary image from the current institutional API, uncropped; original 2912 × 3880 px
Mandala of Chakrasamvara and Vajravarahi, late 15th century
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Nepal Nepal · late 1400s
Nepalese Buddhist mandala with a central pair of deities, four palace entrances and outer charnel grounds. Historical meditation image; no attested use as a jewellery amulet. The iconographic identification follows the museum and is not a newly invented decipherment.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Nepal
Region
Nepal
Date of the evidence
late 1400s
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Nepalese Buddhist mandala with a central pair of deities, four palace entrances and outer charnel grounds. Historical meditation image; no attested use as a jewellery amulet. The iconographic identification follows the museum and is not a newly invented decipherment.
Historically recorded use
Nepalese Buddhist mandala with a central pair of deities, four palace entrances and outer charnel grounds.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Historical meditation image; no attested use as jewellery amulet. The iconographic identification follows the museum, not a newly invented decipherment.
Before designing
Blue-red central pair of figures within a coloured arrangement of circles and palaces, four projecting gates and surrounding figurative scenes. Original image as a complete facsimile; not approved for manufacture and no contours added.
Research draft. Historical meditation image; no attested use as a jewellery amulet. The iconographic identification follows the museum, not a newly invented decipherment. All native JPEG bytes and the full image crop remain unchanged. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historical meditation image; no attested use as a jewellery amulet. The iconographic identification follows the museum, not a newly invented decipherment. All native JPEG bytes and the full image crop remain unchanged.
Source location: 1960.211; complete actually photographed main image view
Source location: Individual inventory 1960.211; object ID 136335; title, dating, culture, material and image link
Historical meditation image; no attested use as jewellery amulet. The iconographic identification follows the museum, not a newly invented decipherment.
China, Ming dynasty (1368–1644) China, Ming period · early 1400s
Cloisonné disc as the base of a three-dimensional mandala in Tibetan Buddhism; the museum description names the eight Buddhist treasures. The image shows the base, not a completely preserved arrangement of the miniature buildings. The eight signs are not presented as eight independently attested jewellery amulets.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
China, Ming dynasty (1368–1644)
Region
China, Ming period
Date of the evidence
early 1400s
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Cloisonné disc as the base of a three-dimensional mandala in Tibetan Buddhism; the museum description names the eight Buddhist treasures. The image shows the base, not a completely preserved arrangement of the miniature buildings. The eight signs are not presented as eight independently attested jewellery amulets.
Historically recorded use
Cloisonné disc as the base of a three-dimensional mandala in Tibetan Buddhism; the museum description mentions the eight Buddhist treasures.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The image shows the base, not a fully preserved arrangement of the miniature buildings. The eight signs are not presented as eight independently attested jewellery amulets.
Before designing
Round cloisonné disc with a blue ground, lotus decoration, surrounding religious emblems and a raised central area. Original capture as a complete facsimile; not approved for manufacture and no contours have been added.
Research draft. The photograph shows the base, not a fully preserved arrangement of the miniature buildings. The eight signs are not presented as eight independently evidenced jewellery amulets. All native JPEG bytes and the full image frame remain unchanged. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The photograph shows the base, not a fully preserved arrangement of the miniature buildings. The eight signs are not presented as eight independently evidenced jewellery amulets. All native JPEG bytes and the full image frame remain unchanged.
Source location: Individual inventory 1987.58; object ID 153760; title, dating, culture, material and image link
The image shows the base, not a fully preserved arrangement of the miniature buildings. The eight signs are not presented as eight independently attested jewellery amulets.
Mandaean incantation bowl from Ctesiphon – Met 32.150.89
Original image · source evidence
Text amulet
Sasanian period; Mandaean incantation bowls Mesopotamia, Ctesiphon, Taq-i Kisra area · Around the 5th–6th century CE
Pale reddish ceramic with black writing in concentric circles on the inside; the museum history records a find in the so-called palace bath.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Sasanian period; Mandaean incantation bowls
Region
Mesopotamia, Ctesiphon, Taq-i Kisra area
Date of the evidence
Around the 5th–6th century CE
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Pale reddish ceramic with black writing in concentric circles on the inside; the museum history records a find in the so-called palace bath.
Historically recorded use
Catalogued as an incantation bowl with a Mandaic inscription. The specific text is not newly read here or assigned to a named individual ritual.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The building’s identification as a bath is set against a later-discussed interpretation as a ritual building in the museum’s account. This establishes neither a secure Zoroastrian attribution for the Mandaic writing nor use as a worn amulet. The API figures 5/5 remain documented as conflicting with the textual period.
Before designing
Unaltered complete institutional image; material losses, inscriptions and present-day object condition are retained. No formula added, sigil redrawn or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. The museum’s interpretation of the building as a bath is set against a later-discussed interpretation as a ritual building. This does not establish either a Zoroastrian attribution for the Mandaean script or the use of a worn amulet. API figures 5/5 remain documented as a contradiction of the textual period. Complete original JPEG bytes; losses to the script and material are not filled in. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The museum’s interpretation of the building as a bath is set against a later-discussed interpretation as a ritual building. This does not establish either a Zoroastrian attribution for the Mandaean script or the use of a worn amulet. API figures 5/5 remain documented as a contradiction of the textual period. Complete original JPEG bytes; losses to the script and material are not filled in.
Source location: Object ID 322404; Inventory 32.150.89; current API single-item retrieval and institutional page text
Current API attribution, inventory number, material, date and specifically linked CC0 images; curatorial statements additionally checked against the institutional web page text. Direct native HTML retrieval returns 429 and is not presented as archived HTML.
Source location: Specific image/metadata permission additionally checked for each object
The general institutional CC0 rule can be used only together with an individual object/image relation; the failed image retrieval remains visible in the retrieval report.
Vajrayana / Pala period Bangladesh or India (Bengal) · 11th century
Three-headed, six-armed Manjuvajra with sword, lotus, bow, arrow and crossed vajras. Inventory 57.51.6.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Vajrayana / Pala period
Region
Bangladesh or India (Bengal)
Date of the evidence
11th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Three-headed, six-armed Manjuvajra with sword, lotus, bow, arrow and crossed vajras. Inventory 57.51.6.
Historically recorded use
Religious sculpture with a frieze of worshippers.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The region remains attributed tentatively; the catalogue explains the wisdom iconography. No evidence of use as a wearable amulet.
Before designing
Check only the variant from inventory 57.51.6 as the model. Compare image details and outline against the museum image before drawing; no modern composite motif.
Research draft. Complete, visually checked museum photograph of the specific linked historical object. Unaltered original JPEG bytes are embedded in the SVG as a raster facsimile; this is neither a cropped individual glyph nor a redrawn sigil. The object context and all visible image details are retained. No vector paths suitable for manufacture; engraving or CNC manufacture requires separate assessment. The specific mandala/ritual-object variant remains visible with all its image figures, edge areas and material details; no schematic modern substitute drawing. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete, visually checked museum photograph of the specific linked historical object. Unaltered original JPEG bytes are embedded in the SVG as a raster facsimile; this is neither a cropped individual glyph nor a redrawn sigil. The object context and all visible image details are retained. No vector paths suitable for manufacture; engraving or CNC manufacture requires separate assessment. The specific mandala/ritual-object variant remains visible with all its image figures, edge areas and material details; no schematic modern substitute drawing.
Source location: Met object 38124; inventory 57.51.6; complete main image from the current institutional API, uncropped; original 2663 × 4000 px
Three-faced golden central figure with Prajna; Vajra, lotus and flame rings. Inventory 1977.340.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Vajrayana
Region
Tibet
Date of the evidence
late 14th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Three-faced golden central figure with Prajna; Vajra, lotus and flame rings. Inventory 1977.340.
Historically recorded use
Ritual diagram for Manjuvajra / Manjushri.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
A possible Nepalese execution for a Tibetan patron is an attribution of style. No use as a wearable amulet is attested.
Before designing
Check only the variant of Inventory 1977.340 as a model. Compare image details and outline with the museum image before drawing; no modern composite motif.
Research draft. Complete, visually checked museum photograph of the specific linked historical object. Unaltered original JPEG bytes are embedded in the SVG as a raster facsimile; this is neither a cropped individual glyph nor a redrawn sigil. The object context and all visible image details are retained. No vector paths suitable for manufacture; engraving or CNC manufacture requires separate assessment. The specific mandala/ritual-object variant remains visible with all its image figures, edge areas and material details; no schematic modern substitute drawing. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete, visually checked museum photograph of the specific linked historical object. Unaltered original JPEG bytes are embedded in the SVG as a raster facsimile; this is neither a cropped individual glyph nor a redrawn sigil. The object context and all visible image details are retained. No vector paths suitable for manufacture; engraving or CNC manufacture requires separate assessment. The specific mandala/ritual-object variant remains visible with all its image figures, edge areas and material details; no schematic modern substitute drawing.
Source location: Met object 37804; Inventory 1977.340; complete main image from the current institutional API, uncropped; original 2920 × 3894 px
Germanic runic script Reference: Gotland · Elder Futhark; check model dating separately
Character m.
Research draftSource-based vector template
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Germanic runic script
Region
Reference: Gotland
Date of the evidence
Elder Futhark; check model dating separately
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Description
Character m.
Historically recorded use
Written signs
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Historical letter; the normalised older form of the name is reconstructed. No individual amulet effect is inferred from the name.
Before designing
Unicode shows a normalised letter form. For manufacture, select a specific historical character variant and check it against the find.
Research draft. Normalised editorial letterform ᛗ (U+16D7); hand-drawn, font-free line geometry, not taken from a font file. Do not present as a faithful Kylver facsimile or as a individually attested amulet sign. Names are reconstructed; no individual magical effect is inferred. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Vector template: Normalised editorial letterform ᛗ (U+16D7); hand-drawn, font-free line geometry, not taken from a font file. Do not present as a faithful Kylver facsimile or as a individually attested amulet sign. Names are reconstructed; no individual magical effect is inferred.
Source location: G 88 / Kylver; sequence A I, sign 20; normalised Unicode character U+16D7
Normalised editorial letterform ᛗ (U+16D7); hand-drawn, font-free line geometry, not taken from a font file. Do not present as a faithful Kylver facsimile or as a individually attested amulet sign. Names are reconstructed; no individual magical effect is inferred.
Niedersächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, RuneS
Source location: Signs 11458–11482; sequence A I
Scholarly names and transliterations; the names are catalogue designations, not recorded explanations of the names in the ancient incision. Kylver places p before ï and d before o.
Roman protective magic Roman cultural sphere; precise provenance not stated · Evidence from the 1st century AD; Roman Imperial period
Hand motif on a combined bronze amulet.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Roman protective magic
Region
Roman cultural sphere; precise provenance not stated
Date of the evidence
Evidence from the 1st century AD; Roman Imperial period
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Description
Hand motif on a combined bronze amulet.
Historically recorded use
The hand gesture was used on the attested amulet as protection against the evil eye.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Met 60.117.7; the same object evidence as the phallus motif. No evidence for a freely recomposed variant.
Before designing
Check the specific historical variant and object image against a source before using it; do not design a newly combined sigil.
Research draft. Complete, visually checked museum photograph of the specifically linked historical object. Unaltered original JPEG bytes are embedded in the SVG as a raster facsimile; neither a cropped individual glyph nor a traced sigil. The object context and all visible image details are retained. No production-ready vector paths; engraving or CNC manufacture requires separate review. The same specifically linked combined bronze amulet variant shows the phallus and fig hand together. No independent basic signs have been newly designed from it. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete, visually checked museum photograph of the specifically linked historical object. Unaltered original JPEG bytes are embedded in the SVG as a raster facsimile; neither a cropped individual glyph nor a traced sigil. The object context and all visible image details are retained. No production-ready vector paths; engraving or CNC manufacture requires separate review. The same specifically linked combined bronze amulet variant shows the phallus and fig hand together. No independent basic signs have been newly designed from it.
Source location: Met object 255092; inventory 60.117.7; complete main photograph from the current institutional API, uncropped; original 4000 × 3000 px
Late medieval Christianity Provenance not determined in the brief record · 1485?
Miniature at the beginning of the roll: Margaret with a halo and three sheep.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Late medieval Christianity
Region
Provenance not determined in the brief record
Date of the evidence
1485?
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Miniature at the beginning of the roll: Margaret with a halo and three sheep.
Historically recorded use
Image in the context of a Margaret vita described as a Birth scroll.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The catalogue mentions a few signs of use and an unfinished text; actual use as a birth girdle is uncertain.
Before designing
Check the named findspot in the original; do not present normalised or freely supplemented texts as the original drawing.
Research draft. Historical miniature with Marguerite and three sheep. Crop includes the complete picture frame; holes and abrasion remain unchanged. The modern red capture marker at the top left lies outside the picture frame. Unaltered JPEG bytes; documented SVG viewport only. Raster facsimile, not CNC or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historical miniature with Marguerite and three sheep. Crop includes the complete picture frame; holes and abrasion remain unchanged. The modern red capture marker at the top left lies outside the picture frame. Unaltered JPEG bytes; documented SVG viewport only. Raster facsimile, not CNC or manufacturing approval.
Source location: MS.804A; image L0032828; miniature at the beginning of the scroll, circa 1485
Source location: MS.804A; image L0032828; miniature at the beginning of the scroll, circa 1485
A separate image catalogue explicitly names MS.804A, the three sheep and image rights CC BY 4.0. The physical roll xwg9jyxm remains distinct; its use as a birth girdle remains uncertain.
Pendant with the Virgin and Child and two angels – Rijksmuseum BK-17054
Original image · source evidence
Religious pendant
European historical material, protective and devotional culture Italy (possible place of manufacture) · c. 1500–1600; possibly Italy
Gold pendant, partly enamelled, with an oval frame, Mary and Child, two angels and a hanging pearl. The museum gives the dimensions as 6.8 × 2.5 cm.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
European historical material, protective and devotional culture
Region
Italy (possible place of manufacture)
Date of the evidence
c. 1500–1600; possibly Italy
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Gold pendant, partly enamelled, with an oval frame, Mary and Child, two angels and a hanging pearl. The museum gives the dimensions as 6.8 × 2.5 cm.
Historically recorded use
Christian figural ornament with Mary, Child and angels. No separate magical or apotropaic use of this pendant is attested.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Italy remains a possible origin. The museum’s extensively documented acquisition and restitution history is not presented as the original sacred context of use.
Before designing
Actually inspected: large upper loop, white enamelled oval frame with coloured foliage, central figure of the Virgin and Child with two angels at the sides, small angular stone and lower pearl. Complete institutional capture in unchanged native JPEG bytes; no isolated engraving outline and no production approval.
Research draft. Italy remains a possible provenance. The museum’s thoroughly documented acquisition and restitution history is not presented as the original sacred context of use. Individual VisualItem image licence: PDM; metadata licence separately CC0. Complete photograph, no local raster alterations. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Italy remains a possible provenance. The museum’s thoroughly documented acquisition and restitution history is not presented as the original sacred context of use. Individual VisualItem image licence: PDM; metadata licence separately CC0. Complete photograph, no local raster alterations.
Institutional object metadata. Attributions of manufacture and uncertainties are retained. CC0 for the metadata is not the image licence; this is checked separately for each associated VisualItem.
Marble bull seal with multiple groups of drill holes
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Historical West Asian cultural sphere Southern Mesopotamia · c. 3300–2900 BC
Reclining ox of pale marble with its legs tucked under and head turned. A second complete photograph shows the multiply perforated underside on the left and a modern positive impression on the right.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Historical West Asian cultural sphere
Region
Southern Mesopotamia
Date of the evidence
c. 3300–2900 BC
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Reclining ox of pale marble with its legs tucked under and head turned. A second complete photograph shows the multiply perforated underside on the left and a modern positive impression on the right.
Historically recorded use
The museum lists this separately inventoried cattle object as a seal amulet. The underside bears characteristic groups of round indentations. A specific animal form and a seal face are evidenced; its groups are not interpreted as a particular deity, constellation or deciphered writing.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 10.130.1186, object 322439. The inventory variant has its own seal image and its own photograph. The modern impression is explicitly distinguished from the ancient marble.
Before designing
Complete native museum photograph as a historical reference; damage and present-day photographic elements remain visible. No contour reconstruction, no production approval.
Research draft. Unaltered, complete native museum photograph; the second image shows the ancient marble on the left and a modern positive cast of the perforated underside on the right. Historical reference, not manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Unaltered, complete native museum photograph; the second image shows the ancient marble on the left and a modern positive cast of the perforated underside on the right. Historical reference, not manufacturing approval.
Source location: The Metropolitan Museum of Art; 10.130.1186; 322439
The actually read single-object text from the web tool on use and limits of interpretation. A separate ordinary native HTML retrieval returned 429 and is archived only as an error response.
Source location: CC0 for individually designated public-domain images
Freshly read institutional CC0 primary text from the web tool. Individual rights attribution was additionally checked in each archived individual object API record.
Late medieval German astronomical-astrological manuscript illustration Ulm or Augsburg, Germany; institutional attribution · Shortly after 1464
An armoured rider carries a shield and a long pennant lance. A red star appears on the banner; red trappings and armour pieces accentuate the horse. Handwritten text follows beneath the framed image.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Late medieval German astronomical-astrological manuscript illustration
Region
Ulm or Augsburg, Germany; institutional attribution
Date of the evidence
Shortly after 1464
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
An armoured rider carries a shield and a long pennant lance. A red star appears on the banner; red trappings and armour pieces accentuate the horse. Handwritten text follows beneath the framed image.
Historically recorded use
Planetary depiction in a medical-astronomical miscellany manuscript containing astrological and divinatory material. Individual amulet use is not documented.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The attribution to Mars comes from the institutional cataloguing. The visible weapons are described as pictorial attributes; no amulet use or ritual is reconstructed from them. The planetary group belongs to a single codex; six photographed pages are on four leaves. Saturn is excluded from the import because the image view is fragmentary.
Before designing
Complete, unaltered institutional page capture with image, text and margin as a raster facsimile in the SVG. No local cropping, new outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. An armoured rider carries a shield and a long banner lance. A red star appears on the banner; red coverings and armour pieces accentuate the horse. Handwritten text follows beneath the framed image. The attribution to Mars comes from the institutional cataloguing. The visible weapons are described as image attributes; no amulet use or ritual is reconstructed from them. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: An armoured rider carries a shield and a long banner lance. A red star appears on the banner; red coverings and armour pieces accentuate the horse. Handwritten text follows beneath the framed image. The attribution to Mars comes from the institutional cataloguing. The visible weapons are described as image attributes; no amulet use or ritual is reconstructed from them.
Source location: Getty Ms. Ludwig XII 8, fol. 48v; complete institutional page image
Source location: Ms. Ludwig XII 8 (83.MO.137), fol. 48v
Directly retrieved HTML/JSON-LD: page inventory, folio side, material and date. The web reader returned only the JavaScript shell; no rendered portal visit is claimed.
French-language Clavicles of Solomon tradition French-language manuscript; place of production unknown; current holding in London · [1725?]; IIIF digitisation c.1725; dating of the specific manuscript is uncertain
A long transverse character with vertical arms is accompanied by an angular bracket, a bowl and a triangle with a lower stem. The French manuscript explicitly describes this single sequence of signs as characters of Mars for Tuesday. This attests to a historical attribution within a grimoire text; it does not attest to a specific worn neck amulet or any effect.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French-language Clavicles of Solomon tradition
Region
French-language manuscript; place of production unknown; current holding in London
Date of the evidence
[1725?]; IIIF digitisation c.1725; dating of the specific manuscript is uncertain
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A long transverse character with vertical arms is accompanied by an angular bracket, a bowl and a triangle with a lower stem. The French manuscript explicitly describes this single sequence of signs as characters of Mars for Tuesday. This attests to a historical attribution within a grimoire text; it does not attest to a specific worn neck amulet or any effect.
Historically recorded use
The French manuscript explicitly identifies this individual string of signs as characters of Mars for Tuesday. This attests to a historical attribution within a grimoire text; it does not evidence a specific worn neck amulet or any effect.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Specific manuscript according to the current API [1725?], c.1725 in the IIIF digitisation; the uncertain dating is not stored as an exact year. The seven planetary weekday lines are disjoint components of the same original page. Each complete red string is retained; its handwritten heading above it can be read in the archived full folio. Individual characters are not extracted as further motifs or normalised as readable modern alphabets.
Before designing
Unchanged native full-page JPEG in the SVG; only a disjoint SVG viewport selects the complete, labelled red planetary-tag character sequence. The associated heading lies outside the viewport and remains in the archived full sheet. No local raster editing, character repair, contour transcription or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Specific manuscript dated [1725?] according to the current API, c.1725 in the IIIF digital facsimile; the uncertain date is not stored as an exact year. The seven planetary-day rows are disjoint components of the same original page. Each complete red sequence of characters is retained; its handwritten heading above can be read in the archived full sheet. Individual characters are not extracted as further motifs or normalised as readable modern alphabets. Unaltered native full-page JPEG in the SVG; a disjoint SVG viewport alone selects the complete labelled red planetary-day sequence. The associated heading lies outside the viewport and is retained in the archived full sheet. No local raster editing, character repair, outline transcription or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Specific manuscript dated [1725?] according to the current API, c.1725 in the IIIF digital facsimile; the uncertain date is not stored as an exact year. The seven planetary-day rows are disjoint components of the same original page. Each complete red sequence of characters is retained; its handwritten heading above can be read in the archived full sheet. Individual characters are not extracted as further motifs or normalised as readable modern alphabets. Unaltered native full-page JPEG in the SVG; a disjoint SVG viewport alone selects the complete labelled red planetary-day sequence. The associated heading lies outside the viewport and is retained in the archived full sheet. No local raster editing, character repair, outline transcription or manufacturing approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.4656, Clavicules de Salomon; handwritten p.156; Canvas position 160/260; its own Mars/Tuesday row; visible heading: Caractères de mars au mardy
Long diagonal line with a small circle at the end and a narrow, repeatedly bent lower stroke.
Historically recorded use
Independently labelled printed sign in the context of historical planetary talismanic practice. The sign form in this edition is attested; no individual surviving amulet and no modern effect are attested.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The specific Latin inscription was read on the original page. The magic square, planetary sigil, intelligence and spirit signs are separate printed figures. No present-day standard forms or modern completed lines have been adopted. The lower curved stroke has visible breaks in the print; no closed modern substitute.
Before designing
Historically verified individual image. The complete native institutional IIIF JPEG file remains embedded byte-for-byte in the SVG; only the named original viewport is visible. No local scaling, re-encoding, tracing or additions. Paper, printing gaps, ink traces and show-through of writing on the reverse remain unchanged. The facsimile is a historical image source, not a tool or engraving path; manufacture requires separately checked contour preparation. The lower curved stroke has visible open printing gaps; no closed modern substitute.
Research draft. Historically verified individual image. The complete native institutional IIIF JPEG file remains embedded byte-for-byte in the SVG; only the named original viewport is visible. No local scaling, re-encoding, tracing or additions. Paper, printing gaps, ink traces and show-through of writing on the reverse remain unchanged. The facsimile is a historical image source, not a tool or engraving path; manufacture requires separately checked contour preparation. The lower curved stroke has visible open printing gaps; no closed modern substitute. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historically verified individual image. The complete native institutional IIIF JPEG file remains embedded byte-for-byte in the SVG; only the named original viewport is visible. No local scaling, re-encoding, tracing or additions. Paper, printing gaps, ink traces and show-through of writing on the reverse remain unchanged. The facsimile is a historical image source, not a tool or engraving path; manufacture requires separately checked contour preparation. The lower curved stroke has visible open printing gaps; no closed modern substitute.
Source location: Liber II, Chapter XXII, printed p. CL: Dæmonij Martis.
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa, De occulta philosophia libri tres, Köln [Johannes Soter], 1533, Liber II, Kapitel XXII. Stiftung der Werke von C. G. Jung, Zürich / e-rara. DOI 10.3931/e-rara-4309. Public Domain Mark.
Stiftung der Werke von C. G. Jung, Zürich / e-rara
Source location: VD16 ZV 269; DOI 10.3931/e-rara-4309; Liber II, chapter XXII
The current institutional record was read directly and archived. It confirms the specific historical work, its classification and the Public Domain Mark; no modern redrawing.
Stiftung der Werke von C. G. Jung, Zürich / e-rara
Source location: VD16 ZV 269; DOI 10.3931/e-rara-4309; Liber II, chapter XXII
Manifest retrieved directly and archived. The specific canvas identities, native image dimensions and PDM image rights were checked against unchanged full/full JPEGs. Printed Roman page numbers are taken from the images actually viewed, not from a modern pentacle numbering system.
Stiftung der Werke von C. G. Jung, Zürich / e-rara
Source location: Liber II, Chapter XXII; printed p. CL; Canvas 1343363
The specific original page was viewed as a complete native institutional JPEG; the image file was archived unchanged. Attribution and crop were also checked visually.
Stiftung der Werke von C. G. Jung, Zürich / e-rara
Source location: Liber II, Chapter XXII; printed p. CXLVIII; Canvas 1343361
Original page with historical planetary name and ritual correspondences. It serves as textual evidence; the individual signs appear on the following pages. No confirmed modern effect.
Closed angular printed figure with a repeatedly returning zigzag.
Historically recorded use
Printed sign in the context of historical planetary talismanism; no single museum amulet is attested.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The associated Latin inscription is visible on the specific original page. The magic square, planet, intelligence and spirit are separate printed figures. What is attested is a specific historical sign form, not a surviving amulet with individually verified use. The excerpt follows the 1533 print and does not incorporate lines completed in modern times. The magic square below, which it does not touch, and the spirit sign printed on the right are not part of the excerpt.
Before designing
Visually checked specific individual figure from the original 1533 print. The institutional JPEG rendition, 2000 pixels wide, is embedded byte-for-byte unchanged in the SVG; only the named original viewport is visible. Native IIIF canvas size 2550×3675, presentation image 2000×2882. Gaps in the print, paper, stains and show-through of writing on the reverse remain unchanged. No additions based on modern editions and no manufacturing approval; engraving requires separately reviewed outline preparation.
Research draft. The specific individual figure in the original 1533 print has been visually checked. The institutional JPEG rendition, 2000 pixels wide, remains byte-identical within the SVG; only the named original viewport is visible. Native IIIF canvas size 2550×3675, presentation image 2000×2882. Print gaps, paper, stains and show-through of writing on the reverse remain unchanged. No additions based on modern editions and no manufacturing approval; engraving requires separately checked outline preparation. The untouched number square below and the spirit character printed to the right are not part of the crop. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The specific individual figure in the original 1533 print has been visually checked. The institutional JPEG rendition, 2000 pixels wide, remains byte-identical within the SVG; only the named original viewport is visible. Native IIIF canvas size 2550×3675, presentation image 2000×2882. Print gaps, paper, stains and show-through of writing on the reverse remain unchanged. No additions based on modern editions and no manufacturing approval; engraving requires separately checked outline preparation. The untouched number square below and the spirit character printed to the right are not part of the crop.
Source location: Liber II, Chapter XXII, printed p. CL: Intelligentiæ Martis.
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa, De occulta philosophia libri tres, Köln [Johannes Soter], 1533, Liber II, Kapitel XXII. Stiftung der Werke von C. G. Jung, Zürich / e-rara. DOI 10.3931/e-rara-4309. Public Domain Mark.
Stiftung der Werke von C. G. Jung, Zürich / e-rara
Source location: VD16 ZV 269; DOI 10.3931/e-rara-4309; Cologne [Soter] 1533
Current institutional catalogue page read directly and archived: printing year 1533, C. G. Jung collection and Public Domain Mark. Not to be conflated with the English printing of 1651 or a modern redrawing.
Stiftung der Werke von C. G. Jung, Zürich / e-rara
Source location: Liber II, Chapter XXII; printed p. CL; Canvas 1343363
The specific original page was viewed directly as an unaltered institutional JPEG. The caption, attribution and complete figure were checked separately; reverse-side writing and printing defects remain visible.
Stiftung der Werke von C. G. Jung, Zürich / e-rara
Source location: Liber II, Chapter XXII; printed p. CXLVIII; Canvas 1343361
Original page concluding the historical planetary talismanic art and giving separate name attributions to planet, intelligence and spirit. The passage reports historical attributions; it is not evidence of modern efficacy or of a surviving individual amulet.
Editorial textual evidence; claims of efficacy are historical attributions. Compare the print variant and corrections before design.
Before designing
Square: fig. 2-37; planetary sigil: fig. 2-39. Keep the signs of the Intelligence and the Spirit separate.
Research draft. The number arrangement in Fig. 2-37 was read visually and checked against the transmitted row/column sums. A number-square component of the catalogue profile; the separate planetary seal and intelligence and spirit signs are not included. Numbers set editorially using original font-free line geometry; not a print facsimile. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Vector template: The number arrangement in Fig. 2-37 was read visually and checked against the transmitted row/column sums. A number-square component of the catalogue profile; the separate planetary seal and intelligence and spirit signs are not included. Numbers set editorially using original font-free line geometry; not a print facsimile.
Source location: Book II, chapter xxii; fig. 2-37; the 5×5 numerical square only
The number arrangement in Fig. 2-37 was read visually and checked against the transmitted row/column sums. A number-square component of the catalogue profile; the separate planetary seal and intelligence and spirit signs are not included. Numbers set editorially using original font-free line geometry; not a print facsimile.
Source location: Book II, chap. xxii; figures 2-27 to 2-63
Documents seven planetary squares and associated planetary seals. The planet, intelligence and spirit have distinct signs; they are not freely interchangeable.
Source location: Editorial introduction before Book I
Text follows the 1651 English edition; according to the editor, drawings follow Cologne 1533, with some Hebrew letters corrected according to the critical edition. Not an unaltered facsimile.
Diagonal cross with terminal circles, central circle and differing arc forms.
Historically recorded use
Printed sign in the context of historical planetary talismanism; no single museum amulet is attested.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The associated Latin inscription is visible on the specific original page. The magic square, planet, intelligence and spirit are separate printed figures. What is evidenced is a specific historical sign form, not a surviving amulet with individually established use. The crop follows the 1533 print and does not adopt lines completed in modern times. The asymmetrical arcs and open areas in the print are reproduced exactly as a facsimile of the 1533 edition.
Before designing
Visually checked specific individual figure from the original 1533 print. The institutional JPEG rendition, 2000 pixels wide, is embedded byte-for-byte unchanged in the SVG; only the named original viewport is visible. Native IIIF canvas size 2550×3675, presentation image 2000×2882. Gaps in the print, paper, stains and show-through of writing on the reverse remain unchanged. No additions based on modern editions and no manufacturing approval; engraving requires separately reviewed outline preparation.
Research draft. Visually checked specific individual figure from the original 1533 print. The institutional JPEG rendition, 2000 pixels wide, is embedded byte-for-byte in the SVG; only the named original viewport is visible. Native IIIF canvas size 2550×3675, presentation image 2000×2882. Printing gaps, paper, stains and show-through of writing on the reverse remain unchanged. No additions based on modern editions and no manufacturing approval; engraving requires separately checked contour preparation. The asymmetrical curves and open printing marks are reproduced exactly as a facsimile of the 1533 edition. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Visually checked specific individual figure from the original 1533 print. The institutional JPEG rendition, 2000 pixels wide, is embedded byte-for-byte in the SVG; only the named original viewport is visible. Native IIIF canvas size 2550×3675, presentation image 2000×2882. Printing gaps, paper, stains and show-through of writing on the reverse remain unchanged. No additions based on modern editions and no manufacturing approval; engraving requires separately checked contour preparation. The asymmetrical curves and open printing marks are reproduced exactly as a facsimile of the 1533 edition.
Source location: Liber II, Chapter XXII, printed p. CL: Martis.
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa, De occulta philosophia libri tres, Köln [Johannes Soter], 1533, Liber II, Kapitel XXII. Stiftung der Werke von C. G. Jung, Zürich / e-rara. DOI 10.3931/e-rara-4309. Public Domain Mark.
Stiftung der Werke von C. G. Jung, Zürich / e-rara
Source location: VD16 ZV 269; DOI 10.3931/e-rara-4309; Cologne [Soter] 1533
Current institutional catalogue page read directly and archived: printing year 1533, C. G. Jung collection and Public Domain Mark. Not to be conflated with the English printing of 1651 or a modern redrawing.
Stiftung der Werke von C. G. Jung, Zürich / e-rara
Source location: Liber II, Chapter XXII; printed p. CL; Canvas 1343363
The specific original page was viewed directly as an unaltered institutional JPEG. The caption, attribution and complete figure were checked separately; reverse-side writing and printing defects remain visible.
Stiftung der Werke von C. G. Jung, Zürich / e-rara
Source location: Liber II, Chapter XXII; printed p. CXLVIII; Canvas 1343361
Original page concluding the historical planetary talismanic art and giving separate name attributions to planet, intelligence and spirit. The passage reports historical attributions; it is not evidence of modern efficacy or of a surviving individual amulet.
Early modern English-Latin ritual magic English-Latin manuscript; present-day holding in London · Late 16th century (institutional dating of the manuscript)
A broad upper loop leads into a vertical shaft with a ring and lower arch. The directly inscribed Latin designation Mars establishes the historical identification with Mars. The seven separate lines on the same page are retained as spatially disjoint; individual amulet efficacy or wearing use is not attested.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern English-Latin ritual magic
Region
English-Latin manuscript; present-day holding in London
Date of the evidence
Late 16th century (institutional dating of the manuscript)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A broad upper loop leads into a vertical shaft with a ring and lower arch. The directly inscribed Latin designation Mars establishes the historical identification with Mars. The seven separate lines on the same page are retained as spatially disjoint; individual amulet efficacy or wearing use is not attested.
Historically recorded use
The directly inscribed Latin name Mars secures the historical identification as Mars. The seven separate lines on the same page are retained as spatially distinct; individual amulet effects or use as an object worn on the body are not attested.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Specific manuscript witness MS.110, institutionally dated to the late 16th century. Pseudo-Bacon and Pseudo-Solomon are attributions, not securely established medieval authorship. The modern blue folio numbers are distinguished from the age of the text; verso references follow the adjacent visible recto foliation and the IIIF page sequence. Irregular lines, show-through, losses and original variations in the signs are retained. The complete selected group is a component of this one copy and not a new abstract type of tradition.
Before designing
Unaltered native full-page JPEG within the SVG; only the documented viewport selects the complete historical figure. No added lines, modern replacement glyphs, raster conversion, vector transcription or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Specific manuscript witness MS.110, institutionally dated to the late 16th century. Pseudo-Bacon and Pseudo-Solomon are attributions, not securely established medieval authorship. The modern blue folio numbers are distinguished from the age of the text; verso references follow the adjacent visible recto foliation and the IIIF page sequence. Irregular lines, show-through, losses and original variations in the signs are retained. The complete selected group is a component of this one copy, not a new abstract type of tradition. Unaltered native full-page JPEG in the SVG; only the documented viewport selects the complete historical figure. No added lines, modern substitute glyphs, raster conversion, vector transcription or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Specific manuscript witness MS.110, institutionally dated to the late 16th century. Pseudo-Bacon and Pseudo-Solomon are attributions, not securely established medieval authorship. The modern blue folio numbers are distinguished from the age of the text; verso references follow the adjacent visible recto foliation and the IIIF page sequence. Irregular lines, show-through, losses and original variations in the signs are retained. The complete selected group is a component of this one copy, not a new abstract type of tradition. Unaltered native full-page JPEG in the SVG; only the documented viewport selects the complete historical figure. No added lines, modern substitute glyphs, raster conversion, vector transcription or manufacturing approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.110, f.30r; Canvas position 73/256; labelled line Mars
Source location: MS.110; current API p8bhyjys; old ID afsfdgzh (HTTP 410)
Dating and exact Digital Location. Roger Bacon is a pseudo-author attribution; the present binding, early 19th century, is not the date of the writing. Rights: Individual Digital Location links b18937135 with PDM.
Source location: 256 Canvases; historical folio numbers in the image
Images, sequence, dimensions and institutional descriptions of the five component texts. Folios 36–38 incorrectly bound according to the catalogue. Rights: the specific digital surrogate as a whole carries the Public Domain Mark; no transfer of rights from other images.
Unaltered complete institutional JPEG page; historical individual sign located by visible evidence. Rights: PDM for the exactly corresponding IIIF digital surrogate b18937135.
English-Latin Balemyn seal tradition Manuscript from the Lightfoot Collection; held today in London · Mid-17th century (institutional dating)
A circle with an arrow pointing diagonally upwards to the right sits at the centre; the border band bears large characters. Historical planetary seal group, attributed on the folio itself to the Balemyn text. The following text discusses drawing and engraving planetary seals; this does not attest to an individual museum amulet actually having been worn.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
English-Latin Balemyn seal tradition
Region
Manuscript from the Lightfoot Collection; held today in London
Date of the evidence
Mid-17th century (institutional dating)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A circle with an arrow pointing diagonally upwards to the right sits at the centre; the border band bears large characters. Historical planetary seal group, attributed on the folio itself to the Balemyn text. The following text discusses drawing and engraving planetary seals; this does not attest to an individual museum amulet actually having been worn.
Historically recorded use
Historical group of planetary seals, attributed on the sheet itself to the Balemyn text. The following text discusses drawing and engraving planetary seals; this does not establish that an individual museum amulet was actually worn.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Specific new manuscript witness MS.426, institutionally dated to the mid-17th century. Lightfoot is probably the compiler; Balemyn remains a transmitted spelling of a name, without an invented author identification. Drawing sheet visibly marked in pencil p. 24, followed by text p. 33; Canvas17/89 is not a folio number. The differing pagination transition is retained. Seven located circles in this one ensemble are individual image variants, not seven newly formed traditions. The central circle-arrow figure establishes the Mars attribution within the explicitly designated group of planetary sigils.
Before designing
Complete selected circle in the unaltered native full-page JPEG. Rectangular viewports may retain small margins of neighbouring circles in their corners; these are not masked or painted over. The circular figures are neither moved nor supplemented. No raster re-encoding, new outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Specific new manuscript witness MS.426, institutionally dated to the mid-17th century. Lightfoot is probably the compiler; Balemyn remains a transmitted spelling of a name, with no invented author identification. Drawing sheet visibly pencil p. 24, followed by text p. 33; Canvas17/89 is not a folio number. The differing pagination transition is retained. The seven located circles in this one ensemble are distinct image variants, not seven newly arisen traditions. The central circle-arrow character establishes the Mars attribution within the explicitly designated group of planetary seals. Complete selected circle in the unaltered native whole-sheet JPEG. Rectangular viewports may retain small margins of neighbouring circles in their corners; these are not masked or painted over. The circle figures are neither moved nor supplemented. No raster re-encoding, new outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Specific new manuscript witness MS.426, institutionally dated to the mid-17th century. Lightfoot is probably the compiler; Balemyn remains a transmitted spelling of a name, with no invented author identification. Drawing sheet visibly pencil p. 24, followed by text p. 33; Canvas17/89 is not a folio number. The differing pagination transition is retained. The seven located circles in this one ensemble are distinct image variants, not seven newly arisen traditions. The central circle-arrow character establishes the Mars attribution within the explicitly designated group of planetary seals. Complete selected circle in the unaltered native whole-sheet JPEG. Rectangular viewports may retain small margins of neighbouring circles in their corners; these are not masked or painted over. The circle figures are neither moved nor supplemented. No raster re-encoding, new outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.426; drawing sheet, visible pencil p. 24; canvas position 17/89; Mars circle seal; next text visible p. 33.
Eight rays with characteristic terminal marks and a ring of names.
Historically recorded use
The text explicitly names spirits of the nature of Mars.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The statement of purpose is a historical attribution. The German short name is editorial; it is not a claim of efficacy.
Before designing
Check the source drawing and inscription in full before creating a motif drawing; an image link is not a finished engraving template.
Research draft. Visually checked single-figure detail from the historical original. Raster facsimile in an SVG viewport; original JPEG embedded unchanged. Paper/parchment, printing irregularities and show-through are retained. No engraving-ready vector paths; manufacturing requires separately checked vectorisation. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Visually checked single-figure detail from the historical original. Raster facsimile in an SVG viewport; original JPEG embedded unchanged. Paper/parchment, printing irregularities and show-through are retained. No engraving-ready vector paths; manufacturing requires separately checked vectorisation.
Source location: Second numbered pentacle section, manuscript p.15; IIIF-Canvas position 189, image 0200
Source location: Work hwqdep8w; MS. 4659; La Clavicule…; mid-18th century; French
Institutional catalogue: French manuscript from the mid-18th century, with numerous pentacles, sigils and inserted parchment leaves. The claim of a translation from Hebrew belongs to the work’s title and is not adopted as a proven source text. Place of manufacture unknown. Twelve selected drawings from the second numbered pentacle section have been individually located visually; statements of purpose are historical attributions made by the manuscript.
Institutional manifest obtained directly; twelve complete, distinguishable drawings viewed in the browser. Page 15 was initially obscured by the loose slip; the complete image is in Canvas 189/Image 0200. Canvas here is a 1-based image position. Page 21 was set aside because its internal drawing is faded/unclear. The German titles are descriptive catalogue labels, not asserted traditional proper names.
Mars talisman with an attribution of invulnerability – MS.4670, p. 111
Original image · source evidence
Historical pentacle
French Clavicula and pseudo-Solomon tradition French-language volume; now at Wellcome Collection, London · 1796; dating of the specific Wellcome volume MS.4670
Red inscribed circle with a red hexagram, several gold-coloured cross and ring signs, and a large central T-shaped sign. The heading names Tuesday under Mars and the claim to make one invulnerable. The image documents this historical claim of protection; it offers no evidence of physical protection.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French Clavicula and pseudo-Solomon tradition
Region
French-language volume; now at Wellcome Collection, London
Date of the evidence
1796; dating of the specific Wellcome volume MS.4670
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Red inscribed circle with a red hexagram, several gold-coloured cross and ring signs, and a large central T-shaped sign. The heading names Tuesday under Mars and the claim to make one invulnerable. The image documents this historical claim of protection; it offers no evidence of physical protection.
Historically recorded use
The heading names Tuesday under Mars and the claim to make one invulnerable. The image documents this historical claim of protection; it provides no evidence of bodily protection.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The individual Miro image number and CC-BY-DigitalLocation are institutionally linked to MS4670. The page number and individual heading have been checked against the unaltered full image. The figure is a single located component of the same volume, not another surviving amulet object. The specific manuscript is dated to 1796 in the institutional volume catalogue. Pseudo-Solomon and the claimed translation from Hebrew are transmitted attributions; no ancient authorship or surviving Hebrew original is claimed. Historical statements of purpose are not evidence of efficacy.
Before designing
Unchanged native full-page JPEG embedded in the SVG; only the visible figure area is bounded by the viewport. Paper, colours, show-through writing and existing traces are retained. No outline transcription, added lines or approval for engraving.
Research draft. The individual Miro image number and CC-BY-DigitalLocation are institutionally linked to MS4670. The page number and individual heading have been checked against the unaltered full image. The figure is a single, located component of the same volume, not another surviving amulet object. Unaltered native full-page JPEG embedded in the SVG; only the visible figure area is bounded by the viewport. The paper, colours, show-through text and existing traces are retained. No outline transcription, line additions or engraving approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The individual Miro image number and CC-BY-DigitalLocation are institutionally linked to MS4670. The page number and individual heading have been checked against the unaltered full image. The figure is a single, located component of the same volume, not another surviving amulet object. Unaltered native full-page JPEG embedded in the SVG; only the visible figure area is bounded by the viewport. The paper, colours, show-through text and existing traces are retained. No outline transcription, line additions or engraving approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.4670,1796; manuscript p.111;Pour être Invulnerable, Le Mardi sous Mars;Originalaufnahme L0073083
Institutional volume catalogue with a specific shelfmark and year date, 1796. The attribution J. S. Fyot, 1796 is recorded in Volume I; there is no secure individual attribution of the drawings for every sheet of the second volume.
Source location: MS4670; institutional Miro image number L0073083
CC BY 4.0 expressly applies to the individual IIIF image digital item; the catalogue prose describes the volume as a whole, while specific pages/figures are identified from the visible original.
Unaltered full/full JPEG; the individual work metadata explicitly links this image to MS4670. Viewports from different pages are separate and do not overlap.
Mars pentacle with crescent and branching staff – Penn f.52r (= 53r)
Original image · source evidence
Historical grimoire pentacle
Latin Clavicula Salomonis manuscript; transmission of the Keys of Solomon European manuscript; place of manufacture unknown; present collection in Philadelphia · 1750–1799; second half of the 18th century, dating of the specific example
A large upper crescent moon, two small triangles and a long branching cross sign form the inner circle. A word band runs around the outside. The accompanying text assigns the figure to the nature of Mars and an invocation. This is the statement of a historical ritual text; no actual effect is evidenced.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Latin Clavicula Salomonis manuscript; transmission of the Keys of Solomon
Region
European manuscript; place of manufacture unknown; present collection in Philadelphia
Date of the evidence
1750–1799; second half of the 18th century, dating of the specific example
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A large upper crescent moon, two small triangles and a long branching cross sign form the inner circle. A word band runs around the outside. The accompanying text assigns the figure to the nature of Mars and an invocation. This is the statement of a historical ritual text; no actual effect is evidenced.
Historically recorded use
The accompanying text assigns the figure to the nature of Mars and an invocation. This is the statement of a historical ritual text; no actual effect is evidenced.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Dating of this specific Latin copy: 1750–1799. The catalogue attribution to Abraham Colorni does not confirm that he personally produced this later manuscript. The drawing is a localised component of 43 surviving pentacles in the same copy, not a new tradition or a separately surviving worn amulet. Written and corrected foliation differ by one leaf. The changing historical internal numbering is not unified into an invented continuous sequence of 1–43.
Before designing
The completely preserved individual pentacle remains embedded as an unaltered native OPenn web JPEG; only the SVG viewport limits the visible area of the leaf. The separately offered TIFF master was not used. The accompanying text can be read in full on the archived full leaf, although it is partly cut off in the viewport. No addition of lines or letters, outline transcription or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Dating of this specific Latin copy: 1750–1799. The catalogue attribution to Abraham Colorni does not confirm that he personally made this later manuscript. The drawing is a localised component of 43 surviving pentacles in the same copy, not a new tradition or a separately surviving worn amulet. Written and corrected foliation differ by one leaf. The changing historical internal numbering is not standardised into an invented continuous sequence from 1 to 43. The single, fully preserved pentacle is embedded as an unaltered native OPenn web JPEG in the SVG; only the SVG viewport limits the visible area of the leaf. The separately offered TIFF master was not used. The accompanying text can be read in full on the archived full leaf, though it is partly cut off in the viewport. No lines or letters have been added, no outline transcription has been made, and no manufacturing approval is implied. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Dating of this specific Latin copy: 1750–1799. The catalogue attribution to Abraham Colorni does not confirm that he personally made this later manuscript. The drawing is a localised component of 43 surviving pentacles in the same copy, not a new tradition or a separately surviving worn amulet. Written and corrected foliation differ by one leaf. The changing historical internal numbering is not standardised into an invented continuous sequence from 1 to 43. The single, fully preserved pentacle is embedded as an unaltered native OPenn web JPEG in the SVG; only the SVG viewport limits the visible area of the leaf. The separately offered TIFF master was not used. The accompanying text can be read in full on the archived full leaf, though it is partly cut off in the viewport. No lines or letters have been added, no outline transcription has been made, and no manufacturing approval is implied.
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Marspentakel mit Sichel und verzweigtem Stab – Penn f.52r (= 53r). Ms. Codex 1673, 1750–1799. University of Pennsylvania, Kislak Center. Public Domain Mark. Katalogmetadaten separat CC BY 4.0.
Specific manuscript witness, second half of the 18th century. Earlier textual transmission and author attribution are not the date when this copy was made.
Maya; Middle to Late Classic period Belize, Guatemala or Mexico · 400–800 CE
Small carved head made from the shell of a queen conch (Lobatus gigas), with perforations and visible surface losses.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Maya; Middle to Late Classic period
Region
Belize, Guatemala or Mexico
Date of the evidence
400–800 CE
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Small carved head made from the shell of a queen conch (Lobatus gigas), with perforations and visible surface losses.
Historically recorded use
Religious representation catalogued as a god-head pendant; the museum’s indexing mentions the sun and deities.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
No particular deity or amuletic effect is freely named. Museum photographs preserve damage; no missing forms are added.
Before designing
Native museum captures as source references; independent views without additions or new symbolic interpretations.
Research draft. No particular deity or amulet effect is freely assigned. Museum photographs preserve damage; no missing forms are added. JPEG renditions remain unchanged in their native bytes; no local raster editing or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: No particular deity or amulet effect is freely assigned. Museum photographs preserve damage; no missing forms are added. JPEG renditions remain unchanged in their native bytes; no local raster editing or manufacturing approval.
Source location: 2017-154; complete native museum images
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Princeton University Art Museum; Inventar 2017-154; Image courtesy of the Princeton University Art Museum; institutionell als Public Domain freigegeben.
Maya Southern Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras or Belize · 600–700 CE
Jadeite head of a ruler beneath the pines of a supernatural being, with attachment holes on the reverse and pigment remains.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Maya
Region
Southern Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras or Belize
Date of the evidence
600–700 CE
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Jadeite head of a ruler beneath the pines of a supernatural being, with attachment holes on the reverse and pigment remains.
Historically recorded use
Emblem of authority with divine headgear; the museum considers it may have been a breast or diadem jewel.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The source connects the pigment residues with a possible funerary use. The identity of a specific wearer and a personal protective function are not established.
Before designing
Native museum captures as source references; independent views without additions or new symbolic interpretations.
Research draft. The source links the pigment remains with a possible funerary use. The identity of a specific wearer and a personal protective function are not established. JPEG renditions remain unchanged in their native bytes; no local raster editing or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The source links the pigment remains with a possible funerary use. The identity of a specific wearer and a personal protective function are not established. JPEG renditions remain unchanged in their native bytes; no local raster editing or manufacturing approval.
Source location: 2015.677; complete native museum photographs
Maya Guatemala or Mexico; Mesoamerica · 7th–8th century (text); API 575–825 AD
Relief of a man resting on a low seat, legs crossed, making a chest gesture and wearing a large feather headdress.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Maya
Region
Guatemala or Mexico; Mesoamerica
Date of the evidence
7th–8th century (text); API 575–825 AD
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Relief of a man resting on a low seat, legs crossed, making a chest gesture and wearing a large feather headdress.
Historically recorded use
Emblems of authority; the source considers an ancestor or an image of the ruler who commissioned it.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
No uncertainly identified person is named. The catalogue text and numerical API differ and are kept separate; no single year filter is derived from them.
Before designing
Native museum captures as source references; independent views without additions or new symbolic interpretations.
Research draft. No person is named without secure evidence. The catalogue text and numerical API differ and are kept separate; no single year filter is derived from them. JPEG renditions remain unchanged in their native bytes; no local raster editing or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: No person is named without secure evidence. The catalogue text and numerical API differ and are kept separate; no single year filter is derived from them. JPEG renditions remain unchanged in their native bytes; no local raster editing or manufacturing approval.
Source location: 2005.444.1; complete native museum captures
Maya head pendant with ruler’s inscription on the reverse
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Maya (Mexico or Guatemala) Mexico or Guatemala · 6th–9th century
Triangular jadeite pendant with a face and animal-shaped headdress. The inscription on the reverse is documented in a historical black-and-white photograph.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Maya (Mexico or Guatemala)
Region
Mexico or Guatemala
Date of the evidence
6th–9th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Triangular jadeite pendant with a face and animal-shaped headdress. The inscription on the reverse is documented in a historical black-and-white photograph.
Historically recorded use
Royal regalia associated with accession and a regnal jubilee; possibly a gift or heirloom.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
For the two dates, the museum discusses 695 or 747, and 714 or 766; the ruler’s name is not securely read. The light-coloured lines visible in the historical reverse photograph are not presented as a new drawing or as the stone’s unaltered colour appearance.
Before designing
Native museum captures as source references; independent views without additions or new symbolic interpretations.
Research draft. The museum discusses the two dates as 695 or 747, and 714 or 766; the ruler’s name has not been read with certainty. The bright visible lines in the historical photograph of the reverse are not presented as a new drawing or as the stone’s unchanged colour appearance. JPEG renderings remain unchanged in their native bytes; no local raster editing or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The museum discusses the two dates as 695 or 747, and 714 or 766; the ruler’s name has not been read with certainty. The bright visible lines in the historical photograph of the reverse are not presented as a new drawing or as the stone’s unchanged colour appearance. JPEG renderings remain unchanged in their native bytes; no local raster editing or manufacturing approval.
Source location: 02.18.309; complete native museum images
Hellenistic Greek pictorial tradition Italy; Hellenistic Greek cultural sphere · Second quarter of the 3rd century BCE
Gilded silver, diameter 7 cm; Medusa’s head on a round ornamental fitting.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Hellenistic Greek pictorial tradition
Region
Italy; Hellenistic Greek cultural sphere
Date of the evidence
Second quarter of the 3rd century BCE
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Gilded silver, diameter 7 cm; Medusa’s head on a round ornamental fitting.
Historically recorded use
Horse-harness ornament; the museum mentions a possible additional apotropaic protective function.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Possible protective use remains identified as an interpretation. Only the individual photograph of Medusa is used; group photographs showing a different Hermes fitting are not presented as further views of the same object. The modern display mount in the original photograph remains visible.
Before designing
Native museum captures as source references; independent views without additions or new symbolic interpretations.
Research draft. Possible protective use remains identified as an interpretation. Only the individual photograph of Medusa is used; group photographs with a different Hermes fitting are not treated as another view of the same object. The modern display stand in the original photograph remains visible. JPEG renderings unchanged in their native bytes; no local raster editing or approval for manufacture. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Possible protective use remains identified as an interpretation. Only the individual photograph of Medusa is used; group photographs with a different Hermes fitting are not treated as another view of the same object. The modern display stand in the original photograph remains visible. JPEG renderings unchanged in their native bytes; no local raster editing or approval for manufacture.
Source location: y1951-5; complete native museum photographs
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Princeton University Art Museum; Inventar y1951-5; Image courtesy of the Princeton University Art Museum; institutionell als Public Domain freigegeben.
Greek, Melian Greek / Melian cultural sphere · Second half of the 7th century BC
Rounded mica-bearing stone with a deeply carved sphinx, wings and curled tail. Alongside the complete photograph of the stone, a separately photographed modern positive seal impression is shown.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Greek, Melian
Region
Greek / Melian cultural sphere
Date of the evidence
Second half of the 7th century BC
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Rounded mica-bearing stone with a deeply carved sphinx, wings and curled tail. Alongside the complete photograph of the stone, a separately photographed modern positive seal impression is shown.
Historically recorded use
The Met describes a Greek lentoid seal depicting a sphinx with its head turned back. The stepped hairstyle belongs to an early Archaic visual language. A seal image is attested; personal use as an amulet or a particular protective practice involving this stone is not documented in the object text.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 42.11.7, object 254450. The Met explicitly identifies the sphinx. The modern impression makes the historical seal image legible, but is not a second ancient object. The profile remains evidence of a historical symbol.
Before designing
Complete native museum photograph as a historical reference; damage and present-day photographic elements remain visible. No contour reconstruction, no production approval.
Research draft. Unmodified complete native museum image; the second image shows a modern positive seal impression with scale; the ancient original is the stone in the first image. Historical reference, not manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Unmodified complete native museum image; the second image shows a modern positive seal impression with scale; the ancient original is the stone in the first image. Historical reference, not manufacturing approval.
Source location: The Metropolitan Museum of Art; 42.11.7; 254450
The actually read single-object text from the web tool on use and limits of interpretation. A separate ordinary native HTML retrieval returned 429 and is archived only as an error response.
Source location: CC0 for individually designated public-domain images
Freshly read institutional CC0 primary text from the web tool. Individual rights attribution was additionally checked in each archived individual object API record.
Catholic devotional and blessing culture Vienna, Karlsgasse 3; find 1938 · AD 1600–1800 (museum catalogue)
A cross pendant combines the crucified Christ with a plea on the reverse that the Lord remember the person praying. The titulus is above Christ.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Catholic devotional and blessing culture
Region
Vienna, Karlsgasse 3; find 1938
Date of the evidence
AD 1600–1800 (museum catalogue)
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A cross pendant combines the crucified Christ with a plea on the reverse that the Lord remember the person praying. The titulus is above Christ.
Historically recorded use
Catholic devotional pendant with Christian pictorial and textual motifs. No individual use is recorded.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The possible depiction of a skull beneath Christ remains uncertain in the catalogue. The devotional function must be distinguished from an unsubstantiated individual protective effect.
Before designing
Unaltered, complete museum photographs of two sides, shown separately. No reconstructed writing, engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. The possible skull depiction beneath Christ remains uncertain in the catalogue. The devotional function must be distinguished from an unsupported individual protective effect. Both complete Full-JPEGs provided by the institution remain unchanged in their native bytes. No local cropping, straightening or additions. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The possible skull depiction beneath Christ remains uncertain in the catalogue. The devotional function must be distinguished from an unsupported individual protective effect. Both complete Full-JPEGs provided by the institution remain unchanged in their native bytes. No local cropping, straightening or additions.
Source location: Wien Museum MV 46920; two original photographs
Unbekannt, Anhänger in Form eines Kreuzes, 1600–1800, Wien Museum Inv.-Nr. MV 46920, CC BY 4.0, Foto: TimTom, Wien Museum (https://sammlung.wienmuseum.at/objekt/2507621/)
Own concise description of a specific historical object. Date of manufacture, year of discovery and present-day photography remain distinct. Individual CC-BY-4.0 image rights, including the institution’s suggested citation, archived.
Menat counterpoise with lion-headed goddess – Chicago X37
Original image · source evidence
Deity motif
Egyptian Egypt · 25th–26th Dynasty, approximately 747–525 BCE
Blue faience form with a lion-headed upper end, broad shoulder area and rounded lower part. According to the museum, the goddess has not been securely identified.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Egyptian
Region
Egypt
Date of the evidence
25th–26th Dynasty, approximately 747–525 BCE
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Blue faience form with a lion-headed upper end, broad shoulder area and rounded lower part. According to the museum, the goddess has not been securely identified.
Historically recorded use
Amulet of a Menat-counterweight form. The museum explains the Menat type as a necklace with a counterweight, which was also used in religious ceremonies.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
No renaming as a certainly identified Sekhmet, Bastet or Hathor. The described ceremonial use of the Menat type does not prove individual use of this miniature amulet. The object, inventory, material and dating are tied to the archived API record.
Before designing
Actually observed: animal-headed upper section, articulated broad collar, narrow middle section and lower round disc. Unaltered institutional JPEG presentation image in the complete frame; no isolated engraving outline and no manufacturing approval.
Research draft. No renaming as a definitively identified Sekhmet, Bastet or Hathor. The described ceremonial use of the menat type does not prove individual use of this miniature amulet. Complete institutional presentation photograph, 843 pixels wide; larger IIIF master dimensions 1459×3000 documented separately. No local scaling or re-encoding of the embedded JPEG bytes. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: No renaming as a definitively identified Sekhmet, Bastet or Hathor. The described ceremonial use of the menat type does not prove individual use of this miniature amulet. Complete institutional presentation photograph, 843 pixels wide; larger IIIF master dimensions 1459×3000 documented separately. No local scaling or re-encoding of the embedded JPEG bytes.
Source location: Inventory X37; institutional main view 8a6aa0bc-e6cb-73f7-cc9e-669c01a8833b
Art Institute of Chicago. Amulet of a Menat Counterpoise with Lion-headed Goddess, Third Intermediate Period, Dynasty 25–Late Period, Dynasty 26, about 747–525 BCE, X37. The Art Institute of Chicago
Source location: Inventory X37; API object 141169; JSON /data[id=141169]
Institutional evidence for an individual object from an archived multi-record API retrieval. Dating, material, provenance and inventory details follow the specific record; source attribution is not an independent scientific authenticity test.
Source location: Open Access Images; CC0 Public Domain Designation
Specific images only when accompanied by the individual is_public_domain=true and the object's image ID. Descriptive API texts separately carry CC BY4; image release is CC0.
Menit amulet as a necklace counterweight – Met 41.160.148
Original image · source evidence
Amulet
Ancient Egyptian Egypt; precise findspot not documented · Late Period to Ptolemaic Period, 664–30 BC
Blue amulet with a narrow, ribbed upper loop, a widened middle section and a rounded lower section. The complete original view preserves surface abrasion and discolouration.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Ancient Egyptian
Region
Egypt; precise findspot not documented
Date of the evidence
Late Period to Ptolemaic Period, 664–30 BC
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Blue amulet with a narrow, ribbed upper loop, a widened middle section and a rounded lower section. The complete original view preserves surface abrasion and discolouration.
Historically recorded use
The museum interprets the counterpoise form as a substitute for the Menat necklace. Its rattling sound was associated with appeasing great goddesses and hoped-for protection.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The interpretation concerns the form historically used; a specific wearer, a find grave or actual protective effect is not evidenced for this specimen. The existing private reference remains linked unchanged.
Before designing
Complete native museum view as source evidence; not an isolated or production-ready engraving outline.
Research draft. Unaltered complete original JPEG; one view, not a view from all sides. No addition of lost forms, outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Unaltered complete original JPEG; one view, not a view from all sides. No addition of lost forms, outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: 41.160.148; complete native primary view from the museum
Jewish material amulet culture; historical printed witness Venice according to The Jewish Museum; publication in Danzig · c.1742; historical reproduction in print [1933]
Rendered historical book illustration [1933]: Oval silver pendant with seven-branched menorah in the historical, laterally printed image. The present-day suspension chain is not preserved in this printed crop and has not been added.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Jewish material amulet culture; historical printed witness
Region
Venice according to The Jewish Museum; publication in Danzig
Date of the evidence
c.1742; historical reproduction in print [1933]
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Rendered historical book illustration [1933]: Oval silver pendant with seven-branched menorah in the historical, laterally printed image. The present-day suspension chain is not preserved in this printed crop and has not been added.
Historically recorded use
The current museum catalogue and historical catalogue texts explain the border inscription as a request for complete healing. This is an evidenced prayer and amulet tradition, not a claim of medical efficacy.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
PDM is our catalogue assignment of the institution's public-domain designation Domena publiczna, not a CC-PDM licence stated by the provider. Historical book illustration in the print catalogued as [1933], not a present-day JM museum image. The JM inventory D 2 is explicitly linked in the current museum text to 1933 No. 2 / Plate 1. Native DjVu source archived unchanged; lossless local document conversion and complete figure crop, without reading the writing, completing damage or drawing forms. The frame and candlestick are fully represented in this historical print view; the suspension chain and all physical components cannot be isolated in full.
Before designing
Historical photographic print witness used as a reference. The print's sideways orientation is retained; this is neither a drawn design nor manufacturing approval.
Research draft. PDM is our catalogue assignment of the institution's public-domain designation Domena publiczna, not a CC-PDM licence stated by the provider. Historical book illustration in the print catalogued as [1933], not a present-day JM museum image. The JM inventory D 2 is explicitly linked in the current museum text to 1933 No. 2 / Plate 1. Native DjVu source archived unchanged; lossless local document conversion and complete figure crop, without reading the writing, completing damage or drawing forms. The frame and candlestick are fully represented in this historical print view; the suspension chain and all physical components cannot be isolated in full. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: PDM is our catalogue assignment of the institution's public-domain designation Domena publiczna, not a CC-PDM licence stated by the provider. Historical book illustration in the print catalogued as [1933], not a present-day JM museum image. The JM inventory D 2 is explicitly linked in the current museum text to 1933 No. 2 / Plate 1. Native DjVu source archived unchanged; lossless local document conversion and complete figure crop, without reading the writing, completing damage or drawing forms. The frame and candlestick are fully represented in this historical print view; the suspension chain and all physical components cannot be isolated in full.
Source location: PBC edition 31170; Plate 1, Figure 2; scan 35; historical JM inventory D 2
Source location: Accession Number and pub_references: [1933], no. 2, plate 1
Current object identity and explicit historical print reference; contemporary museum photographs are not reused or licensed under the PBC book permission.
Source location: Copyright/Permissions and conditional Public-Domain rule
No blanket clearance for current JM photographs; the new asset comes exclusively from the historical PBC print individually declared to be in the public domain.
Human figure with accompanying characteres – MS.110, f.97r
Original image · source evidence
Historical ritual and planetary figure
Early modern English-Latin ritual magic English-Latin manuscript; present-day holding in London · Late 16th century (institutional dating of the manuscript)
A human-like figure with a large face, outstretched arms and bent legs stands among four unconnected character forms. The Latin incantation and the signs immediately adjacent to it belong to this specific Thesaurus witness. No secure identification of the person drawn or of a modern demon name is asserted.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern English-Latin ritual magic
Region
English-Latin manuscript; present-day holding in London
Date of the evidence
Late 16th century (institutional dating of the manuscript)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A human-like figure with a large face, outstretched arms and bent legs stands among four unconnected character forms. The Latin incantation and the signs immediately adjacent to it belong to this specific Thesaurus witness. No secure identification of the person drawn or of a modern demon name is asserted.
Historically recorded use
The Latin incantation and the signs immediately adjacent to it belong to the specific Thesaurus witness. No secure identification of the depicted person or of a modern demon name is claimed.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Specific manuscript witness MS.110, institutionally dated to the late 16th century. Pseudo-Bacon and Pseudo-Solomon are attributions, not securely established medieval authorship. The modern blue folio numbers are distinguished from the age of the text; verso references follow the adjacent visible recto foliation and the IIIF page sequence. Irregular lines, show-through, losses and original variations in the signs are retained. The complete selected group is a component of this one copy and not a new abstract type of tradition.
Before designing
Unaltered native full-page JPEG within the SVG; only the documented viewport selects the complete historical figure. No added lines, modern replacement glyphs, raster conversion, vector transcription or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Specific manuscript witness MS.110, institutionally dated to the late 16th century. Pseudo-Bacon and Pseudo-Solomon are attributions, not securely established medieval authorship. The modern blue folio numbers are distinguished from the age of the text; verso references follow the adjacent visible recto foliation and the IIIF page sequence. Irregular lines, show-through, losses and original variations in the signs are retained. The complete selected group is a component of this one copy, not a new abstract type of tradition. Unaltered native full-page JPEG in the SVG; only the documented viewport selects the complete historical figure. No added lines, modern substitute glyphs, raster conversion, vector transcription or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Specific manuscript witness MS.110, institutionally dated to the late 16th century. Pseudo-Bacon and Pseudo-Solomon are attributions, not securely established medieval authorship. The modern blue folio numbers are distinguished from the age of the text; verso references follow the adjacent visible recto foliation and the IIIF page sequence. Irregular lines, show-through, losses and original variations in the signs are retained. The complete selected group is a component of this one copy, not a new abstract type of tradition. Unaltered native full-page JPEG in the SVG; only the documented viewport selects the complete historical figure. No added lines, modern substitute glyphs, raster conversion, vector transcription or manufacturing approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.110, f.97r; canvas position 207/256; human figure with accompanying characters
Source location: MS.110; current API p8bhyjys; old ID afsfdgzh (HTTP 410)
Dating and exact Digital Location. Roger Bacon is a pseudo-author attribution; the present binding, early 19th century, is not the date of the writing. Rights: Individual Digital Location links b18937135 with PDM.
Source location: 256 Canvases; historical folio numbers in the image
Images, sequence, dimensions and institutional descriptions of the five component texts. Folios 36–38 incorrectly bound according to the catalogue. Rights: the specific digital surrogate as a whole carries the Public Domain Mark; no transfer of rights from other images.
Unaltered complete institutional JPEG page; historical individual sign located by visible evidence. Rights: PDM for the exactly corresponding IIIF digital surrogate b18937135.
Egyptian Egypt · Late Period, according to the museum 25th–30th Dynasty, 780–343 BC
Flat, darkened glass amulet of a bird with a human-profile head. Fine lines divide the wings and tail.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Egyptian
Region
Egypt
Date of the evidence
Late Period, according to the museum 25th–30th Dynasty, 780–343 BC
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Flat, darkened glass amulet of a bird with a human-profile head. Fine lines divide the wings and tail.
Historically recorded use
Catalogued by the museum as an amulet of the soul in the form of a human-headed bird. The designation is presented as a historical Egyptian image concept.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The catalogue dating, including the dynasty/year designation, remains unchanged; no new exact chronology is inferred from it. No universal equation of the Ba with present-day models of the soul. The object, inventory, material and dating are linked to the archived API record.
Before designing
Actually observed: profile head, bird’s body, long tail and incised wing detail. Unaltered institutional JPEG presentation photograph in its complete frame; not an isolated engraving outline and not approval for manufacture.
Research draft. The catalogue dating, including dynasty/year notation, remains unchanged; no new exact chronology is inferred from it. No universal equation of the Ba with modern models of the soul. Complete institutional presentation image at 1686 pixels wide; larger IIIF master dimensions of 2250×3000 documented separately. No local scaling or re-encoding of the embedded JPEG bytes. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The catalogue dating, including dynasty/year notation, remains unchanged; no new exact chronology is inferred from it. No universal equation of the Ba with modern models of the soul. Complete institutional presentation image at 1686 pixels wide; larger IIIF master dimensions of 2250×3000 documented separately. No local scaling or re-encoding of the embedded JPEG bytes.
Source location: Inventory 1893.83; institutional main view b6d1691d-a06b-afc1-d9af-a7e098fe2874
Art Institute of Chicago. Amulet of the Soul as a Human-Headed Bird, Late Period, Dynasty 25–30 (780–343 BCE), 1893.83. Gift of Henry H. Getty and Charles L. Hutchinson
Source location: Inventory 1893.83; API object 136239; JSON /data[id=136239]
Institutional evidence for an individual object from an archived multi-record API retrieval. Dating, material, provenance and inventory details follow the specific record; source attribution is not an independent scientific authenticity test.
Source location: Open Access Images; CC0 Public Domain Designation
Specific images only when accompanied by the individual is_public_domain=true and the object's image ID. Descriptive API texts separately carry CC BY4; image release is CC0.
Mercury as a physician on horseback (Getty, fol. 49)
Original image · source evidence
Historical planetary depiction
Late medieval German astronomical-astrological manuscript illustration Ulm or Augsburg, Germany; institutional attribution · Shortly after 1464
Bearded man wearing a red head covering and grey garment on a spotted horse. He holds a tall vessel and a banner lance with a star on pale cloth. The handwritten text is above.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Late medieval German astronomical-astrological manuscript illustration
Region
Ulm or Augsburg, Germany; institutional attribution
Date of the evidence
Shortly after 1464
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Bearded man wearing a red head covering and grey garment on a spotted horse. He holds a tall vessel and a banner lance with a star on pale cloth. The handwritten text is above.
Historically recorded use
Planetary depiction in a medical-astronomical miscellany manuscript containing astrological and divinatory material. Individual amulet use is not documented.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Getty identifies the rider as a physician and Mercury. The vessel is described without an unsupported more precise identification of its function; no modern medical efficacy is inferred from the historical iconography. The planetary group belongs to a shared codex; six captured pages occur on four leaves. Saturn is excluded from the import because the image view is fragmentary.
Before designing
Complete, unaltered institutional page capture with image, text and margin as a raster facsimile in the SVG. No local cropping, new outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Bearded man wearing a red headdress and grey garment on a dappled horse. He holds a tall vessel and a banner-lance bearing a star on pale cloth. The handwritten text is above. Getty identifies the rider as a doctor and Mercury. The vessel is described without an unsupported more precise identification of its function; no modern medical efficacy is inferred from the historical iconography. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Bearded man wearing a red headdress and grey garment on a dappled horse. He holds a tall vessel and a banner-lance bearing a star on pale cloth. The handwritten text is above. Getty identifies the rider as a doctor and Mercury. The vessel is described without an unsupported more precise identification of its function; no modern medical efficacy is inferred from the historical iconography.
Source location: Getty Ms. Ludwig XII 8, fol. 49; complete institutional page image
Source location: Ms. Ludwig XII 8 (83.MO.137), fol. 49
Directly retrieved HTML/JSON-LD: page inventory, folio side, material and date. The web reader returned only the JavaScript shell; no rendered portal visit is claimed.
French-language Clavicles of Solomon tradition French-language manuscript; place of production unknown; current holding in London · [1725?]; IIIF digitisation c.1725; dating of the specific manuscript is uncertain
A crossed loop shape, curving heart-like signs and several paired bars appear in a red line. The French manuscript explicitly identifies this individual sequence of signs as characters of Mercury for Wednesday. This attests to a historical attribution within a grimoire text; it does not attest to a specific worn neck amulet or to any effect.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French-language Clavicles of Solomon tradition
Region
French-language manuscript; place of production unknown; current holding in London
Date of the evidence
[1725?]; IIIF digitisation c.1725; dating of the specific manuscript is uncertain
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A crossed loop shape, curving heart-like signs and several paired bars appear in a red line. The French manuscript explicitly identifies this individual sequence of signs as characters of Mercury for Wednesday. This attests to a historical attribution within a grimoire text; it does not attest to a specific worn neck amulet or to any effect.
Historically recorded use
The French manuscript explicitly identifies this individual sequence of signs as characters of Mercury for Wednesday. This evidences a historical attribution within a grimoire text; it does not evidence a specific worn neck amulet or an effect.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Specific manuscript according to the current API [1725?], c.1725 in the IIIF digitisation; the uncertain dating is not stored as an exact year. The seven planetary weekday lines are disjoint components of the same original page. Each complete red string is retained; its handwritten heading above it can be read in the archived full folio. Individual characters are not extracted as further motifs or normalised as readable modern alphabets.
Before designing
Unchanged native full-page JPEG in the SVG; only a disjoint SVG viewport selects the complete, labelled red planetary-tag character sequence. The associated heading lies outside the viewport and remains in the archived full sheet. No local raster editing, character repair, contour transcription or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Specific manuscript dated [1725?] according to the current API, c.1725 in the IIIF digital facsimile; the uncertain date is not stored as an exact year. The seven planetary-day rows are disjoint components of the same original page. Each complete red sequence of characters is retained; its handwritten heading above can be read in the archived full sheet. Individual characters are not extracted as further motifs or normalised as readable modern alphabets. Unaltered native full-page JPEG in the SVG; a disjoint SVG viewport alone selects the complete labelled red planetary-day sequence. The associated heading lies outside the viewport and is retained in the archived full sheet. No local raster editing, character repair, outline transcription or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Specific manuscript dated [1725?] according to the current API, c.1725 in the IIIF digital facsimile; the uncertain date is not stored as an exact year. The seven planetary-day rows are disjoint components of the same original page. Each complete red sequence of characters is retained; its handwritten heading above can be read in the archived full sheet. Individual characters are not extracted as further motifs or normalised as readable modern alphabets. Unaltered native full-page JPEG in the SVG; a disjoint SVG viewport alone selects the complete labelled red planetary-day sequence. The associated heading lies outside the viewport and is retained in the archived full sheet. No local raster editing, character repair, outline transcription or manufacturing approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.4656, Clavicules de Salomon; manuscript p.156; canvas position 160/260; own Mercury/Wednesday row; visible heading: Caractères de mercure au mercredy
Narrow upright looped stroke with two long, overlapping curved cross-strokes at the lower end.
Historically recorded use
Independently labelled printed sign in the context of historical planetary talismanic practice. The sign form in this edition is attested; no individual surviving amulet and no modern effect are attested.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The specific Latin inscription was read on the original page. The magic square, planetary seal, intelligence and spirit signs are separate printed figures. No modern standard forms or modernly completed lines have been adopted. The open endpoints and asymmetrical arcs are visible in the original print and are not joined.
Before designing
A historically specific individual figure verified visually. The complete native institutional IIIF-JPEG file remains embedded byte-for-byte in the SVG; only the named original viewport is visible. No local scaling, re-encoding, tracing or supplementation. Paper, print gaps, ink traces and show-through of the writing on the reverse remain unchanged. The facsimile is a historical image source, not a tool or engraving path; manufacture requires a separately checked contour preparation. The open endpoints and asymmetrical curves are visible in the original print and are not joined.
Research draft. A historically specific individual figure verified visually. The complete native institutional IIIF-JPEG file remains embedded byte-for-byte in the SVG; only the named original viewport is visible. No local scaling, re-encoding, tracing or supplementation. Paper, print gaps, ink traces and show-through of the writing on the reverse remain unchanged. The facsimile is a historical image source, not a tool or engraving path; manufacture requires a separately checked contour preparation. The open endpoints and asymmetrical curves are visible in the original print and are not joined. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: A historically specific individual figure verified visually. The complete native institutional IIIF-JPEG file remains embedded byte-for-byte in the SVG; only the named original viewport is visible. No local scaling, re-encoding, tracing or supplementation. Paper, print gaps, ink traces and show-through of the writing on the reverse remain unchanged. The facsimile is a historical image source, not a tool or engraving path; manufacture requires a separately checked contour preparation. The open endpoints and asymmetrical curves are visible in the original print and are not joined.
Source location: Liber II, Chapter XXII, printed p. CLII: Dæmonij Mercurij.
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa, De occulta philosophia libri tres, Köln [Johannes Soter], 1533, Liber II, Kapitel XXII. Stiftung der Werke von C. G. Jung, Zürich / e-rara. DOI 10.3931/e-rara-4309. Public Domain Mark.
Stiftung der Werke von C. G. Jung, Zürich / e-rara
Source location: VD16 ZV 269; DOI 10.3931/e-rara-4309; Liber II, chapter XXII
The current institutional record was read directly and archived. It confirms the specific historical work, its classification and the Public Domain Mark; no modern redrawing.
Stiftung der Werke von C. G. Jung, Zürich / e-rara
Source location: VD16 ZV 269; DOI 10.3931/e-rara-4309; Liber II, chapter XXII
Manifest retrieved directly and archived. The specific canvas identities, native image dimensions and PDM image rights were checked against unchanged full/full JPEGs. Printed Roman page numbers are taken from the images actually viewed, not from a modern pentacle numbering system.
Stiftung der Werke von C. G. Jung, Zürich / e-rara
Source location: Liber II, Chapter XXII; printed p. CLII; Canvas 1343365
The specific original page was viewed as a complete native institutional JPEG; the image file was archived unchanged. Attribution and crop were also checked visually.
Stiftung der Werke von C. G. Jung, Zürich / e-rara
Source location: Liber II, Chapter XXII; printed p. CXLVIII; Canvas 1343361
Original page with historical planetary name and ritual correspondences. It serves as textual evidence; the individual signs appear on the following pages. No confirmed modern effect.
Diagonal printed line with two small circles at the ends and a narrow returning double loop.
Historically recorded use
Printed sign in the context of historical planetary talismanism; no single museum amulet is attested.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The associated Latin inscription is visible on the specific original page. The magic square, planet, intelligence and spirit are separate printed figures. What is attested is a specific historical form of a sign, not a surviving amulet with individually verified use. The crop follows the 1533 print and does not adopt modern completed lines. The lower Daemonii-Mercurii sign is a separate figure and is not included.
Before designing
Visually checked specific individual figure from the original 1533 print. The institutional JPEG rendition, 2000 pixels wide, is embedded byte-for-byte unchanged in the SVG; only the named original viewport is visible. Native IIIF canvas size 2550×3675, presentation image 2000×2882. Gaps in the print, paper, stains and show-through of writing on the reverse remain unchanged. No additions based on modern editions and no manufacturing approval; engraving requires separately reviewed outline preparation.
Research draft. Specific individual figure in the original 1533 print, visually checked. The institution’s JPEG rendition, 2000 pixels wide, remains embedded byte-for-byte in the SVG; only the named original viewport is visible. Native IIIF canvas size 2550×3675, presentation image 2000×2882. Gaps in the print, paper, stains and show-through of reverse-side writing remain unchanged. No additions based on modern editions and no approval for manufacture; engraving requires a separately checked contour preparation. The lower Daemonii-Mercurii sign is a separate figure and is not included. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Specific individual figure in the original 1533 print, visually checked. The institution’s JPEG rendition, 2000 pixels wide, remains embedded byte-for-byte in the SVG; only the named original viewport is visible. Native IIIF canvas size 2550×3675, presentation image 2000×2882. Gaps in the print, paper, stains and show-through of reverse-side writing remain unchanged. No additions based on modern editions and no approval for manufacture; engraving requires a separately checked contour preparation. The lower Daemonii-Mercurii sign is a separate figure and is not included.
Source location: Liber II, Chapter XXII, printed p. CLII: Intelligentiæ Mercurij.
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa, De occulta philosophia libri tres, Köln [Johannes Soter], 1533, Liber II, Kapitel XXII. Stiftung der Werke von C. G. Jung, Zürich / e-rara. DOI 10.3931/e-rara-4309. Public Domain Mark.
Stiftung der Werke von C. G. Jung, Zürich / e-rara
Source location: VD16 ZV 269; DOI 10.3931/e-rara-4309; Cologne [Soter] 1533
Current institutional catalogue page read directly and archived: printing year 1533, C. G. Jung collection and Public Domain Mark. Not to be conflated with the English printing of 1651 or a modern redrawing.
Stiftung der Werke von C. G. Jung, Zürich / e-rara
Source location: Liber II, Chapter XXII; printed p. CLII; Canvas 1343365
The specific original page was viewed directly as an unaltered institutional JPEG. The caption, attribution and complete figure were checked separately; reverse-side writing and printing defects remain visible.
Stiftung der Werke von C. G. Jung, Zürich / e-rara
Source location: Liber II, Chapter XXII; printed p. CXLVIII; Canvas 1343361
Original page concluding the historical planetary talismanic art and giving separate name attributions to planet, intelligence and spirit. The passage reports historical attributions; it is not evidence of modern efficacy or of a surviving individual amulet.
Editorial textual evidence; claims of efficacy are historical attributions. Compare the print variant and corrections before design.
Before designing
Square: fig. 2-53; planetary seal: fig. 2-55. Keep the signs of the Intelligence and the Spirit separate.
Research draft. Number arrangement in Fig. 2-53 read visually and checked against the transmitted row/column totals. Number-square component of the catalogue profile; the separate planetary seal and intelligence and spirit signs are not included. Numbers set editorially with bespoke font-free line geometry; not a print facsimile. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Vector template: Number arrangement in Fig. 2-53 read visually and checked against the transmitted row/column totals. Number-square component of the catalogue profile; the separate planetary seal and intelligence and spirit signs are not included. Numbers set editorially with bespoke font-free line geometry; not a print facsimile.
Source location: Book II, chapter xxii; fig. 2-53; only the 8×8 number square
Number arrangement in Fig. 2-53 read visually and checked against the transmitted row/column totals. Number-square component of the catalogue profile; the separate planetary seal and intelligence and spirit signs are not included. Numbers set editorially with bespoke font-free line geometry; not a print facsimile.
Source location: Book II, chap. xxii; figures 2-27 to 2-63
Documents seven planetary squares and associated planetary seals. The planet, intelligence and spirit have distinct signs; they are not freely interchangeable.
Source location: Editorial introduction before Book I
Text follows the 1651 English edition; according to the editor, drawings follow Cologne 1533, with some Hebrew letters corrected according to the critical edition. Not an unaltered facsimile.
Multiple crossed diagonals with four inner circles, four end circles and separate border segments.
Historically recorded use
Printed sign in the context of historical planetary talismanism; no single museum amulet is attested.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The associated Latin inscription is visible on the specific original page. The magic square, planet, intelligence and spirit are separate printed figures. What is evidenced is a specific historical form of a sign, not a surviving amulet with individually established use. The crop follows the 1533 print and does not include modernly completed lines. The separate edge segments are retained as in the original print; they are not joined to form a modern closed square.
Before designing
Visually checked specific individual figure from the original 1533 print. The institutional JPEG rendition, 2000 pixels wide, is embedded byte-for-byte unchanged in the SVG; only the named original viewport is visible. Native IIIF canvas size 2550×3675, presentation image 2000×2882. Gaps in the print, paper, stains and show-through of writing on the reverse remain unchanged. No additions based on modern editions and no manufacturing approval; engraving requires separately reviewed outline preparation.
Research draft. Visually checked specific individual figure from the original 1533 print. The institutional JPEG rendition, 2000 pixels wide, remains embedded byte-for-byte in the SVG; only the specified original viewport is visible. Native IIIF canvas dimensions 2550×3675, presentation image 2000×2882. Print gaps, paper, stains and show-through of writing from the reverse remain unchanged. No additions based on modern editions and no manufacturing approval; engraving requires a separately checked contour preparation. The separate margin segments are retained as in the original print; they are not joined to form a modern closed square. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Visually checked specific individual figure from the original 1533 print. The institutional JPEG rendition, 2000 pixels wide, remains embedded byte-for-byte in the SVG; only the specified original viewport is visible. Native IIIF canvas dimensions 2550×3675, presentation image 2000×2882. Print gaps, paper, stains and show-through of writing from the reverse remain unchanged. No additions based on modern editions and no manufacturing approval; engraving requires a separately checked contour preparation. The separate margin segments are retained as in the original print; they are not joined to form a modern closed square.
Source location: Liber II, Chapter XXII, printed p. CLII: Mercurij.
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa, De occulta philosophia libri tres, Köln [Johannes Soter], 1533, Liber II, Kapitel XXII. Stiftung der Werke von C. G. Jung, Zürich / e-rara. DOI 10.3931/e-rara-4309. Public Domain Mark.
Stiftung der Werke von C. G. Jung, Zürich / e-rara
Source location: VD16 ZV 269; DOI 10.3931/e-rara-4309; Cologne [Soter] 1533
Current institutional catalogue page read directly and archived: printing year 1533, C. G. Jung collection and Public Domain Mark. Not to be conflated with the English printing of 1651 or a modern redrawing.
Stiftung der Werke von C. G. Jung, Zürich / e-rara
Source location: Liber II, Chapter XXII; printed p. CLII; Canvas 1343365
The specific original page was viewed directly as an unaltered institutional JPEG. The caption, attribution and complete figure were checked separately; reverse-side writing and printing defects remain visible.
Stiftung der Werke von C. G. Jung, Zürich / e-rara
Source location: Liber II, Chapter XXII; printed p. CXLVIII; Canvas 1343361
Original page concluding the historical planetary talismanic art and giving separate name attributions to planet, intelligence and spirit. The passage reports historical attributions; it is not evidence of modern efficacy or of a surviving individual amulet.
Early modern English-Latin ritual magic English-Latin manuscript; present-day holding in London · Late 16th century (institutional dating of the manuscript)
An upper crossbar sits above a ring and an angled foot with long end strokes. The Latin label Mercurius, inscribed directly, secures the historical identification with Mercury. The seven separate lines on the same page are preserved as spatially disjoint; individual amulet efficacy or wearing use is not evidenced.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern English-Latin ritual magic
Region
English-Latin manuscript; present-day holding in London
Date of the evidence
Late 16th century (institutional dating of the manuscript)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
An upper crossbar sits above a ring and an angled foot with long end strokes. The Latin label Mercurius, inscribed directly, secures the historical identification with Mercury. The seven separate lines on the same page are preserved as spatially disjoint; individual amulet efficacy or wearing use is not evidenced.
Historically recorded use
The directly inscribed Latin name Mercurius secures the historical identification with Mercury. The seven separate lines on the same page are preserved as spatially distinct; individual amulet efficacy or wearing use is not evidenced.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Specific manuscript witness MS.110, institutionally dated to the late 16th century. Pseudo-Bacon and Pseudo-Solomon are attributions, not securely established medieval authorship. The modern blue folio numbers are distinguished from the age of the text; verso references follow the adjacent visible recto foliation and the IIIF page sequence. Irregular lines, show-through, losses and original variations in the signs are retained. The complete selected group is a component of this one copy and not a new abstract type of tradition.
Before designing
Unaltered native full-page JPEG within the SVG; only the documented viewport selects the complete historical figure. No added lines, modern replacement glyphs, raster conversion, vector transcription or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Specific manuscript witness MS.110, institutionally dated to the late 16th century. Pseudo-Bacon and Pseudo-Solomon are attributions, not securely established medieval authorship. The modern blue folio numbers are distinguished from the age of the text; verso references follow the adjacent visible recto foliation and the IIIF page sequence. Irregular lines, show-through, losses and original variations in the signs are retained. The complete selected group is a component of this one copy, not a new abstract type of tradition. Unaltered native full-page JPEG in the SVG; only the documented viewport selects the complete historical figure. No added lines, modern substitute glyphs, raster conversion, vector transcription or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Specific manuscript witness MS.110, institutionally dated to the late 16th century. Pseudo-Bacon and Pseudo-Solomon are attributions, not securely established medieval authorship. The modern blue folio numbers are distinguished from the age of the text; verso references follow the adjacent visible recto foliation and the IIIF page sequence. Irregular lines, show-through, losses and original variations in the signs are retained. The complete selected group is a component of this one copy, not a new abstract type of tradition. Unaltered native full-page JPEG in the SVG; only the documented viewport selects the complete historical figure. No added lines, modern substitute glyphs, raster conversion, vector transcription or manufacturing approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.110, f.30r; canvas position 73/256; labelled line Mercurius
Source location: MS.110; current API p8bhyjys; old ID afsfdgzh (HTTP 410)
Dating and exact Digital Location. Roger Bacon is a pseudo-author attribution; the present binding, early 19th century, is not the date of the writing. Rights: Individual Digital Location links b18937135 with PDM.
Source location: 256 Canvases; historical folio numbers in the image
Images, sequence, dimensions and institutional descriptions of the five component texts. Folios 36–38 incorrectly bound according to the catalogue. Rights: the specific digital surrogate as a whole carries the Public Domain Mark; no transfer of rights from other images.
Unaltered complete institutional JPEG page; historical individual sign located by visible evidence. Rights: PDM for the exactly corresponding IIIF digital surrogate b18937135.
English-Latin Balemyn seal tradition Manuscript from the Lightfoot Collection; held today in London · Mid-17th century (institutional dating)
A ring-shaped sign with two upper horns and a lower cross is at the centre; curved and rod-like characters lie within the ring. A historical planetary seal group, assigned on the sheet itself to the Balemyn text. The following text discusses drawing and engraving planetary seals; this does not attest to an individual museum amulet that was actually worn.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
English-Latin Balemyn seal tradition
Region
Manuscript from the Lightfoot Collection; held today in London
Date of the evidence
Mid-17th century (institutional dating)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A ring-shaped sign with two upper horns and a lower cross is at the centre; curved and rod-like characters lie within the ring. A historical planetary seal group, assigned on the sheet itself to the Balemyn text. The following text discusses drawing and engraving planetary seals; this does not attest to an individual museum amulet that was actually worn.
Historically recorded use
Historical group of planetary seals, attributed on the sheet itself to the Balemyn text. The following text discusses drawing and engraving planetary seals; this does not establish that an individual museum amulet was actually worn.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Specific new manuscript witness MS.426, institutionally dated to the mid-17th century. Lightfoot is probably the compiler; Balemyn remains a transmitted spelling of a name, without an invented author identification. The drawing sheet is visibly pencil-p. 24, followed by text-p. 33; Canvas17/89 is not a folio number. The differing pagination transition is retained. The seven located circles in this one ensemble are individual image variants, not seven newly arising traditions. The central Mercury sign is visible in the unaltered original.
Before designing
Complete selected circle in the unaltered native full-page JPEG. Rectangular viewports may retain small margins of neighbouring circles in their corners; these are not masked or painted over. The circular figures are neither moved nor supplemented. No raster re-encoding, new outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. A specific new manuscript witness, MS.426, institutionally dated to the mid-17th century. Lightfoot is probably the compiler; Balemyn remains a transmitted spelling of a name, without an invented author identification. The drawing leaf visibly bears pencil p. 24, followed by text p. 33; Canvas17/89 is not a folio number. The differing pagination transition is retained. Seven localised circles in this one ensemble are individual image variants, not seven newly arisen traditions. The central Mercury sign is visible in the unaltered original. The complete selected circle is in the unaltered native full-leaf JPEG. Rectangular viewports may retain small edges of neighbouring circles in their corners; these are not masked or painted over. The circle figures are neither moved nor supplemented. No raster re-encoding, new outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: A specific new manuscript witness, MS.426, institutionally dated to the mid-17th century. Lightfoot is probably the compiler; Balemyn remains a transmitted spelling of a name, without an invented author identification. The drawing leaf visibly bears pencil p. 24, followed by text p. 33; Canvas17/89 is not a folio number. The differing pagination transition is retained. Seven localised circles in this one ensemble are individual image variants, not seven newly arisen traditions. The central Mercury sign is visible in the unaltered original. The complete selected circle is in the unaltered native full-leaf JPEG. Rectangular viewports may retain small edges of neighbouring circles in their corners; these are not masked or painted over. The circle figures are neither moved nor supplemented. No raster re-encoding, new outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.426; visible pencil p. 24 on drawing sheet; Canvas position 17/89; Mercury circle seal; next text visible on p. 33.
Mercury talisman with arm emerging from clouds – MS.4670,p.145
Original image · source evidence
Historical pentacle
French Clavicula and pseudo-Solomon tradition French-language volume; now at Wellcome Collection, London · 1796; dating of the specific Wellcome volume MS.4670
Red circular frame with a green Latin inscription around it; inside are several writing and cross signs, a faintly drawn star figure and a darkly shaded cloud with an arm protruding. The historical text associates this figure with good fortune in games and business, as well as protection for travellers; it assigns its manufacture to Wednesday and Mercury. These attributions are transmitted as historical claims in a recipe, not as confirmed effects.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French Clavicula and pseudo-Solomon tradition
Region
French-language volume; now at Wellcome Collection, London
Date of the evidence
1796; dating of the specific Wellcome volume MS.4670
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Red circular frame with a green Latin inscription around it; inside are several writing and cross signs, a faintly drawn star figure and a darkly shaded cloud with an arm protruding. The historical text associates this figure with good fortune in games and business, as well as protection for travellers; it assigns its manufacture to Wednesday and Mercury. These attributions are transmitted as historical claims in a recipe, not as confirmed effects.
Historically recorded use
The historical text associates this figure with good fortune in games and business, and protection for travellers; it assigns its making to Wednesday and Mercury. These attributions are transmitted as claims in a historical recipe, not as confirmed effects.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The individual Miro image number and CC-BY-DigitalLocation are institutionally linked to MS4670. The page number and individual heading have been checked against the unaltered full image. The figure is a single located component of the same volume, not another surviving amulet object. The specific manuscript is dated to 1796 in the institutional volume catalogue. Pseudo-Solomon and the claimed translation from Hebrew are transmitted attributions; no ancient authorship or surviving Hebrew original is claimed. Historical statements of purpose are not evidence of efficacy.
Before designing
Unchanged native full-page JPEG embedded in the SVG; only the visible figure area is bounded by the viewport. Paper, colours, show-through writing and existing traces are retained. No outline transcription, added lines or approval for engraving.
Research draft. The individual Miro image number and CC-BY-DigitalLocation are institutionally linked to MS4670. The page number and individual heading have been checked against the unaltered full image. The figure is a single, located component of the same volume, not another surviving amulet object. Unaltered native full-page JPEG embedded in the SVG; only the visible figure area is bounded by the viewport. The paper, colours, show-through text and existing traces are retained. No outline transcription, line additions or engraving approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The individual Miro image number and CC-BY-DigitalLocation are institutionally linked to MS4670. The page number and individual heading have been checked against the unaltered full image. The figure is a single, located component of the same volume, not another surviving amulet object. Unaltered native full-page JPEG embedded in the SVG; only the visible figure area is bounded by the viewport. The paper, colours, show-through text and existing traces are retained. No outline transcription, line additions or engraving approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.4670,1796; handwritten p.145;Pour être fortuné dans les jeux & les entreprises de négoce;Originalaufnahme L0073100
Merkur-Talisman mit Arm aus Wolken – MS.4670,S.145. 1796; Datierung des konkreten Wellcome-Bands MS.4670. Source: Wellcome Collection. CC BY 4.0; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Darstellungsänderung: begrenzter SVG-Viewport; JPEG unverändert.
Institutional volume catalogue with a specific shelfmark and year date, 1796. The attribution J. S. Fyot, 1796 is recorded in Volume I; there is no secure individual attribution of the drawings for every sheet of the second volume.
Source location: MS4670; institutional Miro image number L0073100
CC BY 4.0 expressly applies to the individual IIIF image digital item; the catalogue prose describes the volume as a whole, while specific pages/figures are identified from the visible original.
Unaltered full/full JPEG; the individual work metadata explicitly links this image to MS4670. Viewports from different pages are separate and do not overlap.
French Clavicula and pseudo-Solomon tradition French-language volume; now at Wellcome Collection, London · 1796; dating of the specific Wellcome volume MS.4670
Several green concentric writing circles, divided inside into four fields by a cross; the central writing names Alpha and shows an Omega. The manuscript explicitly identifies this figure as the pentacle of Wednesday under Mercury. The name and sign circles belong to the historical ritual text; no effect or actually worn example is attested.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French Clavicula and pseudo-Solomon tradition
Region
French-language volume; now at Wellcome Collection, London
Date of the evidence
1796; dating of the specific Wellcome volume MS.4670
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Several green concentric writing circles, divided inside into four fields by a cross; the central writing names Alpha and shows an Omega. The manuscript explicitly identifies this figure as the pentacle of Wednesday under Mercury. The name and sign circles belong to the historical ritual text; no effect or actually worn example is attested.
Historically recorded use
The manuscript explicitly identifies this figure as the pentacle of Wednesday under Mercury. The name and sign circles belong to the historical ritual text; an effect or an actually worn example has not been evidenced.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The individual Miro image number and CC-BY-DigitalLocation are institutionally linked to MS4670. The page number and individual heading have been checked against the unaltered full image. The figure is a single located component of the same volume, not another surviving amulet object. The specific manuscript is dated to 1796 in the institutional volume catalogue. Pseudo-Solomon and the claimed translation from Hebrew are transmitted attributions; no ancient authorship or surviving Hebrew original is claimed. Historical statements of purpose are not evidence of efficacy.
Before designing
Unchanged native full-page JPEG embedded in the SVG; only the visible figure area is bounded by the viewport. Paper, colours, show-through writing and existing traces are retained. No outline transcription, added lines or approval for engraving.
Research draft. The individual Miro image number and CC-BY-DigitalLocation are institutionally linked to MS4670. The page number and individual heading have been checked against the unaltered full image. The figure is a single, located component of the same volume, not another surviving amulet object. Unaltered native full-page JPEG embedded in the SVG; only the visible figure area is bounded by the viewport. The paper, colours, show-through text and existing traces are retained. No outline transcription, line additions or engraving approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The individual Miro image number and CC-BY-DigitalLocation are institutionally linked to MS4670. The page number and individual heading have been checked against the unaltered full image. The figure is a single, located component of the same volume, not another surviving amulet object. Unaltered native full-page JPEG embedded in the SVG; only the visible figure area is bounded by the viewport. The paper, colours, show-through text and existing traces are retained. No outline transcription, line additions or engraving approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.4670,1796; handwritten p.125;Pentacule du Mercredi, sous la Planette de Mercure;original image L0073090
Institutional volume catalogue with a specific shelfmark and year date, 1796. The attribution J. S. Fyot, 1796 is recorded in Volume I; there is no secure individual attribution of the drawings for every sheet of the second volume.
Source location: MS4670; institutional Miro image number L0073090
CC BY 4.0 expressly applies to the individual IIIF image digital item; the catalogue prose describes the volume as a whole, while specific pages/figures are identified from the visible original.
Unaltered full/full JPEG; the individual work metadata explicitly links this image to MS4670. Viewports from different pages are separate and do not overlap.
Mercury pentacle with curved sign and arrow – Penn f.74r (= 75r)
Original image · source evidence
Historical grimoire pentacle
Latin Clavicula Salomonis manuscript; transmission of the Keys of Solomon European manuscript; place of manufacture unknown; present collection in Philadelphia · 1750–1799; second half of the 18th century, dating of the specific example
A prominent curved central character is crossed by a diagonal arrow. An outer ring bears freely arranged written characters. The accompanying text mentions spirits of Mercury and the opening of firmly locked doors. This is a claim made by a historical ritual text; no actual effect is evidenced.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Latin Clavicula Salomonis manuscript; transmission of the Keys of Solomon
Region
European manuscript; place of manufacture unknown; present collection in Philadelphia
Date of the evidence
1750–1799; second half of the 18th century, dating of the specific example
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A prominent curved central character is crossed by a diagonal arrow. An outer ring bears freely arranged written characters. The accompanying text mentions spirits of Mercury and the opening of firmly locked doors. This is a claim made by a historical ritual text; no actual effect is evidenced.
Historically recorded use
The accompanying text mentions Mercury spirits and opening firmly locked doors. This is a claim made in a historical ritual text; no actual effect is evidenced.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Dating of this specific Latin copy: 1750–1799. The catalogue attribution to Abraham Colorni does not confirm that he personally produced this later manuscript. The drawing is a localised component of 43 surviving pentacles in the same copy, not a new tradition or a separately surviving worn amulet. Written and corrected foliation differ by one leaf. The changing historical internal numbering is not unified into an invented continuous sequence of 1–43.
Before designing
The completely preserved individual pentacle remains embedded as an unaltered native OPenn web JPEG; only the SVG viewport limits the visible area of the leaf. The separately offered TIFF master was not used. The accompanying text can be read in full on the archived full leaf, although it is partly cut off in the viewport. No addition of lines or letters, outline transcription or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Dating of this specific Latin copy: 1750–1799. The catalogue attribution to Abraham Colorni does not confirm that he personally made this later manuscript. The drawing is a localised component of 43 surviving pentacles in the same copy, not a new tradition or a separately surviving worn amulet. Written and corrected foliation differ by one leaf. The changing historical internal numbering is not standardised into an invented continuous sequence from 1 to 43. The single, fully preserved pentacle is embedded as an unaltered native OPenn web JPEG in the SVG; only the SVG viewport limits the visible area of the leaf. The separately offered TIFF master was not used. The accompanying text can be read in full on the archived full leaf, though it is partly cut off in the viewport. No lines or letters have been added, no outline transcription has been made, and no manufacturing approval is implied. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Dating of this specific Latin copy: 1750–1799. The catalogue attribution to Abraham Colorni does not confirm that he personally made this later manuscript. The drawing is a localised component of 43 surviving pentacles in the same copy, not a new tradition or a separately surviving worn amulet. Written and corrected foliation differ by one leaf. The changing historical internal numbering is not standardised into an invented continuous sequence from 1 to 43. The single, fully preserved pentacle is embedded as an unaltered native OPenn web JPEG in the SVG; only the SVG viewport limits the visible area of the leaf. The separately offered TIFF master was not used. The accompanying text can be read in full on the archived full leaf, though it is partly cut off in the viewport. No lines or letters have been added, no outline transcription has been made, and no manufacturing approval is implied.
Source location: Penn Ms. Codex 1673, Clavicula Salomonis Regis; written folio 74r, corrected OPenn foliation 75r (TEI: 74r =75r); single image 5170_0158_web.jpg; surface surface-ms-codex-1673-159
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Merkurpentakel mit gekrümmtem Zeichen und Pfeil – Penn f.74r (= 75r). Ms. Codex 1673, 1750–1799. University of Pennsylvania, Kislak Center. Public Domain Mark. Katalogmetadaten separat CC BY 4.0.
Specific manuscript witness, second half of the 18th century. Earlier textual transmission and author attribution are not the date when this copy was made.
Mercury pentacle with vertical sword – Penn f.73r (= 74r)
Original image · source evidence
Historical grimoire pentacle
Latin Clavicula Salomonis manuscript; transmission of the Keys of Solomon European manuscript; place of manufacture unknown; present collection in Philadelphia · 1750–1799; second half of the 18th century, dating of the specific example
A vertical sword stands between two rows of small stars, crescents, triangles and other characters. An outer band of writing is preserved. The accompanying text names knowledge, secrets and messenger-like spirits as ritual themes. This is a statement made by a historical ritual text; no actual effect is evidenced.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Latin Clavicula Salomonis manuscript; transmission of the Keys of Solomon
Region
European manuscript; place of manufacture unknown; present collection in Philadelphia
Date of the evidence
1750–1799; second half of the 18th century, dating of the specific example
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A vertical sword stands between two rows of small stars, crescents, triangles and other characters. An outer band of writing is preserved. The accompanying text names knowledge, secrets and messenger-like spirits as ritual themes. This is a statement made by a historical ritual text; no actual effect is evidenced.
Historically recorded use
The accompanying text names knowledge, secrets and messenger-like spirits as ritual themes. This is the statement of a historical ritual text; no actual effect is evidenced.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Dating of this specific Latin copy: 1750–1799. The catalogue attribution to Abraham Colorni does not confirm that he personally produced this later manuscript. The drawing is a localised component of 43 surviving pentacles in the same copy, not a new tradition or a separately surviving worn amulet. Written and corrected foliation differ by one leaf. The changing historical internal numbering is not unified into an invented continuous sequence of 1–43.
Before designing
The completely preserved individual pentacle remains embedded as an unaltered native OPenn web JPEG; only the SVG viewport limits the visible area of the leaf. The separately offered TIFF master was not used. The accompanying text can be read in full on the archived full leaf, although it is partly cut off in the viewport. No addition of lines or letters, outline transcription or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Dating of this specific Latin copy: 1750–1799. The catalogue attribution to Abraham Colorni does not confirm that he personally made this later manuscript. The drawing is a localised component of 43 surviving pentacles in the same copy, not a new tradition or a separately surviving worn amulet. Written and corrected foliation differ by one leaf. The changing historical internal numbering is not standardised into an invented continuous sequence from 1 to 43. The single, fully preserved pentacle is embedded as an unaltered native OPenn web JPEG in the SVG; only the SVG viewport limits the visible area of the leaf. The separately offered TIFF master was not used. The accompanying text can be read in full on the archived full leaf, though it is partly cut off in the viewport. No lines or letters have been added, no outline transcription has been made, and no manufacturing approval is implied. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Dating of this specific Latin copy: 1750–1799. The catalogue attribution to Abraham Colorni does not confirm that he personally made this later manuscript. The drawing is a localised component of 43 surviving pentacles in the same copy, not a new tradition or a separately surviving worn amulet. Written and corrected foliation differ by one leaf. The changing historical internal numbering is not standardised into an invented continuous sequence from 1 to 43. The single, fully preserved pentacle is embedded as an unaltered native OPenn web JPEG in the SVG; only the SVG viewport limits the visible area of the leaf. The separately offered TIFF master was not used. The accompanying text can be read in full on the archived full leaf, though it is partly cut off in the viewport. No lines or letters have been added, no outline transcription has been made, and no manufacturing approval is implied.
Source location: Penn Ms. Codex 1673, Clavicula Salomonis Regis; written folio 73r, corrected OPenn foliation 74r (TEI: 73r =74r); single image 5170_0156_web.jpg; surface surface-ms-codex-1673-157
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Merkurpentakel mit senkrechtem Schwert – Penn f.73r (= 74r). Ms. Codex 1673, 1750–1799. University of Pennsylvania, Kislak Center. Public Domain Mark. Katalogmetadaten separat CC BY 4.0.
Specific manuscript witness, second half of the 18th century. Earlier textual transmission and author attribution are not the date when this copy was made.
Mercury pentacle with Z-shaped diagonal – Penn f.72r (= 73r)
Original image · source evidence
Historical grimoire pentacle
Latin Clavicula Salomonis manuscript; transmission of the Keys of Solomon European manuscript; place of manufacture unknown; present collection in Philadelphia · 1750–1799; second half of the 18th century, dating of the specific example
A large Z-shaped line sign is complemented by small crossbars and a lower triangular form. A band of words runs around the circle. The accompanying text connects this and the following figure with spirits of Mercury. This is the statement of a historical ritual text; no actual effect is evidenced.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Latin Clavicula Salomonis manuscript; transmission of the Keys of Solomon
Region
European manuscript; place of manufacture unknown; present collection in Philadelphia
Date of the evidence
1750–1799; second half of the 18th century, dating of the specific example
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A large Z-shaped line sign is complemented by small crossbars and a lower triangular form. A band of words runs around the circle. The accompanying text connects this and the following figure with spirits of Mercury. This is the statement of a historical ritual text; no actual effect is evidenced.
Historically recorded use
The accompanying text links this and the following figure with spirits of Mercury. This is the statement of a historical ritual text; an actual effect is not evidenced.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Dating of this specific Latin copy: 1750–1799. The catalogue attribution to Abraham Colorni does not confirm that he personally produced this later manuscript. The drawing is a localised component of 43 surviving pentacles in the same copy, not a new tradition or a separately surviving worn amulet. Written and corrected foliation differ by one leaf. The changing historical internal numbering is not unified into an invented continuous sequence of 1–43.
Before designing
The completely preserved individual pentacle remains embedded as an unaltered native OPenn web JPEG; only the SVG viewport limits the visible area of the leaf. The separately offered TIFF master was not used. The accompanying text can be read in full on the archived full leaf, although it is partly cut off in the viewport. No addition of lines or letters, outline transcription or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Dating of this specific Latin copy: 1750–1799. The catalogue attribution to Abraham Colorni does not confirm that he personally made this later manuscript. The drawing is a localised component of 43 surviving pentacles in the same copy, not a new tradition or a separately surviving worn amulet. Written and corrected foliation differ by one leaf. The changing historical internal numbering is not standardised into an invented continuous sequence from 1 to 43. The single, fully preserved pentacle is embedded as an unaltered native OPenn web JPEG in the SVG; only the SVG viewport limits the visible area of the leaf. The separately offered TIFF master was not used. The accompanying text can be read in full on the archived full leaf, though it is partly cut off in the viewport. No lines or letters have been added, no outline transcription has been made, and no manufacturing approval is implied. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Dating of this specific Latin copy: 1750–1799. The catalogue attribution to Abraham Colorni does not confirm that he personally made this later manuscript. The drawing is a localised component of 43 surviving pentacles in the same copy, not a new tradition or a separately surviving worn amulet. Written and corrected foliation differ by one leaf. The changing historical internal numbering is not standardised into an invented continuous sequence from 1 to 43. The single, fully preserved pentacle is embedded as an unaltered native OPenn web JPEG in the SVG; only the SVG viewport limits the visible area of the leaf. The separately offered TIFF master was not used. The accompanying text can be read in full on the archived full leaf, though it is partly cut off in the viewport. No lines or letters have been added, no outline transcription has been made, and no manufacturing approval is implied.
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Merkurpentakel mit Z-förmiger Diagonale – Penn f.72r (= 73r). Ms. Codex 1673, 1750–1799. University of Pennsylvania, Kislak Center. Public Domain Mark. Katalogmetadaten separat CC BY 4.0.
Specific manuscript witness, second half of the 18th century. Earlier textual transmission and author attribution are not the date when this copy was made.
Historical West Asian cultural sphere Southern Mesopotamia · c. 3300–2900 BC
Compact bird form with a rounded body, prominent eye and curved beak. The second museum photograph shows the cut underside on the left and a modern positive impression on the right.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Historical West Asian cultural sphere
Region
Southern Mesopotamia
Date of the evidence
c. 3300–2900 BC
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Compact bird form with a rounded body, prominent eye and curved beak. The second museum photograph shows the cut underside on the left and a modern positive impression on the right.
Historically recorded use
The Met identifies the marble object as a seal amulet in the form of a bird of prey. The worked underside provides evidence that it could be used as a stamp seal. The precise bird species and any particular deity or protective formula are not specified in the entry.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 58.30.3, object 324732. The modern impression is an aid to viewing the ancient seal surface. The recessed groups are not transcribed as legible writing.
Before designing
Complete native museum photograph as a historical reference; damage and present-day photographic elements remain visible. No contour reconstruction, no production approval.
Research draft. Unaltered, complete native museum photograph; the second photograph shows the ancient underside on the left and a modern positive impression on the right; the impression material is not ancient. Historical reference, not manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Unaltered, complete native museum photograph; the second photograph shows the ancient underside on the left and a modern positive impression on the right; the impression material is not ancient. Historical reference, not manufacturing approval.
Source location: The Metropolitan Museum of Art; 58.30.3; 324732
The actually read single-object text from the web tool on use and limits of interpretation. A separate ordinary native HTML retrieval returned 429 and is archived only as an error response.
Source location: CC0 for individually designated public-domain images
Freshly read institutional CC0 primary text from the web tool. Individual rights attribution was additionally checked in each archived individual object API record.
Mesopotamian animal amulets Mesopotamia; exact findspot not stated · c. 3000 BC (?) according to museum catalogue
Small yellowish-brown recumbent cow in side view, with its legs tucked under and its head turned to the left. The complete original image includes the object’s present surface and visible inventory mark.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Mesopotamian animal amulets
Region
Mesopotamia; exact findspot not stated
Date of the evidence
c. 3000 BC (?) according to museum catalogue
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Small yellowish-brown recumbent cow in side view, with its legs tucked under and its head turned to the left. The complete original image includes the object’s present surface and visible inventory mark.
Historically recorded use
The museum identifies the reclining cow as an amulet. The source examined does not name a particular deity, owner or individual protective use.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 59.3.2. The approximate dating already carries a question mark in the museum record and is not made more precise. A new image variant of the same existing private inventory reference met-ref-324827, not an additional independent museum object.
Before designing
Unchanged, complete native museum view(s), including background and present-day damage. Historical facsimile; separate outline preparation and manufacturing review required.
Research draft. Small yellowish-brown recumbent cow in side view, with legs folded beneath it and head turned to the left. The complete original photograph includes the object’s present-day surface and visible inventory mark. Unaltered complete native museum view(s), including background and present-day damage. Historical facsimile; separate outline preparation and manufacturing inspection required. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Small yellowish-brown recumbent cow in side view, with legs folded beneath it and head turned to the left. The complete original photograph includes the object’s present-day surface and visible inventory mark. Unaltered complete native museum view(s), including background and present-day damage. Historical facsimile; separate outline preparation and manufacturing inspection required.
Source location: 59.3.2; 1 complete native museum view(s)
Mesopotamian lion-head seal with a drilled underside
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Historical West Asian cultural sphere Southern Mesopotamia · c. 3300–2900 BC
Rounded, modelled marble lion’s head with incised facial lines. A second complete photograph shows the drilled underside of the seal and the present-day red inventory inscription.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Historical West Asian cultural sphere
Region
Southern Mesopotamia
Date of the evidence
c. 3300–2900 BC
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Rounded, modelled marble lion’s head with incised facial lines. A second complete photograph shows the drilled underside of the seal and the present-day red inventory inscription.
Historically recorded use
The Met describes the marble lion-head object as a Seal amulet. It combines a figurative upper surface with an underside cut to make an impression. The catalogued dual function does not attest to a separate inscription or an individual act of protection.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 58.30.2, object 324731. The concave groups on the underside are not presented as deciphered letters or stars. An additional modern impression remains archived separately as a private comparative witness.
Before designing
Complete native museum photograph as a historical reference; damage and present-day photographic elements remain visible. No contour reconstruction, no production approval.
Research draft. Unchanged complete native museum image; no raster transformation or addition of old outlines. Historical reference, not manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Unchanged complete native museum image; no raster transformation or addition of old outlines. Historical reference, not manufacturing approval.
Source location: The Metropolitan Museum of Art; 58.30.2; 324731
The actually read single-object text from the web tool on use and limits of interpretation. A separate ordinary native HTML retrieval returned 429 and is archived only as an error response.
Source location: CC0 for individually designated public-domain images
Freshly read institutional CC0 primary text from the web tool. Individual rights attribution was additionally checked in each archived individual object API record.
Agate seal in the shape of a lion’s head; the museum describes a dual function as an identification seal and protective amulet. The association with courage, leadership and strength is a historical attribution explained by the museum. The individual owner and specific use are unknown. The text dating 3800–3500 BCE and the differing API end year -3000 remain visible. The seal face has not been photographed.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Mesopotamia, Iraq
Region
Mesopotamia, Iraq
Date of the evidence
3800–3500 BCE
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Agate seal in the shape of a lion’s head; the museum describes a dual function as an identification seal and protective amulet. The association with courage, leadership and strength is a historical attribution explained by the museum. The individual owner and specific use are unknown. The text dating 3800–3500 BCE and the differing API end year -3000 remain visible. The seal face has not been photographed.
Historically recorded use
Agate seal in the form of a lion’s head; the museum describes a dual function as an identifying seal and a protective amulet.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The association with courage, leadership and strength is a historical attribution explained by the museum. The individual owner and specific use are unknown. The text dating of 3800–3500 BC and the differing API end date of -3000 remain visible. The seal face has not been photographed.
Before designing
Small banded stone with a shallowly modelled lion’s head in profile; a perforation and the polished surface are visible, but no seal design on the underside. Original photograph as a complete facsimile; no manufacturing approval and no added outlines.
Research draft. The association with courage, leadership and strength is a historical attribution explained by the museum. The individual owner and specific use are unknown. The text dating of 3800–3500 BCE and the differing API end year of -3000 remain visible. The seal face has not been photographed. All native JPEG bytes and the full image area remain unchanged. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The association with courage, leadership and strength is a historical attribution explained by the museum. The individual owner and specific use are unknown. The text dating of 3800–3500 BCE and the differing API end year of -3000 remain visible. The seal face has not been photographed. All native JPEG bytes and the full image area remain unchanged.
Source location: 2000.42; complete view of the principal image as actually photographed
Source location: Individual inventory 2000.42; object ID 161676; title, dating, culture, material and image link
The association with courage, leadership and strength is a historical attribution explained by the museum. The individual owner and specific use are unknown. The text dating of 3800–3500 BC and the differing API end date of -3000 remain visible. The seal face has not been photographed.
Michael – first Mercury sign sequence – MS.4667, p. 289
Original image · source evidence
Historical spirit sigil
French early modern grimoire tradition; Traitté des Esprits du petit payzan Reformée French-speaking; place of manufacture unknown; current location London · Mid-18th century; dating of the specific Wellcome manuscript
Bow and angle signs with a large cross-shaped figure made up of two crossbars, a triangle, loops and horizontal dotted ends. The French Mercury section assigns this sequence of signs, explicitly called a character, to a named spirit and a ritual bearer. Such attributions are historical texts of use, not confirmed effects.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French early modern grimoire tradition; Traitté des Esprits du petit payzan Reformée
Region
French-speaking; place of manufacture unknown; current location London
Date of the evidence
Mid-18th century; dating of the specific Wellcome manuscript
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Bow and angle signs with a large cross-shaped figure made up of two crossbars, a triangle, loops and horizontal dotted ends. The French Mercury section assigns this sequence of signs, explicitly called a character, to a named spirit and a ritual bearer. Such attributions are historical texts of use, not confirmed effects.
Historically recorded use
The French Mercury section assigns this sequence of marks, explicitly called a character, to a named spirit and a ritual bearer. Such attributions are historical usage texts, not confirmed effects.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Michael is introduced on p. 288 in the Mercury section. His individual description and sequence of signs continue on p. 289. First is an editorial positional designation, not a historical proper name. The anonymous French manuscript is institutionally dated to the mid-18th century. Pseudo-Solomon denotes an attribution, not authorship by the ancient Solomon. The sequence of signs attests a historical ritual prescription; actual efficacy or use as a worn neck amulet is not attested.
Before designing
Unaltered native full-page JPEG embedded in its entirety in the SVG; only the verified figure viewport is visible. Paper, show-through of writing on the reverse and ink traces are retained. No tracing, restored ink losses or engraving approval.
Research draft. Michael is introduced on p. 288 in the Mercury section. His individual description and sequence of signs continue on p. 289. The first is an editorial position label, not a historical proper name. Unmodified native full-page JPEG fully embedded in the SVG; only the examined figure viewport is visible. The paper, show-through writing on the reverse and traces of ink are retained. No tracing, supplemented ink losses or approval for engraving. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Michael is introduced on p. 288 in the Mercury section. His individual description and sequence of signs continue on p. 289. The first is an editorial position label, not a historical proper name. Unmodified native full-page JPEG fully embedded in the SVG; only the examined figure viewport is visible. The paper, show-through writing on the reverse and traces of ink are retained. No tracing, supplemented ink losses or approval for engraving.
Source location: Wellcome MS.4667, Traitté des Esprits du petit payzan Reformée, handwritten p. 289; Canvas position 305/465; Michael – first Mercury sequence; Mercury section
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Pseudo-Solomon, Wellcome MS.4667, Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts, S. 289, Michael – erste Merkur-Zeichenfolge. Source: Wellcome Collection. Public Domain Mark.
Source location: MS.4667; current work cs5fybkx; Sierra b19145111; second treatise pp. 272–295
Current API record with shelfmark, dating, 21 sigils and PDM link successfully archived with HTTP 200. The old identifier kdp43rqm returned HTTP 404 and is archived only as a failure finding.
The twelve figures used are individually linked to their Canvas, image service and native full-page JPEG. The small presentation preview, 1024 pixels high, is not the full/full image file used here.
Source location: MS.4667; handwritten p. 272; Canvas position 288; image suffix 0288
The complete native original page was actually viewed visually; the handwritten page number and individual name/figure attribution were read from the image.
Source location: MS.4667; manuscript p. 274; Canvas position 290; image suffix 0290
The complete native original page was actually viewed visually; the handwritten page number and individual name/figure attribution were read from the image.
Source location: MS.4667; manuscript p. 289; canvas position 305; image suffix 0305
The complete native original page was actually viewed visually; the handwritten page number and individual name/figure attribution were read from the image.
Source location: MS.4667; manuscript p. 288; Canvas position 304; image suffix 0304
The complete native original page was actually viewed visually; the handwritten page number and individual name/figure attribution were read from the image.
Michael – second Mercury sign sequence – MS.4667, p. 290
Original image · source evidence
Historical spirit sigil
French early modern grimoire tradition; Traitté des Esprits du petit payzan Reformée French-speaking; place of manufacture unknown; current location London · Mid-18th century; dating of the specific Wellcome manuscript
Broad horizontal sequence of signs with two small parallel lines, open circular ends, multiple stems and a final crossed angular form. The French Mercury section explicitly assigns this sequence of signs, described as a character, to a named spirit and a ritual bearer. Such attributions are historical usage texts, not confirmed effects.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French early modern grimoire tradition; Traitté des Esprits du petit payzan Reformée
Region
French-speaking; place of manufacture unknown; current location London
Date of the evidence
Mid-18th century; dating of the specific Wellcome manuscript
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Broad horizontal sequence of signs with two small parallel lines, open circular ends, multiple stems and a final crossed angular form. The French Mercury section explicitly assigns this sequence of signs, described as a character, to a named spirit and a ritual bearer. Such attributions are historical usage texts, not confirmed effects.
Historically recorded use
The French Mercury section assigns this sequence of marks, explicitly called a character, to a named spirit and a ritual bearer. Such attributions are historical usage texts, not confirmed effects.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
On p. 290 this individual paragraph begins again with Michael and explicitly describes the following shared material line as Les caracteres des deux michael. The group heading on p. 288, by contrast, names Michael, Ophiel and Gabriel: this internal discrepancy in names remains unresolved. Second refers only to the position in the manuscript; there is no renaming as Gabriel. The anonymous French manuscript is institutionally dated to the mid-18th century. Pseudo-Solomon denotes an attribution, not authorship by the ancient Solomon. The sequence of signs documents a historical ritual prescription; actual efficacy or use as a worn neck amulet is not attested.
Before designing
Unaltered native full-page JPEG embedded in its entirety in the SVG; only the verified figure viewport is visible. Paper, show-through of writing on the reverse and ink traces are retained. No tracing, restored ink losses or engraving approval.
Research draft. P. 290 begins this individual paragraph again with Michael and explicitly labels the following shared material line Les caracteres des deux michael. The group heading on p. 288, by contrast, names Michael, Ophiel and Gabriel: this internal discrepancy in names remains unresolved. “Second” refers only to the position in the manuscript; it is not renamed Gabriel. The unaltered native full-page JPEG is embedded in full in the SVG; only the verified figure viewport is visible. The paper, show-through from reverse-side writing and ink traces are retained. No tracing, added ink losses or engraving approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: P. 290 begins this individual paragraph again with Michael and explicitly labels the following shared material line Les caracteres des deux michael. The group heading on p. 288, by contrast, names Michael, Ophiel and Gabriel: this internal discrepancy in names remains unresolved. “Second” refers only to the position in the manuscript; it is not renamed Gabriel. The unaltered native full-page JPEG is embedded in full in the SVG; only the verified figure viewport is visible. The paper, show-through from reverse-side writing and ink traces are retained. No tracing, added ink losses or engraving approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.4667, Traitté des Esprits du petit payzan Reformée, handwritten p. 290; canvas position 306/465; Michael – second Mercury sequence; Mercury section
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Pseudo-Solomon, Wellcome MS.4667, Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts, S. 290, Michael – zweite Merkur-Zeichenfolge. Source: Wellcome Collection. Public Domain Mark.
Source location: MS.4667; current work cs5fybkx; Sierra b19145111; second treatise pp. 272–295
Current API record with shelfmark, dating, 21 sigils and PDM link successfully archived with HTTP 200. The old identifier kdp43rqm returned HTTP 404 and is archived only as a failure finding.
The twelve figures used are individually linked to their Canvas, image service and native full-page JPEG. The small presentation preview, 1024 pixels high, is not the full/full image file used here.
Source location: MS.4667; handwritten p. 272; Canvas position 288; image suffix 0288
The complete native original page was actually viewed visually; the handwritten page number and individual name/figure attribution were read from the image.
Source location: MS.4667; manuscript p. 274; Canvas position 290; image suffix 0290
The complete native original page was actually viewed visually; the handwritten page number and individual name/figure attribution were read from the image.
Source location: MS.4667; handwritten p. 290; canvas position 306; image suffix 0306
The complete native original page was actually viewed visually; the handwritten page number and individual name/figure attribution were read from the image.
Source location: MS.4667; manuscript p. 288; Canvas position 304; image suffix 0304
The complete native original page was actually viewed visually; the handwritten page number and individual name/figure attribution were read from the image.
Military saint with cross-lance – bronze amulet from Maghagha
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Egypt; Christian saints and protective images Egypt, Maghagha · 6th–9th century
Round bronze pendant with a loop and a heavily worn figural relief.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Egypt; Christian saints and protective images
Region
Egypt, Maghagha
Date of the evidence
6th–9th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Round bronze pendant with a loop and a heavily worn figural relief.
Historically recorded use
The museum describes the object as an amulet; the saint thrusts a cross-topped lance at a serpent. The image is associated with power and the victory of good over evil.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The specific saint is not named. The resemblance to the motif of the Holy Rider makes this standing figure neither a rider nor an securely identified George or Sisinnios. The museum department Islamic Art does not substitute for a religious identification of the object.
Before designing
Native institutional object image as a historical image reference; no isolated vector glyph, added inscription or manufacturing approval. The photograph and original form remain separate from later engraving outlines.
Research draft. The specific saint is not named. The proximity to the Holy Rider motif does not make this standing figure a rider, nor does it securely identify the figure as George or Sisinnios. The museum department Islamic Art does not replace a religious identification of the object. Original JPEGs are embedded byte-for-byte; no writing or lines have been added. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The specific saint is not named. The proximity to the Holy Rider motif does not make this standing figure a rider, nor does it securely identify the figure as George or Sisinnios. The museum department Islamic Art does not replace a religious identification of the object. Original JPEGs are embedded byte-for-byte; no writing or lines have been added.
Source location: Met 12.182.115; complete selected original view
Title, inventory number, material and dating are checked individually; cultural-historical use is included only to the extent stated in the object description. The linked web text snapshots document the independent, current review of the object pages.
Ancient Egyptian amulets and historical symbol forms Egypt · 664–332 BC
Standing figure with a raised arm and tall headdress, preserved in a small older black-and-white photograph.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Ancient Egyptian amulets and historical symbol forms
Region
Egypt
Date of the evidence
664–332 BC
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Standing figure with a raised arm and tall headdress, preserved in a small older black-and-white photograph.
Historically recorded use
Deity amulet identified by the museum as Min.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The image is only 194 × 323 pixels; fine features therefore cannot be reliably inferred. The legible dating ends at 332 rather than the numerical API end date of 343 BC.
Before designing
Original resolution retained; no AI invention of facial, textual or bodily details. CC0 raster reference; not a verified manufacturing file. Engraving or casting requires a separately verified outline preparation.
Research draft. Original resolution retained; no AI invention of face, writing or bodily details. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Original resolution retained; no AI invention of face, writing or bodily details.
Source location: Met 89.2.344; selected original capture
Source location: Met 89.2.344; Object 555360; API title, objectDate, medium, geography, images
Directly archived institutional object record for this exact inventory item. Image form also checked visually; named function and attribution only to the extent documented in each case.
Ming travel shrine with deities, guardians and donors
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Buddhist visual tradition China · 16th–17th century
Three opened wooden panels, with seated figures in the upper area and further standing or seated figures below. Traces of colour, cracks and the visible joins between the panels remain unchanged.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Buddhist visual tradition
Region
China
Date of the evidence
16th–17th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Three opened wooden panels, with seated figures in the upper area and further standing or seated figures below. Traces of colour, cracks and the visible joins between the panels remain unchanged.
Historically recorded use
The museum catalogues the carved ensemble as a portable Buddhist shrine with deities, guardians and donors. It is evidence of historical devotion and figures; specific personal protective practices or wearing it on the body are not evidenced.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 30.76.158a–c, Met object 61618. Inventory 30.76.158 a–c refers to the ensemble; the shared original photograph is a single public profile. The individual figures are not arbitrarily assigned to specific Buddhas or cardinal directions without further identification.
Before designing
Unchanged complete native museum image; no reconstruction of damaged details. No manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete native museum photograph, with no raster transformation or reconstruction of old forms. Historical religious image evidence; not approved for manufacture. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete native museum photograph, with no raster transformation or reconstruction of old forms. Historical religious image evidence; not approved for manufacture.
Source location: The Metropolitan Museum of Art; 30.76.158a–c; complete selected individual image
Buddhist visual tradition China / Buddhist court and gift context · Early 15th century
Long red silk textile with a lobed upper section, side tassels and offerings arranged one above another on lotus supports. Gold-coloured characters and stylised floral vines belong to the transmitted overall composition.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Buddhist visual tradition
Region
China / Buddhist court and gift context
Date of the evidence
Early 15th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Long red silk textile with a lobed upper section, side tassels and offerings arranged one above another on lotus supports. Gold-coloured characters and stylised floral vines belong to the transmitted overall composition.
Historically recorded use
The embroidered textile pendant depicts five Buddhist offerings. The museum explains incense, flower, candle, conch shell and food as sensory associations, and places such textiles within religious practice and gifts to Tibetan clergy. Use of this 64.8 cm-long piece as a body amulet is not attested.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 1989.4, Met object 42115. The offering identification follows the museum. The characters are not freely transcribed or normalised into a modern mantra form; the present-day backplate and suspension remain visible in the photograph.
Before designing
Unchanged complete native museum image; no reconstruction of damaged details. No manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete native museum photograph, with no raster transformation or reconstruction of old forms. Historical religious image evidence; not approved for manufacture. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete native museum photograph, with no raster transformation or reconstruction of old forms. Historical religious image evidence; not approved for manufacture.
Source location: The Metropolitan Museum of Art; 1989.4; complete selected individual photograph
Miniature Horus-cippus made of copper-bearing metal
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Egyptian magical stelae of the Ptolemaic period Egypt; exact findspot not stated · 332–30 BC; Ptolemaic period
Two complete native museum views of the same dark-patinated metal cippus: on the left, the heavily worn figure relief; on the right, the image register and horizontal bands of writing. Blurred details and unclear signs remain unchanged.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Egyptian magical stelae of the Ptolemaic period
Region
Egypt; exact findspot not stated
Date of the evidence
332–30 BC; Ptolemaic period
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Two complete native museum views of the same dark-patinated metal cippus: on the left, the heavily worn figure relief; on the right, the image register and horizontal bands of writing. Blurred details and unclear signs remain unchanged.
Historically recorded use
The museum considers an amulet-like protective use likely for this small stele. The front shows Horus above crocodiles, holding animals in his hands, with a Bes head above him. The back bears an image register and five lines of writing.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 23.6.19. Use as an amulet, possible suspension and abrasion through handling are museum hypotheses. The source describes parts of the signs as distorted or unintelligible sideways. The written-out date is 332–30 BCE; the API values -332/-332 are a discrepant index and not an exact year of manufacture.
Before designing
Unchanged, complete native museum view(s), including background and present-day damage. Historical facsimile; separate outline preparation and manufacturing review required.
Research draft. Two complete native museum views of the same dark-patinated metal cippus: on the left, the heavily worn figure relief; on the right, image registers and horizontal bands of writing. Blurred details and unclear signs remain unchanged. Unaltered, complete native museum view(s), including background and present-day damage. Historical facsimile; separate outline preparation and manufacturing review required. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Two complete native museum views of the same dark-patinated metal cippus: on the left, the heavily worn figure relief; on the right, image registers and horizontal bands of writing. Blurred details and unclear signs remain unchanged. Unaltered, complete native museum view(s), including background and present-day damage. Historical facsimile; separate outline preparation and manufacturing review required.
Source location: 23.6.19; 2 complete native museum view(s)
Minoan Aegean region / Minoan cultural sphere · c. 1650–1500 BC
Small obsidian object with four approximately right-angled arms and incised grooves. The two complete museum photographs each show the old stone on the left and modern dark impression casts on the right; scales and present-day inventory labels remain visible.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Minoan
Region
Aegean region / Minoan cultural sphere
Date of the evidence
c. 1650–1500 BC
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Small obsidian object with four approximately right-angled arms and incised grooves. The two complete museum photographs each show the old stone on the left and modern dark impression casts on the right; scales and present-day inventory labels remain visible.
Historically recorded use
The Met lists the cross-shaped obsidian object as a Minoan amulet. The short catalogue text describes its form but gives no specific protective effect or religious designation. The Bronze Age cross is therefore not interpreted as a Christian sign or as a modern elemental symbol.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 26.31.254, object 252204. The Minoan date long predates the Christian cross tradition. The round positive impressions in the photographs are modern demonstration impressions, not additional ancient amulets.
Before designing
Complete native museum photograph as a historical reference; damage and present-day photographic elements remain visible. No contour reconstruction, no production approval.
Research draft. Unmodified complete native museum image; both photographs show the ancient obsidian on the left and two modern positive impression casts on the right; these are explicitly not ancient discs. Historical reference, not manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Unmodified complete native museum image; both photographs show the ancient obsidian on the left and two modern positive impression casts on the right; these are explicitly not ancient discs. Historical reference, not manufacturing approval.
Source location: The Metropolitan Museum of Art; 26.31.254; 252204
The actually read single-object text from the web tool on use and limits of interpretation. A separate ordinary native HTML retrieval returned 429 and is archived only as an error response.
Source location: CC0 for individually designated public-domain images
Freshly read institutional CC0 primary text from the web tool. Individual rights attribution was additionally checked in each archived individual object API record.
Danish medieval writing and protective culture Molsig, Jutland · Medieval (catalogue attribution; no more precise date of manufacture)
A cross-shaped lead amulet bears traces of minuscule writing on both faces. The surface is heavily worn.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Danish medieval writing and protective culture
Region
Molsig, Jutland
Date of the evidence
Medieval (catalogue attribution; no more precise date of manufacture)
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A cross-shaped lead amulet bears traces of minuscule writing on both faces. The surface is heavily worn.
Historically recorded use
Classified by the museum as a medieval lead amulet; an individual protective intention has not been fully deciphered.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The inscription is not legible. The photograph serves as evidence of the surviving cross shape, not as a template for a reconstructed inscribed cross.
Before designing
Unchanged original photographs as image reference. Individual views are shown separately alongside one another; no engraving outline has been added and no manufacturing approval has been given.
Research draft. The inscription is not legible. The photograph serves as evidence of the surviving cross form, not as a template for a reconstructed inscribed cross. Each capture is complete and retains its native JPEG bytes unchanged; separate views are not a historical overall form. Presentation files, not TIFF masters. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The inscription is not legible. The photograph serves as evidence of the surviving cross form, not as a template for a reconstructed inscribed cross. Each capture is complete and retains its native JPEG bytes unchanged; separate views are not a historical overall form. Presentation files, not TIFF masters.
Source location: D 1177/2022; DMR-242653, DMR-242654
Use of the template: CC BY-SA 4.0 with attribution and share-alike
Rasmus Bak Meng / Nationalmuseet, Danmark; D 1177/2022; DMR-242653; CC BY-SA 4.0. Rasmus Bak Meng / Nationalmuseet, Danmark; D 1177/2022; DMR-242654; CC BY-SA 4.0.
Individual institutional object record. Find, registration and photography dates are not treated as manufacturing dates. Uncertain signs and functional identifications remain qualified.
John Dee’s Renaissance Hermeticism England / Antwerp · Glyph 1558; treatise 1564
Dee’s historical design combines several astrological signs.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
John Dee’s Renaissance Hermeticism
Region
England / Antwerp
Date of the evidence
Glyph 1558; treatise 1564
Type of evidence
Textual evidence
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Description
Dee’s historical design combines several astrological signs.
Historically recorded use
Hermetic teaching and interpretation sign.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Designed by a named historical author; not a modern original creation. Use as an amulet is not evidenced here.
Before designing
Check the 1564 print variant; do not draw the arrangement, proportions and small characters from memory.
Research draft. Complete printed Monas glyph immediately beside Theorema VI: crescent moon above the solar circle with a centre point, below it a cross and the two ram’s horns. The actual print strokes and proportions are retained. Original JPEG embedded complete and unaltered, with the view limited to the glyph. Wellcome declares Public Domain Mark 1.0 for this specific work. Not a supposedly ancient anonymous sigil and not a claim of historical use as a wearable amulet; small print facsimile, not manufacturing-ready vector paths. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete printed Monas glyph immediately beside Theorema VI: crescent moon above the solar circle with a centre point, below it a cross and the two ram’s horns. The actual print strokes and proportions are retained. Original JPEG embedded complete and unaltered, with the view limited to the glyph. Wellcome declares Public Domain Mark 1.0 for this specific work. Not a supposedly ancient anonymous sigil and not a claim of historical use as a wearable amulet; small print facsimile, not manufacturing-ready vector paths.
Source location: First edition 1564; unnumbered reverse of printed page 12, Theorema VI; Wellcome Canvas b33350838_0032.jp2.
Digitised complete first edition with actual Monas printing glyph, visually checked. Work and image rights explicitly Public Domain Mark1.0 in the institutional IIIF manifest; no blanket rights guarantee for other Dee images.
Late medieval German astronomical-astrological manuscript illustration Ulm or Augsburg, Germany; institutional attribution · Shortly after 1464
A woman dressed in green on a light-coloured horse carries a green flag with a crescent moon. A moon face appears at the upper left of the framed image field; a longer block of handwritten text stands above the depiction.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Late medieval German astronomical-astrological manuscript illustration
Region
Ulm or Augsburg, Germany; institutional attribution
Date of the evidence
Shortly after 1464
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A woman dressed in green on a light-coloured horse carries a green flag with a crescent moon. A moon face appears at the upper left of the framed image field; a longer block of handwritten text stands above the depiction.
Historically recorded use
Planetary depiction in a medical-astronomical miscellany manuscript containing astrological and divinatory material. Individual amulet use is not documented.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The Moon personification is evidenced by the object title and essay. The accompanying text visible here is not transcribed in full or reinterpreted as practical instructions. The planetary group belongs to a shared codex; six photographed pages are on four leaves. Saturn is excluded from the import because the image view is fragmentary.
Before designing
Complete, unaltered institutional page capture with image, text and margin as a raster facsimile in the SVG. No local cropping, new outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. A woman dressed in green on a light-coloured horse carries a green banner with a crescent moon. A moon face appears at the upper left of the framed image field; a longer handwritten block of text is above the depiction. The personification of the moon is evidenced by the object title and essay. The visible accompanying text is not transcribed in full here or reinterpreted as practical instruction. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: A woman dressed in green on a light-coloured horse carries a green banner with a crescent moon. A moon face appears at the upper left of the framed image field; a longer handwritten block of text is above the depiction. The personification of the moon is evidenced by the object title and essay. The visible accompanying text is not transcribed in full here or reinterpreted as practical instruction.
Source location: Getty Ms. Ludwig XII 8, fol. 47v; complete institutional page photograph
Source location: Ms. Ludwig XII 8 (83.MO.137), fol. 47v
Directly retrieved HTML/JSON-LD: page inventory, folio side, material and date. The web reader returned only the JavaScript shell; no rendered portal visit is claimed.
French-language Clavicles of Solomon tradition French-language manuscript; place of production unknown; current holding in London · [1725?]; IIIF digitisation c.1725; dating of the specific manuscript is uncertain
Red double sickles, a diamond, a branching ring sign, a double staff and elongated arcs form a horizontal sequence. The French manuscript explicitly identifies this individual sequence of signs as Characters of the Moon for Monday. This evidences a historical attribution within a grimoire text; no specific worn neck amulet or effect is evidenced.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French-language Clavicles of Solomon tradition
Region
French-language manuscript; place of production unknown; current holding in London
Date of the evidence
[1725?]; IIIF digitisation c.1725; dating of the specific manuscript is uncertain
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Red double sickles, a diamond, a branching ring sign, a double staff and elongated arcs form a horizontal sequence. The French manuscript explicitly identifies this individual sequence of signs as Characters of the Moon for Monday. This evidences a historical attribution within a grimoire text; no specific worn neck amulet or effect is evidenced.
Historically recorded use
The French manuscript explicitly designates this individual sequence of signs as characters of the Moon for Monday. This evidences a historical association within a grimoire text; it does not evidence a specific worn neck amulet or any effect.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Specific manuscript according to the current API [1725?], c.1725 in the IIIF digitisation; the uncertain dating is not stored as an exact year. The seven planetary weekday lines are disjoint components of the same original page. Each complete red string is retained; its handwritten heading above it can be read in the archived full folio. Individual characters are not extracted as further motifs or normalised as readable modern alphabets.
Before designing
Unchanged native full-page JPEG in the SVG; only a disjoint SVG viewport selects the complete, labelled red planetary-tag character sequence. The associated heading lies outside the viewport and remains in the archived full sheet. No local raster editing, character repair, contour transcription or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Specific manuscript dated [1725?] according to the current API, c.1725 in the IIIF digital facsimile; the uncertain date is not stored as an exact year. The seven planetary-day rows are disjoint components of the same original page. Each complete red sequence of characters is retained; its handwritten heading above can be read in the archived full sheet. Individual characters are not extracted as further motifs or normalised as readable modern alphabets. Unaltered native full-page JPEG in the SVG; a disjoint SVG viewport alone selects the complete labelled red planetary-day sequence. The associated heading lies outside the viewport and is retained in the archived full sheet. No local raster editing, character repair, outline transcription or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Specific manuscript dated [1725?] according to the current API, c.1725 in the IIIF digital facsimile; the uncertain date is not stored as an exact year. The seven planetary-day rows are disjoint components of the same original page. Each complete red sequence of characters is retained; its handwritten heading above can be read in the archived full sheet. Individual characters are not extracted as further motifs or normalised as readable modern alphabets. Unaltered native full-page JPEG in the SVG; a disjoint SVG viewport alone selects the complete labelled red planetary-day sequence. The associated heading lies outside the viewport and is retained in the archived full sheet. No local raster editing, character repair, outline transcription or manufacturing approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.4656, Clavicules de Salomon; manuscript p.156; Canvas position 160/260; own row Moon/Monday; visible heading: Caractères de la lune au lundy
Two long, pointed angular forms joined together, with a short transverse angle in the middle.
Historically recorded use
Independently labelled printed sign in the context of historical planetary talismanic practice. The sign form in this edition is attested; no individual surviving amulet and no modern effect are attested.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The specific Latin inscription was read on the original page. The magic square, planetary seal, intelligence and spirit signs are separate printed figures. No modern standard forms or modernly completed lines are adopted. The print explicitly distinguishes this figure from the Dæmonij-dæmoniorum sign below it and from the collective intelligence sign.
Before designing
Historically documented individual figure, checked against the image. The complete native institutional IIIF JPEG file remains embedded byte-for-byte in the SVG; only the named original viewport is visible. No local scaling, re-encoding, tracing or additions. Paper, gaps in the printing, ink traces and show-through of writing on the reverse remain unchanged. The facsimile is a historical image reference, not a tool or engraving path; manufacture requires separately checked contour preparation. The print explicitly distinguishes this figure from the Dæmonij-dæmoniorum sign below it and from the collective intelligence sign.
Research draft. Historically documented individual figure, checked against the image. The complete native institutional IIIF JPEG file remains embedded byte-for-byte in the SVG; only the named original viewport is visible. No local scaling, re-encoding, tracing or additions. Paper, gaps in the printing, ink traces and show-through of writing on the reverse remain unchanged. The facsimile is a historical image reference, not a tool or engraving path; manufacture requires separately checked contour preparation. The print explicitly distinguishes this figure from the Dæmonij-dæmoniorum sign below it and from the collective intelligence sign. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historically documented individual figure, checked against the image. The complete native institutional IIIF JPEG file remains embedded byte-for-byte in the SVG; only the named original viewport is visible. No local scaling, re-encoding, tracing or additions. Paper, gaps in the printing, ink traces and show-through of writing on the reverse remain unchanged. The facsimile is a historical image reference, not a tool or engraving path; manufacture requires separately checked contour preparation. The print explicitly distinguishes this figure from the Dæmonij-dæmoniorum sign below it and from the collective intelligence sign.
Source location: Liber II, Chapter XXII, printed p. CLIII: Dæmonij Lunæ.
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa, De occulta philosophia libri tres, Köln [Johannes Soter], 1533, Liber II, Kapitel XXII. Stiftung der Werke von C. G. Jung, Zürich / e-rara. DOI 10.3931/e-rara-4309. Public Domain Mark.
Stiftung der Werke von C. G. Jung, Zürich / e-rara
Source location: VD16 ZV 269; DOI 10.3931/e-rara-4309; Liber II, chapter XXII
The current institutional record was read directly and archived. It confirms the specific historical work, its classification and the Public Domain Mark; no modern redrawing.
Stiftung der Werke von C. G. Jung, Zürich / e-rara
Source location: VD16 ZV 269; DOI 10.3931/e-rara-4309; Liber II, chapter XXII
Manifest retrieved directly and archived. The specific canvas identities, native image dimensions and PDM image rights were checked against unchanged full/full JPEGs. Printed Roman page numbers are taken from the images actually viewed, not from a modern pentacle numbering system.
Stiftung der Werke von C. G. Jung, Zürich / e-rara
Source location: Liber II, Chapter XXII; printed p. CLIII; Canvas 1343366
The specific original page was viewed as a complete native institutional JPEG; the image file was archived unchanged. Attribution and crop were also checked visually.
Stiftung der Werke von C. G. Jung, Zürich / e-rara
Source location: Liber II, Chapter XXII; printed p. CXLVIII; Canvas 1343361
Original page with historical planetary name and ritual correspondences. It serves as textual evidence; the individual signs appear on the following pages. No confirmed modern effect.
Editorial textual evidence; claims of efficacy are historical attributions. Compare the print variant and corrections before design.
Before designing
Square: fig. 2-58; planetary seal: fig. 2-60. Keep the signs of intelligence and spirit separate.
Research draft. The arrangement of numbers in Fig. 2-58 was read visually and checked against the transmitted row and column sums. A number-square component of the catalogue profile; the separate planetary seal and the intelligence and spirit signs are not included. Numbers set editorially using bespoke line geometry without a font; not a print facsimile. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Vector template: The arrangement of numbers in Fig. 2-58 was read visually and checked against the transmitted row and column sums. A number-square component of the catalogue profile; the separate planetary seal and the intelligence and spirit signs are not included. Numbers set editorially using bespoke line geometry without a font; not a print facsimile.
Source location: Book II, Chapter xxii; Fig. 2-58; the 9×9 magic square only
The arrangement of numbers in Fig. 2-58 was read visually and checked against the transmitted row and column sums. A number-square component of the catalogue profile; the separate planetary seal and the intelligence and spirit signs are not included. Numbers set editorially using bespoke line geometry without a font; not a print facsimile.
Source location: Book II, chap. xxii; figures 2-27 to 2-63
Documents seven planetary squares and associated planetary seals. The planet, intelligence and spirit have distinct signs; they are not freely interchangeable.
Source location: Editorial introduction before Book I
Text follows the 1651 English edition; according to the editor, drawings follow Cologne 1533, with some Hebrew letters corrected according to the critical edition. Not an unaltered facsimile.
Diagonal cross with central circle, terminal circles and four multiple-curved crescent forms at the sides.
Historically recorded use
Printed sign in the context of historical planetary talismanism; no single museum amulet is attested.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The associated Latin inscription is visible on the specific original page. The magic square, planet, intelligence and spirit are separate printed figures. What is evidenced is a specific historical form of a sign, not a surviving amulet with individually verified use. The crop follows the 1533 print and does not incorporate lines completed in modern times. The arcs consisting of more than one line are visible in the original print; the magic square on the left is excluded.
Before designing
Visually checked specific individual figure from the original 1533 print. The institutional JPEG rendition, 2000 pixels wide, is embedded byte-for-byte unchanged in the SVG; only the named original viewport is visible. Native IIIF canvas size 2550×3675, presentation image 2000×2882. Gaps in the print, paper, stains and show-through of writing on the reverse remain unchanged. No additions based on modern editions and no manufacturing approval; engraving requires separately reviewed outline preparation.
Research draft. Visually checked specific individual figure from the original print of 1533. The institutional JPEG rendition, 2000 pixels wide, is embedded byte-for-byte in the SVG; only the named original viewport is visible. Native IIIF canvas size 2550×3675, presentation image 2000×2882. Gaps in the print, paper, stains and show-through of writing on the reverse remain unchanged. No additions based on modern editions and no manufacturing approval; engraving requires separately checked contour preparation. The arcs comprising more than one line are visible in the original print; the number square on the left remains excluded. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Visually checked specific individual figure from the original print of 1533. The institutional JPEG rendition, 2000 pixels wide, is embedded byte-for-byte in the SVG; only the named original viewport is visible. Native IIIF canvas size 2550×3675, presentation image 2000×2882. Gaps in the print, paper, stains and show-through of writing on the reverse remain unchanged. No additions based on modern editions and no manufacturing approval; engraving requires separately checked contour preparation. The arcs comprising more than one line are visible in the original print; the number square on the left remains excluded.
Source location: Liber II, chapter XXII, printed p. CLIII: Lunæ.
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa, De occulta philosophia libri tres, Köln [Johannes Soter], 1533, Liber II, Kapitel XXII. Stiftung der Werke von C. G. Jung, Zürich / e-rara. DOI 10.3931/e-rara-4309. Public Domain Mark.
Stiftung der Werke von C. G. Jung, Zürich / e-rara
Source location: VD16 ZV 269; DOI 10.3931/e-rara-4309; Cologne [Soter] 1533
Current institutional catalogue page read directly and archived: printing year 1533, C. G. Jung collection and Public Domain Mark. Not to be conflated with the English printing of 1651 or a modern redrawing.
Stiftung der Werke von C. G. Jung, Zürich / e-rara
Source location: Liber II, Chapter XXII; printed p. CLIII; Canvas 1343366
The specific original page was viewed directly as an unaltered institutional JPEG. The caption, attribution and complete figure were checked separately; reverse-side writing and printing defects remain visible.
Stiftung der Werke von C. G. Jung, Zürich / e-rara
Source location: Liber II, Chapter XXII; printed p. CXLVIII; Canvas 1343361
Original page concluding the historical planetary talismanic art and giving separate name attributions to planet, intelligence and spirit. The passage reports historical attributions; it is not evidence of modern efficacy or of a surviving individual amulet.
Complex, multi-part printed sign with angular lines, terminal circles and narrow vertical looped strokes.
Historically recorded use
Printed sign in the context of historical planetary talismanism; no single museum amulet is attested.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The associated Latin inscription is visible on the specific original page. The magic square, planet, intelligence and spirit are separate printed figures. What is attested is a specific historical sign form, not a surviving amulet with individually secure use. The excerpt follows the 1533 print and does not adopt lines completed in modern versions. The printed heading explicitly names Intelligentiæ intelligentiarum Lunæ; this is not presented as an ordinary single spirit sign or as a seal of Hasmodai.
Before designing
Visually checked specific individual figure from the original 1533 print. The institutional JPEG rendition, 2000 pixels wide, is embedded byte-for-byte unchanged in the SVG; only the named original viewport is visible. Native IIIF canvas size 2550×3675, presentation image 2000×2882. Gaps in the print, paper, stains and show-through of writing on the reverse remain unchanged. No additions based on modern editions and no manufacturing approval; engraving requires separately reviewed outline preparation.
Research draft. Visually checked specific figure from the original 1533 print. The institutional JPEG rendition, 2000 pixels wide, remains embedded in the SVG byte-for-byte; only the named original viewport is visible. Native IIIF canvas size 2550×3675, presentation image 2000×2882. Gaps in the print, paper, stains and show-through of the writing on the reverse remain unchanged. No additions based on modern editions and no manufacturing approval; engraving requires separately reviewed contour preparation. The printed heading explicitly names Intelligentiæ intelligentiarum Lunæ; this is not presented as an ordinary individual spirit sign or as a seal of Hasmodai. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Visually checked specific figure from the original 1533 print. The institutional JPEG rendition, 2000 pixels wide, remains embedded in the SVG byte-for-byte; only the named original viewport is visible. Native IIIF canvas size 2550×3675, presentation image 2000×2882. Gaps in the print, paper, stains and show-through of the writing on the reverse remain unchanged. No additions based on modern editions and no manufacturing approval; engraving requires separately reviewed contour preparation. The printed heading explicitly names Intelligentiæ intelligentiarum Lunæ; this is not presented as an ordinary individual spirit sign or as a seal of Hasmodai.
Source location: Liber II, Chapter XXII, printed p. CLIII: Intelligentiæ intelligentiarum Lunæ.
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa, De occulta philosophia libri tres, Köln [Johannes Soter], 1533, Liber II, Kapitel XXII. Stiftung der Werke von C. G. Jung, Zürich / e-rara. DOI 10.3931/e-rara-4309. Public Domain Mark.
Stiftung der Werke von C. G. Jung, Zürich / e-rara
Source location: VD16 ZV 269; DOI 10.3931/e-rara-4309; Cologne [Soter] 1533
Current institutional catalogue page read directly and archived: printing year 1533, C. G. Jung collection and Public Domain Mark. Not to be conflated with the English printing of 1651 or a modern redrawing.
Stiftung der Werke von C. G. Jung, Zürich / e-rara
Source location: Liber II, Chapter XXII; printed p. CLIII; Canvas 1343366
The specific original page was viewed directly as an unaltered institutional JPEG. The caption, attribution and complete figure were checked separately; reverse-side writing and printing defects remain visible.
Stiftung der Werke von C. G. Jung, Zürich / e-rara
Source location: Liber II, Chapter XXII; printed p. CXLVIII; Canvas 1343361
Original page concluding the historical planetary talismanic art and giving separate name attributions to planet, intelligence and spirit. The passage reports historical attributions; it is not evidence of modern efficacy or of a surviving individual amulet.
Multi-part printed sign with a narrow upright stroke, loops, several small terminal circles and intersecting angular lines.
Historically recorded use
Independently labelled printed sign in the context of historical planetary talismanic practice. The sign form in this edition is attested; no individual surviving amulet and no modern effect are attested.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The specific Latin inscription was read on the original page. The square of numbers, planetary seal, intelligence sign and spirit sign are separate printed figures. No modern standard forms or modernly completed lines are adopted. The original inscription names the spirit of the spirits of the Moon; it is distinct from Dæmonij Lunæ and Intelligentiæ intelligentiarum Lunæ.
Before designing
Historically attested individual figure, checked against the image. The complete native institutional IIIF JPEG file remains embedded byte-for-byte in the SVG; only the named original viewport is visible. No local scaling, re-encoding, tracing or additions. Paper, print gaps, ink traces and show-through from writing on the reverse remain unchanged. The facsimile is a historical image source, not a tool or engraving path; production requires separately checked contour preparation. The original caption identifies the spirit of the spirits of the Moon; distinct from Dæmonij Lunæ and Intelligentiæ intelligentiarum Lunæ.
Research draft. Historically attested individual figure, checked against the image. The complete native institutional IIIF JPEG file remains embedded byte-for-byte in the SVG; only the named original viewport is visible. No local scaling, re-encoding, tracing or additions. Paper, print gaps, ink traces and show-through from writing on the reverse remain unchanged. The facsimile is a historical image source, not a tool or engraving path; production requires separately checked contour preparation. The original caption identifies the spirit of the spirits of the Moon; distinct from Dæmonij Lunæ and Intelligentiæ intelligentiarum Lunæ. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historically attested individual figure, checked against the image. The complete native institutional IIIF JPEG file remains embedded byte-for-byte in the SVG; only the named original viewport is visible. No local scaling, re-encoding, tracing or additions. Paper, print gaps, ink traces and show-through from writing on the reverse remain unchanged. The facsimile is a historical image source, not a tool or engraving path; production requires separately checked contour preparation. The original caption identifies the spirit of the spirits of the Moon; distinct from Dæmonij Lunæ and Intelligentiæ intelligentiarum Lunæ.
Source location: Liber II, Chapter XXII, printed p. CLIII: Dæmonij dæmoniorum Lunæ.
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa, De occulta philosophia libri tres, Köln [Johannes Soter], 1533, Liber II, Kapitel XXII. Stiftung der Werke von C. G. Jung, Zürich / e-rara. DOI 10.3931/e-rara-4309. Public Domain Mark.
Stiftung der Werke von C. G. Jung, Zürich / e-rara
Source location: VD16 ZV 269; DOI 10.3931/e-rara-4309; Liber II, chapter XXII
The current institutional record was read directly and archived. It confirms the specific historical work, its classification and the Public Domain Mark; no modern redrawing.
Stiftung der Werke von C. G. Jung, Zürich / e-rara
Source location: VD16 ZV 269; DOI 10.3931/e-rara-4309; Liber II, chapter XXII
Manifest retrieved directly and archived. The specific canvas identities, native image dimensions and PDM image rights were checked against unchanged full/full JPEGs. Printed Roman page numbers are taken from the images actually viewed, not from a modern pentacle numbering system.
Stiftung der Werke von C. G. Jung, Zürich / e-rara
Source location: Liber II, Chapter XXII; printed p. CLIII; Canvas 1343366
The specific original page was viewed as a complete native institutional JPEG; the image file was archived unchanged. Attribution and crop were also checked visually.
Stiftung der Werke von C. G. Jung, Zürich / e-rara
Source location: Liber II, Chapter XXII; printed p. CXLVIII; Canvas 1343361
Original page with historical planetary name and ritual correspondences. It serves as textual evidence; the individual signs appear on the following pages. No confirmed modern effect.
Early modern English-Latin ritual magic English-Latin manuscript; present-day holding in London · Late 16th century (institutional dating of the manuscript)
A broad, double-contoured U-shaped arch has upturned ends. The directly inscribed Latin designation Luna establishes the historical identification with the Moon. The seven separate lines on the same page are retained as spatially disjoint; individual amulet efficacy or wearing use is not evidenced.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern English-Latin ritual magic
Region
English-Latin manuscript; present-day holding in London
Date of the evidence
Late 16th century (institutional dating of the manuscript)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A broad, double-contoured U-shaped arch has upturned ends. The directly inscribed Latin designation Luna establishes the historical identification with the Moon. The seven separate lines on the same page are retained as spatially disjoint; individual amulet efficacy or wearing use is not evidenced.
Historically recorded use
The directly inscribed Latin designation Luna secures the historical association with the Moon. The seven separate lines on the same page are retained as spatially disjoint; no individual amulet effect or wearing use is attested.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Specific manuscript witness MS.110, institutionally dated to the late 16th century. Pseudo-Bacon and Pseudo-Solomon are attributions, not securely established medieval authorship. The modern blue folio numbers are distinguished from the age of the text; verso references follow the adjacent visible recto foliation and the IIIF page sequence. Irregular lines, show-through, losses and original variations in the signs are retained. The complete selected group is a component of this one copy and not a new abstract type of tradition.
Before designing
Unaltered native full-page JPEG within the SVG; only the documented viewport selects the complete historical figure. No added lines, modern replacement glyphs, raster conversion, vector transcription or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Specific manuscript witness MS.110, institutionally dated to the late 16th century. Pseudo-Bacon and Pseudo-Solomon are attributions, not securely established medieval authorship. The modern blue folio numbers are distinguished from the age of the text; verso references follow the adjacent visible recto foliation and the IIIF page sequence. Irregular lines, show-through, losses and original variations in the signs are retained. The complete selected group is a component of this one copy, not a new abstract type of tradition. Unaltered native full-page JPEG in the SVG; only the documented viewport selects the complete historical figure. No added lines, modern substitute glyphs, raster conversion, vector transcription or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Specific manuscript witness MS.110, institutionally dated to the late 16th century. Pseudo-Bacon and Pseudo-Solomon are attributions, not securely established medieval authorship. The modern blue folio numbers are distinguished from the age of the text; verso references follow the adjacent visible recto foliation and the IIIF page sequence. Irregular lines, show-through, losses and original variations in the signs are retained. The complete selected group is a component of this one copy, not a new abstract type of tradition. Unaltered native full-page JPEG in the SVG; only the documented viewport selects the complete historical figure. No added lines, modern substitute glyphs, raster conversion, vector transcription or manufacturing approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.110, f.30r; canvas position 73/256; labelled line Luna
Source location: MS.110; current API p8bhyjys; old ID afsfdgzh (HTTP 410)
Dating and exact Digital Location. Roger Bacon is a pseudo-author attribution; the present binding, early 19th century, is not the date of the writing. Rights: Individual Digital Location links b18937135 with PDM.
Source location: 256 Canvases; historical folio numbers in the image
Images, sequence, dimensions and institutional descriptions of the five component texts. Folios 36–38 incorrectly bound according to the catalogue. Rights: the specific digital surrogate as a whole carries the Public Domain Mark; no transfer of rights from other images.
Unaltered complete institutional JPEG page; historical individual sign located by visible evidence. Rights: PDM for the exactly corresponding IIIF digital surrogate b18937135.
English-Latin Balemyn seal tradition Manuscript from the Lightfoot Collection; held today in London · Mid-17th century (institutional dating)
A dark crescent moon sits in the inner circle. Strong hook, wave, angle and bar forms fill the border band. Historical planetary seal group, attributed on the folio itself to the Balemyn text. The following text discusses drawing and engraving planetary seals; this does not attest to an individual museum amulet actually having been worn.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
English-Latin Balemyn seal tradition
Region
Manuscript from the Lightfoot Collection; held today in London
Date of the evidence
Mid-17th century (institutional dating)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A dark crescent moon sits in the inner circle. Strong hook, wave, angle and bar forms fill the border band. Historical planetary seal group, attributed on the folio itself to the Balemyn text. The following text discusses drawing and engraving planetary seals; this does not attest to an individual museum amulet actually having been worn.
Historically recorded use
Historical group of planetary seals, attributed on the sheet itself to the Balemyn text. The following text discusses drawing and engraving planetary seals; this does not establish that an individual museum amulet was actually worn.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Specific new manuscript witness MS.426, institutionally dated to the mid-17th century. Lightfoot is probably the compiler; Balemyn remains a transmitted spelling of a name, without an invented author identification. The drawing leaf visibly bears pencil p. 24, followed by text p. 33; Canvas17/89 is not a folio number. The differing pagination transition is retained. Seven localised circles in this one ensemble are individual image variants, not seven newly arising traditions. The central crescent attests to the lunar image reference within this group of planetary seals.
Before designing
Complete selected circle in the unaltered native full-page JPEG. Rectangular viewports may retain small margins of neighbouring circles in their corners; these are not masked or painted over. The circular figures are neither moved nor supplemented. No raster re-encoding, new outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. A specific new manuscript witness, MS.426, institutionally dated to the mid-17th century. Lightfoot is probably the compiler; Balemyn remains a transmitted spelling of a name, without an invented author identification. The drawing sheet is visibly pencil-p. 24, followed by text-p. 33; Canvas17/89 is not a folio number. The differing pagination transition is retained. The seven located circles in this one ensemble are individual image variants, not seven newly formed traditions. The central crescent evidences the lunar image reference within this group of planetary seals. The complete selected circle is shown in the unchanged native full-sheet JPEG. Rectangular viewports may retain small margins of neighbouring circles in their corners; these are not masked or painted over. The circular figures are neither moved nor supplemented. No raster re-encoding, new outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: A specific new manuscript witness, MS.426, institutionally dated to the mid-17th century. Lightfoot is probably the compiler; Balemyn remains a transmitted spelling of a name, without an invented author identification. The drawing sheet is visibly pencil-p. 24, followed by text-p. 33; Canvas17/89 is not a folio number. The differing pagination transition is retained. The seven located circles in this one ensemble are individual image variants, not seven newly formed traditions. The central crescent evidences the lunar image reference within this group of planetary seals. The complete selected circle is shown in the unchanged native full-sheet JPEG. Rectangular viewports may retain small margins of neighbouring circles in their corners; these are not masked or painted over. The circular figures are neither moved nor supplemented. No raster re-encoding, new outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.426; drawing leaf, visible pencil p. 24; canvas position 17/89; lunar circular seal; next text visible p. 33.
French Clavicula and pseudo-Solomon tradition French-language volume; now at Wellcome Collection, London · 1796; dating of the specific Wellcome volume MS.4670
Green double circular frame with red Latin inscription; inside, a gold-coloured drawn lozenge, a divided central field and individual lettering and sign forms running around it. The heading assigns the talisman to love, as well as Monday and the Moon. The accompanying usage text mentions a silver plate; this attests to a historical prescription, not an effect or an actually surviving amulet manufacture.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French Clavicula and pseudo-Solomon tradition
Region
French-language volume; now at Wellcome Collection, London
Date of the evidence
1796; dating of the specific Wellcome volume MS.4670
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Green double circular frame with red Latin inscription; inside, a gold-coloured drawn lozenge, a divided central field and individual lettering and sign forms running around it. The heading assigns the talisman to love, as well as Monday and the Moon. The accompanying usage text mentions a silver plate; this attests to a historical prescription, not an effect or an actually surviving amulet manufacture.
Historically recorded use
The heading assigns the talisman to love and to Monday and the moon. The accompanying usage text mentions a silver plate; this attests to a historical prescription, not to an effect or an amulet actually made that has survived.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The individual Miro image number and CC-BY-DigitalLocation are institutionally linked to MS4670. The page number and individual heading have been checked against the unaltered full image. The figure is a single located component of the same volume, not another surviving amulet object. The specific manuscript is dated to 1796 in the institutional volume catalogue. Pseudo-Solomon and the claimed translation from Hebrew are transmitted attributions; no ancient authorship or surviving Hebrew original is claimed. Historical statements of purpose are not evidence of efficacy.
Before designing
Unchanged native full-page JPEG embedded in the SVG; only the visible figure area is bounded by the viewport. Paper, colours, show-through writing and existing traces are retained. No outline transcription, added lines or approval for engraving.
Research draft. The individual Miro image number and CC-BY-DigitalLocation are institutionally linked to MS4670. The page number and individual heading have been checked against the unaltered full image. The figure is a single, located component of the same volume, not another surviving amulet object. Unaltered native full-page JPEG embedded in the SVG; only the visible figure area is bounded by the viewport. The paper, colours, show-through text and existing traces are retained. No outline transcription, line additions or engraving approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The individual Miro image number and CC-BY-DigitalLocation are institutionally linked to MS4670. The page number and individual heading have been checked against the unaltered full image. The figure is a single, located component of the same volume, not another surviving amulet object. Unaltered native full-page JPEG embedded in the SVG; only the visible figure area is bounded by the viewport. The paper, colours, show-through text and existing traces are retained. No outline transcription, line additions or engraving approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.4670,1796;manuscript p.85;Pentacule ou Talisman Pour l'Amour, Le Lundi sous la Lune;Original photograph L0073070
Mondpentakel für die Liebe – MS.4670,S.85. 1796; Datierung des konkreten Wellcome-Bands MS.4670. Source: Wellcome Collection. CC BY 4.0; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Darstellungsänderung: begrenzter SVG-Viewport; JPEG unverändert.
Institutional volume catalogue with a specific shelfmark and year date, 1796. The attribution J. S. Fyot, 1796 is recorded in Volume I; there is no secure individual attribution of the drawings for every sheet of the second volume.
Source location: MS4670; institutional Miro image number L0073070
CC BY 4.0 expressly applies to the individual IIIF image digital item; the catalogue prose describes the volume as a whole, while specific pages/figures are identified from the visible original.
Unaltered full/full JPEG; the individual work metadata explicitly links this image to MS4670. Viewports from different pages are separate and do not overlap.
Lunar pentacle with H sign and crescent – Penn f.76r (= 77r)
Original image · source evidence
Historical grimoire pentacle
Latin Clavicula Salomonis manuscript; transmission of the Keys of Solomon European manuscript; place of manufacture unknown; present collection in Philadelphia · 1750–1799; second half of the 18th century, dating of the specific example
A sturdy H-like sign is linked to a wavy arrow. A small square and a right-facing crescent lie above it; names appear at the edge. The accompanying text discusses protection from water hazards and the calming of storms by lunar spirits. This is a statement in a historical ritual text; no actual effect is documented.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Latin Clavicula Salomonis manuscript; transmission of the Keys of Solomon
Region
European manuscript; place of manufacture unknown; present collection in Philadelphia
Date of the evidence
1750–1799; second half of the 18th century, dating of the specific example
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A sturdy H-like sign is linked to a wavy arrow. A small square and a right-facing crescent lie above it; names appear at the edge. The accompanying text discusses protection from water hazards and the calming of storms by lunar spirits. This is a statement in a historical ritual text; no actual effect is documented.
Historically recorded use
The accompanying text addresses protection from water hazards and the calming of storms by moon spirits. This is the claim of a historical ritual text; no actual effect is evidenced.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Dating of this specific Latin copy: 1750–1799. The catalogue attribution to Abraham Colorni does not confirm that he personally produced this later manuscript. The drawing is a localised component of 43 surviving pentacles in the same copy, not a new tradition or a separately surviving worn amulet. Written and corrected foliation differ by one leaf. The changing historical internal numbering is not unified into an invented continuous sequence of 1–43.
Before designing
The completely preserved individual pentacle remains embedded as an unaltered native OPenn web JPEG; only the SVG viewport limits the visible area of the leaf. The separately offered TIFF master was not used. The accompanying text can be read in full on the archived full leaf, although it is partly cut off in the viewport. No addition of lines or letters, outline transcription or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Dating of this specific Latin copy: 1750–1799. The catalogue attribution to Abraham Colorni does not confirm that he personally made this later manuscript. The drawing is a localised component of 43 surviving pentacles in the same copy, not a new tradition or a separately surviving worn amulet. Written and corrected foliation differ by one leaf. The changing historical internal numbering is not standardised into an invented continuous sequence from 1 to 43. The single, fully preserved pentacle is embedded as an unaltered native OPenn web JPEG in the SVG; only the SVG viewport limits the visible area of the leaf. The separately offered TIFF master was not used. The accompanying text can be read in full on the archived full leaf, though it is partly cut off in the viewport. No lines or letters have been added, no outline transcription has been made, and no manufacturing approval is implied. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Dating of this specific Latin copy: 1750–1799. The catalogue attribution to Abraham Colorni does not confirm that he personally made this later manuscript. The drawing is a localised component of 43 surviving pentacles in the same copy, not a new tradition or a separately surviving worn amulet. Written and corrected foliation differ by one leaf. The changing historical internal numbering is not standardised into an invented continuous sequence from 1 to 43. The single, fully preserved pentacle is embedded as an unaltered native OPenn web JPEG in the SVG; only the SVG viewport limits the visible area of the leaf. The separately offered TIFF master was not used. The accompanying text can be read in full on the archived full leaf, though it is partly cut off in the viewport. No lines or letters have been added, no outline transcription has been made, and no manufacturing approval is implied.
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Mondpentakel mit H-Zeichen und Sichel – Penn f.76r (= 77r). Ms. Codex 1673, 1750–1799. University of Pennsylvania, Kislak Center. Public Domain Mark. Katalogmetadaten separat CC BY 4.0.
Specific manuscript witness, second half of the 18th century. Earlier textual transmission and author attribution are not the date when this copy was made.
Lunar pentacle with four inward-curving fields – Penn f.75r (= 76r)
Original image · source evidence
Historical grimoire pentacle
Latin Clavicula Salomonis manuscript; transmission of the Keys of Solomon European manuscript; place of manufacture unknown; present collection in Philadelphia · 1750–1799; second half of the 18th century, dating of the specific example
Four inward-curving semicircular lines form four fields containing small crosses. Words appear in the centre; outside them are a hatched ring and further signs. The accompanying text mentions lunar spirits and the opening of locked doors. This is the claim of a historical ritual text; no actual effect is evidenced.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Latin Clavicula Salomonis manuscript; transmission of the Keys of Solomon
Region
European manuscript; place of manufacture unknown; present collection in Philadelphia
Date of the evidence
1750–1799; second half of the 18th century, dating of the specific example
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Four inward-curving semicircular lines form four fields containing small crosses. Words appear in the centre; outside them are a hatched ring and further signs. The accompanying text mentions lunar spirits and the opening of locked doors. This is the claim of a historical ritual text; no actual effect is evidenced.
Historically recorded use
The accompanying text mentions lunar spirits and opening locked doors. This is the statement of a historical ritual text; an actual effect is not evidenced.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Dating of this specific Latin copy: 1750–1799. The catalogue attribution to Abraham Colorni does not confirm that he personally produced this later manuscript. The drawing is a localised component of 43 surviving pentacles in the same copy, not a new tradition or a separately surviving worn amulet. Written and corrected foliation differ by one leaf. The changing historical internal numbering is not unified into an invented continuous sequence of 1–43.
Before designing
The completely preserved individual pentacle remains embedded as an unaltered native OPenn web JPEG; only the SVG viewport limits the visible area of the leaf. The separately offered TIFF master was not used. The accompanying text can be read in full on the archived full leaf, although it is partly cut off in the viewport. No addition of lines or letters, outline transcription or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Dating of this specific Latin copy: 1750–1799. The catalogue attribution to Abraham Colorni does not confirm that he personally made this later manuscript. The drawing is a localised component of 43 surviving pentacles in the same copy, not a new tradition or a separately surviving worn amulet. Written and corrected foliation differ by one leaf. The changing historical internal numbering is not standardised into an invented continuous sequence from 1 to 43. The single, fully preserved pentacle is embedded as an unaltered native OPenn web JPEG in the SVG; only the SVG viewport limits the visible area of the leaf. The separately offered TIFF master was not used. The accompanying text can be read in full on the archived full leaf, though it is partly cut off in the viewport. No lines or letters have been added, no outline transcription has been made, and no manufacturing approval is implied. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Dating of this specific Latin copy: 1750–1799. The catalogue attribution to Abraham Colorni does not confirm that he personally made this later manuscript. The drawing is a localised component of 43 surviving pentacles in the same copy, not a new tradition or a separately surviving worn amulet. Written and corrected foliation differ by one leaf. The changing historical internal numbering is not standardised into an invented continuous sequence from 1 to 43. The single, fully preserved pentacle is embedded as an unaltered native OPenn web JPEG in the SVG; only the SVG viewport limits the visible area of the leaf. The separately offered TIFF master was not used. The accompanying text can be read in full on the archived full leaf, though it is partly cut off in the viewport. No lines or letters have been added, no outline transcription has been made, and no manufacturing approval is implied.
Source location: Penn Ms. Codex 1673, Clavicula Salomonis Regis; written folio 75r, corrected OPenn foliation 76r (TEI: 75r =76r); single image 5170_0160_web.jpg; surface surface-ms-codex-1673-161
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Mondpentakel mit vier eingebogenen Feldern – Penn f.75r (= 76r). Ms. Codex 1673, 1750–1799. University of Pennsylvania, Kislak Center. Public Domain Mark. Katalogmetadaten separat CC BY 4.0.
Specific manuscript witness, second half of the 18th century. Earlier textual transmission and author attribution are not the date when this copy was made.
Egyptian Egypt · New Kingdom to Roman period, about 16th century BC–4th century AD
Glass crescent shape with downward-pointing tips and an upper projection. Traces of ageing and irregular colours are retained in the photograph.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Egyptian
Region
Egypt
Date of the evidence
New Kingdom to Roman period, about 16th century BC–4th century AD
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Glass crescent shape with downward-pointing tips and an upper projection. Traces of ageing and irregular colours are retained in the photograph.
Historically recorded use
Catalogued as a crescent-moon amulet. The time frame is very broad; the source offers no more precise classification of the piece.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
No evidence for a specific moon deity, an astrological birth attribute or Islamic affiliation. The broad dating is not narrowed. The object, inventory, material and dating are tied to the archived API record.
Before designing
Actually seen: open crescent with both points facing downwards, an upper attachment and an irregularly discoloured glass surface. Unaltered institutional JPEG presentation image in the complete image area; neither an isolated engraving outline nor manufacturing approval.
Research draft. No evidence for a specific lunar deity, astrological birth attribute or Islamic affiliation. The broad dating is not narrowed. Complete institutional presentation image, 1686 pixels wide; larger IIIF master dimensions of 3000×2336 documented separately. No local scaling or re-encoding of the embedded JPEG bytes. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: No evidence for a specific lunar deity, astrological birth attribute or Islamic affiliation. The broad dating is not narrowed. Complete institutional presentation image, 1686 pixels wide; larger IIIF master dimensions of 3000×2336 documented separately. No local scaling or re-encoding of the embedded JPEG bytes.
Source location: Inventory X204; institutional main view 4cf5aa22-90dd-0848-51b2-3623f23c6705
Art Institute of Chicago. Amulet of the Lunar Crescent, New Kingdom–Roman Period (about 16th century BCE–4th century CE), X204. The Art Institute of Chicago
Source location: Inventory X204; API object 141281; JSON /data[id=141281]
Institutional evidence for an individual object from an archived multi-record API retrieval. Dating, material, provenance and inventory details follow the specific record; source attribution is not an independent scientific authenticity test.
Source location: Open Access Images; CC0 Public Domain Designation
Specific images only when accompanied by the individual is_public_domain=true and the object's image ID. Descriptive API texts separately carry CC BY4; image release is CC0.
Monju with eight Sanskrit protective syllables – inscribed 1371
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Japanese esoteric Buddhism; Nanbokuchō period Japan · Mid–late 14th century; eulogy dated 1371
Monju on the lion, with sword and lotus with vajra; eight characters in a circle and a dated eulogy above.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Japanese esoteric Buddhism; Nanbokuchō period
Region
Japan
Date of the evidence
Mid–late 14th century; eulogy dated 1371
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Monju on the lion, with sword and lotus with vajra; eight characters in a circle and a dated eulogy above.
Historically recorded use
According to the museum, the image belonged to rites to ward off natural disasters; the eight Sanskrit syllables represent eight protective youths in a Monju mantra.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The claimed former association with Daigoji remains identified as a report in the museum text. The eight signs are not transliterated or combined into a new mantra here without individual philological examination.
Before designing
Native institutional original photograph embedded unchanged; complete view or precisely localised component of a scroll. No new isolated signs, no local upscaling and no missing strokes added. A raster facsimile is not an engraving-ready outline.
Research draft. The claimed former association with Daigoji remains identified as a tradition reported in the museum text. The eight characters are not transliterated without individual philological examination or combined into a new mantra. Unaltered original JPEG bytes and documented pixel viewport. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The claimed former association with Daigoji remains identified as a tradition reported in the museum text. The eight characters are not transliterated without individual philological examination or combined into a new mantra. Unaltered original JPEG bytes and documented pixel viewport.
Source location: Met 12.134.15; complete current primary original view
Source location: Met 12.134.15; object 45596; current object description and specific native original photograph
The current object page was read via web access, the Met object API was fully archived, and the individual original photograph was visually checked. Unattested ways of wearing the object or private protective effects have not been added. Text and API dating remain separate where they differ.
Source location: Open Access images under CC0; the specific isPublicDomain status is given in the individual object metadata
For each image, the release is combined with the current object API and the Public-Domain designation on the specific object page. Open metadata alone does not imply rights to third-party photographs.
Moses David – plague-protection amulet with leather case
Original image · source evidence
Historical protective amulet
Jewish Hebrew amulet tradition Place of manufacture not stated in the catalogue; current location London · c. 18th century; institutional dating
Small parchment with a grid of five by five signs and Hebrew lines of text beneath; the historical leather case is visible on the left.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Jewish Hebrew amulet tradition
Region
Place of manufacture not stated in the catalogue; current location London
Date of the evidence
c. 18th century; institutional dating
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Small parchment with a grid of five by five signs and Hebrew lines of text beneath; the historical leather case is visible on the left.
Historically recorded use
Made to protect Moses David, son of Esther, from the plague; historical purpose of use according to the catalogue.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Recipient and function information comes from the institutional catalogue. No Hebrew readings or letters have been invented or added. Different digital images of the same amulet result in just one entry here.
Before designing
Complete native original capture as a source facsimile; no reconstruction, modernised reading or automatic engraving approval.
Research draft. Complete native original capture as a source facsimile; no reconstruction, modernised reading or automatic engraving approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete native original capture as a source facsimile; no reconstruction, modernised reading or automatic engraving approval.
Danish medieval writing and protective culture Munkevang, Bornholm · Medieval (catalogue attribution; no more precise date of manufacture)
Multilayered folded lead with a broken-off outer layer. Visible incised lines continue across surfaces preserved to varying degrees.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Danish medieval writing and protective culture
Region
Munkevang, Bornholm
Date of the evidence
Medieval (catalogue attribution; no more precise date of manufacture)
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Multilayered folded lead with a broken-off outer layer. Visible incised lines continue across surfaces preserved to varying degrees.
Historically recorded use
Classified by the museum as a medieval lead amulet; an individual protective intention has not been fully deciphered.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The inscription is only partly accessible; an inner text had not yet been examined by conservators at the time of description. No joining of missing lines.
Before designing
Unchanged original photographs as image reference. Individual views are shown separately alongside one another; no engraving outline has been added and no manufacturing approval has been given.
Research draft. The inscription is only partly accessible; an inner text had not yet been examined by conservators when it was described. No missing lines are joined. Every image is complete and retains its native JPEG bytes unchanged; separate views are not a historical overall form. Presentation files, not TIFF masters. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The inscription is only partly accessible; an inner text had not yet been examined by conservators when it was described. No missing lines are joined. Every image is complete and retains its native JPEG bytes unchanged; separate views are not a historical overall form. Presentation files, not TIFF masters.
Source location: D 227/2022; DMR-235459, DMR-235460
Use of the template: CC BY-SA 4.0 with attribution and share-alike
Rasmus Bak Meng / Nationalmuseet, Danmark; D 227/2022; DMR-235459; CC BY-SA 4.0. Rasmus Bak Meng / Nationalmuseet, Danmark; D 227/2022; DMR-235460; CC BY-SA 4.0.
Individual institutional object record. Find, registration and photography dates are not treated as manufacturing dates. Uncertain signs and functional identifications remain qualified.
Maya Guatemala; Kaminaljuyu · Dating conflict: 400–900 AD in the catalogue; essay considers c. 600 BC
Flat jade in the form of half a shell, with a wavy edge and fixing holes on the reverse.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Maya
Region
Guatemala; Kaminaljuyu
Date of the evidence
Dating conflict: 400–900 AD in the catalogue; essay considers c. 600 BC
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Flat jade in the form of half a shell, with a wavy edge and fixing holes on the reverse.
Historically recorded use
Part of a votive deposit found in 1950; the curatorial study links the shell form and jade with water, breath and mythical origins.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Date of manufacture unresolved: the catalogue and essay differ substantially. The ik’-like sign mentioned in the essay belongs to another component of the former necklace, not to this pendant. No rune or glyph has been transferred.
Before designing
Native museum captures as source references; independent views without additions or new symbolic interpretations.
Research draft. Dating of manufacture unresolved: the catalogue and essay differ markedly. The ik’-like sign mentioned in the essay belongs to another component of the former necklace, not to this pendant. No rune or glyph has been transferred or added. JPEG renditions remain unchanged in their native bytes; no local raster editing or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Dating of manufacture unresolved: the catalogue and essay differ markedly. The ik’-like sign mentioned in the essay belongs to another component of the former necklace, not to this pendant. No rune or glyph has been transferred or added. JPEG renditions remain unchanged in their native bytes; no local raster editing or manufacturing approval.
Source location: 1978.412.57; complete native museum photographs
Bright spiral-shaped conch shell with coloured bands. A separate lotus base and parts of the connecting tendrils remain visible in the localised image window.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Buddhist visual tradition
Region
China
Date of the evidence
18th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Bright spiral-shaped conch shell with coloured bands. A separate lotus base and parts of the connecting tendrils remain visible in the localised image window.
Historically recorded use
Religious good-luck sign on a sutra cover; no documented use of this textile image detail as a worn amulet.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 2012.559, Met object 78284. The museum and surviving photograph identify this component as one of the eight Buddhist auspicious symbols. Only the named textile component is shown; no universal modern symbol form is supplied, and the image gap at Seattle, attested elsewhere, is not filled.
Before designing
Unaltered native museum photograph with an exactly documented image window.
Research draft. Named image section of the sutra cover, with lotus base and partially cropped surrounding decoration; the complete JPEG witness is embedded unaltered. No character reconstruction and no manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Named image section of the sutra cover, with lotus base and partially cropped surrounding decoration; the complete JPEG witness is embedded unaltered. No character reconstruction and no manufacturing approval.
Source location: The Metropolitan Museum of Art; 2012.559; sutra cover 2012.559; central sign, 5th from left; sutra-conch
Source location: CC0 for individually designated public-domain collection images
Institutional CC0 policy read in the web tool on 10 October. The direct native website response was HTTP429 and is not treated as text of a rights notice that was read.
Conch shell and endless knot composed as a pair above a lotus flower; the context of the textile ornamentation is preserved.
Historically recorded use
Buddhist auspicious signs in the brocade of an imperial textile workshop.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The museum text identifies exactly four pairs of signs on this example. Historical evidence of a symbol; no evidence of an individually worn amulet. The pair is a component of the textile already recorded and not a new basic motif or a new museum object.
Before designing
Named historical pair of signs, conch shell and endless knot, on Met 2001.471. Original JPEG bytes unchanged, with a bounded image crop retaining the textile ground. The two interlaced components are shown together; no fully isolated individual signs or Seattle inventories are claimed. No attested amulet use and no manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Named historical pair of signs, conch shell and endless knot, on Met 2001.471. Original JPEG bytes unchanged, with a bounded image crop retaining the textile ground. The two interlaced components are shown together; no fully isolated individual signs or Seattle inventories are claimed. No attested amulet use and no manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Named historical pair of signs, conch shell and endless knot, on Met 2001.471. Original JPEG bytes unchanged, with a bounded image crop retaining the textile ground. The two interlaced components are shown together; no fully isolated individual signs or Seattle inventories are claimed. No attested amulet use and no manufacturing approval.
Source location: Met 2001.471 /62477; DP158225; conch shell and endless knot in the textile
Source location: 2001.471 / Object62477; original photograph DP158225; object description and APIisPublicDomain=true
Independent Chinese object from the 15th century. The museum text names the eight characters in four pairs; the original image and the specific API CC0 release have been visually and institutionally checked.
SAM 33.124.3 (conch-shell): A targeted current inventory search for 33.124.3 yielded no new individual museum image link; the existing identification remains an older catalogue reference. Current museum policy requires publication permission; no individual PDM/CC0/CC-BY(SA) clearance. No exact image was actually viewed during this round; no vector outline of this textile has been invented.
Buddhist auspicious signs
Buddhism China · 17th century
Inventory 33.124.3: shell trumpet.
Research draftSpecific model required
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Buddhism
Region
China
Date of the evidence
17th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Individually inventoried; wearing is not evidenced.
Before designing
SAM 33.124.3 (conch-shell): A targeted current inventory search for 33.124.3 yielded no new individual museum image link; the existing identification remains an older catalogue reference. Current museum policy requires publication permission; no individual PDM/CC0/CC-BY(SA) clearance. No exact image was actually viewed during this round; no vector outline of this textile has been invented.
Research draft. SAM 33.124.3 (conch-shell): A targeted current inventory search for 33.124.3 yielded no new individual museum image link; the existing identification remains an older catalogue reference. Current museum policy requires publication permission; no individual PDM/CC0/CC-BY(SA) clearance. No exact image was actually viewed during this round; no vector outline of this textile has been invented. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Source location: Image rights; Available photography; Terms; Copyright restrictions
The current museum policy does not provide general open image permission. Publication and reproduction require written permission; low-resolution images for research do not permit publication. Therefore the eight specific textiles 33.124.1–8 remain without publishable images and are not replaced by other ensembles.
Search index evidence – complete source page not yet checked · Checked on:
Source location: Fair use is permitted; Commercial use is prohibited without prior written consent
The museum explicitly distinguishes personal research and non-commercial viewing from use without the relevant permission. No CC0/Public Domain image licence for the product database is inferred from this.
Search index evidence – complete source page not yet checked · Checked on:
Current indexed policy text read; direct retrieval returned 403 or timed out. A personal research view does not constitute open commercial reproduction permission. Specific image permission remains individually unresolved for each inventory number from 33.124.1 to .8.
Search index evidence – complete source page not yet checked · Checked on:
Source location: Reproduction, permission and commercial use
Current indexed text read; direct retrieval returned 403 or timed out. No PDM/CC0/CC-BY(SA) licence for individual images was found, and no permission was requested. No general modern graphic of the Eight Auspicious Symbols used as a substitute.
Search index evidence – complete source page not yet checked · Checked on:
Egyptian Egypt · Late Period to Ptolemaic period? approximately 7th–1st century BC
Dark, flat animal form with a long body, small projecting head and a round perforation in the lower area. The photograph preserves the worn surface.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Egyptian
Region
Egypt
Date of the evidence
Late Period to Ptolemaic period? approximately 7th–1st century BC
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Dark, flat animal form with a long body, small projecting head and a round perforation in the lower area. The photograph preserves the worn surface.
Historically recorded use
Catalogued as an amulet depicting a possibly represented ichneumon. Both the animal identification and the chronological attribution remain uncertain.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The museum’s question mark is retained. No certain mongoose species, deity or snake-repelling function is inferred from the form. The object, inventory, material and dating are tied to the archived API record.
Before designing
Actually observed: elongated recumbent animal form with head to the left, curved back and round lower perforation. Unmodified institutional JPEG presentation photograph in the complete image crop; no isolated engraving outline and no manufacturing approval.
Research draft. The museum’s question mark is retained. No certain mongoose species, deity or snake-repelling function is inferred from the form. Complete institutional presentation photograph, 1686 pixels wide; larger IIIF master dimensions 3000×1734 documented separately. No local scaling or re-encoding of the embedded JPEG bytes. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The museum’s question mark is retained. No certain mongoose species, deity or snake-repelling function is inferred from the form. Complete institutional presentation photograph, 1686 pixels wide; larger IIIF master dimensions 3000×1734 documented separately. No local scaling or re-encoding of the embedded JPEG bytes.
Source location: Inventory X112; institutional main view e25b370f-2300-1fef-a9f8-a2e74674164b
Art Institute of Chicago. Amulet of an Ichneumon (?), Late Period–Ptolemaic Period (?) (about 7th–1st centuries BCE), X112. The Art Institute of Chicago
Source location: Inventory X112; API object 141271; JSON /data[id=141271]
Institutional evidence for an individual object from an archived multi-record API retrieval. Dating, material, provenance and inventory details follow the specific record; source attribution is not an independent scientific authenticity test.
Source location: Open Access Images; CC0 Public Domain Designation
Specific images only when accompanied by the individual is_public_domain=true and the object's image ID. Descriptive API texts separately carry CC BY4; image release is CC0.
Nag-thang offering image for wrathful protective deities
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Tibetan Vajrayana Buddhism; Dharmapala shrine Tibet · Late 16th–17th century
Black-ground textile image with two wrathful deities, lotus stance, flames, ritual weapons and symbolic offerings of skin and body parts.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Tibetan Vajrayana Buddhism; Dharmapala shrine
Region
Tibet
Date of the evidence
Late 16th–17th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Black-ground textile image with two wrathful deities, lotus stance, flames, ritual weapons and symbolic offerings of skin and body parts.
Historically recorded use
The museum text associates the image with a Gonkhang chapel and tantric initiation rites. The gift ensembles are situated in the context of the protective deities known as Dharmapalas.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The corpse/skin imagery is historical ritual iconography; it does not imply real actions involving a specific person or the wearing of an amulet.
Before designing
Native institutional original photograph embedded unchanged; complete view or precisely localised component of a scroll. No new isolated signs, no local upscaling and no missing strokes added. A raster facsimile is not an engraving-ready outline.
Research draft. The bodily/cutaneous motifs depicted are historical ritual iconography; neither real acts performed on a specific person nor the wearing of an amulet are inferred from them. Unaltered original JPEG bytes and documented pixel viewport. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The bodily/cutaneous motifs depicted are historical ritual iconography; neither real acts performed on a specific person nor the wearing of an amulet are inferred from them. Unaltered original JPEG bytes and documented pixel viewport.
Source location: Met 1983.510.2; complete current primary original view
Source location: Met 1983.510.2; object 37805; current object description and specific native original capture
The current object page was read via web access, the Met object API was fully archived, and the individual original photograph was visually checked. Unattested ways of wearing the object or private protective effects have not been added. Text and API dating remain separate where they differ.
Source location: Open Access images under CC0; the specific isPublicDomain status is given in the individual object metadata
For each image, the release is combined with the current object API and the Public-Domain designation on the specific object page. Open metadata alone does not imply rights to third-party photographs.
Painted mandala as a meditation diagram with Nairatma and other deities; the outer fields are explained by the museum as eight charnel grounds. A historically attested religious image arrangement, not evidence of a worn amulet. Names and number of deities follow the museum; no new Sanskrit reading and no geometric idealisation.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Central Tibet
Region
Central Tibet
Date of the evidence
c. 1375
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Painted mandala as a meditation diagram with Nairatma and other deities; the outer fields are explained by the museum as eight charnel grounds. A historically attested religious image arrangement, not evidence of a worn amulet. Names and number of deities follow the museum; no new Sanskrit reading and no geometric idealisation.
Historically recorded use
Painted mandala as a meditation diagram with Nairatma and other deities; the museum explains the outer fields as eight charnel grounds.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Historically attested religious image arrangement; no evidence of a worn amulet. Names and number of deities follow the museum; no new Sanskrit reading and no geometric idealisation.
Before designing
A coloured square palace arrangement with a central circle, red ground, multi-part outer rings and figural border panels on a painted cloth. Original photograph as a complete facsimile; not approval for manufacture and no outlines added.
Research draft. Historically attested religious image arrangement; no evidence of a worn amulet. Names and number of deities follow the museum; no new Sanskrit reading and no geometric idealisation. All native JPEG bytes and the full image crop remain unchanged. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historically attested religious image arrangement; no evidence of a worn amulet. Names and number of deities follow the museum; no new Sanskrit reading and no geometric idealisation. All native JPEG bytes and the full image crop remain unchanged.
Source location: 1993.4; complete, actually photographed main image view
Source location: Individual inventory 1993.4; object ID 157147; title, dating, culture, material and image link
Historically attested religious image arrangement; no evidence of a worn amulet. Names and number of deities follow the museum; no new Sanskrit reading and no geometric idealisation.
Name seal with Homo text field – MS.426, visible p. 24
Original image · source evidence
Historical planetary circle seal
English-Latin Balemyn seal tradition Manuscript from the Lightfoot Collection; held today in London · Mid-17th century (institutional dating)
A double circle contains a central, multi-line text panel bearing the visible word Homo; broad character forms run around the outer band. A historical group of planetary seals, attributed on the sheet itself to the Balemyn text. The following text discusses drawing and engraving planetary seals; this does not establish that an individual museum amulet was actually worn.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
English-Latin Balemyn seal tradition
Region
Manuscript from the Lightfoot Collection; held today in London
Date of the evidence
Mid-17th century (institutional dating)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A double circle contains a central, multi-line text panel bearing the visible word Homo; broad character forms run around the outer band. A historical group of planetary seals, attributed on the sheet itself to the Balemyn text. The following text discusses drawing and engraving planetary seals; this does not establish that an individual museum amulet was actually worn.
Historically recorded use
Historical group of planetary seals, attributed on the sheet itself to the Balemyn text. The following text discusses drawing and engraving planetary seals; this does not establish that an individual museum amulet was actually worn.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Specific new manuscript witness MS.426, institutionally dated to the mid-17th century. Lightfoot is probably the compiler; Balemyn remains a transmitted spelling of a name, without an invented author identification. The drawing sheet is visibly pencil-p. 24, followed by text-p. 33; Canvas17/89 is not a folio number. The differing pagination transition is retained. Seven localised circles in this one ensemble are individual image variants, not seven newly arising traditions. The individual planetary attribution of this circle remains open: no Saturn attribution inferred from its position is claimed.
Before designing
Complete selected circle in the unaltered native full-page JPEG. Rectangular viewports may retain small margins of neighbouring circles in their corners; these are not masked or painted over. The circular figures are neither moved nor supplemented. No raster re-encoding, new outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Specific new manuscript witness MS.426, institutionally dated to the mid-17th century. Lightfoot is probably the compiler; Balemyn remains a transmitted spelling of a name, without an invented author identification. The drawing sheet is visibly pencil p. 24, followed by text p. 33; Canvas17/89 is not a folio number. The differing pagination transition is retained. The seven located circles in this one ensemble are individual image variants, not seven newly arisen traditions. The individual planetary attribution of this circle remains open: no Saturn attribution inferred from its position is asserted. Complete selected circle in the unaltered native whole-sheet JPEG. Rectangular viewports may retain small edges of neighbouring circles in their corners; these are not masked or painted over. The circular figures are neither moved nor supplemented. No raster recoding, new outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Specific new manuscript witness MS.426, institutionally dated to the mid-17th century. Lightfoot is probably the compiler; Balemyn remains a transmitted spelling of a name, without an invented author identification. The drawing sheet is visibly pencil p. 24, followed by text p. 33; Canvas17/89 is not a folio number. The differing pagination transition is retained. The seven located circles in this one ensemble are individual image variants, not seven newly arisen traditions. The individual planetary attribution of this circle remains open: no Saturn attribution inferred from its position is asserted. Complete selected circle in the unaltered native whole-sheet JPEG. Rectangular viewports may retain small edges of neighbouring circles in their corners; these are not masked or painted over. The circular figures are neither moved nor supplemented. No raster recoding, new outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.426; pencil p. 24 visible on drawing sheet; Canvas position 17/89; name seal with Homo text field; next text visible p. 33.
Napatian jewellery and amulet tradition with a reused Egyptian component Sudan, Napatan; lion's head probably from Egypt · c. 700 BC for the composite pendant; the age of the lion’s head is stated inconsistently
Violet carved lion’s head with gold bands on a gold base made of outward-facing baboon figures. The single frontal view shows only the figures facing towards it and is not supplemented with a view all around.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Napatian jewellery and amulet tradition with a reused Egyptian component
Region
Sudan, Napatan; lion's head probably from Egypt
Date of the evidence
c. 700 BC for the composite pendant; the age of the lion’s head is stated inconsistently
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Violet carved lion’s head with gold bands on a gold base made of outward-facing baboon figures. The single frontal view shows only the figures facing towards it and is not supplemented with a view all around.
Historically recorded use
The museum description interprets the older amethyst lion’s head as a probably reused gaming piece, reworked into an amulet pendant in the Napatan period. According to the catalogue, the gold base is surrounded by eight seated baboons.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 1987.1. The current culture field tentatively assigns the lion’s head to Egypt, Third Intermediate Period/25th Dynasty; the description, however, calls it an heirloom from the New Kingdom. This dating conflict remains unresolved. Its former function as a toy is a museum conjecture.
Before designing
Unchanged, complete native museum view(s), including background and present-day damage. Historical facsimile; separate outline preparation and manufacturing review required.
Research draft. Violet carved lion head with gold bands on a gold base made of outward-facing baboon figures. The single front view shows only the figures facing towards it and is not supplemented with a view all around. Unchanged complete native museum view(s), including background and present-day damage. Historical facsimile; separate outline preparation and manufacturing assessment required. Regular HTTP200 original retrieval on 12.10.2026. Current image retrieval HTTP403; current object page confirms the exact image URL, dimensions and CC0 unchanged. No claim of a fresh successful image retrieval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Violet carved lion head with gold bands on a gold base made of outward-facing baboon figures. The single front view shows only the figures facing towards it and is not supplemented with a view all around. Unchanged complete native museum view(s), including background and present-day damage. Historical facsimile; separate outline preparation and manufacturing assessment required. Regular HTTP200 original retrieval on 12.10.2026. Current image retrieval HTTP403; current object page confirms the exact image URL, dimensions and CC0 unchanged. No claim of a fresh successful image retrieval.
Source location: 1987.1; 1 complete native museum view(s)
Nasrid Qur’an case with shield motif (Met 04.3.458)
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Nasrid Islamic book and scribal culture Attributed to Spain, possibly Granada · Second half of the 15th century
Embroidered leather case with a shield shape and a diagonal inscription band on the flap. The rear view shows an interlaced six-pointed star, upright inscription panels and surrounding braided ornament.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Nasrid Islamic book and scribal culture
Region
Attributed to Spain, possibly Granada
Date of the evidence
Second half of the 15th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Embroidered leather case with a shield shape and a diagonal inscription band on the flap. The rear view shows an interlaced six-pointed star, upright inscription panels and surrounding braided ornament.
Historically recorded use
According to the museum, the casing may have contained a section of a small Qur’an. The shield and motto associate it with Nasrid religious representation. A specific use as a worn protective amulet is not evidenced.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
A French slip inserted at the time of acquisition claimed that it belonged to the last Sultan of Granada, Muhammad XII; this is not a secure royal provenance. The visible star is not independently interpreted as a magical seal. Historical object evidence, not confirmed amulet function.
Before designing
Unaltered complete museum photographs as reference. No reconstruction of historical writing and no manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Embroidered leather case with a shield shape and a diagonal band of writing on the flap. The reverse view shows an interlaced six-pointed star, upright panels of writing and a surrounding braided ornament. Native image files without local raster transformation; no signs or manufacturing outlines have been added. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Embroidered leather case with a shield shape and a diagonal band of writing on the flap. The reverse view shows an interlaced six-pointed star, upright panels of writing and a surrounding braided ornament. Native image files without local raster transformation; no signs or manufacturing outlines have been added.
Source location: 04.3.458; 2 complete native museum image(s)
Source location: CC0 policy and individual isPublicDomain designation
The general CC0 policy applies together with the individual API image permission. Web reading evidence; the separate direct HTTP request returned 429 and is not represented as a successful HTML retrieval.
Nature as guide with staff, spectacles and lamp – Atalanta fugiens 1618, Emblem 42
Original image · source evidence
Alchemical-theosophical symbolic image
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art Oppenheim, Germany; place of printing · 1618; first publication of the work 1617
A female figure carrying flowers leads the way through a landscape. A man with spectacles, a staff and a lantern follows her clearly drawn footprints.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art
Region
Oppenheim, Germany; place of printing
Date of the evidence
1618; first publication of the work 1617
Type of evidence
Textual evidence
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A female figure carrying flowers leads the way through a landscape. A man with spectacles, a staff and a lantern follows her clearly drawn footprints.
Historically recorded use
The motto connects nature, reason, experience and reading with a guide, staff, spectacles and lamp as prerequisites for alchemical work. Historical book illustration with epigram and accompanying discourse; no evidenced neck pendant.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
An individually located emblem in the specific 1618 Oppenheimer print; the first publication in 1617 is distinct from this. Part of the same work and the same copy, not an independent amulet object. Individual use as a worn amulet, ancient origin of this graphic and efficacy are not evidenced.
Before designing
Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view with motto, image, epigram, printed page number and side margin notes. Paper, stains, binding shadows and any coloured areas are retained. Institutional presentation resolution 2880×3442; larger master 4291×5129 documented separately. Historical image evidence without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view with motto, image, epigram, printed page number and side margin notes. Paper, stains, binding shadows and any coloured areas are retained. Institutional presentation resolution 2880×3442; larger master 4291×5129 documented separately. Historical image evidence without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view with motto, image, epigram, printed page number and side margin notes. Paper, stains, binding shadows and any coloured areas are retained. Institutional presentation resolution 2880×3442; larger master 4291×5129 documented separately. Historical image evidence without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: QD25 .M354 1618, Emblem 42, printed p. 177; institutional individual inventory 41687j348; Large JPG 2880×3442
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Courtesy of Science History Institute; Michael Maier, Atalanta fugiens (Oppenheim 1618), Emblem 42, S.177; engraver Matthaeus Merian; Public Domain Mark 1.0.
Source location: QD25 .M354 1618; Oppenheim, Johann-Theodor de Bry; complete work with 50 emblems
Copy used from 1618; the work's first publication in 1617 is attested separately. Historical alchemical emblem, epigram and musical context. No evidence for 30 independent works, worn amulets or present-day claims of efficacy. Individual image rights additionally checked for each inventory item.
The motto connects nature, reason, experience and reading with a guide, staff, spectacles and lamp as prerequisites for alchemical work. The original title, English institutional counter-label, date of 1618 and specific PDM image release match the individual page.
Nature teaches Nature before the Fire – Atalanta fugiens 1618, Emblem 20
Original image · source evidence
Alchemical-theosophical symbolic image
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art Oppenheim, Germany; place of printing · 1618; first publication of the work 1617
A naked female figure stands behind an armoured man with a shield. The man kneels before high flames and rising smoke.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art
Region
Oppenheim, Germany; place of printing
Date of the evidence
1618; first publication of the work 1617
Type of evidence
Textual evidence
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A naked female figure stands behind an armoured man with a shield. The man kneels before high flames and rising smoke.
Historically recorded use
The motto describes nature, which nature instructs so that it may overcome fire. The scene is a specific alchemical book reference. Historical book illustration with epigram and associated discourse; not an evidenced neck pendant.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
An individually located emblem in the specific 1618 Oppenheimer print; the first publication in 1617 is distinct from this. Part of the same work and the same copy, not an independent amulet object. Individual use as a worn amulet, ancient origin of this graphic and efficacy are not evidenced.
Before designing
Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view with motto, image, epigram, printed page number and side margin notes. Paper, stains, binding shadows and any coloured areas are retained. Institutional presentation resolution 2880×3442; larger master 4291×5129 documented separately. Historical image evidence without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view with motto, image, epigram, printed page number and side margin notes. Paper, stains, binding shadows and any coloured areas are retained. Institutional presentation resolution 2880×3442; larger master 4291×5129 documented separately. Historical image evidence without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view with motto, image, epigram, printed page number and side margin notes. Paper, stains, binding shadows and any coloured areas are retained. Institutional presentation resolution 2880×3442; larger master 4291×5129 documented separately. Historical image evidence without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: QD25 .M354 1618, Emblem 20, printed p. 89; institutional individual inventory v692t703w; Large JPG 2880×3442
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Courtesy of Science History Institute; Michael Maier, Atalanta fugiens (Oppenheim 1618), Emblem 20, S.89; engraver Matthaeus Merian; Public Domain Mark 1.0.
Source location: QD25 .M354 1618; Oppenheim, Johann-Theodor de Bry; complete work with 50 emblems
Copy used from 1618; the work's first publication in 1617 is attested separately. Historical alchemical emblem, epigram and musical context. No evidence for 30 independent works, worn amulets or present-day claims of efficacy. Individual image rights additionally checked for each inventory item.
The motto describes nature teaching nature so that it may overcome fire. The scene is a specific alchemical book reference. The original title, English institutional counter-label, date 1618 and specific PDM image release correspond to the individual page.
Natural history note with semicircle, two circles and central triangle – Clm 30010, f.14r
Original image · source evidence
Historical knowledge-ritual figure
Latin Ars notoria tradition in the broader sense; BSB catalogue title Place of manufacture unknown; current collection in Munich · 14th century; dating of the specific parchment codex, not an exact year of 1301
A large upper semicircle, two lower concentric circles, a central rectangle and a downward-pointing triangle contain prayer and invocation-name writing. The clearly legible heading names a Nota of the Physica, the medieval study of nature. The figure belongs to a ritualised transmission of knowledge, not to a worn amulet form attested here. Historical practice associated prayers and contemplation of such figures with the pursuit of knowledge. No actual effect or surviving worn amulet is evidenced.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Latin Ars notoria tradition in the broader sense; BSB catalogue title
Region
Place of manufacture unknown; current collection in Munich
Date of the evidence
14th century; dating of the specific parchment codex, not an exact year of 1301
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A large upper semicircle, two lower concentric circles, a central rectangle and a downward-pointing triangle contain prayer and invocation-name writing. The clearly legible heading names a Nota of the Physica, the medieval study of nature. The figure belongs to a ritualised transmission of knowledge, not to a worn amulet form attested here. Historical practice associated prayers and contemplation of such figures with the pursuit of knowledge. No actual effect or surviving worn amulet is evidenced.
Historically recorded use
The clearly legible heading names a Nota of the Physica, the medieval natural history. The figure belongs to a ritualised transmission of knowledge, not to a worn amulet form demonstrated here. Historical practice connected prayers and contemplation of such figures with the pursuit of knowledge. No actual effect or surviving worn amulet is evidenced.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
A specific Latin parchment codex of the 14th century, now Clm 30010; catalogue title Ars notoria. The BSB identifies depictions of the Artes liberales except music, together with magical prayers and explanatory text on f.15v–16r. No narrower textual recension or historical author is specified here. The modern navigation metadata and MARC data contain 1301 as a technical value, whereas the visible catalogue dating gives only 14th century; therefore no exact year is stated. Seven localised figure/sign ensembles from the same copy are source variants, not seven new traditions.
Before designing
Unaltered native full-page JPEG bytes from the institutional IIIF service are embedded in the SVG. Only the SVG viewport limits the visible area of the leaf. This is the supplied JPEG presentation, not a verified TIFF master. Faint writing, irregular geometry and existing ageing are retained. No raster repair, line completion, outline transcription or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. A specific 14th-century Latin parchment codex, now Clm 30010; catalogue title Ars notoria. The BSB names depictions of the Artes liberales except music, with magical prayers and explanatory text on f.15v–16r. No narrower textual recension or historical author is specified here. The modern navigation metadata and MARC data contain 1301 as a technical value, whereas the visible catalogue dating gives only 14th century; therefore no exact year is given. Seven localised figure/sign ensembles from the same copy are source variants, not seven new traditions. Unaltered native full-page JPEG bytes from the institutional IIIF service are embedded in the SVG. Only the SVG viewport limits the visible page area. This is the supplied JPEG presentation, not a verified TIFF master. Faint writing, irregular geometry and existing ageing are retained. No raster repair, line additions, outline transcription or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: A specific 14th-century Latin parchment codex, now Clm 30010; catalogue title Ars notoria. The BSB names depictions of the Artes liberales except music, with magical prayers and explanatory text on f.15v–16r. No narrower textual recension or historical author is specified here. The modern navigation metadata and MARC data contain 1301 as a technical value, whereas the visible catalogue dating gives only 14th century; therefore no exact year is given. Seven localised figure/sign ensembles from the same copy are source variants, not seven new traditions. Unaltered native full-page JPEG bytes from the institutional IIIF service are embedded in the SVG. Only the SVG viewport limits the visible page area. This is the supplied JPEG presentation, not a verified TIFF master. Faint writing, irregular geometry and existing ageing are retained. No raster repair, line additions, outline transcription or manufacturing approval.
Source location: Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Clm 30010, catalogue title Ars notoria; folio 14r; canvas position 33/53, institutional canvas label (0033); image bsb00137282_00033. Folio numbering follows the visible recto numerals and the sequence of folios; the IIIF label itself gives only the image position.
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Naturkunde-Nota mit Halbkreis, zwei Kreisen und Mitteldreieck – Clm 30010, f.14r. Clm 30010, 14. Jahrhundert. München, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek. Public Domain Mark; moderne Metadaten separat CC0.
Source location: BV035952023; BSB 991019740539707356; MARC 264/300/500/990
The written-out dating of the 14th century remains authoritative; the technical figure 1301 is not adopted as the exact year of creation. Formerly in the Phillipps Collection; modern half-leather binding.
Additional explicit CC0 evidence for catalogue metadata. The individual PDM declaration for the specific digitisation remains the separate basis for the image.
Germanic runic script Reference: Gotland · Elder Futhark; check model dating separately
Sign n.
Research draftSource-based vector template
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Germanic runic script
Region
Reference: Gotland
Date of the evidence
Elder Futhark; check model dating separately
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Description
Sign n.
Historically recorded use
Written signs
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Historical letter; the normalised older form of the name is reconstructed. No individual amulet effect is inferred from the name.
Before designing
Unicode shows a normalised letter form. For manufacture, select a specific historical character variant and check it against the find.
Research draft. Normalised editorial letter form ᚾ (U+16BE); hand-set font-free line geometry, not taken from a font file. Do not present as an object-faithful Kylver facsimile or an individually attested amulet sign. Names are reconstructed; no individual magical effect is inferred. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Vector template: Normalised editorial letter form ᚾ (U+16BE); hand-set font-free line geometry, not taken from a font file. Do not present as an object-faithful Kylver facsimile or an individually attested amulet sign. Names are reconstructed; no individual magical effect is inferred.
Source location: G 88 / Kylver; sequence A I, sign 10; normalised Unicode character U+16BE
Normalised editorial letter form ᚾ (U+16BE); hand-set font-free line geometry, not taken from a font file. Do not present as an object-faithful Kylver facsimile or an individually attested amulet sign. Names are reconstructed; no individual magical effect is inferred.
Niedersächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, RuneS
Source location: Signs 11458–11482; sequence A I
Scholarly names and transliterations; the names are catalogue designations, not recorded explanations of the names in the ancient incision. Kylver places p before ï and d before o.
Neble – silver Thor’s hammer with a large ring loop
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Scandinavian Viking Age symbol and jewellery culture Neble, Zealand · Viking Age (catalogue attribution)
Plain silver hammer with no surviving decoration. The shaft ends in a ring-shaped section with a large suspension opening; catalogue weight 6.34 grams.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Scandinavian Viking Age symbol and jewellery culture
Region
Neble, Zealand
Date of the evidence
Viking Age (catalogue attribution)
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Plain silver hammer with no surviving decoration. The shaft ends in a ring-shaped section with a large suspension opening; catalogue weight 6.34 grams.
Historically recorded use
Historical hammer-shaped jewellery or symbolic object; its specific use and the owner’s personal intention are not recorded.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The photographs show the surviving Viking-age object. No invented runic or interlace decoration has been added.
Before designing
Unchanged original photographs as image reference. Individual views are shown separately alongside one another; no engraving outline has been added and no manufacturing approval has been given.
Research draft. The photographs show the surviving Viking-Age object. No invented runic or interlace decoration is added. Each photograph is complete and retains its native JPEG bytes unchanged; separate views are not a historical overall form. Presentation files, not TIFF masters. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The photographs show the surviving Viking-Age object. No invented runic or interlace decoration is added. Each photograph is complete and retains its native JPEG bytes unchanged; separate views are not a historical overall form. Presentation files, not TIFF masters.
Use of the template: CC BY-SA 4.0 with attribution and share-alike
Andreas Jæger Manøe Schäfler / Nationalmuseet, Danmark; C 56754; DO-111366; CC BY-SA 4.0. Andreas Jæger Manøe Schäfler / Nationalmuseet, Danmark; C 56754; DO-111365; CC BY-SA 4.0.
Individual institutional object record. Find, registration and photography dates are not treated as manufacturing dates. Uncertain signs and functional identifications remain qualified.
Ancient Egyptian amulets and historical symbol forms Egypt · 664–332 BC
Standing figure within a rectangular shrine with side supports and a top element.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Ancient Egyptian amulets and historical symbol forms
Region
Egypt
Date of the evidence
664–332 BC
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Standing figure within a rectangular shrine with side supports and a top element.
Historically recorded use
Small deity depiction catalogued as a shrine amulet of Nefertum.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The shrine and deity attribution are evidenced for the specific object; no general effect on luck, healing or fragrance is inferred from the name. The date range follows the legible catalogue dating; the differing numerical API values are preserved separately in the evidence record.
Before designing
Original view with edges preserved and modern inventory inscription visible; the inscription is not part of the historical motif. CC0 raster reference; not a verified manufacturing file. A separately verified outline preparation is required for engraving or casting.
Research draft. Original view with edges retained and modern inventory inscription visible; the inscription is not part of the historical motif. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Original view with edges retained and modern inventory inscription visible; the inscription is not part of the historical motif.
Source location: Met 05.3.206; selected original photograph
Source location: Met 05.3.206; object 545355; API title, objectDate, medium, geography, images
Directly archived institutional object record for this exact inventory item. Image form also checked visually; named function and attribution only to the extent documented in each case.
Egyptian Egypt · Late Period, 26th–30th Dynasty, 664–332 BC (catalogue attribution)
Small golden figure with a snake’s head, one leg forward and a rectangular base. A suspension loop is visible behind the upper body. The 2025 museum catalogue justifies the dating through comparisons of form and manufacture; it is not a date secured by an inscription.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Egyptian
Region
Egypt
Date of the evidence
Late Period, 26th–30th Dynasty, 664–332 BC (catalogue attribution)
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Small golden figure with a snake’s head, one leg forward and a rectangular base. A suspension loop is visible behind the upper body. The 2025 museum catalogue justifies the dating through comparisons of form and manufacture; it is not a date secured by an inscription.
Historically recorded use
Catalogued as an amulet of the snake-headed Nehebkau; the museum catalogue explains its connection with the judgement of the dead. A specific grave find is not evidenced here.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Catalogue text: 664–332 BC; numerical API fields -700/-300 differ from this. Both pieces of information remain archived separately. The side/reverse views were not accessible at the time of retrieval; the three-quarter view used does not replace them. The object, inventory, material and dating are tied to the archived API record.
Before designing
Actually observed: golden snake’s head, human body, striding pose, base and rear loop; complete photographed view. Unaltered institutional JPEG presentation image in the full image frame; neither an isolated engraving outline nor approval for manufacture.
Research draft. Catalogue text: 664–332 BCE; numeric API fields -700/-300 differ from this. Both entries remain archived separately. The side and reverse views were inaccessible when retrieved; the three-quarter view used does not replace them. Complete institutional presentation photograph, 843 pixels wide; larger IIIF master dimensions 888×1110 documented separately. No local scaling or re-encoding of the embedded JPEG bytes. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Catalogue text: 664–332 BCE; numeric API fields -700/-300 differ from this. Both entries remain archived separately. The side and reverse views were inaccessible when retrieved; the three-quarter view used does not replace them. Complete institutional presentation photograph, 843 pixels wide; larger IIIF master dimensions 888×1110 documented separately. No local scaling or re-encoding of the embedded JPEG bytes.
Source location: Inventory 1894.962; institutional main view 7c47fc48-c549-6a65-4965-2e6aba493d74
Source location: Inventory 1894.962; API object 140647; JSON /data[id=140647]
Institutional evidence for an individual object from an archived multi-record API retrieval. Dating, material, provenance and inventory details follow the specific record; source attribution is not an independent scientific authenticity test.
Source location: Open Access Images; CC0 Public Domain Designation
Specific images only when accompanied by the individual is_public_domain=true and the object's image ID. Descriptive API texts separately carry CC BY4; image release is CC0.
Source location: Cat.73, Inventory1894.962, PDF pages2–4
Scholarly catalogue for object identity and classification; brief original factual summary. The catalogue text is licensed under CC BY-NC4; its PDF images are not reproduced as image files.
Ancient Egyptian amulets and historical symbol forms Egypt · 664–332 BC
Small blue standing goddess figure with a distinctive crown-like headdress.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Ancient Egyptian amulets and historical symbol forms
Region
Egypt
Date of the evidence
664–332 BC
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Small blue standing goddess figure with a distinctive crown-like headdress.
Historically recorded use
Deity figure described as a Neit amulet in the catalogue; Neith is the German form of the name.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The readable dating ends at 332 BC; the numerical API dating differs, ending at 343 BC. No more specific ruler or owner attribution.
Before designing
Original image of the complete visible figure. CC0 raster reference; not a checked manufacturing file. A separately checked contour preparation is required for engraving or casting.
Research draft. Original photograph of the complete surviving visible figure. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Original photograph of the complete surviving visible figure.
Source location: Met 10.130.2084; selected original photograph
Source location: Met 10.130.2084; object 553811; API title, objectDate, medium, geography, images
Directly archived institutional object record for this exact inventory item. Image form also checked visually; named function and attribution only to the extent documented in each case.
Neolithic head object made of rock crystal – amulet (?)
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Historical West Asian cultural sphere Syria · 7th–6th millennium BC
Translucent head or profile form with a projecting nose, an opening in the upper area and a damaged lower edge. A modern red inventory label remains part of the museum photograph.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Historical West Asian cultural sphere
Region
Syria
Date of the evidence
7th–6th millennium BC
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Translucent head or profile form with a projecting nose, an opening in the upper area and a damaged lower edge. A modern red inventory label remains part of the museum photograph.
Historically recorded use
The Met explicitly lists the rock crystal object as Head amulet (?) and thus leaves its function open. What survives is a small head or profile form from Neolithic Syria. A securely established protective use or religious designation cannot be inferred from the brief catalogue entry.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 1985.356.38, object 327143. The museum title and question mark are retained. The API dates it numerically to −7000 to −5000; no more precise year of creation or purported oldest securely attested protective amulet is inferred from this.
Before designing
Complete native museum photograph as a historical reference; damage and present-day photographic elements remain visible. No contour reconstruction, no production approval.
Research draft. Unchanged complete native museum image; no raster transformation or addition of old outlines. Historical reference, not manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Unchanged complete native museum image; no raster transformation or addition of old outlines. Historical reference, not manufacturing approval.
Source location: The Metropolitan Museum of Art; 1985.356.38; 327143
The actually read single-object text from the web tool on use and limits of interpretation. A separate ordinary native HTML retrieval returned 429 and is archived only as an error response.
Source location: CC0 for individually designated public-domain images
Freshly read institutional CC0 primary text from the web tool. Individual rights attribution was additionally checked in each archived individual object API record.
Buddhist stupa image tradition Kathmandu Valley / Nepal · About the 16th century
Small stupa with a round domed body, a square eye panel and a tiered parasol structure. A Buddha niche is visible frontally in the selected complete black-and-white view; the view limits what can be seen of the other sides.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Buddhist stupa image tradition
Region
Kathmandu Valley / Nepal
Date of the evidence
About the 16th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Small stupa with a round domed body, a square eye panel and a tiered parasol structure. A Buddha niche is visible frontally in the selected complete black-and-white view; the view limits what can be seen of the other sides.
Historically recorded use
The small metal model represents a Buddhist stupa. The museum identifies four Buddha niches on the base and eyes on the four sides of the harmikā. No surviving relic or use as a bodily amulet is attested for this example.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 1985.400.16, Met object 38342. Four niches and four eye sides are institutional details about the complete object, not four separate photographs viewed here. The rock crystal insert is reported as a museum material description, without claiming that any reliquary contents survive.
Before designing
Unchanged complete native museum image; no reconstruction of damaged details. No manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete native museum photograph, with no raster transformation or reconstruction of old forms. Historical religious image evidence; not approved for manufacture. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete native museum photograph, with no raster transformation or reconstruction of old forms. Historical religious image evidence; not approved for manufacture.
Source location: The Metropolitan Museum of Art; 1985.400.16; complete selected individual image
Ancient Egyptian funerary amulets Egypt; exact findspot not stated · 4th to mid-3rd century BC; Late Period to Ptolemaic Period according to the museum
Trapezoidal relief plaque with pale green and blue glaze. According to the museum, the kneeling figure holds its right hand in front of its face. The garment, wig and characteristic headdress follow the museum’s description. The complete native front view preserves damage, holes and the tight original framing.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Ancient Egyptian funerary amulets
Region
Egypt; exact findspot not stated
Date of the evidence
4th to mid-3rd century BC; Late Period to Ptolemaic Period according to the museum
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Trapezoidal relief plaque with pale green and blue glaze. According to the museum, the kneeling figure holds its right hand in front of its face. The garment, wig and characteristic headdress follow the museum’s description. The complete native front view preserves damage, holes and the tight original framing.
Historically recorded use
The museum describes the faience plaque as an amulet and identifies the kneeling Nephthys by her mourning gesture. The perforated edges allowed it to be attached. The catalogue explains generally how funerary amulets were incorporated into mummy wrappings; such use is not documented for this individual piece.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
A physical inventory, 48.1636. Dating and identification as Nephthys follow the museum; no independent reading of the hieroglyphs. The precise find context and the time and manner of acquisition by Henry Walters are not stated. The transfer to the museum in 1931 does not date ancient manufacture or use. No individual protective effect is demonstrated.
Before designing
Unaltered complete native museum image in a CC0 SVG wrapper. No added relief sections, new characters, custom crops or engraving paths. The tightly framed frontal view does not attest to a complete three-dimensional form. Not approved for manufacture.
Research draft. Unaltered complete native museum image in a CC0 SVG wrapper. No added relief sections, new characters, custom crops or engraving paths. The tightly framed frontal view does not attest to a complete three-dimensional form. Not approved for manufacture. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Unaltered complete native museum image in a CC0 SVG wrapper. No added relief sections, new characters, custom crops or engraving paths. The tightly framed frontal view does not attest to a complete three-dimensional form. Not approved for manufacture.
The Walters Art Museum, 48.1636. Bildbezogene Freigabe CC0 1.0. Unveränderte Originalfotobytes in SVG-Hülle; kein Fotograf auf der Objektseite genannt.
Nest on a steep mountain – Atalanta fugiens 1618, Emblem 7
Original image · source evidence
Alchemical-theosophical symbolic image
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art Oppenheim, Germany; place of printing · 1618; specific copy used
Birds and a nest are on a steep rock above a valley and town landscape.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art
Region
Oppenheim, Germany; place of printing
Date of the evidence
1618; specific copy used
Type of evidence
Textual evidence
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Birds and a nest are on a steep rock above a valley and town landscape.
Historically recorded use
The motto connects the fledgling flying from the nest with its return; an early modern alchemical bird allegory. Historical book illustration; actual use as a neck pendant is not attested.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Individually located historical print component of the specific 1618 copy, not a new independent historical text and not an attested worn amulet. Effects and suitability for manufacture are not established. Work first published in 1617; the print used here is from 1618. Visible areas of colour belong to the present condition of this copy; their separate date of colouring is not attested.
Before designing
Complete unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view 2880×3442px. The separately offered larger master 4291×5129px was not supplied as a downloaded file. Image, writing, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view 2880×3442px. The separately offered larger master 4291×5129px was not supplied as a downloaded file. Image, writing, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view 2880×3442px. The separately offered larger master 4291×5129px was not supplied as a downloaded file. Image, writing, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: QD25 .M354 1618; Emblem 7, printed p. 37; individual inventory 0c483k298; Large JPG 2880×3442
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Courtesy of Science History Institute; Atalanta fugiens, used edition 1618; QD25 .M354 1618; Emblem 7, gedruckte S. 37; Einzelinventar 0c483k298; Public Domain Mark 1.0.
The same specifically identified copy as for the 30 emblems already included; this batch adds only the remaining 20 individual sheets. First publication in 1617 and the edition used, 1618, are distinguished.
The motto links the fledgling flying from the nest with its return; an early modern alchemical bird allegory. Individual institutional metadata checked against PDM.
Ancient Egyptian amulets and historical symbol forms Egypt · c. 2150–2040 BCE
Rounded, three-dimensionally modelled hippopotamus-head end of a small, light-coloured glazed steatite object.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Ancient Egyptian amulets and historical symbol forms
Region
Egypt
Date of the evidence
c. 2150–2040 BCE
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Rounded, three-dimensionally modelled hippopotamus-head end of a small, light-coloured glazed steatite object.
Historically recorded use
Head figure of a historical design amulet; the other side is described in the catalogue as having four connected ibex heads.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The head shown and the catalogued underside pattern are kept separate. It is not equated with an upright Taweret figure.
Before designing
Only the photographed head side; the four unshown makara heads are not invented. CC0 raster reference; not a verified manufacturing file. A separately verified contour preparation is required for engraving or casting.
Research draft. Only the photographed head side; the four unshown ibex heads are not invented. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Only the photographed head side; the four unshown ibex heads are not invented.
Source location: Met 26.7.39; selected original photograph
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Hippopotamus-Head Design Amulet Inscribed With Four Linked Ibex Heads., 26.7.39; Purchase, Edward S. Harkness Gift, 1926; Open Access.
Source location: Met 26.7.39; object 544409; API title, objectDate, medium, geography, images
Directly archived institutional object record for this exact inventory item. Image form also checked visually; named function and attribution only to the extent documented in each case.
Norse Viking-age pendant tradition Nyrup South, Jutland, Denmark · Viking Age according to the museum catalogue; no more precise individual year dating given
Small lead hammer, 1.7 cm long and 1.5 cm wide according to the catalogue. Both photographs preserve the damaged suspension and irregular surviving shape.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Norse Viking-age pendant tradition
Region
Nyrup South, Jutland, Denmark
Date of the evidence
Viking Age according to the museum catalogue; no more precise individual year dating given
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Small lead hammer, 1.7 cm long and 1.5 cm wide according to the catalogue. Both photographs preserve the damaged suspension and irregular surviving shape.
Historically recorded use
Small hammer-shaped lead pendant, identified by the museum as Thor’s hammer. The break runs through the suspension hole.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The missing or damaged suspension is not completed into an ideal loop. This specific lead variant is not Købelev and has no runic inscription mentioned in the source.
Before designing
Photographed surviving original form with wear, folds, perforation and any broken edges. No addition of invisible parts of lettering and no invented geometric reconstruction. The source-based photographic view is a checked reference, not yet a manufacturing outline.
Research draft. The two designated views of the same historical find are shown with their JPEG bytes unchanged. The missing or damaged suspension is not supplemented with an ideal loop. This specific lead variant is not Købelev and has no runic inscription mentioned in the source. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The two designated views of the same historical find are shown with their JPEG bytes unchanged. The missing or damaged suspension is not supplemented with an ideal loop. This specific lead variant is not Købelev and has no runic inscription mentioned in the source.
The missing or damaged suspension fitting has not been completed as an ideal loop. This specific lead variant is not Købelev and has no runic inscription mentioned in the source. Specific material, find and object details come from the institutional raw dataset for this object page.
Source location: DO-68556; C 35496; front/exterior side a
Image-specific JSON-LD names the actual JPEG URL and CC BY-SA 4.0. Soeren Greve / Nationalmuseet, Danmark. The original file and its native pixel dimensions are retained separately; the TIFF resolution given in the catalogue is not transferred to the supplied JPEG. The image is listed on the object page of this inventory.
Source location: DO-68557; C 35496; reverse/exterior side b
Image-specific JSON-LD names the actual JPEG URL and CC BY-SA 4.0. Soeren Greve / Nationalmuseet, Danmark. The original file and its native pixel dimensions are retained separately; the TIFF resolution given in the catalogue is not transferred to the supplied JPEG. The image is listed on the object page of this inventory.
Danish medieval writing and protective culture Nåe, Jutland · Medieval (catalogue attribution; no more precise date of manufacture)
Compact folded lead tablet with cross-like incisions on its two outer surfaces.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Danish medieval writing and protective culture
Region
Nåe, Jutland
Date of the evidence
Medieval (catalogue attribution; no more precise date of manufacture)
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Compact folded lead tablet with cross-like incisions on its two outer surfaces.
Historically recorded use
Classified by the museum as a medieval lead amulet; an individual protective intention has not been fully deciphered.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The catalogue description treats the amulet function as a supposition. The inner side is unknown; this is a historical comparative object with a qualified identification.
Before designing
Unchanged original photographs as image reference. Individual views are shown separately alongside one another; no engraving outline has been added and no manufacturing approval has been given.
Research draft. The catalogue description treats the amulet function as a conjecture. The interior is unknown; this is a historical comparative object with a qualified identification. Each photograph is complete and uses unaltered native JPEG bytes; separate views are not a historical overall form. Presentation files, not TIFF masters. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The catalogue description treats the amulet function as a conjecture. The interior is unknown; this is a historical comparative object with a qualified identification. Each photograph is complete and uses unaltered native JPEG bytes; separate views are not a historical overall form. Presentation files, not TIFF masters.
Source location: D 97/2022; DMR-233547, DMR-233548
Use of the template: CC BY-SA 4.0 with attribution and share-alike
Rasmus Bak Meng / Nationalmuseet, Danmark; D 97/2022; DMR-233547; CC BY-SA 4.0. Rasmus Bak Meng / Nationalmuseet, Danmark; D 97/2022; DMR-233548; CC BY-SA 4.0.
Individual institutional object record. Find, registration and photography dates are not treated as manufacturing dates. Uncertain signs and functional identifications remain qualified.
Nordic medieval written amulets Nørre Vedby Gammelby, Falster, Denmark · Medieval according to the individual museum title; no more precise manufacturing period specified
Unfolded rectangular lead amulet with large runes on both sides; the edges cut off parts of the writing.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Nordic medieval written amulets
Region
Nørre Vedby Gammelby, Falster, Denmark
Date of the evidence
Medieval according to the individual museum title; no more precise manufacturing period specified
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Unfolded rectangular lead amulet with large runes on both sides; the edges cut off parts of the writing.
Historically recorded use
The museum describes it as an amulet or amulet candidate. The surviving form is historically attested; specific spiritual use and efficacy are described only to the extent supported by the individual evidence.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The preserved catalogue readings of both sides contain question marks and uncertain runes. A continuous protective formula is not established; truncated signs have not been supplemented.
Before designing
Unaltered historical museum views with surviving damage, corrosion and any scales. No retouching, and no additions to missing writing or lines. The facsimile provides a source reference and requires a separate manufacturing outline.
Research draft. Unfolded rectangular lead amulet with large runes on both sides; the edges cut off parts of the writing. The preserved catalogue readings on both sides contain question marks and uncertain runes. A continuous protective formula is not established; cut-off signs are not supplemented. The named object views are placed side by side; this does not claim a historical arrangement of the signs. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Unfolded rectangular lead amulet with large runes on both sides; the edges cut off parts of the writing. The preserved catalogue readings on both sides contain question marks and uncertain runes. A continuous protective formula is not established; cut-off signs are not supplemented. The named object views are placed side by side; this does not claim a historical arrangement of the signs.
Source location: D 28/2011; DMR-213535, DMR-213536
The preserved catalogue readings of both sides contain question marks and uncertain runes. A continuous protective formula is not established; cut-off signs are not completed. Individual object classification, material, find events and images are taken from the museum raw-data block.
The individual ImageObject in the museum’s JSON-LD names this JPEG URL and CC BY-SA 4.0. Image credit: Søren Greve / Nationalmuseet, Danmark. The actual JPEG pixel dimensions are checked; larger TIFF catalogue dimensions are not applied to the JPEG used.
The individual ImageObject in the museum’s JSON-LD names this JPEG URL and CC BY-SA 4.0. Image credit: Søren Greve / Nationalmuseet, Danmark. The actual JPEG pixel dimensions are checked; larger TIFF catalogue dimensions are not applied to the JPEG used.
Och – handwritten solar Character – MS.4667, p.285
Original image · source evidence
Historical spirit sigil
French early modern grimoire tradition; Traitté des Esprits du petit payzan Reformée French-speaking; place of manufacture unknown; current location London · Mid-18th century; dating of the specific Wellcome manuscript
A horizontal line with three short upward-pointing stems; beneath the middle stem is a small closed circle. The French section on the Sun explicitly assigns this designated character to a named spirit figure and a ritual instruction. This attests to a historical text of use; actual efficacy or wearing as a neck amulet is not evidenced.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French early modern grimoire tradition; Traitté des Esprits du petit payzan Reformée
Region
French-speaking; place of manufacture unknown; current location London
Date of the evidence
Mid-18th century; dating of the specific Wellcome manuscript
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A horizontal line with three short upward-pointing stems; beneath the middle stem is a small closed circle. The French section on the Sun explicitly assigns this designated character to a named spirit figure and a ritual instruction. This attests to a historical text of use; actual efficacy or wearing as a neck amulet is not evidenced.
Historically recorded use
The French sun section assigns this explicitly designated character to a named spirit figure and a ritual instruction. This attests to a historical text of use; an actual effect or a worn neck amulet is not attested.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The Och paragraph on p.285 explicitly names its character and describes an execution on fine gold. The single horizontal figure stands before the dividing line to the Anael section. The gold specification is a historical recipe instruction, not evidence of manufacture. Dating of the specific manuscript: mid-18th century. Pseudo-Solomon is a transmitted attribution, not evidence of ancient authorship. The new manuscript variant does not replace an earlier printed witness.
Before designing
Unchanged native full-page JPEG embedded in the SVG; only the visible figure area is bounded by the viewport. Paper, colours, show-through writing and existing traces are retained. No outline transcription, added lines or approval for engraving.
Research draft. The Och paragraph on p.285 explicitly names its character and describes an execution on fine gold. The single horizontal figure stands before the dividing line to the Anael section. The gold specification is a historical recipe instruction, not evidence of manufacture. Unaltered native full-page JPEG embedded in the SVG; only the visible figure area is bounded by the viewport. Paper, colours, show-through writing and existing marks are retained. No outline transcription, line additions or engraving approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The Och paragraph on p.285 explicitly names its character and describes an execution on fine gold. The single horizontal figure stands before the dividing line to the Anael section. The gold specification is a historical recipe instruction, not evidence of manufacture. Unaltered native full-page JPEG embedded in the SVG; only the visible figure area is bounded by the viewport. Paper, colours, show-through writing and existing marks are retained. No outline transcription, line additions or engraving approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.4667, Traitté des Esprits du petit payzan Reformée, manuscript p.285;Canvas position 301/465;Och;Sun section
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Och – handschriftlicher Sonnen-Character – MS.4667, S.285. Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts; Datierung der konkreten Wellcome-Handschrift. Source: Wellcome Collection. Public Domain Mark.
Source location: MS.4667; second treatise pp.272–295
Institutional text names 21 spirit signatures and dates the specific manuscript to the mid-18th century. It is not a manuscript by the ancient Solomon.
Oedipus and the Sphinx – Atalanta fugiens 1618, Emblem 39
Original image · source evidence
Alchemical-theosophical symbolic image
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art Oppenheim, Germany; place of printing · 1618; specific copy used
Several scenes with armoured and unclothed figures, a sphinx and a man lying on the ground are spread across a landscape.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art
Region
Oppenheim, Germany; place of printing
Date of the evidence
1618; specific copy used
Type of evidence
Textual evidence
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Several scenes with armoured and unclothed figures, a sphinx and a man lying on the ground are spread across a landscape.
Historically recorded use
The motto names Oedipus, the Sphinx, Laius and the mother; Maier’s early modern use of mythological emblems is documented as such. Historical book illustration; actual use as a neck pendant is not attested.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Individually located historical printed component from the specific 1618 copy, not a new independent historical text and not an attested worn amulet. Effect and suitability for manufacture are not established. Work first published in 1617; the print used here is from 1618.
Before designing
Complete unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view 2880×3442px. The separately offered larger master 4291×5129px was not supplied as a downloaded file. Image, writing, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view 2880×3442px. The separately offered larger master 4291×5129px was not supplied as a downloaded file. Image, writing, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view 2880×3442px. The separately offered larger master 4291×5129px was not supplied as a downloaded file. Image, writing, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: QD25 .M354 1618; Emblem 39, printed p. 165; individual inventory kp78gh22b; Large JPG 2880×3442
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Courtesy of Science History Institute; Atalanta fugiens, used edition 1618; QD25 .M354 1618; Emblem 39, gedruckte S. 165; Einzelinventar kp78gh22b; Public Domain Mark 1.0.
The same specifically identified copy as for the 30 emblems already included; this batch adds only the remaining 20 individual sheets. First publication in 1617 and the edition used, 1618, are distinguished.
The motto names Oedipus, the Sphinx, Laius and the mother; Maier’s early modern use of mythological emblems is documented as such. Individual institutional metadata were checked against PDM.
Daoist textual culture and Chinese official seals China; precise findspot and place of manufacture not stated · 14th century (institutional object dating); Yuan dynasty
Square nephrite seal body with a complex, framed seal matrix. The museum image shows the engraved underside with red areas, as well as parts of the greenish-yellow body against a grey background. The handle is only partly visible at the side. The image shows the original matrix, not a produced seal impression.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Daoist textual culture and Chinese official seals
Region
China; precise findspot and place of manufacture not stated
Date of the evidence
14th century (institutional object dating); Yuan dynasty
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Square nephrite seal body with a complex, framed seal matrix. The museum image shows the engraved underside with red areas, as well as parts of the greenish-yellow body against a grey background. The handle is only partly visible at the side. The image shows the original matrix, not a produced seal impression.
Historically recorded use
The museum tentatively interprets this seal as the official seal of a library of Daoist classics. It connects it with the authentication of texts and the long tradition of official seals. The interpretation of the sign shan on the handle as a link between heaven and the sealed text is explicitly attributed to the museum. Use as a worn amulet, protective object or specific ritual instrument is not evidenced for this object.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
One physical museum object, inventory 2000.38.7, institutional object ID 11862. The object is dated to the 14th century; the broader Yuan dynasty is not recast as a more precise date. The museum renders the inscription as dao de can bao and translates it in effect as ‘treasure of the library of Daoist classics’. This is an adopted curatorial reading, not an independent decipherment of the photograph. The shan mentioned by the museum on the upper side of the handle cannot be independently verified in this view. The specific library function remains a curatorial conjecture; no individual use, find provenance, protective effect or ritual practice is added.
Before designing
Complete, unaltered museum JPEG in an SVG wrapper; no cropping, raster re-encoding, mirroring, addition of marks, reconstruction, vectorisation or creation of a seal impression. Historical source reference; not a finished engraving outline and not manufacturing approval.
Research draft. A physical museum object, Inventory 2000.38.7, institutional object ID 11862. The object is dated to the 14th century; the broader Yuan dynasty is not turned into a more precise date. The museum renders the inscription as dao de can bao and translates it approximately as treasure of the library of Daoist classics. This is an adopted curatorial reading, not an independent decipherment of the photograph. The shan mentioned by the museum on the upper side of the handle cannot be independently verified in this view. The specific library function remains a curatorial conjecture; no individual use, find provenance, protective effect or ritual practice is added. Complete, unaltered museum JPEG in an SVG wrapper; no cropping, raster recoding, mirroring, added drawing, reconstruction, vectorisation or creation of a seal impression. Historical source reference; not a finished engraving outline and not approval for manufacture. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: A physical museum object, Inventory 2000.38.7, institutional object ID 11862. The object is dated to the 14th century; the broader Yuan dynasty is not turned into a more precise date. The museum renders the inscription as dao de can bao and translates it approximately as treasure of the library of Daoist classics. This is an adopted curatorial reading, not an independent decipherment of the photograph. The shan mentioned by the museum on the upper side of the handle cannot be independently verified in this view. The specific library function remains a curatorial conjecture; no individual use, find provenance, protective effect or ritual practice is added. Complete, unaltered museum JPEG in an SVG wrapper; no cropping, raster recoding, mirroring, added drawing, reconstruction, vectorisation or creation of a seal impression. Historical source reference; not a finished engraving outline and not approval for manufacture.
Source location: Minneapolis Institute of Art, inventory 2000.38.7, object 11862; complete museum photograph mia_5045465_full.jpg with the seal matrix visible
Source location: id 11862; accession_number 2000.38.7; dated 14th century; nephrite; rights_type Public Domain; native image fields
Object-specific dating, inventory, material, curatorial interpretation, image dimensions and download fields. The museum describes the attribution to a library as probable.
Source location: Sections Copyright and Image Access and Use; explicitly Public Domain / CC PDM
Institutional rights information actually read unchanged in the web tool on 21.10.2026 from Package A. Clearly labelled observation, not downloaded rights HTML. The later direct retrieval in A returned 429; no renewed rights retrieval was made for B.
Unchanged reuse of public website code from package A evidences the mapping of the API image fields to the complete original download and Public Domain to the PDM address. No independent historical object evidence and no new retrieval for B.
Olmec Mexico · 10th–4th century BCE (museum dating)
Thin axe-shaped jade plate with four elongated perforations, an upper perforation and an incised cross shape.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Olmec
Region
Mexico
Date of the evidence
10th–4th century BCE (museum dating)
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Thin axe-shaped jade plate with four elongated perforations, an upper perforation and an incised cross shape.
Historically recorded use
Possibly part of Olmec ritual attire; the museum cautiously interprets the cross form as a reference to the cardinal directions.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Ritual use and interpretation of direction are interpretations, not established personal protective functions. The API time interval −1000 to −300 is not adopted as a precise date because it differs from the century text.
Before designing
Native museum captures as source references; independent views without additions or new symbolic interpretations.
Research draft. Ritual use and interpretation of direction are interpretations, not established personal protective functions. The API date range −1000 to −300 is not adopted as a precise dating because it differs from the century description. JPEG renditions retain their native bytes unchanged; no local raster editing or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Ritual use and interpretation of direction are interpretations, not established personal protective functions. The API date range −1000 to −300 is not adopted as a precise dating because it differs from the century description. JPEG renditions retain their native bytes unchanged; no local raster editing or manufacturing approval.
Source location: 1989.314.1; complete native museum captures
Olmec style; Middle Formative period Mexico; Guerrero · 1000–400 BC (object page); 1000–600 BC (IIIF)
Long, stylised hummingbird head with a round perforation, made of blue-green jadeite.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Olmec style; Middle Formative period
Region
Mexico; Guerrero
Date of the evidence
1000–400 BC (object page); 1000–600 BC (IIIF)
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Long, stylised hummingbird head with a round perforation, made of blue-green jadeite.
Historically recorded use
The object page associates jade with Olmec religious symbolism and describes the form as a pendant; the older IIIF label calls it a bloodletting implement.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Title, function and dating differ between the current catalogue and IIIF; both sources remain visible. Neither a bloodletting function nor personal protection is claimed as conclusively established.
Before designing
Native museum captures as source references; independent views without additions or new symbolic interpretations.
Research draft. The title, function and dating differ between the current catalogue and IIIF; both sources remain visible. Neither a bloodletting function nor personal protection is claimed as conclusively established. JPEG renderings unchanged in their native bytes; no local raster editing or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The title, function and dating differ between the current catalogue and IIIF; both sources remain visible. Neither a bloodletting function nor personal protection is claimed as conclusively established. JPEG renderings unchanged in their native bytes; no local raster editing or manufacturing approval.
Source location: 2004-22; complete native museum photographs
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Princeton University Art Museum; Inventar 2004-22; Image courtesy of the Princeton University Art Museum; institutionell als Public Domain freigegeben.
Applied ornaments of gilded copper form the mantra in Lantsa.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Buddhism
Region
China
Date of the evidence
Mid-18th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Applied ornaments of gilded copper form the mantra in Lantsa.
Historically recorded use
Sacred inscription on a ceremonial helmet.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Writing variant and helmet attested; no claim of a separate specific amulet function.
Before designing
Check the inscription of 36.25.5a separately against the museum image; do not replace it with modern writing.
Research draft. Complete, visually checked museum photograph of the specific linked historical object. The unchanged original JPEG bytes are embedded in the SVG as a raster facsimile; this is neither a cropped individual glyph nor a redrawn sigil. The object context and all visible image details are retained. No production-ready vector paths; engraving or CNC production requires separate review. The complete helmet photograph shows the visible historical writing/monogram areas in the object context. No new transcription, syllable composition or isolated standardised mantra form. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete, visually checked museum photograph of the specific linked historical object. The unchanged original JPEG bytes are embedded in the SVG as a raster facsimile; this is neither a cropped individual glyph nor a redrawn sigil. The object context and all visible image details are retained. No production-ready vector paths; engraving or CNC production requires separate review. The complete helmet photograph shows the visible historical writing/monogram areas in the object context. No new transcription, syllable composition or isolated standardised mantra form.
Source location: Met object 35961; inventory 36.25.5a; complete primary image from the current institutional API, uncropped; original 2689 × 4000 px
Described as a protective invocation. Dating uncertain.
Before designing
Check only the lettering and arrangement of 36.25.10a–c against the image.
Research draft. Source-related crop of the six vertically arranged characters on the belt side; illegible or worn strokes remain unchanged. The designation follows the current Met object description. Raster reference; no added transcription of the writing. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Source-related crop of the six vertically arranged characters on the belt side; illegible or worn strokes remain unchanged. The designation follows the current Met object description. Raster reference; no added transcription of the writing.
Source location: Met 36.25.10a–c; DT11935.jpg, reverse of the waist band, vertical Siddham script group
Offering images for Palden Lhamo, late 16th century
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Tibetan Buddhism / Dharmapāla chapel Tibet · Late 16th century; API 1571–1599
Four-armed blue protective goddess on a mule in the central field of flames; numerous instruments and offering objects all around, with round signs and figures below.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Tibetan Buddhism / Dharmapāla chapel
Region
Tibet
Date of the evidence
Late 16th century; API 1571–1599
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Four-armed blue protective goddess on a mule in the central field of flames; numerous instruments and offering objects all around, with round signs and figures below.
Historically recorded use
The museum places this large black-ground image in a monastery chapel for wrathful protective deities, reserved for tantric initiation rites. Palden Lhamo is described as the protective goddess of Tibet. The offering objects around her belong to the imagery of such shrines.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 1983.510.1, Met object 37806. Specific monastic context of protection and ritual; not a wearable amulet. The entry covers the complete painting, not separately isolated lucky signs or a modern list of symbols. Worn and dark areas of the image have not been reconstructed.
Before designing
Complete, unaltered native museum photograph; no restoration of historical damage and no manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete native museum photograph; no raster transformation, drawing additions or manufacturing approval. Specific monastic protective and ritual context; not a wearable amulet. The entry covers the complete painting, not lucky signs specially isolated or a modern list of symbols. Worn and dark areas of the image are not reconstructed. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete native museum photograph; no raster transformation, drawing additions or manufacturing approval. Specific monastic protective and ritual context; not a wearable amulet. The entry covers the complete painting, not lucky signs specially isolated or a modern list of symbols. Worn and dark areas of the image are not reconstructed.
Source location: The Metropolitan Museum of Art; 1983.510.1; complete individual capture
Ophiel – handwritten Mercury character – MS.4667, p.290
Original image · source evidence
Historical spirit sigil
French early modern grimoire tradition; Traitté des Esprits du petit payzan Reformée French-speaking; place of manufacture unknown; current location London · Mid-18th century; dating of the specific Wellcome manuscript
Elongated open frame shape with a small rectangular loop at the top and two slanting lines in the left area. The French Mercury section assigns this explicitly named character to a named spirit figure and a ritual instruction. This attests to a historical text of use; an actual effect or a worn neck amulet is not evidenced.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French early modern grimoire tradition; Traitté des Esprits du petit payzan Reformée
Region
French-speaking; place of manufacture unknown; current location London
Date of the evidence
Mid-18th century; dating of the specific Wellcome manuscript
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Elongated open frame shape with a small rectangular loop at the top and two slanting lines in the left area. The French Mercury section assigns this explicitly named character to a named spirit figure and a ritual instruction. This attests to a historical text of use; an actual effect or a worn neck amulet is not evidenced.
Historically recorded use
The French section on Mercury assigns this explicitly designated character to a named spirit figure and a ritual prescription. This attests to a historical text of use; an actual effect or a worn neck amulet is not evidenced.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The Ophiel paragraph begins on p.288, continues on p.289 and explicitly assigns the upper frame figure to the character Ophiel on p.290. The separate Michael paragraph below belongs to a different sign. The name attribution is supported by the adjacent text. Date of the specific manuscript: mid-18th century. Pseudo-Solomon is a transmitted attribution, not evidence of ancient authorship. The new manuscript variant does not replace an older printed witness.
Before designing
Unchanged native full-page JPEG embedded in the SVG; only the visible figure area is bounded by the viewport. Paper, colours, show-through writing and existing traces are retained. No outline transcription, added lines or approval for engraving.
Research draft. The Ophiel paragraph begins on p.288, continues on p.289 and explicitly assigns the upper frame figure to the character Ophiel on p.290. The separate Michael paragraph below belongs to a different sign. The identification by name is supported by the adjacent text. Unaltered native full-page JPEG embedded in the SVG; only the visible figure area is bounded by the viewport. Paper, colours, show-through writing and existing marks are retained. No contour transcription, line additions or engraving approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The Ophiel paragraph begins on p.288, continues on p.289 and explicitly assigns the upper frame figure to the character Ophiel on p.290. The separate Michael paragraph below belongs to a different sign. The identification by name is supported by the adjacent text. Unaltered native full-page JPEG embedded in the SVG; only the visible figure area is bounded by the viewport. Paper, colours, show-through writing and existing marks are retained. No contour transcription, line additions or engraving approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.4667, Traitté des Esprits du petit payzan Reformée, manuscript p.290;Canvas position 306/465;Ophiel;Mercury section
Source location: MS.4667; second treatise pp.272–295
Institutional text names 21 spirit signatures and dates the specific manuscript to the mid-18th century. It is not a manuscript by the ancient Solomon.
Oratory and alchemical laboratory – Khunrath 1609, plate 7
Original image · source evidence
Alchemical-theosophical symbolic image
Christian Kabbalistic theosophy and early modern alchemy Hanau, Germany; place of printing · 1609; title page states 1602
Circular interior scene with a praying alchemist, books, musical instruments, a furnace and vessels. Complete copper engraving as a symbolic image.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Christian Kabbalistic theosophy and early modern alchemy
Region
Hanau, Germany; place of printing
Date of the evidence
1609; title page states 1602
Type of evidence
Textual evidence
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Circular interior scene with a praying alchemist, books, musical instruments, a furnace and vessels. Complete copper engraving as a symbolic image.
Historically recorded use
Symbolic illustration in an alchemical-theosophical book. Individual use of the book illustration as an amulet is not attested.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Specific engraving of the 1609 print. The date 1602 on the title is not accepted as the actual year of publication. No universal protective effect, ancient origin or association with a modern standard seal form is claimed.
Before designing
Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG view of the opened historical print. Fold lines, paper, shadows and all original inscriptions are preserved. The resolution of the presentation view limits the legibility of fine text; larger institutional masters exist separately. Historical image evidence, not a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG view of the opened historical print. Fold lines, paper, shadows and all original inscriptions are preserved. The resolution of the presentation view limits the legibility of fine text; larger institutional masters exist separately. Historical image evidence, not a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG view of the opened historical print. Fold lines, paper, shadows and all original inscriptions are preserved. The resolution of the presentation view limits the legibility of fine text; larger institutional masters exist separately. Historical image evidence, not a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: Hanau 1609; shelfmark QD25 .K486 1609; title gives 1602, actual publication 1609
Historical Christian Kabbalistic and alchemical print with individually catalogued engravings. No source attests to wearing these complete book images as amulets. Specific image rights: Public Domain Mark 1.0.
Source location: Amphitheatrum 1609, Plate 7; Member m039k491c
Individual image witness and institutional description; specific PDM release. Unaltered institutional Large-JPEG presentation (2880 pixels wide), distinct from the considerably larger TIFF/Full-sized-JPEG master. The plate number identifies this institutional copy.
Orø: golden reliquary cross with animal-head chain
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Christian relic and image traditions Næsby on Orø, Isefjord, Denmark · Around 1100 according to an additional inventory-like museum record; object page gives Medieval in general
Gold reliquary cross with long braided chain and animal-head terminals. The two photographs used here show the surviving inventory item 10861 in full.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Christian relic and image traditions
Region
Næsby on Orø, Isefjord, Denmark
Date of the evidence
Around 1100 according to an additional inventory-like museum record; object page gives Medieval in general
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Gold reliquary cross with long braided chain and animal-head terminals. The two photographs used here show the surviving inventory item 10861 in full.
Historically recorded use
Cross-shaped reliquary. The institutional genre context describes reliquary crosses as protective objects; no individual relic or specific protective ritual associated with this piece has been evidenced.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The contextual medium DMR-168135 gives inventory 10861 and the dating around 1100. Its image, for which rights are unresolved, is not used: DMR-228021/228022, the media actually used, are individually licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0. Media time fields from 1970 onwards are not dates of manufacture.
Before designing
Unaltered historical museum views with surviving damage, corrosion and any scales. No retouching, and no additions to missing writing or lines. The facsimile provides a source reference and requires a separate manufacturing outline.
Research draft. Gold reliquary cross with a long braided chain and animal-head terminals. The two images used here show the surviving inventory 10861 in full. The contextual medium DMR-168135 names inventory 10861 and dates it to around 1100. Its image, with unresolved rights, is not used: the specific DMR-228021/228022 used here are individually licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0. Media time fields from 1970 onwards are not dates of manufacture. The named object views are placed side by side; this does not claim a historical arrangement of the signs. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Gold reliquary cross with a long braided chain and animal-head terminals. The two images used here show the surviving inventory 10861 in full. The contextual medium DMR-168135 names inventory 10861 and dates it to around 1100. Its image, with unresolved rights, is not used: the specific DMR-228021/228022 used here are individually licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0. Media time fields from 1970 onwards are not dates of manufacture. The named object views are placed side by side; this does not claim a historical arrangement of the signs.
The contextual medium DMR-168135 gives inventory 10861 and a dating of around 1100. Its image, for which rights are unclear, is not used: the specific DMR-228021/228022 used here are individually licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0. Media date fields from 1970 onwards do not indicate manufacture. The individual object classification, material, find events and images are taken from the museum raw data block.
The individual ImageObject in the museum JSON-LD identifies this JPEG URL and CC BY-SA 4.0. Image credit: Nationalmuseet, Danmark; photographer unknown according to the media catalogue. The actual JPEG pixel dimensions are checked; the larger TIFF catalogue dimensions are not applied to the JPEG used.
The individual ImageObject in the museum JSON-LD identifies this JPEG URL and CC BY-SA 4.0. Image credit: Nationalmuseet, Danmark; photographer unknown according to the media catalogue. The actual JPEG pixel dimensions are checked; the larger TIFF catalogue dimensions are not applied to the JPEG used.
The text dates inventory 10861 to around 1100. The photograph of this contextual page is marked No known rights and is not used; the package uses separately released CC-BY-SA-4.0 photographs of the same inventory item.
Source location: Section Reliviekors; genre context only
Institutional explanation of reliquary crosses and the protective belief associated with them at the time. No claim that the three cross objects included here are the Dagmar Cross or contain the same relics.
Ottoman Islamic prayer and protection tradition Istanbul, Turkey, attributed · Dated 1152 AH / 1739 CE; museum gives 17 November 1739
A text page photographed at an angle, with red central lines of writing, black marginal calligraphy, gold areas and colourful plant ornament. The narrow crop of the adjacent leaf remains unchanged.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Ottoman Islamic prayer and protection tradition
Region
Istanbul, Turkey, attributed
Date of the evidence
Dated 1152 AH / 1739 CE; museum gives 17 November 1739
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A text page photographed at an angle, with red central lines of writing, black marginal calligraphy, gold areas and colourful plant ornament. The narrow crop of the adjacent leaf remains unchanged.
Historically recorded use
According to the museum, this later copy of al-Nawawi’s prayers contains supplications for protection from jinn and human harm. The portable prayer book evidences a historical religious belief in protection, but does not demonstrate efficacy or use as a neck amulet.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The 13th-century authorial tradition and the object of 1739 remain distinct. The catalogue names the scribe as Muhammad al-Amin in the heading, but Muhammad Amir in the main text; the discrepancy in the name remains unresolved. The API index 1738–1740 is not a substitute for the explicitly dated copy. Photograph without a securely identified folio number; not identified as a definitive Hilye.
Before designing
Unaltered complete museum photographs as reference. No reconstruction of historical writing and no manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Obliquely photographed text page with red central lines of writing, black marginal calligraphy, gold areas and coloured plant ornament. The narrow crop of the adjacent leaf remains unchanged. Native image files without local raster transformation; no marks or manufacturing outlines have been added. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Obliquely photographed text page with red central lines of writing, black marginal calligraphy, gold areas and coloured plant ornament. The narrow crop of the adjacent leaf remains unchanged. Native image files without local raster transformation; no marks or manufacturing outlines have been added.
Source location: 1975.192.1; 1 complete native museum image(s) of a selected text page; no folio number established and no complete manuscript
Source location: CC0 policy and individual isPublicDomain designation
The general CC0 policy applies together with the individual API image permission. Web reading evidence; the separate direct HTTP request returned 429 and is not represented as a successful HTML retrieval.
Ouroboros as a tail-devouring dragon – Atalanta fugiens 1618, Emblem 14
Original image · source evidence
Alchemical-theosophical symbolic image
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art Oppenheim, Germany; place of printing · 1618; first publication of the work 1617
A winged dragon bends its scaly body into a ring and takes the tip of its tail into its mouth. Ruins and a bridge lie behind it.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art
Region
Oppenheim, Germany; place of printing
Date of the evidence
1618; first publication of the work 1617
Type of evidence
Textual evidence
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A winged dragon bends its scaly body into a ring and takes the tip of its tail into its mouth. Ruins and a bridge lie behind it.
Historically recorded use
The motto explicitly mentions a dragon devouring its own tail. This particular printed variant is kept distinct from older Ouroboros objects and modern standard graphics. Historical book illustration with epigram and associated discourse; no documented neck pendant.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
An individually located emblem in the specific 1618 Oppenheimer print; the first publication in 1617 is distinct from this. Part of the same work and the same copy, not an independent amulet object. Individual use as a worn amulet, ancient origin of this graphic and efficacy are not evidenced.
Before designing
Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view with motto, image, epigram, printed page number and side margin notes. Paper, stains, binding shadows and any coloured areas are retained. Institutional presentation resolution 2880×3442; larger master 4291×5129 documented separately. Historical image evidence without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view with motto, image, epigram, printed page number and side margin notes. Paper, stains, binding shadows and any coloured areas are retained. Institutional presentation resolution 2880×3442; larger master 4291×5129 documented separately. Historical image evidence without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view with motto, image, epigram, printed page number and side margin notes. Paper, stains, binding shadows and any coloured areas are retained. Institutional presentation resolution 2880×3442; larger master 4291×5129 documented separately. Historical image evidence without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: QD25 .M354 1618, Emblem 14, printed p. 65; institutional individual inventory pg15bf75x; Large JPG 2880×3442
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Courtesy of Science History Institute; Michael Maier, Atalanta fugiens (Oppenheim 1618), Emblem 14, S.65; engraver Matthaeus Merian; Public Domain Mark 1.0.
Source location: QD25 .M354 1618; Oppenheim, Johann-Theodor de Bry; complete work with 50 emblems
Copy used from 1618; the work's first publication in 1617 is attested separately. Historical alchemical emblem, epigram and musical context. No evidence for 30 independent works, worn amulets or present-day claims of efficacy. Individual image rights additionally checked for each inventory item.
The motto explicitly names a dragon devouring its own tail. This particular printed variant is catalogued separately from older Ouroboros objects and modern standard graphics. The original title, English institutional counter-label, date 1618 and specific PDM image permission match the individual page.
CBd108 now provides exactly matched native photographs. The badly damaged, low-contrast outer serpent-frame outline cannot be distinguished with sufficient confidence from the surrounding text and figures in the surviving lines. Neither a head/tail join nor a clearly isolated, continuous frame arc is added. The better-preserved inner Chnoubis loops are a different motif component and remain documented solely as a rejected private proposal.
Magical gem
Late Antique Mediterranean gem magic Eastern Mediterranean region according to the museum catalogue · Evidence: 4th–5th century CE; Late Roman
Snake as a frame around a depiction of a uterus.
Research draftSpecific model required
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Late Antique Mediterranean gem magic
Region
Eastern Mediterranean region according to the museum catalogue
Date of the evidence
Evidence: 4th–5th century CE; Late Roman
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Description
Snake as a frame around a depiction of a uterus.
Historically recorded use
Attested as an enclosing motif of a magical gem with a uterus, key and deities.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
BM 1986,0501.25; only the institutional search index is accessible. Do not infer a universal meaning such as eternity from this evidence. 2026-10-09: CBd108 now provides precisely matched native photographs. The heavily damaged and low-contrast outline of the outer snake frame cannot be distinguished with sufficient confidence from the surrounding text and figures in the surviving lines. Neither a head-tail closure nor a clearly isolated, continuous arc of the frame is added. The better-preserved inner Chnoubis loops are a different motif component and are documented solely as a rejected private proposal.
Before designing
CBd108 now provides exactly matched native photographs. The badly damaged, low-contrast outer serpent-frame outline cannot be distinguished with sufficient confidence from the surrounding text and figures in the surviving lines. Neither a head/tail join nor a clearly isolated, continuous frame arc is added. The better-preserved inner Chnoubis loops are a different motif component and remain documented solely as a rejected private proposal.
Research draft. CBd108 now provides exactly matched native photographs. The badly damaged, low-contrast outer serpent-frame outline cannot be distinguished with sufficient confidence from the surrounding text and figures in the surviving lines. Neither a head/tail join nor a clearly isolated, continuous frame arc is added. The better-preserved inner Chnoubis loops are a different motif component and remain documented solely as a rejected private proposal. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Ouroboros with three characteres and Greek inscription
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Roman Roman world · 3rd–6th century AD
A snake frame around three separate ring-shaped signs and an encircling inscription. The historical black-and-white photograph is embedded unchanged, including its light reflections and traces of abrasion.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Roman
Region
Roman world
Date of the evidence
3rd–6th century AD
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A snake frame around three separate ring-shaped signs and an encircling inscription. The historical black-and-white photograph is embedded unchanged, including its light reflections and traces of abrasion.
Historically recorded use
The Walters catalogue describes a magical carnelian gem with three ring-like characteres, the Greek invocation Iao and seven vowels. These signs are documented as an ancient magical inscription; no specific person or individual therapeutic use is stated.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 42.875. Readings are taken from the museum text. There is no independent complete decipherment of all the letters and no new assignment of each sign to a deity or planet.
Before designing
Native museum photograph as a historical reference; damage, writing and present-day photographic condition unaltered. No manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete native JPEG capture without cropping, resampling, retouching or added glyphs. A serpent frame surrounds three separate ring-shaped signs and an encircling inscription. The historical black-and-white photograph is embedded unchanged, including its light reflections and wear marks. Not approved for manufacture. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete native JPEG capture without cropping, resampling, retouching or added glyphs. A serpent frame surrounds three separate ring-shaped signs and an encircling inscription. The historical black-and-white photograph is embedded unchanged, including its light reflections and wear marks. Not approved for manufacture.
Source location: 42.875; fully attributed museum photograph
Ouroboros with uterus, key and three figures – print 1657, XII 49
Original image · source evidence
Historical gemstone depiction
Early modern transmission of Greek-Egyptian gem images Antwerp; current collection at Museum Plantin-Moretus · 1657 (printing date of the image witness)
A snake frame encloses a vessel shape with a key. Above it stands a figure with two jackal heads; two further figures flank it. The CBd describes a uterus and identifies an impression as the model for the old drawing.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern transmission of Greek-Egyptian gem images
Region
Antwerp; current collection at Museum Plantin-Moretus
Date of the evidence
1657 (printing date of the image witness)
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A snake frame encloses a vessel shape with a key. Above it stands a figure with two jackal heads; two further figures flank it. The CBd describes a uterus and identifies an impression as the model for the old drawing.
Historically recorded use
Antiquarian documentation of a figure transmitted as a magical gem. No evidence that this sheet of paper served as a worn amulet.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Historical printed witness from 1657. The CBd records the figure in question as a drawing of a magical gem with its present whereabouts unknown. The dating applies to the print; the age, authenticity and personal use of the stone depicted are not separately confirmed here. Printmaking and a surviving ancient object remain distinct types of evidence. No identification with BM 1986,0501.25 or 1986,0501.22 is attested; their image gaps remain.
Before designing
Unaltered native museum JPEG in SVG, with a documented crop of the complete numbered figure. No added lines or replacement letters; a historical image reference without vector transcription and without manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Historical printed witness from 1657. The CBd records the figure in question as a drawing of a magical gem whose present-day whereabouts are unknown. The date applies to the print; the age, authenticity and personal use of the depicted stone are not separately confirmed here. The print and the surviving ancient object remain distinct types of evidence. No identification with BM 1986,0501.25 or 1986,0501.22 is evidenced; the gaps in their images remain. Unaltered native museum JPEG in SVG with a documented crop of the complete numbered figure. No lines or replacement letters added; historical image reference without vector transcription and without manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historical printed witness from 1657. The CBd records the figure in question as a drawing of a magical gem whose present-day whereabouts are unknown. The date applies to the print; the age, authenticity and personal use of the depicted stone are not separately confirmed here. The print and the surviving ancient object remain distinct types of evidence. No identification with BM 1986,0501.25 or 1986,0501.22 is evidenced; the gaps in their images remain. Unaltered native museum JPEG in SVG with a documented crop of the complete numbered figure. No lines or replacement letters added; historical image reference without vector transcription and without manufacturing approval.
Source location: Museum Plantin-Moretus, PK.OP.07421; Tabula XII, figure 49; CBd-2822
Printed evidence from 1657 and an associated individual image; PDM individually on the manifest/Canvas, no statement about the age of a missing original stone.
Printed evidence from 1657 and an associated individual image; PDM individually on the manifest/Canvas, no statement about the age of a missing original stone.
Early Nordic visual and written tradition Over Hornbæk, Jutland, Denmark · About 440–560 AD; iconographic dating according to RuneS
A-bracteate with a head facing left and surrounding runic/inscribed characters. The model is the upper pendant in the institutionally labelled photograph of two, inventory 9877.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early Nordic visual and written tradition
Region
Over Hornbæk, Jutland, Denmark
Date of the evidence
About 440–560 AD; iconographic dating according to RuneS
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A-bracteate with a head facing left and surrounding runic/inscribed characters. The model is the upper pendant in the institutionally labelled photograph of two, inventory 9877.
Historically recorded use
Historically documented gold pendant with a stamped image field. A specific protective effect or particular ritual is not demonstrated for this individual piece by the cited object records.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The image dataset explicitly identifies the position. Model identity with the Vendsyssel specimen does not mean that the surviving inscription has been securely translated.
Before designing
The model is the surviving museum photograph, including wear and damage. No modern addition of missing lines, and no conversion of unclear runes or letter imitations into an invented readable formula.
Research draft. Byte-identical institutional JPEG view in the geometrically bounded upper crop; the second pendant is excluded. The caption to the museum image explicitly states that the upper position = inventory 9877. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Byte-identical institutional JPEG view in the geometrically bounded upper crop; the second pendant is excluded. The caption to the museum image explicitly states that the upper position = inventory 9877.
Source location: DO-718, upper object only according to the caption, inventory 9877
RuneS / Niedersächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen
Source location: IK 312,1 / KJ 129 / DR BR21; 440–560
Hoard find 1848, identical in model to IK 312,2, Vendsyssel area (?). The border inscription has no established translation. The RuneS data licence CC BY-SA 4.0 does not replace an image licence; the separately checked museum photograph is used.
The caption explicitly assigns inventory 9877 to the top and inventory 1356/75 to the bottom. The two clearly separated photographic areas are the only two variants in this capture; the findspot of the lower item remains uncertain. The image record and image-specific JSON-LD refer to CC BY-SA 4.0. The photographer and actual JPEG resolution are recorded in the symbol manifest; TIFF metadata describes a different original file.
Egyptian amulet tradition of the New Kingdom Egypt; exact findspot not stated · 1540–1296 BC; 18th Dynasty according to the museum catalogue
Light-blue to turquoise glazed ornament with an upper attachment, curled side leaves, a central drop shape and a ribbed lower fan. Breaks and abrasion have not been filled in.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Egyptian amulet tradition of the New Kingdom
Region
Egypt; exact findspot not stated
Date of the evidence
1540–1296 BC; 18th Dynasty according to the museum catalogue
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Light-blue to turquoise glazed ornament with an upper attachment, curled side leaves, a central drop shape and a ribbed lower fan. Breaks and abrasion have not been filled in.
Historically recorded use
The catalogue describes the object as a palmette amulet. The source examined does not specify a particular religious formula, an individual wearer or a specific area of protection.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 1914.793.8. The museum’s plant identification is retained; no independent identification as lotus, papyrus or a sign of a named deity is made without further evidence.
Before designing
Unchanged, complete native museum view(s), including background and present-day damage. Historical facsimile; separate outline preparation and manufacturing review required.
Research draft. Light blue to turquoise glazed ornament with an upper attachment, rolled side leaves, a central drop shape and a ribbed lower fan. Breaks and abrasion are not filled in. Unmodified, complete native museum view(s), including background and present-day damage. Historical facsimile; separate outline preparation and manufacturing inspection required. Regular HTTP200 original retrieval on 12.10.2026. Current image retrieval HTTP403; current object page confirms the exact image URL, dimensions and CC0 unchanged. No claim is made of a fresh successful image retrieval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Light blue to turquoise glazed ornament with an upper attachment, rolled side leaves, a central drop shape and a ribbed lower fan. Breaks and abrasion are not filled in. Unmodified, complete native museum view(s), including background and present-day damage. Historical facsimile; separate outline preparation and manufacturing inspection required. Regular HTTP200 original retrieval on 12.10.2026. Current image retrieval HTTP403; current object page confirms the exact image URL, dimensions and CC0 unchanged. No claim is made of a fresh successful image retrieval.
Source location: 1914.793.8; 1 complete native museum view(s)
The new BM entries CH.585 and CH.657 present different Raffles coins with matching Panji/spinning-wheel motifs. No unambiguous inventory link identifies the exact guide object; the guide dating 1293–1528 is not transferred to the candidate. Without an actual matching view of the image, no figure outline or free photograph is provided.
Amulet coin
Javanese amulet culture of the Majapahit period Java · 1293–1528
Panji, Candra Kirana and a spinning wheel in a Wayang-related image sequence.
Research draftSpecific model required
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Javanese amulet culture of the Majapahit period
Region
Java
Date of the evidence
1293–1528
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Description
Panji, Candra Kirana and a spinning wheel in a Wayang-related image sequence.
Historically recorded use
Coin-like amulets interpreted as protection against evil forces.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The protective interpretation is cautiously phrased; this is not a Chinese means of payment.
Before designing
The new BM entries CH.585 and CH.657 present different Raffles coins with matching Panji/spinning-wheel motifs. No unambiguous inventory link identifies the exact guide object; the guide dating 1293–1528 is not transferred to the candidate. Without an actual matching view of the image, no figure outline or free photograph is provided.
Research draft. The new BM entries CH.585 and CH.657 present different Raffles coins with matching Panji/spinning-wheel motifs. No unambiguous inventory link identifies the exact guide object; the guide dating 1293–1528 is not transferred to the candidate. Without an actual matching view of the image, no figure outline or free photograph is provided. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Source location: CH.585; Cribb 1999 no. 4c; 40 mm, 13.29 g; Sophia and Stamford Raffles
Indexed object text names Panji/Candra Kirana on one side and spinning wheel, Thread winder, household equipment on the other; Majapahit. The candidate matches the guide text in motif, but the exact identity of the guide’s displayed item is not proven. Do not transfer production years or an open photo licence from the general guide.
Search index evidence – complete source page not yet checked · Checked on:
Source location: CH.657; Cribb 1999 no. 120a; 35 mm, 19.51 g
This indexed catalogue text also describes a spinning wheel and female/male figures, but different individual motifs. The existence of several matching Raffles coins prevents automatic attribution of the general gallery guide to CH.585. No substitute photograph has been adopted.
Search index evidence – complete source page not yet checked · Checked on:
Early modern transmission of magical gem images Antwerp; current collection at Museum Plantin-Moretus · 1657 (printing date of the image witness)
A serpent ring encloses a winged figure with a long tail, lateral rods and scattered letters. Drawing after an impression according to CBd. Iao is read from right to left there; other details of the writing and body remain partly uncertain.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern transmission of magical gem images
Region
Antwerp; current collection at Museum Plantin-Moretus
Date of the evidence
1657 (printing date of the image witness)
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A serpent ring encloses a winged figure with a long tail, lateral rods and scattered letters. Drawing after an impression according to CBd. Iao is read from right to left there; other details of the writing and body remain partly uncertain.
Historically recorded use
Antiquarian documentation of an image transmitted as a gem motif. No evidence that this paper sheet itself served as a worn amulet.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Historical printed witness from 1657, recorded in the scholarly gem catalogue as a transmitted drawing. The printing date confirms the historical transmission of the image; it does not independently prove the depicted stone’s age, authenticity or personal use as an amulet. The designation as a gem motif does not attribute a guaranteed effect.
Before designing
Unaltered native museum JPEG in SVG with a documented crop of the complete numbered image group. Related pages remain visible together. No added lines or substitute letters; historical image reference without vector transcription and without manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Historical printed witness of 1657, recorded in the scholarly gem catalogue as a transmitted drawing. The print date confirms the historical transmission of the image; it does not independently prove the age or authenticity of the stone depicted, or its personal use as an amulet. Calling it a gem motif does not attribute a guaranteed effect. Unaltered native museum JPEG embedded in the SVG, with a documented crop of the complete numbered image group. Related pages remain visible together. No added lines or substitute letters; historical image reference without vector transcription and without manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historical printed witness of 1657, recorded in the scholarly gem catalogue as a transmitted drawing. The print date confirms the historical transmission of the image; it does not independently prove the age or authenticity of the stone depicted, or its personal use as an amulet. Calling it a gem motif does not attribute a guaranteed effect. Unaltered native museum JPEG embedded in the SVG, with a documented crop of the complete numbered image group. Related pages remain visible together. No added lines or substitute letters; historical image reference without vector transcription and without manufacturing approval.
Source location: Museum Plantin-Moretus, PK.OP.07415; Tabula VI, figure 26; CBd-2796
Pantheos with scorpion and archangel name – print 1657, VI 24
Original image · source evidence
Historical gemstone depiction
Early modern transmission of magical gem images Antwerp; current collection at Museum Plantin-Moretus · 1657 (printing date of the image witness)
A four-winged figure with a bird’s tail stands above a snake-shaped cartouche. A scorpion and a small beetle are depicted at the sides; the other side contains lines of writing. The CBd reads, among other things, Michael, Gabriel and Raphael; Koustiel and whip or key remain uncertain identifications. Later stones based on the image are not considered independent ancient prototypes.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern transmission of magical gem images
Region
Antwerp; current collection at Museum Plantin-Moretus
Date of the evidence
1657 (printing date of the image witness)
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A four-winged figure with a bird’s tail stands above a snake-shaped cartouche. A scorpion and a small beetle are depicted at the sides; the other side contains lines of writing. The CBd reads, among other things, Michael, Gabriel and Raphael; Koustiel and whip or key remain uncertain identifications. Later stones based on the image are not considered independent ancient prototypes.
Historically recorded use
Antiquarian documentation of an image transmitted as a gem motif. No evidence that this paper sheet itself served as a worn amulet.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Historical printed witness from 1657, recorded in the scholarly gem catalogue as a transmitted drawing. The printing date confirms the historical transmission of the image; it does not independently prove the depicted stone’s age, authenticity or personal use as an amulet. The designation as a gem motif does not attribute a guaranteed effect.
Before designing
Unaltered native museum JPEG in SVG with a documented crop of the complete numbered image group. Related pages remain visible together. No added lines or substitute letters; historical image reference without vector transcription and without manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Historical printed witness of 1657, recorded in the scholarly gem catalogue as a transmitted drawing. The print date confirms the historical transmission of the image; it does not independently prove the age or authenticity of the stone depicted, or its personal use as an amulet. Calling it a gem motif does not attribute a guaranteed effect. Unaltered native museum JPEG embedded in the SVG, with a documented crop of the complete numbered image group. Related pages remain visible together. No added lines or substitute letters; historical image reference without vector transcription and without manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historical printed witness of 1657, recorded in the scholarly gem catalogue as a transmitted drawing. The print date confirms the historical transmission of the image; it does not independently prove the age or authenticity of the stone depicted, or its personal use as an amulet. Calling it a gem motif does not attribute a guaranteed effect. Unaltered native museum JPEG embedded in the SVG, with a documented crop of the complete numbered image group. Related pages remain visible together. No added lines or substitute letters; historical image reference without vector transcription and without manufacturing approval.
Source location: Museum Plantin-Moretus, PK.OP.07415; Tabula VI, figure 24; CBd-2911
Pantheos and Harpocrates on the lotus blossom – print 1657, VI 25
Original image · source evidence
Historical gemstone depiction
Early modern transmission of magical gem images Antwerp; current collection at Museum Plantin-Moretus · 1657 (printing date of the image witness)
One side shows a four-winged, crowned figure above a serpent ring; the second shows a seated child figure on a lotus flower with two buds. The CBd identifies Pantheos and Harpocrates. Several objects held in the hands are identified there only tentatively; this uncertainty is retained.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern transmission of magical gem images
Region
Antwerp; current collection at Museum Plantin-Moretus
Date of the evidence
1657 (printing date of the image witness)
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
One side shows a four-winged, crowned figure above a serpent ring; the second shows a seated child figure on a lotus flower with two buds. The CBd identifies Pantheos and Harpocrates. Several objects held in the hands are identified there only tentatively; this uncertainty is retained.
Historically recorded use
Antiquarian documentation of an image transmitted as a gem motif. No evidence that this paper sheet itself served as a worn amulet.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Historical printed witness from 1657, recorded in the scholarly gem catalogue as a transmitted drawing. The printing date confirms the historical transmission of the image; it does not independently prove the depicted stone’s age, authenticity or personal use as an amulet. The designation as a gem motif does not attribute a guaranteed effect.
Before designing
Unaltered native museum JPEG in SVG with a documented crop of the complete numbered image group. Related pages remain visible together. No added lines or substitute letters; historical image reference without vector transcription and without manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Historical printed witness of 1657, recorded in the scholarly gem catalogue as a transmitted drawing. The print date confirms the historical transmission of the image; it does not independently prove the age or authenticity of the stone depicted, or its personal use as an amulet. Calling it a gem motif does not attribute a guaranteed effect. Unaltered native museum JPEG embedded in the SVG, with a documented crop of the complete numbered image group. Related pages remain visible together. No added lines or substitute letters; historical image reference without vector transcription and without manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historical printed witness of 1657, recorded in the scholarly gem catalogue as a transmitted drawing. The print date confirms the historical transmission of the image; it does not independently prove the age or authenticity of the stone depicted, or its personal use as an amulet. Calling it a gem motif does not attribute a guaranteed effect. Unaltered native museum JPEG embedded in the SVG, with a documented crop of the complete numbered image group. Related pages remain visible together. No added lines or substitute letters; historical image reference without vector transcription and without manufacturing approval.
Source location: Museum Plantin-Moretus, PK.OP.07415; Tabula VI, Figure 25; CBd-2795
Ancient Egyptian amulet and image tradition Egypt; specific findspot not established here · Museum display: Late Period, 26th–30th Dynasty, c. 712–332 BC; API start date differs, 750 BC.
Light green faience, 3.8 × 0.9 × 0.9 cm. Elongated form with a rounded lower end, segmented shaft, widened head and upper loop.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Ancient Egyptian amulet and image tradition
Region
Egypt; specific findspot not established here
Date of the evidence
Museum display: Late Period, 26th–30th Dynasty, c. 712–332 BC; API start date differs, 750 BC.
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Light green faience, 3.8 × 0.9 × 0.9 cm. Elongated form with a rounded lower end, segmented shaft, widened head and upper loop.
Historically recorded use
Described by the museum as an amulet in the form of a papyrus sceptre. The upper perforation is visible; specific wearing practices and a particular ritual are not attested for this example.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The visible museum dating gives c. 712–332 BC, while the technical API fields give -750/-332. Both statements are retained; no attempt is made to standardise the numerical catalogue data. No healing or fertility interpretation has been added.
Before designing
Complete native museum photographs as historical image references; no reconstructed outline and no manufacturing approval.
Research draft. The visible museum dating gives ca. 712–332 BCE, whereas the technical API fields give -750/-332. Both statements are retained; no harmonised numerical catalogue data are substituted. No healing or fertility interpretation has been added. Native JPEG bytes unaltered; no local raster editing, tracing or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The visible museum dating gives ca. 712–332 BCE, whereas the technical API fields give -750/-332. Both statements are retained; no harmonised numerical catalogue data are substituted. No healing or fertility interpretation has been added. Native JPEG bytes unaltered; no local raster editing, tracing or manufacturing approval.
Egyptian Egypt · Third Intermediate Period, 21st–25th Dynasty, 1070–656 BC
Speckled stone form with a long, narrow shaft, a wider upper terminal and a suspension loop. The whole form is fully visible in the photograph.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Egyptian
Region
Egypt
Date of the evidence
Third Intermediate Period, 21st–25th Dynasty, 1070–656 BC
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Speckled stone form with a long, narrow shaft, a wider upper terminal and a suspension loop. The whole form is fully visible in the photograph.
Historically recorded use
Catalogued by the museum as an amulet of a papyrus column. The object source does not specify a particular wearer or tomb attribution.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
No added papyrus flower, colour or universal healing meaning. The presentation image used is 843 pixels wide. Object, inventory, material and dating are tied to the archived API record.
Before designing
Actually seen: elongated speckled body, capital-like form and upper loop. Unchanged institutional JPEG presentation image in the full image crop; no isolated engraving outline and no manufacturing approval.
Research draft. No added papyrus flower, colour or universal healing meaning. The presentation photograph used is 843 pixels wide. Complete institutional presentation photograph, 843 pixels wide; larger IIIF master dimensions 1237×3000 documented separately. No local scaling or re-encoding of the embedded JPEG bytes. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: No added papyrus flower, colour or universal healing meaning. The presentation photograph used is 843 pixels wide. Complete institutional presentation photograph, 843 pixels wide; larger IIIF master dimensions 1237×3000 documented separately. No local scaling or re-encoding of the embedded JPEG bytes.
Source location: Inventory 1892.67; institutional main view 8683ca6f-d381-9e35-7778-bb35b26658cb
Art Institute of Chicago. Amulet of a Papyrus Column, Third Intermediate Period, Dynasty 21–25 (1070–656 BCE), 1892.67. Gift of Charles L. Hutchinson, Henry H. Getty, and Norman W. Harris
Source location: Inventory 1892.67; API object 135847; JSON /data[id=135847]
Institutional evidence for an individual object from an archived multi-record API retrieval. Dating, material, provenance and inventory details follow the specific record; source attribution is not an independent scientific authenticity test.
Source location: Open Access Images; CC0 Public Domain Designation
Specific images only when accompanied by the individual is_public_domain=true and the object's image ID. Descriptive API texts separately carry CC BY4; image release is CC0.
Parthian Empire (247 BCE–224 CE) Parthian realm; precise findspot not stated in the individual catalogue entry · 1st–2nd century AD
Pale stylised bone figure with a round face, large circular eyes and a ridged upper edge. Two broad diagonals cross on the chest; below are transverse bands, a circular hollow and two long, separated legs.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Parthian Empire (247 BCE–224 CE)
Region
Parthian realm; precise findspot not stated in the individual catalogue entry
Date of the evidence
1st–2nd century AD
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Pale stylised bone figure with a round face, large circular eyes and a ridged upper edge. Two broad diagonals cross on the chest; below are transverse bands, a circular hollow and two long, separated legs.
Historically recorded use
The institutional object title classifies the piece as an amulet. The publicly accessible record contains no fuller explanation of its use; no translated magical formula is inferred from the notches.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 1933.179, 9.6 cm. A separate piece with markedly different chest and leg formation from 1933.176. The date text 1–200 CE and the API end year 199 are kept separate. The catalogue gives neither the figure’s name nor a verified find context or an individual protective effect.
Before designing
Complete native museum photograph as a historical reference; no retouching, glyph additions or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Pale stylised bone figure with a round face, large circular eyes and a grooved upper finish. Two broad diagonals cross on the chest; below are transverse bands, a circular depression and two long separated legs. Native photo bytes entirely unchanged. No manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Pale stylised bone figure with a round face, large circular eyes and a grooved upper finish. Two broad diagonals cross on the chest; below are transverse bands, a circular depression and two long separated legs. Native photo bytes entirely unchanged. No manufacturing approval.
Parthian Empire (247 BCE–224 CE) Parthian realm; precise findspot not stated in the individual catalogue entry · 1st–2nd century AD
Narrow brown bone figure with a deeply notched, projecting upper terminal, round eyes, a short mouth line, transverse neck notches and a circle on the belly. Below are diagonal notches and two short, damaged legs.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Parthian Empire (247 BCE–224 CE)
Region
Parthian realm; precise findspot not stated in the individual catalogue entry
Date of the evidence
1st–2nd century AD
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Narrow brown bone figure with a deeply notched, projecting upper terminal, round eyes, a short mouth line, transverse neck notches and a circle on the belly. Below are diagonal notches and two short, damaged legs.
Historically recorded use
The Cleveland collection explicitly lists the carved bone figure as an amulet. The accessible individual catalogue does not explain a specific recipient, protective function or way of wearing it.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 1933.176, 10.2 cm. The figure is visibly distinct from 1933.179; the two are separate inventories within the same broad Parthian amulet tradition, not newly invented basic signs. The dating text gives 1–200 CE, while the technical API end year is 199; both statements are retained. The identity of the depicted figure is not certain.
Before designing
Complete native museum photograph as a historical reference; no retouching, glyph additions or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Narrow brown bone figure with a deeply notched, flaring upper end, round eyes, a short mouth line, transverse notches at the neck and a circle on the belly. Below are slanting notches and two short, damaged legs. Native photo bytes completely unchanged. No manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Narrow brown bone figure with a deeply notched, flaring upper end, round eyes, a short mouth line, transverse notches at the neck and a circle on the belly. Below are slanting notches and two short, damaged legs. Native photo bytes completely unchanged. No manufacturing approval.
Ancient Egyptian religion Egypt · Evidence c. 1080–945 BC; Third Intermediate Period
Naked, short-statured figure; black head covering in the evidence.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Ancient Egyptian religion
Region
Egypt
Date of the evidence
Evidence c. 1080–945 BC; Third Intermediate Period
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Description
Naked, short-statured figure; black head covering in the evidence.
Historically recorded use
Figure of a protective deity, associated with Horus the Saviour and Ptah.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Met 25.3.199 was suspended from a linen cord around the neck of a female mummy. Pataikos is a modern specialist term derived from Greek.
Before designing
Check the specific historical variant and object image against a source before using it; do not design a newly combined sigil.
Research draft. Complete, visually checked museum photograph of the specific linked historical object. Unaltered original JPEG bytes are embedded in the SVG as a raster facsimile; this is neither a cropped individual glyph nor a traced sigil. The object context and all visible image details are retained. No production-ready vector paths; engraving or CNC manufacture requires separate assessment. Image crop, orientation, background and object condition remain exactly as in the original JPEG. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete, visually checked museum photograph of the specific linked historical object. Unaltered original JPEG bytes are embedded in the SVG as a raster facsimile; this is neither a cropped individual glyph nor a traced sigil. The object context and all visible image details are retained. No production-ready vector paths; engraving or CNC manufacture requires separate assessment. Image crop, orientation, background and object condition remain exactly as in the original JPEG.
Source location: Met object 548274; Inventory 25.3.199; complete main photograph from the current institutional API, uncropped; original 2667 × 4000 px
Ancient Egyptian amulets Egypt · Late 4th to mid-3rd century BC (early Ptolemaic period)
Pataikos stands on two crocodiles facing in opposite directions and holds snakes; a scarab sits on his head. The goddesses at the sides and the winged figure on the reverse remain visible. The broken shoulder falcons are not added.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Ancient Egyptian amulets
Region
Egypt
Date of the evidence
Late 4th to mid-3rd century BC (early Ptolemaic period)
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Pataikos stands on two crocodiles facing in opposite directions and holds snakes; a scarab sits on his head. The goddesses at the sides and the winged figure on the reverse remain visible. The broken shoulder falcons are not added.
Historically recorded use
The museum describes Pataikos as a protective god and associates this particular depiction with the Horus-on-crocodiles motif. Isis and Nephthys flank the figure; on the reverse, Isis spreads her wings.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Specific museum object, Walters 48.1602. Dating and interpretation follow the individual museum record. Earlier use, efficacy and lost signs are not inferred from the photograph.
Before designing
Unaltered, complete original photographs in an SVG facsimile. No reconstructed outline and no manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Pataikos stands on two crocodiles facing in opposite directions and holds snakes; a scarab sits on his head. The goddesses at the sides and the winged figure on the reverse remain visible. The broken shoulder falcons are not filled in. Specific museum object, Walters 48.1602. Dating and interpretation follow the individual museum record. Earlier use, efficacy and lost signs are not inferred from the photograph. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Pataikos stands on two crocodiles facing in opposite directions and holds snakes; a scarab sits on his head. The goddesses at the sides and the winged figure on the reverse remain visible. The broken shoulder falcons are not filled in. Specific museum object, Walters 48.1602. Dating and interpretation follow the individual museum record. Earlier use, efficacy and lost signs are not inferred from the photograph.
Source location: The Walters Art Museum, 48.1602; complete original view(s)
Catholic devotional and blessing culture Vienna, Karlsgasse 3; find 1938 · AD 1600–1800 (museum catalogue)
A small two-bar cross pendant has a loop and a surviving chain link. Another cross outline is incised on the front.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Catholic devotional and blessing culture
Region
Vienna, Karlsgasse 3; find 1938
Date of the evidence
AD 1600–1800 (museum catalogue)
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A small two-bar cross pendant has a loop and a surviving chain link. Another cross outline is incised on the front.
Historically recorded use
Catholic devotional pendant with Christian pictorial and textual motifs. No individual use is recorded.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The incision attests to a historical cross motif. No magical formula or specific apotropaic purpose beyond this is documented.
Before designing
Unaltered, complete museum photographs of two sides, shown separately. No reconstructed writing, engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. The engraving attests to a historical cross motif. No further magical formula or specific apotropaic purpose is documented. Both complete institutionally offered Full-JPEGs remain unchanged in their native bytes. No local cropping, warping or supplementation. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The engraving attests to a historical cross motif. No further magical formula or specific apotropaic purpose is documented. Both complete institutionally offered Full-JPEGs remain unchanged in their native bytes. No local cropping, warping or supplementation.
Source location: Wien Museum MV 46919; two original photographs
Unbekannt, Anhänger in Form eines Kreuzes, 1600–1800, Wien Museum Inv.-Nr. MV 46919, CC BY 4.0, Foto: TimTom, Wien Museum (https://sammlung.wienmuseum.at/objekt/2507620/)
Own concise description of a specific historical object. Date of manufacture, year of discovery and present-day photography remain distinct. Individual CC-BY-4.0 image rights, including the institution’s suggested citation, archived.
Catholic devotional and blessing culture Vienna, Karlsgasse 3; find 1938 · AD 1600–1800 (museum catalogue)
Double-barred cross with a loop and incised signs. The catalogue reads FR/AN/CISCE distributed across the bars and shaft; the other side shows incised plant ornaments.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Catholic devotional and blessing culture
Region
Vienna, Karlsgasse 3; find 1938
Date of the evidence
AD 1600–1800 (museum catalogue)
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Double-barred cross with a loop and incised signs. The catalogue reads FR/AN/CISCE distributed across the bars and shaft; the other side shows incised plant ornaments.
Historically recorded use
Catholic devotional pendant with Christian pictorial and textual motifs. No individual use is recorded.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The possible depiction of an angel in the upper cross area is uncertain. Without further evidence, the piece cannot be assigned to a specific pilgrimage or a particular saint’s legend.
Before designing
Unaltered, complete museum photographs of two sides, shown separately. No reconstructed writing, engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. The possible depiction of an angel in the upper cross area is uncertain. The piece cannot be assigned to a specific pilgrimage or a particular saint’s legend without additional evidence. Both complete institutionally supplied Full-JPEGs remain unchanged in their native bytes. No local cropping, straightening or completion. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The possible depiction of an angel in the upper cross area is uncertain. The piece cannot be assigned to a specific pilgrimage or a particular saint’s legend without additional evidence. Both complete institutionally supplied Full-JPEGs remain unchanged in their native bytes. No local cropping, straightening or completion.
Source location: Wien Museum MV 46917; two original photographs
Unbekannt, Anhänger in Form eines Kreuzes, 1600–1800, Wien Museum Inv.-Nr. MV 46917, CC BY 4.0, Foto: TimTom, Wien Museum (https://sammlung.wienmuseum.at/objekt/2507618/)
Own concise description of a specific historical object. Date of manufacture, year of discovery and present-day photography remain distinct. Individual CC-BY-4.0 image rights, including the institution’s suggested citation, archived.
Ancient Egyptian amulets and historical symbol forms Egypt · 664–332 BC
Seated baboon with a disc in its tall headdress and a cobra.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Ancient Egyptian amulets and historical symbol forms
Region
Egypt
Date of the evidence
664–332 BC
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Seated baboon with a disc in its tall headdress and a cobra.
Historically recorded use
Baboon figurine identified in the catalogue as an amulet, with a lunar disc and uraeus.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The museum title names the lunar disk; the identification as Thoth is not additionally presented as a certain catalogue identity for this individual piece. The date range follows the legible catalogue dating; the differing numerical API values are preserved separately in the evidence record.
Before designing
The entire historical figure, including its headdress, remains visible. CC0 raster reference; not a verified manufacturing file. Engraving or casting requires a separately checked outline preparation.
Research draft. The entire historical figure, including the headdress, remains visible. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The entire historical figure, including the headdress, remains visible.
Source location: Met 68.170; selected original photograph
Source location: Met 68.170; object 550995; API title, objectDate, medium, geography, images
Directly archived institutional object record for this exact inventory item. Image form also checked visually; named function and attribution only to the extent documented in each case.
Assyrian religion and magic Mesopotamia · Evidence dated c. 8th–7th century BC; Neo-Assyrian
Bronze head with protruding eyes, horn-/forehead growths and open mouth.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Assyrian religion and magic
Region
Mesopotamia
Date of the evidence
Evidence dated c. 8th–7th century BC; Neo-Assyrian
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Description
Bronze head with protruding eyes, horn-/forehead growths and open mouth.
Historically recorded use
The worn pendant was intended to ward off Lamashtu’s dangerous attention.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Met 1993.181; the suspension positions the gaze outwards. Pazuzu was also associated with disease-bringing winds.
Before designing
Check the specific historical variant and object image against a source before using it; do not design a newly combined sigil.
Research draft. Complete, visually checked museum photograph of the specific linked historical object. Unaltered original JPEG bytes are embedded in the SVG as a raster facsimile; this is neither a cropped individual glyph nor a traced sigil. The object context and all visible image details are retained. No production-ready vector paths; engraving or CNC manufacture requires separate assessment. Image crop, orientation, background and object condition remain exactly as in the original JPEG. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete, visually checked museum photograph of the specific linked historical object. Unaltered original JPEG bytes are embedded in the SVG as a raster facsimile; this is neither a cropped individual glyph nor a traced sigil. The object context and all visible image details are retained. No production-ready vector paths; engraving or CNC manufacture requires separate assessment. Image crop, orientation, background and object condition remain exactly as in the original JPEG.
Source location: Met object 327485; inventory 1993.181; complete main image from the current institutional API, uncropped; original 3258 × 4000 px
Jewish Kabbalistic manuscript tradition Italy (origin of the codex) · 15th-century codex; specific printed illustration 1930
Uneven five-pointed star with small circles at the points and Hebrew groups of writing inside and outside the lines.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Jewish Kabbalistic manuscript tradition
Region
Italy (origin of the codex)
Date of the evidence
15th-century codex; specific printed illustration 1930
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Uneven five-pointed star with small circles at the points and Hebrew groups of writing inside and outside the lines.
Historically recorded use
Pentagram in the context of a Kabbalistic codex. The old caption names Michael, Gabriel and Hananiel among the associated angel names. A specific use as a worn metal amulet is not evidenced.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The primary catalogue dates the codex, not this unnamed folio separately. The specific form is taken from Budge’s original printed photograph; historical printing and preservation defects remain visible. Retained line remnants from the surrounding area are not additional sigils.
Before designing
Unchanged historical printed image as a source-based image reference. The SVG contains original JPEG bytes in documented pixel views, with no traced or newly invented glyphs. Not an approved engraving path; manufacture and legibility must be checked separately.
Research draft. The primary catalogue dates the codex, not this unnamed folio separately. The specific form is taken from Budge’s original printed image; historical printing and preservation defects remain visible. Retained line fragments from the surrounding area are not additional sigils. Unaltered native JPEG bytes; only documented pixel views, with no raster re-encoding or added glyphs. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The primary catalogue dates the codex, not this unnamed folio separately. The specific form is taken from Budge’s original printed image; historical printing and preservation defects remain visible. Retained line fragments from the surrounding area are not additional sigils. Unaltered native JPEG bytes; only documented pixel views, with no raster re-encoding or added glyphs.
Source location: Budge 1930, printed p. 233 (Archive leafNum 275); left pentagram with angel names from Oriental 4596
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
E. A. Wallis Budge, Amulets and Superstitions, Oxford University Press, London/New York 1930, S. 233; Digitalisat Wellcome Library / Internet Archive, b29978154.
Oxford University Press / Wellcome Library / Internet Archive
Source location: Printed p. 233; Archive leafNum 275; caption for British Museum Oriental 4596; IA b29978154
The old print reproduces three handwritten pentagrams from Oriental 4596. The first two forms are adopted as printed facsimiles; the third form, already cut off on the right in the printed image, is excluded. Budge’s cross-cultural speculations are not adopted.
Source location: Or 4596; record 032-003375163; 120 folios; Physical Description / History / Diagrams
The primary catalogue dates the parchment codex to 1400–1499 and lists Italy, diagrams and additions. The attribution of the old illustration to this shelfmark is supported by Budge’s caption; the individual folio is not specified there. According to the library, original digital surrogates remain unavailable.
Source location: metadata.contributor=Wellcome Library; publication date 1930; metadata.rights=Public Domain Mark
Explicit PDM designation of the institutionally contributed digitised copy of the 1930 original edition. These rights do not extend to later Dover editions or modern museum photographs.
Pentagram with names of God and Shekhinah from Or 4596
Original image · source evidence
Historical sigils
Jewish Kabbalistic manuscript tradition Italy (origin of the codex) · 15th-century codex; specific printed illustration 1930
The middle of the three star forms shown bears writing at its centre, individual Hebrew letters on the points and small circles at the ends.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Jewish Kabbalistic manuscript tradition
Region
Italy (origin of the codex)
Date of the evidence
15th-century codex; specific printed illustration 1930
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
The middle of the three star forms shown bears writing at its centre, individual Hebrew letters on the points and small circles at the ends.
Historically recorded use
Kabbalistic character; Budge’s caption interprets the central text as the Shekinah of the name of God. No specific history of being worn or medical effect is attested.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The manuscript is institutionally identified and dated as a whole to the 15th century. The visible loss at the lower-left star point is part of the condition of the old print and is not filled in with a new line. The third, truncated form adjoining it on the right is not reproduced as a complete motif.
Before designing
Unchanged historical printed image as a source-based image reference. The SVG contains original JPEG bytes in documented pixel views, with no traced or newly invented glyphs. Not an approved engraving path; manufacture and legibility must be checked separately.
Research draft. The manuscript is institutionally identified and dated as a whole to the 15th century. The visible absence of the lower-left star point belongs to the old printed image and is not supplemented with a new line. The adjoining third form, cut off on the right, is not adopted as a complete motif. Unaltered native JPEG bytes; only documented pixel views, with no raster re-encoding or added glyphs. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The manuscript is institutionally identified and dated as a whole to the 15th century. The visible absence of the lower-left star point belongs to the old printed image and is not supplemented with a new line. The adjoining third form, cut off on the right, is not adopted as a complete motif. Unaltered native JPEG bytes; only documented pixel views, with no raster re-encoding or added glyphs.
Source location: Budge 1930, printed p. 233 (Archive leafNum 275); central pentagram from Oriental 4596; original printing defect at lower left retained
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
E. A. Wallis Budge, Amulets and Superstitions, Oxford University Press, London/New York 1930, S. 233; Digitalisat Wellcome Library / Internet Archive, b29978154.
Oxford University Press / Wellcome Library / Internet Archive
Source location: Printed p. 233; Archive leafNum 275; caption for British Museum Oriental 4596; IA b29978154
The old print reproduces three handwritten pentagrams from Oriental 4596. The first two forms are adopted as printed facsimiles; the third form, already cut off on the right in the printed image, is excluded. Budge’s cross-cultural speculations are not adopted.
Source location: Or 4596; record 032-003375163; 120 folios; Physical Description / History / Diagrams
The primary catalogue dates the parchment codex to 1400–1499 and lists Italy, diagrams and additions. The attribution of the old illustration to this shelfmark is supported by Budge’s caption; the individual folio is not specified there. According to the library, original digital surrogates remain unavailable.
Source location: metadata.contributor=Wellcome Library; publication date 1930; metadata.rights=Public Domain Mark
Explicit PDM designation of the institutionally contributed digitised copy of the 1930 original edition. These rights do not extend to later Dover editions or modern museum photographs.
31 existing children of the same manuscript correctly linked; parent description updated as a specific patch.
Seal family
Solomonic ritual magic / Christian transmission of the Psalms French-speaking; place of production unknown · Mid-18th century (catalogue dating)
31 selected drawings from the same manuscript: twelve pentacles on manuscript pages 10–20 and 22, and 19 further variants on pages 23–41. Page 21 is not included because its internal drawing is faded or unclear.
Solomonic ritual magic / Christian transmission of the Psalms
Region
French-speaking; place of production unknown
Date of the evidence
Mid-18th century (catalogue dating)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Scope
Motif family – individual symbols and variants must be reviewed separately.
Description
31 selected drawings from the same manuscript: twelve pentacles on manuscript pages 10–20 and 22, and 19 further variants on pages 23–41. Page 21 is not included because its internal drawing is faded or unclear.
Historically recorded use
Ritual signs with purposes attributed to them in the text.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The titles and purpose-names of the children are editorial descriptions; historical efficacy is not an empirical claim.
Before designing
Check the source drawing and inscription in full before creating a motif drawing; an image link is not a finished engraving template.
Research draft. 31 existing children of the same manuscript correctly linked; parent description updated as a specific patch. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Source location: Work hwqdep8w; MS. 4659; La Clavicule…; mid-18th century; French
Institutional catalogue: French manuscript from the mid-18th century, with numerous pentacles, sigils and inserted parchment leaves. The claim of a translation from Hebrew belongs to the work’s title and is not adopted as a proven source text. Place of manufacture unknown. Twelve selected drawings from the second numbered pentacle section have been individually located visually; statements of purpose are historical attributions made by the manuscript.
Institutional manifest obtained directly; twelve complete, distinguishable drawings viewed in the browser. Page 15 was initially obscured by the loose slip; the complete image is in Canvas 189/Image 0200. Canvas here is a 1-based image position. Page 21 was set aside because its internal drawing is faded/unclear. The German titles are descriptive catalogue labels, not asserted traditional proper names.
Source location: Wellcome MS 4659; work hwqdep8w; image set b18712022; mid-18th century; French
The current institutional record was read directly and archived. It confirms the specific historical work, its classification and the Public Domain Mark; no modern redrawing.
Source location: Wellcome MS 4659; work hwqdep8w; image set b18712022; mid-18th century; French
Manifest retrieved directly and archived. The specific Canvas identities, native image dimensions and PDM image rights were checked against unchanged full/full JPEGs. Manuscript page numbers come from the images actually viewed, not from a modern pentacle numbering system.
Pentacle for travel by land and sea – Wellcome MS.4657, p. 48
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
French-language Clavicles tradition, Pseudo-Solomon French-language transmission; exact place of origin not established here · Mid-18th century (institutionally: mid-18th century)
A complete circle with an inner square and a further central circle; the word AGLA is visible, with no additional letter reconstruction. Complete native page photograph at 5095 × 6163 pixels; the book fold, paper condition and visible edges of neighbouring pages are retained.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
French-language transmission; exact place of origin not established here
Date of the evidence
Mid-18th century (institutionally: mid-18th century)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A complete circle with an inner square and a further central circle; the word AGLA is visible, with no additional letter reconstruction. Complete native page photograph at 5095 × 6163 pixels; the book fold, paper condition and visible edges of neighbouring pages are retained.
Historically recorded use
The heading mentions Monday/Moon and travel by land and sea. The accompanying text describes claimed efficacy for travellers; no actual guarantee of protection or secure wearing practice is inferred.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Six specifically located complete pages from the same inventory, not six physical objects or newly claimed traditions. The French functional descriptions are historical attributions. There is no evidence of an actually worn amulet form. Unclear characters are not transcribed; unfinished figures on other pages are not added. Pseudo-Solomon is the catalogue designation, not historical authorship by Solomon. Wellcome mentions the connection between the back inscription St. Germain and the Comte de Saint Germain only as a possibility.
Before designing
Unchanged native complete manuscript page as a reference facsimile. No isolated glyph cut-out, script reconstruction, normalised sequence of numerals or engraving outline; no manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Unaltered native complete manuscript page as a reference facsimile. No cropped individual glyph, script reconstruction, normalised number sequence or engraving outline; no manufacturing approval. The heading names Monday/Moon and travel by land and sea. The accompanying text describes claimed efficacy for travellers; no real protection guarantee or safe wearing practice is inferred. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Unaltered native complete manuscript page as a reference facsimile. No cropped individual glyph, script reconstruction, normalised number sequence or engraving outline; no manufacturing approval. The heading names Monday/Moon and travel by land and sea. The accompanying text describes claimed efficacy for travellers; no real protection guarantee or safe wearing practice is inferred.
Source location: MS.4657; work mykxff67; bibliographic b19695494
Identity, signature, current physical access status and explicitly open digital IIIF location with Public Domain Mark. The physical note item missing does not constitute a digital rights withdrawal; the possible connection to Saint Germain remains unverified.
Institutional original dating mid-18th century, shelfmark, Public Domain Mark, 299 Canvases and specific image identification. The six complete pages actually viewed attest to their signs and labelled historical purposes; no reading of unclear signs or completion of unfinished figures.
Broad cross with signs and an encircling inscription.
Historically recorded use
The text attributes protection from dangers.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The statement of purpose is a historical attribution. The German short name is editorial; it is not a claim of efficacy.
Before designing
Check the source drawing and inscription in full before creating a motif drawing; an image link is not a finished engraving template.
Research draft. Visually checked single-figure detail from the historical original. Raster facsimile in an SVG viewport; original JPEG embedded unchanged. Paper/parchment, printing irregularities and show-through are retained. No engraving-ready vector paths; manufacturing requires separately checked vectorisation. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Visually checked single-figure detail from the historical original. Raster facsimile in an SVG viewport; original JPEG embedded unchanged. Paper/parchment, printing irregularities and show-through are retained. No engraving-ready vector paths; manufacturing requires separately checked vectorisation.
Source location: Second numbered pentacle section, handwritten p.13; IIIF Canvas position 184, image 0195
Source location: Work hwqdep8w; MS. 4659; La Clavicule…; mid-18th century; French
Institutional catalogue: French manuscript from the mid-18th century, with numerous pentacles, sigils and inserted parchment leaves. The claim of a translation from Hebrew belongs to the work’s title and is not adopted as a proven source text. Place of manufacture unknown. Twelve selected drawings from the second numbered pentacle section have been individually located visually; statements of purpose are historical attributions made by the manuscript.
Institutional manifest obtained directly; twelve complete, distinguishable drawings viewed in the browser. Page 15 was initially obscured by the loose slip; the complete image is in Canvas 189/Image 0200. Canvas here is a 1-based image position. Page 21 was set aside because its internal drawing is faded/unclear. The German titles are descriptive catalogue labels, not asserted traditional proper names.
Eight rays with ring-shaped terminal marks and a psalm ring.
Historically recorded use
The text attributes protection from injury in combat.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The statement of purpose is a historical attribution. The German short name is editorial; it is not a claim of efficacy.
Before designing
Check the source drawing and inscription in full before creating a motif drawing; an image link is not a finished engraving template.
Research draft. Visually checked single-figure detail from the historical original. Raster facsimile in an SVG viewport; original JPEG embedded unchanged. Paper/parchment, printing irregularities and show-through are retained. No engraving-ready vector paths; manufacturing requires separately checked vectorisation. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Visually checked single-figure detail from the historical original. Raster facsimile in an SVG viewport; original JPEG embedded unchanged. Paper/parchment, printing irregularities and show-through are retained. No engraving-ready vector paths; manufacturing requires separately checked vectorisation.
Source location: Second numbered pentacle section, manuscript p.19; IIIF canvas position 193, image 0204
Source location: Work hwqdep8w; MS. 4659; La Clavicule…; mid-18th century; French
Institutional catalogue: French manuscript from the mid-18th century, with numerous pentacles, sigils and inserted parchment leaves. The claim of a translation from Hebrew belongs to the work’s title and is not adopted as a proven source text. Place of manufacture unknown. Twelve selected drawings from the second numbered pentacle section have been individually located visually; statements of purpose are historical attributions made by the manuscript.
Institutional manifest obtained directly; twelve complete, distinguishable drawings viewed in the browser. Page 15 was initially obscured by the loose slip; the complete image is in Canvas 189/Image 0200. Canvas here is a 1-based image position. Page 21 was set aside because its internal drawing is faded/unclear. The German titles are descriptive catalogue labels, not asserted traditional proper names.
Small inverted triangle within a large upright triangle.
Historically recorded use
The text mentions anger, discord and hostile spirits.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The statement of purpose is a historical attribution. The German short name is editorial; it is not a claim of efficacy.
Before designing
Check the source drawing and inscription in full before creating a motif drawing; an image link is not a finished engraving template.
Research draft. Visually checked single-figure detail from the historical original. Raster facsimile in an SVG viewport; original JPEG embedded unchanged. Paper/parchment, printing irregularities and show-through are retained. No engraving-ready vector paths; manufacturing requires separately checked vectorisation. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Visually checked single-figure detail from the historical original. Raster facsimile in an SVG viewport; original JPEG embedded unchanged. Paper/parchment, printing irregularities and show-through are retained. No engraving-ready vector paths; manufacturing requires separately checked vectorisation.
Source location: Second numbered pentacle section, handwritten p.16; IIIF canvas position 190, image 0201
Source location: Work hwqdep8w; MS. 4659; La Clavicule…; mid-18th century; French
Institutional catalogue: French manuscript from the mid-18th century, with numerous pentacles, sigils and inserted parchment leaves. The claim of a translation from Hebrew belongs to the work’s title and is not adopted as a proven source text. Place of manufacture unknown. Twelve selected drawings from the second numbered pentacle section have been individually located visually; statements of purpose are historical attributions made by the manuscript.
Institutional manifest obtained directly; twelve complete, distinguishable drawings viewed in the browser. Page 15 was initially obscured by the loose slip; the complete image is in Canvas 189/Image 0200. Canvas here is a 1-based image position. Page 21 was set aside because its internal drawing is faded/unclear. The German titles are descriptive catalogue labels, not asserted traditional proper names.
Pentacle with eight arms and name fields – MS 4659, page 28
Original image · source evidence
Solomonic pentacle
French Clavicula/Clavicule manuscript tradition French-speaking; place of manufacture unknown; current location London · Mid-18th century; dating of the specific Wellcome manuscript
Circular drawing with eight radiating arms, different terminal signs and four inscription or name fields distributed around the circle.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French Clavicula/Clavicule manuscript tradition
Region
French-speaking; place of manufacture unknown; current location London
Date of the evidence
Mid-18th century; dating of the specific Wellcome manuscript
Circular drawing with eight radiating arms, different terminal signs and four inscription or name fields distributed around the circle.
Historically recorded use
The accompanying text mentions this and the following pentacle in the context of spirits of Venus. The ritual attribution given there is documented as a historical statement.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The handwritten page number, complete individual figure and French explanation were checked directly against the native original image. The page number locates this manuscript and is not a modern planetary pentacle number. The German form names are editorial descriptions, not claimed historical individual titles. The catalogue attribution Pseudo-Solomon does not prove authorship by the ancient Solomon. Claims about magical use are reported only as historical attributions. Individual names that are difficult to read are not transcribed as secure new standard names.
Before designing
Historically checked individual figure. The complete native institutional IIIF JPEG file remains embedded byte-for-byte in the SVG; only the named original viewport is visible. No local scaling, re-encoding, tracing or additions. Paper, printing gaps, ink traces and show-through of writing on the reverse remain unchanged. The facsimile is a historical image reference, not a tool or engraving path; manufacture requires separately checked outline preparation. Individual names that are difficult to read are not transcribed as confirmed new standard names.
Research draft. Historically checked individual figure. The complete native institutional IIIF JPEG file remains embedded byte-for-byte in the SVG; only the named original viewport is visible. No local scaling, re-encoding, tracing or additions. Paper, printing gaps, ink traces and show-through of writing on the reverse remain unchanged. The facsimile is a historical image reference, not a tool or engraving path; manufacture requires separately checked outline preparation. Individual names that are difficult to read are not transcribed as confirmed new standard names. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historically checked individual figure. The complete native institutional IIIF JPEG file remains embedded byte-for-byte in the SVG; only the named original viewport is visible. No local scaling, re-encoding, tracing or additions. Paper, printing gaps, ink traces and show-through of writing on the reverse remain unchanged. The facsimile is a historical image reference, not a tool or engraving path; manufacture requires separately checked outline preparation. Individual names that are difficult to read are not transcribed as confirmed new standard names.
Source location: Wellcome MS 4659, manuscript p. 28; image 0213; Canvas 202 of 276; specific individual drawing
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Pseudo-Solomon, La Clavicule ou Clef de Salomon, Wellcome MS 4659, Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts. Wellcome Collection, London, Werk hwqdep8w, Bildsatz b18712022. Public Domain Mark.
Source location: Wellcome MS 4659; work hwqdep8w; image set b18712022; mid-18th century; French
The current institutional record was read directly and archived. It confirms the specific historical work, its classification and the Public Domain Mark; no modern redrawing.
Source location: Wellcome MS 4659; work hwqdep8w; image set b18712022; mid-18th century; French
Manifest retrieved directly and archived. The specific Canvas identities, native image dimensions and PDM image rights were checked against unchanged full/full JPEGs. Manuscript page numbers come from the images actually viewed, not from a modern pentacle numbering system.
Source location: MS 4659; image 0213; Canvas 202 of 276
The specific original page was viewed as a complete native institutional JPEG; the image file was archived unchanged. Attribution and crop were also checked visually.
Pentacle with eight rays and terminal signs – MS 4659, page 35
Original image · source evidence
Solomonic pentacle
French Clavicula/Clavicule manuscript tradition French-speaking; place of manufacture unknown; current location London · Mid-18th century; dating of the specific Wellcome manuscript
Circle with eight long arms, various angle and end signs, and several outer name fields.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French Clavicula/Clavicule manuscript tradition
Region
French-speaking; place of manufacture unknown; current location London
Date of the evidence
Mid-18th century; dating of the specific Wellcome manuscript
Circle with eight long arms, various angle and end signs, and several outer name fields.
Historically recorded use
The accompanying text mentions this and the following pentacle in the context of the spirits of Mercury.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The handwritten page number, complete individual figure and French explanation were checked directly against the native original image. The page number locates this manuscript and is not a modern planetary pentacle number. The German form names are editorial descriptions, not asserted historical individual titles. The catalogue attribution Pseudo-Solomon does not prove authorship by the ancient Solomon. Claims about magical use are attributed only as historical claims. The difficult-to-read outer names remain as original image writing; no freely invented standard forms or standard numbers.
Before designing
Visually checked historical individual figure. The complete native institutional IIIF-JPEG file remains embedded in the SVG byte-for-byte unchanged; only the named original viewport is visible. No local scaling, re-encoding, tracing or additions. Paper, print gaps, ink traces and show-through from the reverse remain unchanged. The facsimile is a historical image source, not a tool or engraving path; manufacture requires separately checked contour preparation. The difficult-to-read outer names remain as original image lettering; no freely invented standard forms or standard numbers.
Research draft. Visually checked historical individual figure. The complete native institutional IIIF-JPEG file remains embedded in the SVG byte-for-byte unchanged; only the named original viewport is visible. No local scaling, re-encoding, tracing or additions. Paper, print gaps, ink traces and show-through from the reverse remain unchanged. The facsimile is a historical image source, not a tool or engraving path; manufacture requires separately checked contour preparation. The difficult-to-read outer names remain as original image lettering; no freely invented standard forms or standard numbers. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Visually checked historical individual figure. The complete native institutional IIIF-JPEG file remains embedded in the SVG byte-for-byte unchanged; only the named original viewport is visible. No local scaling, re-encoding, tracing or additions. Paper, print gaps, ink traces and show-through from the reverse remain unchanged. The facsimile is a historical image source, not a tool or engraving path; manufacture requires separately checked contour preparation. The difficult-to-read outer names remain as original image lettering; no freely invented standard forms or standard numbers.
Source location: Wellcome MS 4659, handwritten p. 35; image 0222; Canvas 211 of 276; specific individual drawing
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Pseudo-Solomon, La Clavicule ou Clef de Salomon, Wellcome MS 4659, Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts. Wellcome Collection, London, Werk hwqdep8w, Bildsatz b18712022. Public Domain Mark.
Source location: Wellcome MS 4659; work hwqdep8w; image set b18712022; mid-18th century; French
The current institutional record was read directly and archived. It confirms the specific historical work, its classification and the Public Domain Mark; no modern redrawing.
Source location: Wellcome MS 4659; work hwqdep8w; image set b18712022; mid-18th century; French
Manifest retrieved directly and archived. The specific Canvas identities, native image dimensions and PDM image rights were checked against unchanged full/full JPEGs. Manuscript page numbers come from the images actually viewed, not from a modern pentacle numbering system.
Source location: MS 4659; image 0222; Canvas 211 of 276
The specific original page was viewed as a complete native institutional JPEG; the image file was archived unchanged. Attribution and crop were also checked visually.
French Clavicula/Clavicule manuscript tradition French-speaking; place of manufacture unknown; current location London · Mid-18th century; dating of the specific Wellcome manuscript
Circle with eight arms running towards the centre, different terminal signs, an encircling inscription and a small six-pointed star at the top.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French Clavicula/Clavicule manuscript tradition
Region
French-speaking; place of manufacture unknown; current location London
Date of the evidence
Mid-18th century; dating of the specific Wellcome manuscript
Circle with eight arms running towards the centre, different terminal signs, an encircling inscription and a small six-pointed star at the top.
Historically recorded use
The accompanying text discusses the appearance of spirits that were previously invisible. The historical attribution is documented.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The handwritten page number, complete individual figure and French explanation were checked directly against the native original image. The page number locates this manuscript and is not a modern planetary pentacle number. The German names for the forms are editorial descriptions, not claimed historical individual titles. The catalogue attribution Pseudo-Solomon does not prove authorship by the ancient Solomon. Claims about magical use are attributed only as historical beliefs. The eight distinct end forms are reproduced unchanged from the manuscript and are not replaced by a standardised eight-point star icon.
Before designing
Historically specific figure checked visually. The complete native institutional IIIF-JPEG file remains embedded byte-for-byte in the SVG; only the named original viewport is visible. No local scaling, re-encoding, redrawing or additions. Paper, print gaps, ink traces and show-through from the reverse writing remain unchanged. The facsimile is a historical image source, not a tool or engraving path; manufacture requires separately checked contour preparation. The eight different terminal forms are taken unchanged from the manuscript and are not replaced by a standardised eight-pointed-star icon.
Research draft. Historically specific figure checked visually. The complete native institutional IIIF-JPEG file remains embedded byte-for-byte in the SVG; only the named original viewport is visible. No local scaling, re-encoding, redrawing or additions. Paper, print gaps, ink traces and show-through from the reverse writing remain unchanged. The facsimile is a historical image source, not a tool or engraving path; manufacture requires separately checked contour preparation. The eight different terminal forms are taken unchanged from the manuscript and are not replaced by a standardised eight-pointed-star icon. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historically specific figure checked visually. The complete native institutional IIIF-JPEG file remains embedded byte-for-byte in the SVG; only the named original viewport is visible. No local scaling, re-encoding, redrawing or additions. Paper, print gaps, ink traces and show-through from the reverse writing remain unchanged. The facsimile is a historical image source, not a tool or engraving path; manufacture requires separately checked contour preparation. The eight different terminal forms are taken unchanged from the manuscript and are not replaced by a standardised eight-pointed-star icon.
Source location: Wellcome MS 4659, manuscript p. 24; image 0209; canvas 198 of 276; specific individual drawing
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Pseudo-Solomon, La Clavicule ou Clef de Salomon, Wellcome MS 4659, Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts. Wellcome Collection, London, Werk hwqdep8w, Bildsatz b18712022. Public Domain Mark.
Source location: Wellcome MS 4659; work hwqdep8w; image set b18712022; mid-18th century; French
The current institutional record was read directly and archived. It confirms the specific historical work, its classification and the Public Domain Mark; no modern redrawing.
Source location: Wellcome MS 4659; work hwqdep8w; image set b18712022; mid-18th century; French
Manifest retrieved directly and archived. The specific Canvas identities, native image dimensions and PDM image rights were checked against unchanged full/full JPEGs. Manuscript page numbers come from the images actually viewed, not from a modern pentacle numbering system.
Source location: MS 4659; image 0209; Canvas 198 of 276
The specific original page was viewed as a complete native institutional JPEG; the image file was archived unchanged. Attribution and crop were also checked visually.
Pentacle with outstretched arm and arrows – Penn f.61r (= 62r)
Original image · source evidence
Historical grimoire pentacle
Latin Clavicula Salomonis manuscript; transmission of the Keys of Solomon European manuscript; place of manufacture unknown; present collection in Philadelphia · 1750–1799; second half of the 18th century, dating of the specific example
An outstretched arm with a hand, downward-pointing arrows and a lower serpent form the main motifs. Further signs lie within the outer inscription band. The accompanying text describes the manifestation of invoked invisible spirits. This is the statement of a historical ritual text; no actual effect is evidenced.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Latin Clavicula Salomonis manuscript; transmission of the Keys of Solomon
Region
European manuscript; place of manufacture unknown; present collection in Philadelphia
Date of the evidence
1750–1799; second half of the 18th century, dating of the specific example
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
An outstretched arm with a hand, downward-pointing arrows and a lower serpent form the main motifs. Further signs lie within the outer inscription band. The accompanying text describes the manifestation of invoked invisible spirits. This is the statement of a historical ritual text; no actual effect is evidenced.
Historically recorded use
The accompanying text describes the making-visible of invoked invisible spirits. This is the claim of a historical ritual text; no actual effect is evidenced.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Dating of this specific Latin copy: 1750–1799. The catalogue attribution to Abraham Colorni does not confirm that he personally produced this later manuscript. The drawing is a localised component of 43 surviving pentacles in the same copy, not a new tradition or a separately surviving worn amulet. Written and corrected foliation differ by one leaf. The changing historical internal numbering is not unified into an invented continuous sequence of 1–43.
Before designing
The completely preserved individual pentacle remains embedded as an unaltered native OPenn web JPEG; only the SVG viewport limits the visible area of the leaf. The separately offered TIFF master was not used. The accompanying text can be read in full on the archived full leaf, although it is partly cut off in the viewport. No addition of lines or letters, outline transcription or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Dating of this specific Latin copy: 1750–1799. The catalogue attribution to Abraham Colorni does not confirm that he personally made this later manuscript. The drawing is a localised component of 43 surviving pentacles in the same copy, not a new tradition or a separately surviving worn amulet. Written and corrected foliation differ by one leaf. The changing historical internal numbering is not standardised into an invented continuous sequence from 1 to 43. The single, fully preserved pentacle is embedded as an unaltered native OPenn web JPEG in the SVG; only the SVG viewport limits the visible area of the leaf. The separately offered TIFF master was not used. The accompanying text can be read in full on the archived full leaf, though it is partly cut off in the viewport. No lines or letters have been added, no outline transcription has been made, and no manufacturing approval is implied. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Dating of this specific Latin copy: 1750–1799. The catalogue attribution to Abraham Colorni does not confirm that he personally made this later manuscript. The drawing is a localised component of 43 surviving pentacles in the same copy, not a new tradition or a separately surviving worn amulet. Written and corrected foliation differ by one leaf. The changing historical internal numbering is not standardised into an invented continuous sequence from 1 to 43. The single, fully preserved pentacle is embedded as an unaltered native OPenn web JPEG in the SVG; only the SVG viewport limits the visible area of the leaf. The separately offered TIFF master was not used. The accompanying text can be read in full on the archived full leaf, though it is partly cut off in the viewport. No lines or letters have been added, no outline transcription has been made, and no manufacturing approval is implied.
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Pentakel mit ausgestrecktem Arm und Pfeilen – Penn f.61r (= 62r). Ms. Codex 1673, 1750–1799. University of Pennsylvania, Kislak Center. Public Domain Mark. Katalogmetadaten separat CC BY 4.0.
Specific manuscript witness, second half of the 18th century. Earlier textual transmission and author attribution are not the date when this copy was made.
Pentacle with tree and sun face – Penn f.64r (= 65r)
Original image · source evidence
Historical grimoire pentacle
Latin Clavicula Salomonis manuscript; transmission of the Keys of Solomon European manuscript; place of manufacture unknown; present collection in Philadelphia · 1750–1799; second half of the 18th century, dating of the specific example
A small branching tree stands on the left, and a face with rays is at the upper right. An upper crescent, connected letter forms and a star complete the circle. The accompanying text describes release from prison and chains as the ritual aim. This is the claim of a historical ritual text; no actual effect is demonstrated.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Latin Clavicula Salomonis manuscript; transmission of the Keys of Solomon
Region
European manuscript; place of manufacture unknown; present collection in Philadelphia
Date of the evidence
1750–1799; second half of the 18th century, dating of the specific example
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A small branching tree stands on the left, and a face with rays is at the upper right. An upper crescent, connected letter forms and a star complete the circle. The accompanying text describes release from prison and chains as the ritual aim. This is the claim of a historical ritual text; no actual effect is demonstrated.
Historically recorded use
The accompanying text describes release from prison and chains as the ritual objective. This is the claim of a historical ritual text; no actual effect is evidenced.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Dating of this specific Latin copy: 1750–1799. The catalogue attribution to Abraham Colorni does not confirm that he personally produced this later manuscript. The drawing is a localised component of 43 surviving pentacles in the same copy, not a new tradition or a separately surviving worn amulet. Written and corrected foliation differ by one leaf. The changing historical internal numbering is not unified into an invented continuous sequence of 1–43.
Before designing
The completely preserved individual pentacle remains embedded as an unaltered native OPenn web JPEG; only the SVG viewport limits the visible area of the leaf. The separately offered TIFF master was not used. The accompanying text can be read in full on the archived full leaf, although it is partly cut off in the viewport. No addition of lines or letters, outline transcription or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Dating of this specific Latin copy: 1750–1799. The catalogue attribution to Abraham Colorni does not confirm that he personally made this later manuscript. The drawing is a localised component of 43 surviving pentacles in the same copy, not a new tradition or a separately surviving worn amulet. Written and corrected foliation differ by one leaf. The changing historical internal numbering is not standardised into an invented continuous sequence from 1 to 43. The single, fully preserved pentacle is embedded as an unaltered native OPenn web JPEG in the SVG; only the SVG viewport limits the visible area of the leaf. The separately offered TIFF master was not used. The accompanying text can be read in full on the archived full leaf, though it is partly cut off in the viewport. No lines or letters have been added, no outline transcription has been made, and no manufacturing approval is implied. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Dating of this specific Latin copy: 1750–1799. The catalogue attribution to Abraham Colorni does not confirm that he personally made this later manuscript. The drawing is a localised component of 43 surviving pentacles in the same copy, not a new tradition or a separately surviving worn amulet. Written and corrected foliation differ by one leaf. The changing historical internal numbering is not standardised into an invented continuous sequence from 1 to 43. The single, fully preserved pentacle is embedded as an unaltered native OPenn web JPEG in the SVG; only the SVG viewport limits the visible area of the leaf. The separately offered TIFF master was not used. The accompanying text can be read in full on the archived full leaf, though it is partly cut off in the viewport. No lines or letters have been added, no outline transcription has been made, and no manufacturing approval is implied.
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Pentakel mit Baum und Sonnengesicht – Penn f.64r (= 65r). Ms. Codex 1673, 1750–1799. University of Pennsylvania, Kislak Center. Public Domain Mark. Katalogmetadaten separat CC BY 4.0.
Specific manuscript witness, second half of the 18th century. Earlier textual transmission and author attribution are not the date when this copy was made.
Pentacle with diagonal cross and ring-shaped ends – Penn f.46r (= 47r)
Original image · source evidence
Historical grimoire pentacle
Latin Clavicula Salomonis manuscript; transmission of the Keys of Solomon European manuscript; place of manufacture unknown; present collection in Philadelphia · 1750–1799; second half of the 18th century, dating of the specific example
A diagonal cross ends in four small rings. Two crescents and other signs lie in the spaces between them; a band of letters surrounds the figure. The accompanying text names esteem, dignity, wealth and treasures as desired outcomes. This is the statement of a historical ritual text; no actual effect is evidenced.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Latin Clavicula Salomonis manuscript; transmission of the Keys of Solomon
Region
European manuscript; place of manufacture unknown; present collection in Philadelphia
Date of the evidence
1750–1799; second half of the 18th century, dating of the specific example
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A diagonal cross ends in four small rings. Two crescents and other signs lie in the spaces between them; a band of letters surrounds the figure. The accompanying text names esteem, dignity, wealth and treasures as desired outcomes. This is the statement of a historical ritual text; no actual effect is evidenced.
Historically recorded use
The accompanying text names esteem, dignity, wealth and treasures as desired outcomes. This is the statement of a historical ritual text; no actual effect is evidenced.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Dating of this specific Latin copy: 1750–1799. The catalogue attribution to Abraham Colorni does not confirm that he personally produced this later manuscript. The drawing is a localised component of 43 surviving pentacles in the same copy, not a new tradition or a separately surviving worn amulet. Written and corrected foliation differ by one leaf. The changing historical internal numbering is not unified into an invented continuous sequence of 1–43.
Before designing
The completely preserved individual pentacle remains embedded as an unaltered native OPenn web JPEG; only the SVG viewport limits the visible area of the leaf. The separately offered TIFF master was not used. The accompanying text can be read in full on the archived full leaf, although it is partly cut off in the viewport. No addition of lines or letters, outline transcription or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Dating of this specific Latin copy: 1750–1799. The catalogue attribution to Abraham Colorni does not confirm that he personally made this later manuscript. The drawing is a localised component of 43 surviving pentacles in the same copy, not a new tradition or a separately surviving worn amulet. Written and corrected foliation differ by one leaf. The changing historical internal numbering is not standardised into an invented continuous sequence from 1 to 43. The single, fully preserved pentacle is embedded as an unaltered native OPenn web JPEG in the SVG; only the SVG viewport limits the visible area of the leaf. The separately offered TIFF master was not used. The accompanying text can be read in full on the archived full leaf, though it is partly cut off in the viewport. No lines or letters have been added, no outline transcription has been made, and no manufacturing approval is implied. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Dating of this specific Latin copy: 1750–1799. The catalogue attribution to Abraham Colorni does not confirm that he personally made this later manuscript. The drawing is a localised component of 43 surviving pentacles in the same copy, not a new tradition or a separately surviving worn amulet. Written and corrected foliation differ by one leaf. The changing historical internal numbering is not standardised into an invented continuous sequence from 1 to 43. The single, fully preserved pentacle is embedded as an unaltered native OPenn web JPEG in the SVG; only the SVG viewport limits the visible area of the leaf. The separately offered TIFF master was not used. The accompanying text can be read in full on the archived full leaf, though it is partly cut off in the viewport. No lines or letters have been added, no outline transcription has been made, and no manufacturing approval is implied.
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Pentakel mit diagonalem Kreuz und Ringenden – Penn f.46r (= 47r). Ms. Codex 1673, 1750–1799. University of Pennsylvania, Kislak Center. Public Domain Mark. Katalogmetadaten separat CC BY 4.0.
Specific manuscript witness, second half of the 18th century. Earlier textual transmission and author attribution are not the date when this copy was made.
Pentacle with three faces and three sickles – Penn f.70r (= 71r)
Original image · source evidence
Historical grimoire pentacle
Latin Clavicula Salomonis manuscript; transmission of the Keys of Solomon European manuscript; place of manufacture unknown; present collection in Philadelphia · 1750–1799; second half of the 18th century, dating of the specific example
Three small faces sit on an upper crossbar; three crescents follow a right-hand diagonal. A vertical staff, triangles and an arrow complete the figure. The accompanying text discusses the invocation of spirits beneath the firmament. This is the claim of a historical ritual text; no actual effect is evidenced.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Latin Clavicula Salomonis manuscript; transmission of the Keys of Solomon
Region
European manuscript; place of manufacture unknown; present collection in Philadelphia
Date of the evidence
1750–1799; second half of the 18th century, dating of the specific example
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Three small faces sit on an upper crossbar; three crescents follow a right-hand diagonal. A vertical staff, triangles and an arrow complete the figure. The accompanying text discusses the invocation of spirits beneath the firmament. This is the claim of a historical ritual text; no actual effect is evidenced.
Historically recorded use
The accompanying text discusses the invocation of spirits beneath the firmament. This is the account of a historical ritual text; no actual effect is evidenced.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Dating of this specific Latin copy: 1750–1799. The catalogue attribution to Abraham Colorni does not confirm that he personally produced this later manuscript. The drawing is a localised component of 43 surviving pentacles in the same copy, not a new tradition or a separately surviving worn amulet. Written and corrected foliation differ by one leaf. The changing historical internal numbering is not unified into an invented continuous sequence of 1–43.
Before designing
The completely preserved individual pentacle remains embedded as an unaltered native OPenn web JPEG; only the SVG viewport limits the visible area of the leaf. The separately offered TIFF master was not used. The accompanying text can be read in full on the archived full leaf, although it is partly cut off in the viewport. No addition of lines or letters, outline transcription or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Dating of this specific Latin copy: 1750–1799. The catalogue attribution to Abraham Colorni does not confirm that he personally made this later manuscript. The drawing is a localised component of 43 surviving pentacles in the same copy, not a new tradition or a separately surviving worn amulet. Written and corrected foliation differ by one leaf. The changing historical internal numbering is not standardised into an invented continuous sequence from 1 to 43. The single, fully preserved pentacle is embedded as an unaltered native OPenn web JPEG in the SVG; only the SVG viewport limits the visible area of the leaf. The separately offered TIFF master was not used. The accompanying text can be read in full on the archived full leaf, though it is partly cut off in the viewport. No lines or letters have been added, no outline transcription has been made, and no manufacturing approval is implied. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Dating of this specific Latin copy: 1750–1799. The catalogue attribution to Abraham Colorni does not confirm that he personally made this later manuscript. The drawing is a localised component of 43 surviving pentacles in the same copy, not a new tradition or a separately surviving worn amulet. Written and corrected foliation differ by one leaf. The changing historical internal numbering is not standardised into an invented continuous sequence from 1 to 43. The single, fully preserved pentacle is embedded as an unaltered native OPenn web JPEG in the SVG; only the SVG viewport limits the visible area of the leaf. The separately offered TIFF master was not used. The accompanying text can be read in full on the archived full leaf, though it is partly cut off in the viewport. No lines or letters have been added, no outline transcription has been made, and no manufacturing approval is implied.
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Pentakel mit drei Gesichtern und drei Sicheln – Penn f.70r (= 71r). Ms. Codex 1673, 1750–1799. University of Pennsylvania, Kislak Center. Public Domain Mark. Katalogmetadaten separat CC BY 4.0.
Specific manuscript witness, second half of the 18th century. Earlier textual transmission and author attribution are not the date when this copy was made.
Pentacle with three faces and a serpent body – Penn f.69r (= 70r)
Original image · source evidence
Historical grimoire pentacle
Latin Clavicula Salomonis manuscript; transmission of the Keys of Solomon European manuscript; place of manufacture unknown; present collection in Philadelphia · 1750–1799; second half of the 18th century, dating of the specific example
A long, curved body bears two human-like heads at its upper ends and another round face in the middle; a wing shape sits on the right. The accompanying text describes the creation of love by displaying the pentacle as a historical claim. This is a claim made in a historical ritual text; no actual effect is evidenced.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Latin Clavicula Salomonis manuscript; transmission of the Keys of Solomon
Region
European manuscript; place of manufacture unknown; present collection in Philadelphia
Date of the evidence
1750–1799; second half of the 18th century, dating of the specific example
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A long, curved body bears two human-like heads at its upper ends and another round face in the middle; a wing shape sits on the right. The accompanying text describes the creation of love by displaying the pentacle as a historical claim. This is a claim made in a historical ritual text; no actual effect is evidenced.
Historically recorded use
The accompanying text describes the production of love by displaying the pentacle as a historical claim. This is the statement of a historical ritual text; an actual effect is not evidenced.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Dating of this specific Latin copy: 1750–1799. The catalogue attribution to Abraham Colorni does not confirm that he personally produced this later manuscript. The drawing is a localised component of 43 surviving pentacles in the same copy, not a new tradition or a separately surviving worn amulet. Written and corrected foliation differ by one leaf. The changing historical internal numbering is not unified into an invented continuous sequence of 1–43.
Before designing
The completely preserved individual pentacle remains embedded as an unaltered native OPenn web JPEG; only the SVG viewport limits the visible area of the leaf. The separately offered TIFF master was not used. The accompanying text can be read in full on the archived full leaf, although it is partly cut off in the viewport. No addition of lines or letters, outline transcription or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Dating of this specific Latin copy: 1750–1799. The catalogue attribution to Abraham Colorni does not confirm that he personally made this later manuscript. The drawing is a localised component of 43 surviving pentacles in the same copy, not a new tradition or a separately surviving worn amulet. Written and corrected foliation differ by one leaf. The changing historical internal numbering is not standardised into an invented continuous sequence from 1 to 43. The single, fully preserved pentacle is embedded as an unaltered native OPenn web JPEG in the SVG; only the SVG viewport limits the visible area of the leaf. The separately offered TIFF master was not used. The accompanying text can be read in full on the archived full leaf, though it is partly cut off in the viewport. No lines or letters have been added, no outline transcription has been made, and no manufacturing approval is implied. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Dating of this specific Latin copy: 1750–1799. The catalogue attribution to Abraham Colorni does not confirm that he personally made this later manuscript. The drawing is a localised component of 43 surviving pentacles in the same copy, not a new tradition or a separately surviving worn amulet. Written and corrected foliation differ by one leaf. The changing historical internal numbering is not standardised into an invented continuous sequence from 1 to 43. The single, fully preserved pentacle is embedded as an unaltered native OPenn web JPEG in the SVG; only the SVG viewport limits the visible area of the leaf. The separately offered TIFF master was not used. The accompanying text can be read in full on the archived full leaf, though it is partly cut off in the viewport. No lines or letters have been added, no outline transcription has been made, and no manufacturing approval is implied.
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Pentakel mit drei Gesichtern und Schlangenkörper – Penn f.69r (= 70r). Ms. Codex 1673, 1750–1799. University of Pennsylvania, Kislak Center. Public Domain Mark. Katalogmetadaten separat CC BY 4.0.
Specific manuscript witness, second half of the 18th century. Earlier textual transmission and author attribution are not the date when this copy was made.
Pentacle with triangle and two circles – MS 4659, page 26
Original image · source evidence
Solomonic pentacle
French Clavicula/Clavicule manuscript tradition French-speaking; place of manufacture unknown; current location London · Mid-18th century; dating of the specific Wellcome manuscript
Circular inscription surrounding a large upright triangle with bands of signs, two inner circles and a small inner triangle.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French Clavicula/Clavicule manuscript tradition
Region
French-speaking; place of manufacture unknown; current location London
Date of the evidence
Mid-18th century; dating of the specific Wellcome manuscript
Circular inscription surrounding a large upright triangle with bands of signs, two inner circles and a small inner triangle.
Historically recorded use
The accompanying text discusses magical invisibility. What is evidenced is the specific manuscript figure and its historical attribution.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The handwritten page number, complete individual figure and French explanation were checked directly against the native original image. The page number locates this manuscript and is not a modern planetary pentacle number. The German form names are editorial descriptions, not claimed historical individual titles. The catalogue attribution to Pseudo-Solomon does not prove authorship by the ancient Solomon. Claims about magical use are reported only as historical attributions. The characters in the triangle are retained visually; they are not replaced by a new Hebrew transliteration.
Before designing
Historically attested individual figure, verified visually. The complete native institutional IIIF-JPEG file remains embedded byte-for-byte in the SVG; only the named original viewport is visible. No local scaling, re-encoding, tracing or additions. The paper, gaps in the printing, ink traces and show-through of writing from the reverse remain unchanged. The facsimile is a historical image source, not a tool or engraving path; manufacture requires separately checked contour preparation. The signs in the triangle are preserved visually; they are not replaced with a new Hebrew transliteration.
Research draft. Historically attested individual figure, verified visually. The complete native institutional IIIF-JPEG file remains embedded byte-for-byte in the SVG; only the named original viewport is visible. No local scaling, re-encoding, tracing or additions. The paper, gaps in the printing, ink traces and show-through of writing from the reverse remain unchanged. The facsimile is a historical image source, not a tool or engraving path; manufacture requires separately checked contour preparation. The signs in the triangle are preserved visually; they are not replaced with a new Hebrew transliteration. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historically attested individual figure, verified visually. The complete native institutional IIIF-JPEG file remains embedded byte-for-byte in the SVG; only the named original viewport is visible. No local scaling, re-encoding, tracing or additions. The paper, gaps in the printing, ink traces and show-through of writing from the reverse remain unchanged. The facsimile is a historical image source, not a tool or engraving path; manufacture requires separately checked contour preparation. The signs in the triangle are preserved visually; they are not replaced with a new Hebrew transliteration.
Source location: Wellcome MS 4659, handwritten p. 26; image 0211; Canvas 200 of 276; specific individual drawing
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Pseudo-Solomon, La Clavicule ou Clef de Salomon, Wellcome MS 4659, Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts. Wellcome Collection, London, Werk hwqdep8w, Bildsatz b18712022. Public Domain Mark.
Source location: Wellcome MS 4659; work hwqdep8w; image set b18712022; mid-18th century; French
The current institutional record was read directly and archived. It confirms the specific historical work, its classification and the Public Domain Mark; no modern redrawing.
Source location: Wellcome MS 4659; work hwqdep8w; image set b18712022; mid-18th century; French
Manifest retrieved directly and archived. The specific Canvas identities, native image dimensions and PDM image rights were checked against unchanged full/full JPEGs. Manuscript page numbers come from the images actually viewed, not from a modern pentacle numbering system.
Source location: MS 4659; image 0211; Canvas 200 of 276
The specific original page was viewed as a complete native institutional JPEG; the image file was archived unchanged. Attribution and crop were also checked visually.
Pentacle with fish-like being – Penn f.67r (= 68r)
Original image · source evidence
Historical grimoire pentacle
Latin Clavicula Salomonis manuscript; transmission of the Keys of Solomon European manuscript; place of manufacture unknown; present collection in Philadelphia · 1750–1799; second half of the 18th century, dating of the specific example
An elongated fish-like creature has four lateral fin- or wing-like forms; beneath it lies a dark horizontal rod. A band of signs surrounds both. The accompanying text concerns love magic and a named angelic figure. The uncertain reading of the name is not supplemented. This is the statement of a historical ritual text; no actual effect is evidenced.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Latin Clavicula Salomonis manuscript; transmission of the Keys of Solomon
Region
European manuscript; place of manufacture unknown; present collection in Philadelphia
Date of the evidence
1750–1799; second half of the 18th century, dating of the specific example
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
An elongated fish-like creature has four lateral fin- or wing-like forms; beneath it lies a dark horizontal rod. A band of signs surrounds both. The accompanying text concerns love magic and a named angelic figure. The uncertain reading of the name is not supplemented. This is the statement of a historical ritual text; no actual effect is evidenced.
Historically recorded use
The accompanying text deals with love magic and a named angel figure. The uncertain reading of the name is not supplemented. This is the statement of a historical ritual text; an actual effect is not attested.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Dating of this specific Latin copy: 1750–1799. The catalogue attribution to Abraham Colorni does not confirm that he personally produced this later manuscript. The drawing is a localised component of 43 surviving pentacles in the same copy, not a new tradition or a separately surviving worn amulet. Written and corrected foliation differ by one leaf. The changing historical internal numbering is not unified into an invented continuous sequence of 1–43.
Before designing
The completely preserved individual pentacle remains embedded as an unaltered native OPenn web JPEG; only the SVG viewport limits the visible area of the leaf. The separately offered TIFF master was not used. The accompanying text can be read in full on the archived full leaf, although it is partly cut off in the viewport. No addition of lines or letters, outline transcription or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Dating of this specific Latin copy: 1750–1799. The catalogue attribution to Abraham Colorni does not confirm that he personally made this later manuscript. The drawing is a localised component of 43 surviving pentacles in the same copy, not a new tradition or a separately surviving worn amulet. Written and corrected foliation differ by one leaf. The changing historical internal numbering is not standardised into an invented continuous sequence from 1 to 43. The single, fully preserved pentacle is embedded as an unaltered native OPenn web JPEG in the SVG; only the SVG viewport limits the visible area of the leaf. The separately offered TIFF master was not used. The accompanying text can be read in full on the archived full leaf, though it is partly cut off in the viewport. No lines or letters have been added, no outline transcription has been made, and no manufacturing approval is implied. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Dating of this specific Latin copy: 1750–1799. The catalogue attribution to Abraham Colorni does not confirm that he personally made this later manuscript. The drawing is a localised component of 43 surviving pentacles in the same copy, not a new tradition or a separately surviving worn amulet. Written and corrected foliation differ by one leaf. The changing historical internal numbering is not standardised into an invented continuous sequence from 1 to 43. The single, fully preserved pentacle is embedded as an unaltered native OPenn web JPEG in the SVG; only the SVG viewport limits the visible area of the leaf. The separately offered TIFF master was not used. The accompanying text can be read in full on the archived full leaf, though it is partly cut off in the viewport. No lines or letters have been added, no outline transcription has been made, and no manufacturing approval is implied.
Source location: Penn Ms. Codex 1673, Clavicula Salomonis Regis; written folio 67r, corrected OPenn foliation 68r (TEI: 67r =68r); single image 5170_0144_web.jpg; surface surface-ms-codex-1673-145
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Pentakel mit fischähnlichem Wesen – Penn f.67r (= 68r). Ms. Codex 1673, 1750–1799. University of Pennsylvania, Kislak Center. Public Domain Mark. Katalogmetadaten separat CC BY 4.0.
Specific manuscript witness, second half of the 18th century. Earlier textual transmission and author attribution are not the date when this copy was made.
French Clavicula/Clavicule manuscript tradition French-speaking; place of manufacture unknown; current location London · Mid-18th century; dating of the specific Wellcome manuscript
Circular pentacle with an outward-curving four-armed cross, individual signs, a Latin inscription band and a small cross at the top.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French Clavicula/Clavicule manuscript tradition
Region
French-speaking; place of manufacture unknown; current location London
Date of the evidence
Mid-18th century; dating of the specific Wellcome manuscript
Circular pentacle with an outward-curving four-armed cross, individual signs, a Latin inscription band and a small cross at the top.
Historically recorded use
The text attributes the release from captivity and chains to the pentacle; gold and the solar context are mentioned in the text.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The handwritten page number, complete individual figure and French explanation were checked directly against the native original image. The page number locates this manuscript and is not a modern planetary pentacle number. The German form names are editorial descriptions, not purported historical individual titles. The catalogue attribution to Pseudo-Solomon does not prove authorship by the ancient Solomon. Claims about magical use are attributed only as historical claims. No modern number for a solar pentacle is inferred from this; the secure identification is the specific handwritten page 27.
Before designing
Historically verified individual figure in the image. The complete native institutional IIIF JPEG file remains embedded byte-for-byte in the SVG; only the named original viewport is visible. No local scaling, re-encoding, tracing or additions. Paper, print gaps, ink traces and show-through from the reverse remain unchanged. The facsimile is a historical image reference, not a toolpath or engraving path; manufacture requires separately checked outline preparation. No modern number for a solar pentacle is inferred from this; the secure identification is the specific manuscript page 27.
Research draft. Historically verified individual figure in the image. The complete native institutional IIIF JPEG file remains embedded byte-for-byte in the SVG; only the named original viewport is visible. No local scaling, re-encoding, tracing or additions. Paper, print gaps, ink traces and show-through from the reverse remain unchanged. The facsimile is a historical image reference, not a toolpath or engraving path; manufacture requires separately checked outline preparation. No modern number for a solar pentacle is inferred from this; the secure identification is the specific manuscript page 27. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historically verified individual figure in the image. The complete native institutional IIIF JPEG file remains embedded byte-for-byte in the SVG; only the named original viewport is visible. No local scaling, re-encoding, tracing or additions. Paper, print gaps, ink traces and show-through from the reverse remain unchanged. The facsimile is a historical image reference, not a toolpath or engraving path; manufacture requires separately checked outline preparation. No modern number for a solar pentacle is inferred from this; the secure identification is the specific manuscript page 27.
Source location: Wellcome MS 4659, handwritten p. 27; image 0212; canvas 201 of 276; specific individual drawing
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Pseudo-Solomon, La Clavicule ou Clef de Salomon, Wellcome MS 4659, Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts. Wellcome Collection, London, Werk hwqdep8w, Bildsatz b18712022. Public Domain Mark.
Source location: Wellcome MS 4659; work hwqdep8w; image set b18712022; mid-18th century; French
The current institutional record was read directly and archived. It confirms the specific historical work, its classification and the Public Domain Mark; no modern redrawing.
Source location: Wellcome MS 4659; work hwqdep8w; image set b18712022; mid-18th century; French
Manifest retrieved directly and archived. The specific Canvas identities, native image dimensions and PDM image rights were checked against unchanged full/full JPEGs. Manuscript page numbers come from the images actually viewed, not from a modern pentacle numbering system.
Source location: MS 4659; image 0212; Canvas 201 of 276
The specific original page was viewed as a complete native institutional JPEG; the image file was archived unchanged. Attribution and crop were also checked visually.
Pentacle with curved staff and triple arrow – Penn f.62r (= 63r)
Original image · source evidence
Historical grimoire pentacle
Latin Clavicula Salomonis manuscript; transmission of the Keys of Solomon European manuscript; place of manufacture unknown; present collection in Philadelphia · 1750–1799; second half of the 18th century, dating of the specific example
A large curved staff, a crescent at the side and a three-pronged arrow stand beside small face, angle and wave forms in the word-circle. The accompanying text names rapid transport over long distances by spirits as the ritual aim. This is the statement of a historical ritual text; no actual effect is evidenced.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Latin Clavicula Salomonis manuscript; transmission of the Keys of Solomon
Region
European manuscript; place of manufacture unknown; present collection in Philadelphia
Date of the evidence
1750–1799; second half of the 18th century, dating of the specific example
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A large curved staff, a crescent at the side and a three-pronged arrow stand beside small face, angle and wave forms in the word-circle. The accompanying text names rapid transport over long distances by spirits as the ritual aim. This is the statement of a historical ritual text; no actual effect is evidenced.
Historically recorded use
The accompanying text names rapid transport over great distances by spirits as the ritual’s aim. This is a statement in a historical ritual text; no actual effect is evidenced.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Dating of this specific Latin copy: 1750–1799. The catalogue attribution to Abraham Colorni does not confirm that he personally produced this later manuscript. The drawing is a localised component of 43 surviving pentacles in the same copy, not a new tradition or a separately surviving worn amulet. Written and corrected foliation differ by one leaf. The changing historical internal numbering is not unified into an invented continuous sequence of 1–43.
Before designing
The completely preserved individual pentacle remains embedded as an unaltered native OPenn web JPEG; only the SVG viewport limits the visible area of the leaf. The separately offered TIFF master was not used. The accompanying text can be read in full on the archived full leaf, although it is partly cut off in the viewport. No addition of lines or letters, outline transcription or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Dating of this specific Latin copy: 1750–1799. The catalogue attribution to Abraham Colorni does not confirm that he personally made this later manuscript. The drawing is a localised component of 43 surviving pentacles in the same copy, not a new tradition or a separately surviving worn amulet. Written and corrected foliation differ by one leaf. The changing historical internal numbering is not standardised into an invented continuous sequence from 1 to 43. The single, fully preserved pentacle is embedded as an unaltered native OPenn web JPEG in the SVG; only the SVG viewport limits the visible area of the leaf. The separately offered TIFF master was not used. The accompanying text can be read in full on the archived full leaf, though it is partly cut off in the viewport. No lines or letters have been added, no outline transcription has been made, and no manufacturing approval is implied. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Dating of this specific Latin copy: 1750–1799. The catalogue attribution to Abraham Colorni does not confirm that he personally made this later manuscript. The drawing is a localised component of 43 surviving pentacles in the same copy, not a new tradition or a separately surviving worn amulet. Written and corrected foliation differ by one leaf. The changing historical internal numbering is not standardised into an invented continuous sequence from 1 to 43. The single, fully preserved pentacle is embedded as an unaltered native OPenn web JPEG in the SVG; only the SVG viewport limits the visible area of the leaf. The separately offered TIFF master was not used. The accompanying text can be read in full on the archived full leaf, though it is partly cut off in the viewport. No lines or letters have been added, no outline transcription has been made, and no manufacturing approval is implied.
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Pentakel mit gebogenem Stab und Dreifachpfeil – Penn f.62r (= 63r). Ms. Codex 1673, 1750–1799. University of Pennsylvania, Kislak Center. Public Domain Mark. Katalogmetadaten separat CC BY 4.0.
Specific manuscript witness, second half of the 18th century. Earlier textual transmission and author attribution are not the date when this copy was made.
Pentacle with winged head and crescent border – Penn f.55r (= 56r)
Original image · source evidence
Historical grimoire pentacle
Latin Clavicula Salomonis manuscript; transmission of the Keys of Solomon European manuscript; place of manufacture unknown; present collection in Philadelphia · 1750–1799; second half of the 18th century, dating of the specific example
A winged, bearded head sits above a vertical staff. Three further staff-like signs and an upper crescent lie inside; crescents and crosses alternate around the edge. The accompanying text describes frightening and subduing the spirits invoked. This is the claim of a historical ritual text; no actual effect is evidenced.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Latin Clavicula Salomonis manuscript; transmission of the Keys of Solomon
Region
European manuscript; place of manufacture unknown; present collection in Philadelphia
Date of the evidence
1750–1799; second half of the 18th century, dating of the specific example
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A winged, bearded head sits above a vertical staff. Three further staff-like signs and an upper crescent lie inside; crescents and crosses alternate around the edge. The accompanying text describes frightening and subduing the spirits invoked. This is the claim of a historical ritual text; no actual effect is evidenced.
Historically recorded use
The accompanying text describes frightening and subduing invoked spirits. This is the statement of a historical ritual text; an actual effect is not evidenced.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Dating of this specific Latin copy: 1750–1799. The catalogue attribution to Abraham Colorni does not confirm that he personally produced this later manuscript. The drawing is a localised component of 43 surviving pentacles in the same copy, not a new tradition or a separately surviving worn amulet. Written and corrected foliation differ by one leaf. The changing historical internal numbering is not unified into an invented continuous sequence of 1–43.
Before designing
The completely preserved individual pentacle remains embedded as an unaltered native OPenn web JPEG; only the SVG viewport limits the visible area of the leaf. The separately offered TIFF master was not used. The accompanying text can be read in full on the archived full leaf, although it is partly cut off in the viewport. No addition of lines or letters, outline transcription or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Dating of this specific Latin copy: 1750–1799. The catalogue attribution to Abraham Colorni does not confirm that he personally made this later manuscript. The drawing is a localised component of 43 surviving pentacles in the same copy, not a new tradition or a separately surviving worn amulet. Written and corrected foliation differ by one leaf. The changing historical internal numbering is not standardised into an invented continuous sequence from 1 to 43. The single, fully preserved pentacle is embedded as an unaltered native OPenn web JPEG in the SVG; only the SVG viewport limits the visible area of the leaf. The separately offered TIFF master was not used. The accompanying text can be read in full on the archived full leaf, though it is partly cut off in the viewport. No lines or letters have been added, no outline transcription has been made, and no manufacturing approval is implied. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Dating of this specific Latin copy: 1750–1799. The catalogue attribution to Abraham Colorni does not confirm that he personally made this later manuscript. The drawing is a localised component of 43 surviving pentacles in the same copy, not a new tradition or a separately surviving worn amulet. Written and corrected foliation differ by one leaf. The changing historical internal numbering is not standardised into an invented continuous sequence from 1 to 43. The single, fully preserved pentacle is embedded as an unaltered native OPenn web JPEG in the SVG; only the SVG viewport limits the visible area of the leaf. The separately offered TIFF master was not used. The accompanying text can be read in full on the archived full leaf, though it is partly cut off in the viewport. No lines or letters have been added, no outline transcription has been made, and no manufacturing approval is implied.
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Pentakel mit geflügeltem Kopf und Sichelrand – Penn f.55r (= 56r). Ms. Codex 1673, 1750–1799. University of Pennsylvania, Kislak Center. Public Domain Mark. Katalogmetadaten separat CC BY 4.0.
Specific manuscript witness, second half of the 18th century. Earlier textual transmission and author attribution are not the date when this copy was made.
Pentacle with crowned face and serpent body – Penn f.50r (= 51r)
Original image · source evidence
Historical grimoire pentacle
Latin Clavicula Salomonis manuscript; transmission of the Keys of Solomon European manuscript; place of manufacture unknown; present collection in Philadelphia · 1750–1799; second half of the 18th century, dating of the specific example
A large crowned, bearded face merges into an elongated, snake-like body. Another animal-like head lies to the left; scattered characters fill the circle. The accompanying text attributes protection from dangers to the figure and mentions looking at it daily. This is the claim of a historical ritual text; no actual effect is evidenced.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Latin Clavicula Salomonis manuscript; transmission of the Keys of Solomon
Region
European manuscript; place of manufacture unknown; present collection in Philadelphia
Date of the evidence
1750–1799; second half of the 18th century, dating of the specific example
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A large crowned, bearded face merges into an elongated, snake-like body. Another animal-like head lies to the left; scattered characters fill the circle. The accompanying text attributes protection from dangers to the figure and mentions looking at it daily. This is the claim of a historical ritual text; no actual effect is evidenced.
Historically recorded use
The accompanying text attributes protection from dangers to the figure and mentions daily contemplation. This is the statement of a historical ritual text; no actual effect is evidenced.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Dating of this specific Latin copy: 1750–1799. The catalogue attribution to Abraham Colorni does not confirm that he personally produced this later manuscript. The drawing is a localised component of 43 surviving pentacles in the same copy, not a new tradition or a separately surviving worn amulet. Written and corrected foliation differ by one leaf. The changing historical internal numbering is not unified into an invented continuous sequence of 1–43.
Before designing
The completely preserved individual pentacle remains embedded as an unaltered native OPenn web JPEG; only the SVG viewport limits the visible area of the leaf. The separately offered TIFF master was not used. The accompanying text can be read in full on the archived full leaf, although it is partly cut off in the viewport. No addition of lines or letters, outline transcription or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Dating of this specific Latin copy: 1750–1799. The catalogue attribution to Abraham Colorni does not confirm that he personally made this later manuscript. The drawing is a localised component of 43 surviving pentacles in the same copy, not a new tradition or a separately surviving worn amulet. Written and corrected foliation differ by one leaf. The changing historical internal numbering is not standardised into an invented continuous sequence from 1 to 43. The single, fully preserved pentacle is embedded as an unaltered native OPenn web JPEG in the SVG; only the SVG viewport limits the visible area of the leaf. The separately offered TIFF master was not used. The accompanying text can be read in full on the archived full leaf, though it is partly cut off in the viewport. No lines or letters have been added, no outline transcription has been made, and no manufacturing approval is implied. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Dating of this specific Latin copy: 1750–1799. The catalogue attribution to Abraham Colorni does not confirm that he personally made this later manuscript. The drawing is a localised component of 43 surviving pentacles in the same copy, not a new tradition or a separately surviving worn amulet. Written and corrected foliation differ by one leaf. The changing historical internal numbering is not standardised into an invented continuous sequence from 1 to 43. The single, fully preserved pentacle is embedded as an unaltered native OPenn web JPEG in the SVG; only the SVG viewport limits the visible area of the leaf. The separately offered TIFF master was not used. The accompanying text can be read in full on the archived full leaf, though it is partly cut off in the viewport. No lines or letters have been added, no outline transcription has been made, and no manufacturing approval is implied.
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Pentakel mit gekröntem Gesicht und Schlangenkörper – Penn f.50r (= 51r). Ms. Codex 1673, 1750–1799. University of Pennsylvania, Kislak Center. Public Domain Mark. Katalogmetadaten separat CC BY 4.0.
Specific manuscript witness, second half of the 18th century. Earlier textual transmission and author attribution are not the date when this copy was made.
Pentacle with crowned face and lateral round forms – Penn f.77r (= 78r)
Original image · source evidence
Historical grimoire pentacle
Latin Clavicula Salomonis manuscript; transmission of the Keys of Solomon European manuscript; place of manufacture unknown; present collection in Philadelphia · 1750–1799; second half of the 18th century, dating of the specific example
A crowned bearded face is flanked by two rounded forms. Beneath it is a small character, with a word band on the outside. The accompanying text prescribes carrying the pentacle while travelling and mentions dangers at night and those associated with water. This attests to a historical prescription to carry it, not to a surviving object that was carried. This is a statement from a historical ritual text; no actual effect is evidenced.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Latin Clavicula Salomonis manuscript; transmission of the Keys of Solomon
Region
European manuscript; place of manufacture unknown; present collection in Philadelphia
Date of the evidence
1750–1799; second half of the 18th century, dating of the specific example
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A crowned bearded face is flanked by two rounded forms. Beneath it is a small character, with a word band on the outside. The accompanying text prescribes carrying the pentacle while travelling and mentions dangers at night and those associated with water. This attests to a historical prescription to carry it, not to a surviving object that was carried. This is a statement from a historical ritual text; no actual effect is evidenced.
Historically recorded use
The accompanying text instructs the reader to wear the pentacle while travelling, and mentions dangers at night and those associated with water. This attests to a historical instruction to wear it, not to a surviving worn object. This is the statement of a historical ritual text; no actual effect is evidenced.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Dating of this specific Latin copy: 1750–1799. The catalogue attribution to Abraham Colorni does not confirm that he personally produced this later manuscript. The drawing is a localised component of 43 surviving pentacles in the same copy, not a new tradition or a separately surviving worn amulet. Written and corrected foliation differ by one leaf. The changing historical internal numbering is not unified into an invented continuous sequence of 1–43.
Before designing
The completely preserved individual pentacle remains embedded as an unaltered native OPenn web JPEG; only the SVG viewport limits the visible area of the leaf. The separately offered TIFF master was not used. The accompanying text can be read in full on the archived full leaf, although it is partly cut off in the viewport. No addition of lines or letters, outline transcription or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Dating of this specific Latin copy: 1750–1799. The catalogue attribution to Abraham Colorni does not confirm that he personally made this later manuscript. The drawing is a localised component of 43 surviving pentacles in the same copy, not a new tradition or a separately surviving worn amulet. Written and corrected foliation differ by one leaf. The changing historical internal numbering is not standardised into an invented continuous sequence from 1 to 43. The single, fully preserved pentacle is embedded as an unaltered native OPenn web JPEG in the SVG; only the SVG viewport limits the visible area of the leaf. The separately offered TIFF master was not used. The accompanying text can be read in full on the archived full leaf, though it is partly cut off in the viewport. No lines or letters have been added, no outline transcription has been made, and no manufacturing approval is implied. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Dating of this specific Latin copy: 1750–1799. The catalogue attribution to Abraham Colorni does not confirm that he personally made this later manuscript. The drawing is a localised component of 43 surviving pentacles in the same copy, not a new tradition or a separately surviving worn amulet. Written and corrected foliation differ by one leaf. The changing historical internal numbering is not standardised into an invented continuous sequence from 1 to 43. The single, fully preserved pentacle is embedded as an unaltered native OPenn web JPEG in the SVG; only the SVG viewport limits the visible area of the leaf. The separately offered TIFF master was not used. The accompanying text can be read in full on the archived full leaf, though it is partly cut off in the viewport. No lines or letters have been added, no outline transcription has been made, and no manufacturing approval is implied.
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Pentakel mit gekröntem Gesicht und seitlichen Rundformen – Penn f.77r (= 78r). Ms. Codex 1673, 1750–1799. University of Pennsylvania, Kislak Center. Public Domain Mark. Katalogmetadaten separat CC BY 4.0.
Specific manuscript witness, second half of the 18th century. Earlier textual transmission and author attribution are not the date when this copy was made.
Pentacle with crowned face, arches and arrows – Penn f.58r (= 59r)
Original image · source evidence
Historical grimoire pentacle
Latin Clavicula Salomonis manuscript; transmission of the Keys of Solomon European manuscript; place of manufacture unknown; present collection in Philadelphia · 1750–1799; second half of the 18th century, dating of the specific example
A crowned, bearded face is surrounded by three bow shapes and three arrows. A handwritten ring of characters frames the image. The accompanying text names Saday and the obedience of the spirits invoked. The figure is catalogued as a specific manuscript form. This is the statement of a historical ritual text; no actual effect is evidenced.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Latin Clavicula Salomonis manuscript; transmission of the Keys of Solomon
Region
European manuscript; place of manufacture unknown; present collection in Philadelphia
Date of the evidence
1750–1799; second half of the 18th century, dating of the specific example
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A crowned, bearded face is surrounded by three bow shapes and three arrows. A handwritten ring of characters frames the image. The accompanying text names Saday and the obedience of the spirits invoked. The figure is catalogued as a specific manuscript form. This is the statement of a historical ritual text; no actual effect is evidenced.
Historically recorded use
The accompanying text names Saday and the obedience of the spirits invoked. The figure is catalogued as a specific manuscript form. This is the statement of a historical ritual text; no actual effect is evidenced.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Dating of this specific Latin copy: 1750–1799. The catalogue attribution to Abraham Colorni does not confirm that he personally produced this later manuscript. The drawing is a localised component of 43 surviving pentacles in the same copy, not a new tradition or a separately surviving worn amulet. Written and corrected foliation differ by one leaf. The changing historical internal numbering is not unified into an invented continuous sequence of 1–43.
Before designing
The completely preserved individual pentacle remains embedded as an unaltered native OPenn web JPEG; only the SVG viewport limits the visible area of the leaf. The separately offered TIFF master was not used. The accompanying text can be read in full on the archived full leaf, although it is partly cut off in the viewport. No addition of lines or letters, outline transcription or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Dating of this specific Latin copy: 1750–1799. The catalogue attribution to Abraham Colorni does not confirm that he personally made this later manuscript. The drawing is a localised component of 43 surviving pentacles in the same copy, not a new tradition or a separately surviving worn amulet. Written and corrected foliation differ by one leaf. The changing historical internal numbering is not standardised into an invented continuous sequence from 1 to 43. The single, fully preserved pentacle is embedded as an unaltered native OPenn web JPEG in the SVG; only the SVG viewport limits the visible area of the leaf. The separately offered TIFF master was not used. The accompanying text can be read in full on the archived full leaf, though it is partly cut off in the viewport. No lines or letters have been added, no outline transcription has been made, and no manufacturing approval is implied. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Dating of this specific Latin copy: 1750–1799. The catalogue attribution to Abraham Colorni does not confirm that he personally made this later manuscript. The drawing is a localised component of 43 surviving pentacles in the same copy, not a new tradition or a separately surviving worn amulet. Written and corrected foliation differ by one leaf. The changing historical internal numbering is not standardised into an invented continuous sequence from 1 to 43. The single, fully preserved pentacle is embedded as an unaltered native OPenn web JPEG in the SVG; only the SVG viewport limits the visible area of the leaf. The separately offered TIFF master was not used. The accompanying text can be read in full on the archived full leaf, though it is partly cut off in the viewport. No lines or letters have been added, no outline transcription has been made, and no manufacturing approval is implied.
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Pentakel mit gekröntem Gesicht, Bögen und Pfeilen – Penn f.58r (= 59r). Ms. Codex 1673, 1750–1799. University of Pennsylvania, Kislak Center. Public Domain Mark. Katalogmetadaten separat CC BY 4.0.
Specific manuscript witness, second half of the 18th century. Earlier textual transmission and author attribution are not the date when this copy was made.
Pentacle with a quartered circle – MS 4659, page 37
Original image · source evidence
Solomonic pentacle
French Clavicula/Clavicule manuscript tradition French-speaking; place of manufacture unknown; current location London · Mid-18th century; dating of the specific Wellcome manuscript
Circular writing circle with vertical and horizontal divisions, a few signs in the quarters and a small six-pointed star at the top.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French Clavicula/Clavicule manuscript tradition
Region
French-speaking; place of manufacture unknown; current location London
Date of the evidence
Mid-18th century; dating of the specific Wellcome manuscript
Circular writing circle with vertical and horizontal divisions, a few signs in the quarters and a small six-pointed star at the top.
Historically recorded use
The French text names Mercury and the opening of locked doors as a historical ritual attribution.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The handwritten page number, complete individual figure and French explanation were checked directly against the native original image. The page number locates this manuscript and is not a modern planetary pentacle number. The German form names are editorial descriptions, not claimed historical individual titles. The catalogue attribution Pseudo-Solomon does not prove authorship by the ancient Solomon. Claims of magical use are attributed only as historical claims. The script circle and central cross-division are reproduced in full as an unchanged view of the manuscript.
Before designing
Historically documented individual figure, visually checked. The complete native institutional IIIF JPEG file remains embedded byte-for-byte in the SVG; only the named original viewport is visible. No local scaling, re-encoding, tracing or additions. Paper, gaps in the printing, ink marks and show-through of the writing on the reverse remain unchanged. The facsimile is a historical image source, not a tool or engraving path; manufacture requires separately checked contour preparation. The writing circle and central cross division are included in full as an unchanged view of the manuscript.
Research draft. Historically documented individual figure, visually checked. The complete native institutional IIIF JPEG file remains embedded byte-for-byte in the SVG; only the named original viewport is visible. No local scaling, re-encoding, tracing or additions. Paper, gaps in the printing, ink marks and show-through of the writing on the reverse remain unchanged. The facsimile is a historical image source, not a tool or engraving path; manufacture requires separately checked contour preparation. The writing circle and central cross division are included in full as an unchanged view of the manuscript. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historically documented individual figure, visually checked. The complete native institutional IIIF JPEG file remains embedded byte-for-byte in the SVG; only the named original viewport is visible. No local scaling, re-encoding, tracing or additions. Paper, gaps in the printing, ink marks and show-through of the writing on the reverse remain unchanged. The facsimile is a historical image source, not a tool or engraving path; manufacture requires separately checked contour preparation. The writing circle and central cross division are included in full as an unchanged view of the manuscript.
Source location: Wellcome MS 4659, handwritten p. 37; image 0224; Canvas 213 of 276; specific individual drawing
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Pseudo-Solomon, La Clavicule ou Clef de Salomon, Wellcome MS 4659, Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts. Wellcome Collection, London, Werk hwqdep8w, Bildsatz b18712022. Public Domain Mark.
Source location: Wellcome MS 4659; work hwqdep8w; image set b18712022; mid-18th century; French
The current institutional record was read directly and archived. It confirms the specific historical work, its classification and the Public Domain Mark; no modern redrawing.
Source location: Wellcome MS 4659; work hwqdep8w; image set b18712022; mid-18th century; French
Manifest retrieved directly and archived. The specific Canvas identities, native image dimensions and PDM image rights were checked against unchanged full/full JPEGs. Manuscript page numbers come from the images actually viewed, not from a modern pentacle numbering system.
Source location: MS 4659; image 0224; canvas 213 of 276
The specific original page was viewed as a complete native institutional JPEG; the image file was archived unchanged. Attribution and crop were also checked visually.
Pentacle with a large central word – Penn f.47r (= 48r)
Original image · source evidence
Historical grimoire pentacle
Latin Clavicula Salomonis manuscript; transmission of the Keys of Solomon European manuscript; place of manufacture unknown; present collection in Philadelphia · 1750–1799; second half of the 18th century, dating of the specific example
Several inscribed rings enclose a large, boldly written central word. Its exact sequence of letters is not normalised here. The accompanying text describes protection from spirits and their obedience when the pentacle is displayed. This is the statement of a historical ritual text; no actual effect is evidenced.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Latin Clavicula Salomonis manuscript; transmission of the Keys of Solomon
Region
European manuscript; place of manufacture unknown; present collection in Philadelphia
Date of the evidence
1750–1799; second half of the 18th century, dating of the specific example
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Several inscribed rings enclose a large, boldly written central word. Its exact sequence of letters is not normalised here. The accompanying text describes protection from spirits and their obedience when the pentacle is displayed. This is the statement of a historical ritual text; no actual effect is evidenced.
Historically recorded use
The accompanying text describes protection from spirits and their obedience when the pentacle is shown. This is the claim of a historical ritual text; no actual effect is evidenced.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Dating of this specific Latin copy: 1750–1799. The catalogue attribution to Abraham Colorni does not confirm that he personally produced this later manuscript. The drawing is a localised component of 43 surviving pentacles in the same copy, not a new tradition or a separately surviving worn amulet. Written and corrected foliation differ by one leaf. The changing historical internal numbering is not unified into an invented continuous sequence of 1–43.
Before designing
The completely preserved individual pentacle remains embedded as an unaltered native OPenn web JPEG; only the SVG viewport limits the visible area of the leaf. The separately offered TIFF master was not used. The accompanying text can be read in full on the archived full leaf, although it is partly cut off in the viewport. No addition of lines or letters, outline transcription or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Dating of this specific Latin copy: 1750–1799. The catalogue attribution to Abraham Colorni does not confirm that he personally made this later manuscript. The drawing is a localised component of 43 surviving pentacles in the same copy, not a new tradition or a separately surviving worn amulet. Written and corrected foliation differ by one leaf. The changing historical internal numbering is not standardised into an invented continuous sequence from 1 to 43. The single, fully preserved pentacle is embedded as an unaltered native OPenn web JPEG in the SVG; only the SVG viewport limits the visible area of the leaf. The separately offered TIFF master was not used. The accompanying text can be read in full on the archived full leaf, though it is partly cut off in the viewport. No lines or letters have been added, no outline transcription has been made, and no manufacturing approval is implied. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Dating of this specific Latin copy: 1750–1799. The catalogue attribution to Abraham Colorni does not confirm that he personally made this later manuscript. The drawing is a localised component of 43 surviving pentacles in the same copy, not a new tradition or a separately surviving worn amulet. Written and corrected foliation differ by one leaf. The changing historical internal numbering is not standardised into an invented continuous sequence from 1 to 43. The single, fully preserved pentacle is embedded as an unaltered native OPenn web JPEG in the SVG; only the SVG viewport limits the visible area of the leaf. The separately offered TIFF master was not used. The accompanying text can be read in full on the archived full leaf, though it is partly cut off in the viewport. No lines or letters have been added, no outline transcription has been made, and no manufacturing approval is implied.
Source location: Penn Ms. Codex 1673, Clavicula Salomonis Regis; written folio 47r, corrected OPenn foliation 48r (TEI: 47r =48r); single image 5170_0104_web.jpg; surface surface-ms-codex-1673-105
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Pentakel mit großem Zentralwort – Penn f.47r (= 48r). Ms. Codex 1673, 1750–1799. University of Pennsylvania, Kislak Center. Public Domain Mark. Katalogmetadaten separat CC BY 4.0.
Specific manuscript witness, second half of the 18th century. Earlier textual transmission and author attribution are not the date when this copy was made.
Pentacle with hand and characters – MS 4659, page 41
Original image · source evidence
Solomonic pentacle
French Clavicula/Clavicule manuscript tradition French-speaking; place of manufacture unknown; current location London · Mid-18th century; dating of the specific Wellcome manuscript
Circular inscription ring with a pointing hand in a contour distinct from that on page 40, individual signs and a small six-pointed star at the top.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French Clavicula/Clavicule manuscript tradition
Region
French-speaking; place of manufacture unknown; current location London
Date of the evidence
Mid-18th century; dating of the specific Wellcome manuscript
Circular inscription ring with a pointing hand in a contour distinct from that on page 40, individual signs and a small six-pointed star at the top.
Historically recorded use
The accompanying text names moon spirits and dangers from water and storms as historical ritual attributions.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The handwritten page number, complete individual figure and French explanation were checked directly against the native original image. The page number locates this manuscript and is not a modern planetary pentacle number. The German form names are editorial descriptions, not purported historical individual titles. The catalogue attribution to Pseudo-Solomon does not prove authorship by the ancient Solomon. Claims about magical use are attributed only as historical claims. The differently drawn hand and differing positions of the writing justify treating this as a distinct, specific manuscript variant; they do not establish a new traditional standard number.
Before designing
Historically documented individual figure, verified against the image. The complete native institutional IIIF JPEG file is embedded in the SVG byte-for-byte unchanged; only the specified original viewport is visible. No local scaling, re-encoding, tracing or additions. The paper, gaps in the printing, ink marks and show-through of writing on the reverse remain unchanged. The facsimile is a historical image source, not a tool or engraving path; manufacture requires separately verified contour preparation. The differently drawn hand and differing positions of the writing establish a distinct specific manuscript variant; no new traditional standard number.
Research draft. Historically documented individual figure, verified against the image. The complete native institutional IIIF JPEG file is embedded in the SVG byte-for-byte unchanged; only the specified original viewport is visible. No local scaling, re-encoding, tracing or additions. The paper, gaps in the printing, ink marks and show-through of writing on the reverse remain unchanged. The facsimile is a historical image source, not a tool or engraving path; manufacture requires separately verified contour preparation. The differently drawn hand and differing positions of the writing establish a distinct specific manuscript variant; no new traditional standard number. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historically documented individual figure, verified against the image. The complete native institutional IIIF JPEG file is embedded in the SVG byte-for-byte unchanged; only the specified original viewport is visible. No local scaling, re-encoding, tracing or additions. The paper, gaps in the printing, ink marks and show-through of writing on the reverse remain unchanged. The facsimile is a historical image source, not a tool or engraving path; manufacture requires separately verified contour preparation. The differently drawn hand and differing positions of the writing establish a distinct specific manuscript variant; no new traditional standard number.
Source location: Wellcome MS 4659, handwritten p. 41; image 0228; Canvas 217 of 276; specific individual drawing
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Pseudo-Solomon, La Clavicule ou Clef de Salomon, Wellcome MS 4659, Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts. Wellcome Collection, London, Werk hwqdep8w, Bildsatz b18712022. Public Domain Mark.
Source location: Wellcome MS 4659; work hwqdep8w; image set b18712022; mid-18th century; French
The current institutional record was read directly and archived. It confirms the specific historical work, its classification and the Public Domain Mark; no modern redrawing.
Source location: Wellcome MS 4659; work hwqdep8w; image set b18712022; mid-18th century; French
Manifest retrieved directly and archived. The specific Canvas identities, native image dimensions and PDM image rights were checked against unchanged full/full JPEGs. Manuscript page numbers come from the images actually viewed, not from a modern pentacle numbering system.
Source location: MS 4659; image 0228; Canvas 217 of 276
The specific original page was viewed as a complete native institutional JPEG; the image file was archived unchanged. Attribution and crop were also checked visually.
Pentacle with small triangle and four crosses at the edge – Penn f.48r (= 49r)
Original image · source evidence
Historical grimoire pentacle
Latin Clavicula Salomonis manuscript; transmission of the Keys of Solomon European manuscript; place of manufacture unknown; present collection in Philadelphia · 1750–1799; second half of the 18th century, dating of the specific example
A small upper triangle, a large central staff-like character and other free-standing signs are set in a circle with four border crosses. The accompanying text names an angel figure as well as esteem and wealth; a historical material prescription is also preserved. The precise reading of the angel figure's name remains unresolved. This is the statement of a historical ritual text; no actual effect is evidenced.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Latin Clavicula Salomonis manuscript; transmission of the Keys of Solomon
Region
European manuscript; place of manufacture unknown; present collection in Philadelphia
Date of the evidence
1750–1799; second half of the 18th century, dating of the specific example
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A small upper triangle, a large central staff-like character and other free-standing signs are set in a circle with four border crosses. The accompanying text names an angel figure as well as esteem and wealth; a historical material prescription is also preserved. The precise reading of the angel figure's name remains unresolved. This is the statement of a historical ritual text; no actual effect is evidenced.
Historically recorded use
The accompanying text mentions an angelic figure as well as esteem and wealth; a historical material prescription also survives. The precise reading of the angelic figure’s name remains uncertain. This is the statement of a historical ritual text; an actual effect is not evidenced.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Dating of this specific Latin copy: 1750–1799. The catalogue attribution to Abraham Colorni does not confirm that he personally produced this later manuscript. The drawing is a localised component of 43 surviving pentacles in the same copy, not a new tradition or a separately surviving worn amulet. Written and corrected foliation differ by one leaf. The changing historical internal numbering is not unified into an invented continuous sequence of 1–43.
Before designing
The completely preserved individual pentacle remains embedded as an unaltered native OPenn web JPEG; only the SVG viewport limits the visible area of the leaf. The separately offered TIFF master was not used. The accompanying text can be read in full on the archived full leaf, although it is partly cut off in the viewport. No addition of lines or letters, outline transcription or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Dating of this specific Latin copy: 1750–1799. The catalogue attribution to Abraham Colorni does not confirm that he personally made this later manuscript. The drawing is a localised component of 43 surviving pentacles in the same copy, not a new tradition or a separately surviving worn amulet. Written and corrected foliation differ by one leaf. The changing historical internal numbering is not standardised into an invented continuous sequence from 1 to 43. The single, fully preserved pentacle is embedded as an unaltered native OPenn web JPEG in the SVG; only the SVG viewport limits the visible area of the leaf. The separately offered TIFF master was not used. The accompanying text can be read in full on the archived full leaf, though it is partly cut off in the viewport. No lines or letters have been added, no outline transcription has been made, and no manufacturing approval is implied. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Dating of this specific Latin copy: 1750–1799. The catalogue attribution to Abraham Colorni does not confirm that he personally made this later manuscript. The drawing is a localised component of 43 surviving pentacles in the same copy, not a new tradition or a separately surviving worn amulet. Written and corrected foliation differ by one leaf. The changing historical internal numbering is not standardised into an invented continuous sequence from 1 to 43. The single, fully preserved pentacle is embedded as an unaltered native OPenn web JPEG in the SVG; only the SVG viewport limits the visible area of the leaf. The separately offered TIFF master was not used. The accompanying text can be read in full on the archived full leaf, though it is partly cut off in the viewport. No lines or letters have been added, no outline transcription has been made, and no manufacturing approval is implied.
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Pentakel mit kleinem Dreieck und vier Randkreuzen – Penn f.48r (= 49r). Ms. Codex 1673, 1750–1799. University of Pennsylvania, Kislak Center. Public Domain Mark. Katalogmetadaten separat CC BY 4.0.
Specific manuscript witness, second half of the 18th century. Earlier textual transmission and author attribution are not the date when this copy was made.
Pentacle with moon face, rays and serpent band – Penn f.80r (= 81r)
Original image · source evidence
Historical grimoire pentacle
Latin Clavicula Salomonis manuscript; transmission of the Keys of Solomon European manuscript; place of manufacture unknown; present collection in Philadelphia · 1750–1799; second half of the 18th century, dating of the specific example
A face in a round lunar form is surrounded by pointed rays and a snake-like band. Another ring of words lies outside it. The accompanying text concerns the acquisition of wealth and a historical material prescription. No definite tail-biting by the snake-like band is claimed. This is the statement of a historical ritual text; an actual effect is not evidenced.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Latin Clavicula Salomonis manuscript; transmission of the Keys of Solomon
Region
European manuscript; place of manufacture unknown; present collection in Philadelphia
Date of the evidence
1750–1799; second half of the 18th century, dating of the specific example
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A face in a round lunar form is surrounded by pointed rays and a snake-like band. Another ring of words lies outside it. The accompanying text concerns the acquisition of wealth and a historical material prescription. No definite tail-biting by the snake-like band is claimed. This is the statement of a historical ritual text; an actual effect is not evidenced.
Historically recorded use
The accompanying text addresses the acquisition of wealth and a historical material prescription. It does not claim a definite snake biting its tail on the band. This is the statement of a historical ritual text; no actual effect is evidenced.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Dating of this specific Latin copy: 1750–1799. The catalogue attribution to Abraham Colorni does not confirm that he personally produced this later manuscript. The drawing is a localised component of 43 surviving pentacles in the same copy, not a new tradition or a separately surviving worn amulet. Written and corrected foliation differ by one leaf. The changing historical internal numbering is not unified into an invented continuous sequence of 1–43.
Before designing
The completely preserved individual pentacle remains embedded as an unaltered native OPenn web JPEG; only the SVG viewport limits the visible area of the leaf. The separately offered TIFF master was not used. The accompanying text can be read in full on the archived full leaf, although it is partly cut off in the viewport. No addition of lines or letters, outline transcription or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Dating of this specific Latin copy: 1750–1799. The catalogue attribution to Abraham Colorni does not confirm that he personally made this later manuscript. The drawing is a localised component of 43 surviving pentacles in the same copy, not a new tradition or a separately surviving worn amulet. Written and corrected foliation differ by one leaf. The changing historical internal numbering is not standardised into an invented continuous sequence from 1 to 43. The single, fully preserved pentacle is embedded as an unaltered native OPenn web JPEG in the SVG; only the SVG viewport limits the visible area of the leaf. The separately offered TIFF master was not used. The accompanying text can be read in full on the archived full leaf, though it is partly cut off in the viewport. No lines or letters have been added, no outline transcription has been made, and no manufacturing approval is implied. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Dating of this specific Latin copy: 1750–1799. The catalogue attribution to Abraham Colorni does not confirm that he personally made this later manuscript. The drawing is a localised component of 43 surviving pentacles in the same copy, not a new tradition or a separately surviving worn amulet. Written and corrected foliation differ by one leaf. The changing historical internal numbering is not standardised into an invented continuous sequence from 1 to 43. The single, fully preserved pentacle is embedded as an unaltered native OPenn web JPEG in the SVG; only the SVG viewport limits the visible area of the leaf. The separately offered TIFF master was not used. The accompanying text can be read in full on the archived full leaf, though it is partly cut off in the viewport. No lines or letters have been added, no outline transcription has been made, and no manufacturing approval is implied.
Source location: Penn Ms. Codex 1673, Clavicula Salomonis Regis; written folio 80r, corrected OPenn foliation 81r (TEI: 80r =81r); single image 5170_0170_web.jpg; surface surface-ms-codex-1673-171
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Pentakel mit Mondgesicht, Strahlen und Schlangenband – Penn f.80r (= 81r). Ms. Codex 1673, 1750–1799. University of Pennsylvania, Kislak Center. Public Domain Mark. Katalogmetadaten separat CC BY 4.0.
Specific manuscript witness, second half of the 18th century. Earlier textual transmission and author attribution are not the date when this copy was made.
Pentacle with pentagram in a double circle – MS 4659, page 33
Original image · source evidence
Solomonic pentacle
French Clavicula/Clavicule manuscript tradition French-speaking; place of manufacture unknown; current location London · Mid-18th century; dating of the specific Wellcome manuscript
Large pentagram within a double circle, with a few separate characters.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French Clavicula/Clavicule manuscript tradition
Region
French-speaking; place of manufacture unknown; current location London
Date of the evidence
Mid-18th century; dating of the specific Wellcome manuscript
Large pentagram within a double circle, with a few separate characters.
Historically recorded use
The French text speaks of the invocation of spirits beneath the firmament. This serves only as historical context.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The handwritten page number, complete individual figure and French explanation were checked directly against the native original image. The page number locates this manuscript and is not a modern planetary pentacle number. The German form names are editorial descriptions, not claimed historical individual titles. The catalogue attribution to Pseudo-Solomon does not prove authorship by the ancient Solomon. Claims about magical use are reported only as historical attributions. The visible pentagram is the specific manuscript variant; not a blanket equation of all pentagrams with this ritual.
Before designing
Historically attested individual figure, checked against the image. The complete native institutional IIIF JPEG file remains embedded byte-for-byte in the SVG; only the named original viewport is visible. No local scaling, re-encoding, tracing or additions. Paper, gaps in the print, ink traces and show-through from the reverse-side writing remain unchanged. The facsimile is a historical image source, not a toolpath or engraving path; manufacture requires separately checked contour preparation. The visible pentagram is the specific manuscript variant; not all pentagrams are to be treated generally as equivalent to this ritual.
Research draft. Historically attested individual figure, checked against the image. The complete native institutional IIIF JPEG file remains embedded byte-for-byte in the SVG; only the named original viewport is visible. No local scaling, re-encoding, tracing or additions. Paper, gaps in the print, ink traces and show-through from the reverse-side writing remain unchanged. The facsimile is a historical image source, not a toolpath or engraving path; manufacture requires separately checked contour preparation. The visible pentagram is the specific manuscript variant; not all pentagrams are to be treated generally as equivalent to this ritual. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historically attested individual figure, checked against the image. The complete native institutional IIIF JPEG file remains embedded byte-for-byte in the SVG; only the named original viewport is visible. No local scaling, re-encoding, tracing or additions. Paper, gaps in the print, ink traces and show-through from the reverse-side writing remain unchanged. The facsimile is a historical image source, not a toolpath or engraving path; manufacture requires separately checked contour preparation. The visible pentagram is the specific manuscript variant; not all pentagrams are to be treated generally as equivalent to this ritual.
Source location: Wellcome MS 4659, handwritten p. 33; image 0220; canvas 209 of 276; specific individual drawing
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Pseudo-Solomon, La Clavicule ou Clef de Salomon, Wellcome MS 4659, Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts. Wellcome Collection, London, Werk hwqdep8w, Bildsatz b18712022. Public Domain Mark.
Source location: Wellcome MS 4659; work hwqdep8w; image set b18712022; mid-18th century; French
The current institutional record was read directly and archived. It confirms the specific historical work, its classification and the Public Domain Mark; no modern redrawing.
Source location: Wellcome MS 4659; work hwqdep8w; image set b18712022; mid-18th century; French
Manifest retrieved directly and archived. The specific Canvas identities, native image dimensions and PDM image rights were checked against unchanged full/full JPEGs. Manuscript page numbers come from the images actually viewed, not from a modern pentacle numbering system.
Source location: MS 4659; image 0220; Canvas 209 of 276
The specific original page was viewed as a complete native institutional JPEG; the image file was archived unchanged. Attribution and crop were also checked visually.
Pentacle with pentagram and script circle – MS 4659, page 29
Original image · source evidence
Solomonic pentacle
French Clavicula/Clavicule manuscript tradition French-speaking; place of manufacture unknown; current location London · Mid-18th century; dating of the specific Wellcome manuscript
Circular hand drawing with a large inner pentagram, individual signs, an encircling band of writing and a small upper rectangular sign.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French Clavicula/Clavicule manuscript tradition
Region
French-speaking; place of manufacture unknown; current location London
Date of the evidence
Mid-18th century; dating of the specific Wellcome manuscript
Circular hand drawing with a large inner pentagram, individual signs, an encircling band of writing and a small upper rectangular sign.
Historically recorded use
The French explanation mentions Venus and attributions of favour and love in the historical ritual context.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The handwritten page number, complete individual figure and French explanation were checked directly against the native original image. The page number locates this manuscript and is not a modern planetary pentacle number. The German form names are editorial descriptions, not purported historical individual titles. The catalogue attribution Pseudo-Solomon does not prove authorship by the ancient Solomon. Claims about magical use are reported only as historical attributions. The second, unobstructed photograph of page 29 is used: image 0216, Canvas 205. Image 0214 of the same page is partly covered by a loose sheet of paper and is neither supplemented nor presented as another motif.
Before designing
Historically checked individual figure. The complete native institutional IIIF-JPEG file remains embedded byte-for-byte in the SVG; only the named original viewport is visible. No local scaling, re-encoding, tracing or additions. Paper, print gaps, ink traces and show-through of writing on the reverse remain unchanged. The facsimile is a historical image reference, not a tool or engraving path; manufacture requires separately checked contour preparation. The second, unobscured photograph of page 29 is used: image 0216, Canvas 205. Image 0214 of the same page is partly obscured by a loose sheet of paper and is neither supplemented nor presented as another motif.
Research draft. Historically checked individual figure. The complete native institutional IIIF-JPEG file remains embedded byte-for-byte in the SVG; only the named original viewport is visible. No local scaling, re-encoding, tracing or additions. Paper, print gaps, ink traces and show-through of writing on the reverse remain unchanged. The facsimile is a historical image reference, not a tool or engraving path; manufacture requires separately checked contour preparation. The second, unobscured photograph of page 29 is used: image 0216, Canvas 205. Image 0214 of the same page is partly obscured by a loose sheet of paper and is neither supplemented nor presented as another motif. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historically checked individual figure. The complete native institutional IIIF-JPEG file remains embedded byte-for-byte in the SVG; only the named original viewport is visible. No local scaling, re-encoding, tracing or additions. Paper, print gaps, ink traces and show-through of writing on the reverse remain unchanged. The facsimile is a historical image reference, not a tool or engraving path; manufacture requires separately checked contour preparation. The second, unobscured photograph of page 29 is used: image 0216, Canvas 205. Image 0214 of the same page is partly obscured by a loose sheet of paper and is neither supplemented nor presented as another motif.
Source location: Wellcome MS 4659, handwritten p. 29; image 0216; Canvas 205 of 276; specific individual drawing
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Pseudo-Solomon, La Clavicule ou Clef de Salomon, Wellcome MS 4659, Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts. Wellcome Collection, London, Werk hwqdep8w, Bildsatz b18712022. Public Domain Mark.
Source location: Wellcome MS 4659; work hwqdep8w; image set b18712022; mid-18th century; French
The current institutional record was read directly and archived. It confirms the specific historical work, its classification and the Public Domain Mark; no modern redrawing.
Source location: Wellcome MS 4659; work hwqdep8w; image set b18712022; mid-18th century; French
Manifest retrieved directly and archived. The specific Canvas identities, native image dimensions and PDM image rights were checked against unchanged full/full JPEGs. Manuscript page numbers come from the images actually viewed, not from a modern pentacle numbering system.
Source location: MS 4659; image 0216; Canvas 205 of 276
The specific original page was viewed as a complete native institutional JPEG; the image file was archived unchanged. Attribution and crop were also checked visually.
Source location: MS 4659; image 0214; canvas 203 of 276
First photograph of manuscript page 29 with a loose paper overlay. It documents the concealment; the usable complete view of the signs comes exclusively from the second photograph 0216. No additional motif and no reconstruction of concealed lines.
Pentacle with square and double circle – MS 4659, page 32
Original image · source evidence
Solomonic pentacle
French Clavicula/Clavicule manuscript tradition French-speaking; place of manufacture unknown; current location London · Mid-18th century; dating of the specific Wellcome manuscript
Circular inscription band with an inner square, central double circle, angular inner sign and further small signs.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French Clavicula/Clavicule manuscript tradition
Region
French-speaking; place of manufacture unknown; current location London
Date of the evidence
Mid-18th century; dating of the specific Wellcome manuscript
Circular inscription band with an inner square, central double circle, angular inner sign and further small signs.
Historically recorded use
The accompanying text contains historical attributions of love and affection. What is documented is this individual drawing, not any claim of modern efficacy.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The handwritten page number, complete individual figure and French explanation were checked directly against the native original image. The page number locates this manuscript and is not a modern planetary pentacle number. The German names for the forms are editorial descriptions, not purported historical individual titles. The catalogue attribution Pseudo-Solomon does not prove authorship by the ancient Solomon. Claims about magical use are attributed only as historical beliefs. The visible variations in writing and signs are not replaced with a modern standardised version of the Clavicula.
Before designing
Historically attested individual figure, verified visually. The complete native institutional IIIF JPEG file is embedded in the SVG byte for byte; only the named original viewport is visible. No local scaling, re-encoding, tracing or additions. Paper, print gaps, ink traces and show-through of the writing on the reverse remain unchanged. The facsimile is a historical image source, not a tool or engraving path; manufacture requires separately checked contour preparation. Visible variations in writing and signs are not replaced with a modern standardised Clavicula version.
Research draft. Historically attested individual figure, verified visually. The complete native institutional IIIF JPEG file is embedded in the SVG byte for byte; only the named original viewport is visible. No local scaling, re-encoding, tracing or additions. Paper, print gaps, ink traces and show-through of the writing on the reverse remain unchanged. The facsimile is a historical image source, not a tool or engraving path; manufacture requires separately checked contour preparation. Visible variations in writing and signs are not replaced with a modern standardised Clavicula version. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historically attested individual figure, verified visually. The complete native institutional IIIF JPEG file is embedded in the SVG byte for byte; only the named original viewport is visible. No local scaling, re-encoding, tracing or additions. Paper, print gaps, ink traces and show-through of the writing on the reverse remain unchanged. The facsimile is a historical image source, not a tool or engraving path; manufacture requires separately checked contour preparation. Visible variations in writing and signs are not replaced with a modern standardised Clavicula version.
Source location: Wellcome MS 4659, handwritten p. 32; image 0219; Canvas 208 of 276; specific individual drawing
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Pseudo-Solomon, La Clavicule ou Clef de Salomon, Wellcome MS 4659, Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts. Wellcome Collection, London, Werk hwqdep8w, Bildsatz b18712022. Public Domain Mark.
Source location: Wellcome MS 4659; work hwqdep8w; image set b18712022; mid-18th century; French
The current institutional record was read directly and archived. It confirms the specific historical work, its classification and the Public Domain Mark; no modern redrawing.
Source location: Wellcome MS 4659; work hwqdep8w; image set b18712022; mid-18th century; French
Manifest retrieved directly and archived. The specific Canvas identities, native image dimensions and PDM image rights were checked against unchanged full/full JPEGs. Manuscript page numbers come from the images actually viewed, not from a modern pentacle numbering system.
Source location: MS 4659; image 0219; Canvas 208 of 276
The specific original page was viewed as a complete native institutional JPEG; the image file was archived unchanged. Attribution and crop were also checked visually.
Pentacle with square and lozenge – MS 4659, page 23
Original image · source evidence
Solomonic pentacle
French Clavicula/Clavicule manuscript tradition French-speaking; place of manufacture unknown; current location London · Mid-18th century; dating of the specific Wellcome manuscript
Circular hand-drawn pentacle with an inner square, diagonal lozenge, individual characters and a surrounding Latin inscription.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French Clavicula/Clavicule manuscript tradition
Region
French-speaking; place of manufacture unknown; current location London
Date of the evidence
Mid-18th century; dating of the specific Wellcome manuscript
Circular hand-drawn pentacle with an inner square, diagonal lozenge, individual characters and a surrounding Latin inscription.
Historically recorded use
The French accompanying text attributes the attainment of dominion, fame and esteem to the pentacle. This is a historical ritual claim.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The handwritten page number, complete individual figure and French explanation were checked directly against the native original image. The page number locates this manuscript and is not a modern planetary pentacle number. The German names for the forms are editorial descriptions, not claimed historical individual titles. The catalogue attribution Pseudo-Solomon does not prove authorship by the ancient Solomon. Claims about magical use are reported only as historical attributions. The small upper decorative element belongs to the hand-drawn figure and is reproduced in full.
Before designing
Historically attested individual figure, checked against the image. The complete native institutional IIIF JPEG file is embedded unchanged, byte for byte, in the SVG; only the named original viewport is visible. No local scaling, re-encoding, tracing or additions. Paper, print gaps, ink traces and show-through of writing on the reverse remain unchanged. The facsimile is a historical image source, not a toolpath or engraving path; manufacture requires separately checked contour preparation. The small upper decorative element belongs to the hand-drawn figure and is included in full.
Research draft. Historically attested individual figure, checked against the image. The complete native institutional IIIF JPEG file is embedded unchanged, byte for byte, in the SVG; only the named original viewport is visible. No local scaling, re-encoding, tracing or additions. Paper, print gaps, ink traces and show-through of writing on the reverse remain unchanged. The facsimile is a historical image source, not a toolpath or engraving path; manufacture requires separately checked contour preparation. The small upper decorative element belongs to the hand-drawn figure and is included in full. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historically attested individual figure, checked against the image. The complete native institutional IIIF JPEG file is embedded unchanged, byte for byte, in the SVG; only the named original viewport is visible. No local scaling, re-encoding, tracing or additions. Paper, print gaps, ink traces and show-through of writing on the reverse remain unchanged. The facsimile is a historical image source, not a toolpath or engraving path; manufacture requires separately checked contour preparation. The small upper decorative element belongs to the hand-drawn figure and is included in full.
Source location: Wellcome MS 4659, handwritten p. 23; image 0208; Canvas 197 of 276; specific individual drawing
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Pseudo-Solomon, La Clavicule ou Clef de Salomon, Wellcome MS 4659, Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts. Wellcome Collection, London, Werk hwqdep8w, Bildsatz b18712022. Public Domain Mark.
Source location: Wellcome MS 4659; work hwqdep8w; image set b18712022; mid-18th century; French
The current institutional record was read directly and archived. It confirms the specific historical work, its classification and the Public Domain Mark; no modern redrawing.
Source location: Wellcome MS 4659; work hwqdep8w; image set b18712022; mid-18th century; French
Manifest retrieved directly and archived. The specific Canvas identities, native image dimensions and PDM image rights were checked against unchanged full/full JPEGs. Manuscript page numbers come from the images actually viewed, not from a modern pentacle numbering system.
Source location: MS 4659; image 0208; Canvas 197 of 276
The specific original page was viewed as a complete native institutional JPEG; the image file was archived unchanged. Attribution and crop were also checked visually.
Pentacle with square and angle signs – MS 4659, page 25
Original image · source evidence
Solomonic pentacle
French Clavicula/Clavicule manuscript tradition French-speaking; place of manufacture unknown; current location London · Mid-18th century; dating of the specific Wellcome manuscript
Circular band of writing around an inner square, with a large angular central sign and several small signs in the corners.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French Clavicula/Clavicule manuscript tradition
Region
French-speaking; place of manufacture unknown; current location London
Date of the evidence
Mid-18th century; dating of the specific Wellcome manuscript
Circular band of writing around an inner square, with a large angular central sign and several small signs in the corners.
Historically recorded use
The French text attributes rapid movement between distant places to the figure. This is a historical attribution of use, not a confirmed effect.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The handwritten page number, complete individual figure and French explanation were checked directly against the native original image. The page number locates this manuscript and is not a modern planetary pentacle number. The German form names are editorial descriptions, not asserted historical individual titles. The catalogue attribution to Pseudo-Solomon does not prove authorship by the ancient Solomon. Claims about magical use are attributed only as historical claims. The upper six-pointed star is part of this particular manuscript view.
Before designing
Historically verified individual figure. The complete native institutional IIIF JPEG file remains embedded byte-for-byte in the SVG; only the named original viewport is visible. No local scaling, re-encoding, tracing or additions. Paper, printing gaps, ink traces and show-through of writing on the reverse remain unchanged. The facsimile is a historical image source, not a toolpath or engraving path; manufacture requires separately checked contour preparation. The upper six-pointed star is part of this specific manuscript view.
Research draft. Historically verified individual figure. The complete native institutional IIIF JPEG file remains embedded byte-for-byte in the SVG; only the named original viewport is visible. No local scaling, re-encoding, tracing or additions. Paper, printing gaps, ink traces and show-through of writing on the reverse remain unchanged. The facsimile is a historical image source, not a toolpath or engraving path; manufacture requires separately checked contour preparation. The upper six-pointed star is part of this specific manuscript view. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historically verified individual figure. The complete native institutional IIIF JPEG file remains embedded byte-for-byte in the SVG; only the named original viewport is visible. No local scaling, re-encoding, tracing or additions. Paper, printing gaps, ink traces and show-through of writing on the reverse remain unchanged. The facsimile is a historical image source, not a toolpath or engraving path; manufacture requires separately checked contour preparation. The upper six-pointed star is part of this specific manuscript view.
Source location: Wellcome MS 4659, manuscript p. 25; image 0210; Canvas 199 of 276; specific individual drawing
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Pseudo-Solomon, La Clavicule ou Clef de Salomon, Wellcome MS 4659, Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts. Wellcome Collection, London, Werk hwqdep8w, Bildsatz b18712022. Public Domain Mark.
Source location: Wellcome MS 4659; work hwqdep8w; image set b18712022; mid-18th century; French
The current institutional record was read directly and archived. It confirms the specific historical work, its classification and the Public Domain Mark; no modern redrawing.
Source location: Wellcome MS 4659; work hwqdep8w; image set b18712022; mid-18th century; French
Manifest retrieved directly and archived. The specific Canvas identities, native image dimensions and PDM image rights were checked against unchanged full/full JPEGs. Manuscript page numbers come from the images actually viewed, not from a modern pentacle numbering system.
Source location: MS 4659; image 0210; Canvas 199 of 276
The specific original page was viewed as a complete native institutional JPEG; the image file was archived unchanged. Attribution and crop were also checked visually.
Pentacle with a horizontal name band – MS 4659, page 34
Original image · source evidence
Solomonic pentacle
French Clavicula/Clavicule manuscript tradition French-speaking; place of manufacture unknown; current location London · Mid-18th century; dating of the specific Wellcome manuscript
Double circle with a broad horizontal inner inscription band and several separate signs above and below the band.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French Clavicula/Clavicule manuscript tradition
Region
French-speaking; place of manufacture unknown; current location London
Date of the evidence
Mid-18th century; dating of the specific Wellcome manuscript
Double circle with a broad horizontal inner inscription band and several separate signs above and below the band.
Historically recorded use
The text ascribes knowledge and answers to the pentacle in a ritual context. This historical claim is documented.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The handwritten page number, complete individual figure and French explanation were checked directly against the native original image. The page number locates this manuscript and is not a modern planetary pentacle number. The German form names are editorial descriptions, not claimed historical individual titles. The catalogue attribution to Pseudo-Solomon does not prove authorship by the ancient Solomon. Claims about magical use are attributed only as historical claims. The faintly visible-through constellation on the reverse is not described or traced as an independent figure on the front.
Before designing
Visually checked historical individual figure. The complete native institutional IIIF JPEG file remains embedded byte-for-byte in the SVG; only the named original viewport is visible. No local scaling, re-encoding, tracing or supplementation. Paper, printing gaps, ink traces and show-through of the writing on the reverse remain unchanged. The facsimile is a historical image source, not a tool or engraving path; manufacture requires separately checked outline preparation. The faintly visible constellation on the reverse is not described or traced as an independent figure on the front.
Research draft. Visually checked historical individual figure. The complete native institutional IIIF JPEG file remains embedded byte-for-byte in the SVG; only the named original viewport is visible. No local scaling, re-encoding, tracing or supplementation. Paper, printing gaps, ink traces and show-through of the writing on the reverse remain unchanged. The facsimile is a historical image source, not a tool or engraving path; manufacture requires separately checked outline preparation. The faintly visible constellation on the reverse is not described or traced as an independent figure on the front. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Visually checked historical individual figure. The complete native institutional IIIF JPEG file remains embedded byte-for-byte in the SVG; only the named original viewport is visible. No local scaling, re-encoding, tracing or supplementation. Paper, printing gaps, ink traces and show-through of the writing on the reverse remain unchanged. The facsimile is a historical image source, not a tool or engraving path; manufacture requires separately checked outline preparation. The faintly visible constellation on the reverse is not described or traced as an independent figure on the front.
Source location: Wellcome MS 4659, handwritten p. 34; image 0221; Canvas 210 of 276; specific individual drawing
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Pseudo-Solomon, La Clavicule ou Clef de Salomon, Wellcome MS 4659, Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts. Wellcome Collection, London, Werk hwqdep8w, Bildsatz b18712022. Public Domain Mark.
Source location: Wellcome MS 4659; work hwqdep8w; image set b18712022; mid-18th century; French
The current institutional record was read directly and archived. It confirms the specific historical work, its classification and the Public Domain Mark; no modern redrawing.
Source location: Wellcome MS 4659; work hwqdep8w; image set b18712022; mid-18th century; French
Manifest retrieved directly and archived. The specific Canvas identities, native image dimensions and PDM image rights were checked against unchanged full/full JPEGs. Manuscript page numbers come from the images actually viewed, not from a modern pentacle numbering system.
Source location: MS 4659; image 0221; Canvas 210 of 276
The specific original page was viewed as a complete native institutional JPEG; the image file was archived unchanged. Attribution and crop were also checked visually.
Pentacle with lozenge and cross – MS 4659, page 31
Original image · source evidence
Solomonic pentacle
French Clavicula/Clavicule manuscript tradition French-speaking; place of manufacture unknown; current location London · Mid-18th century; dating of the specific Wellcome manuscript
Circular figure with a large inner lozenge, broad cross, four arched corner fields and individual signs.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French Clavicula/Clavicule manuscript tradition
Region
French-speaking; place of manufacture unknown; current location London
Date of the evidence
Mid-18th century; dating of the specific Wellcome manuscript
Circular figure with a large inner lozenge, broad cross, four arched corner fields and individual signs.
Historically recorded use
The accompanying text associates the figure with a Venus ritual and attributions of love. The statement is identified as historical textual context.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The handwritten page number, complete individual figure and French explanation were checked directly against the native original image. The page number locates this manuscript and is not a modern planetary pentacle number. The German form names are editorial descriptions, not claimed historical individual titles. The catalogue attribution Pseudo-Solomon does not prove authorship by the ancient Solomon. Claims about magical use are attributed only as historical claims. The precise shape of the concave corner arches and the cross follows exclusively the original hand drawing.
Before designing
Historically documented individual figure, checked visually. The complete native institutional IIIF JPEG file remains embedded byte-for-byte in the SVG; only the named original viewport is visible. No local scaling, re-encoding, tracing or additions. Paper, gaps in the printing, ink marks and show-through of writing on the reverse remain unchanged. The facsimile is a historical image source, not a tool or engraving path; manufacture requires separately reviewed contour preparation. The precise shape of the concave corner arches and the cross follows only the original hand drawing.
Research draft. Historically documented individual figure, checked visually. The complete native institutional IIIF JPEG file remains embedded byte-for-byte in the SVG; only the named original viewport is visible. No local scaling, re-encoding, tracing or additions. Paper, gaps in the printing, ink marks and show-through of writing on the reverse remain unchanged. The facsimile is a historical image source, not a tool or engraving path; manufacture requires separately reviewed contour preparation. The precise shape of the concave corner arches and the cross follows only the original hand drawing. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historically documented individual figure, checked visually. The complete native institutional IIIF JPEG file remains embedded byte-for-byte in the SVG; only the named original viewport is visible. No local scaling, re-encoding, tracing or additions. Paper, gaps in the printing, ink marks and show-through of writing on the reverse remain unchanged. The facsimile is a historical image source, not a tool or engraving path; manufacture requires separately reviewed contour preparation. The precise shape of the concave corner arches and the cross follows only the original hand drawing.
Source location: Wellcome MS 4659, handwritten p. 31; image 0218; canvas 207 of 276; specific individual drawing
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Pseudo-Solomon, La Clavicule ou Clef de Salomon, Wellcome MS 4659, Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts. Wellcome Collection, London, Werk hwqdep8w, Bildsatz b18712022. Public Domain Mark.
Source location: Wellcome MS 4659; work hwqdep8w; image set b18712022; mid-18th century; French
The current institutional record was read directly and archived. It confirms the specific historical work, its classification and the Public Domain Mark; no modern redrawing.
Source location: Wellcome MS 4659; work hwqdep8w; image set b18712022; mid-18th century; French
Manifest retrieved directly and archived. The specific Canvas identities, native image dimensions and PDM image rights were checked against unchanged full/full JPEGs. Manuscript page numbers come from the images actually viewed, not from a modern pentacle numbering system.
Source location: MS 4659; image 0218; Canvas 207 of 276
The specific original page was viewed as a complete native institutional JPEG; the image file was archived unchanged. Attribution and crop were also checked visually.
Pentacle with red inscription rings – Penn f.39r (= 40r)
Original image · source evidence
Historical grimoire pentacle
Latin Clavicula Salomonis manuscript; transmission of the Keys of Solomon European manuscript; place of manufacture unknown; present collection in Philadelphia · 1750–1799; second half of the 18th century, dating of the specific example
Four red concentric circular lines enclose handwritten signs and a small angular staff character at the centre. The accompanying text describes warding off the arrogance of spirits and adversity. This is the statement of a historical ritual text; an actual effect is not evidenced.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Latin Clavicula Salomonis manuscript; transmission of the Keys of Solomon
Region
European manuscript; place of manufacture unknown; present collection in Philadelphia
Date of the evidence
1750–1799; second half of the 18th century, dating of the specific example
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Four red concentric circular lines enclose handwritten signs and a small angular staff character at the centre. The accompanying text describes warding off the arrogance of spirits and adversity. This is the statement of a historical ritual text; an actual effect is not evidenced.
Historically recorded use
The accompanying text describes warding off the arrogance of spirits and adversity. This is a claim made by a historical ritual text; an actual effect is not evidenced.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Dating of this specific Latin copy: 1750–1799. The catalogue attribution to Abraham Colorni does not confirm that he personally produced this later manuscript. The drawing is a localised component of 43 surviving pentacles in the same copy, not a new tradition or a separately surviving worn amulet. Written and corrected foliation differ by one leaf. The changing historical internal numbering is not unified into an invented continuous sequence of 1–43.
Before designing
The completely preserved individual pentacle remains embedded as an unaltered native OPenn web JPEG; only the SVG viewport limits the visible area of the leaf. The separately offered TIFF master was not used. The accompanying text can be read in full on the archived full leaf, although it is partly cut off in the viewport. No addition of lines or letters, outline transcription or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Dating of this specific Latin copy: 1750–1799. The catalogue attribution to Abraham Colorni does not confirm that he personally made this later manuscript. The drawing is a localised component of 43 surviving pentacles in the same copy, not a new tradition or a separately surviving worn amulet. Written and corrected foliation differ by one leaf. The changing historical internal numbering is not standardised into an invented continuous sequence from 1 to 43. The single, fully preserved pentacle is embedded as an unaltered native OPenn web JPEG in the SVG; only the SVG viewport limits the visible area of the leaf. The separately offered TIFF master was not used. The accompanying text can be read in full on the archived full leaf, though it is partly cut off in the viewport. No lines or letters have been added, no outline transcription has been made, and no manufacturing approval is implied. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Dating of this specific Latin copy: 1750–1799. The catalogue attribution to Abraham Colorni does not confirm that he personally made this later manuscript. The drawing is a localised component of 43 surviving pentacles in the same copy, not a new tradition or a separately surviving worn amulet. Written and corrected foliation differ by one leaf. The changing historical internal numbering is not standardised into an invented continuous sequence from 1 to 43. The single, fully preserved pentacle is embedded as an unaltered native OPenn web JPEG in the SVG; only the SVG viewport limits the visible area of the leaf. The separately offered TIFF master was not used. The accompanying text can be read in full on the archived full leaf, though it is partly cut off in the viewport. No lines or letters have been added, no outline transcription has been made, and no manufacturing approval is implied.
Source location: Penn Ms. Codex 1673, Clavicula Salomonis Regis; written folio 39r, corrected OPenn foliation 40r (TEI: 39r =40r); single image 5170_0088_web.jpg; surface surface-ms-codex-1673-89
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Pentakel mit roten Schriftringen – Penn f.39r (= 40r). Ms. Codex 1673, 1750–1799. University of Pennsylvania, Kislak Center. Public Domain Mark. Katalogmetadaten separat CC BY 4.0.
Specific manuscript witness, second half of the 18th century. Earlier textual transmission and author attribution are not the date when this copy was made.
Pentacle with red central axis – Penn f.38r (= 39r)
Original image · source evidence
Historical grimoire pentacle
Latin Clavicula Salomonis manuscript; transmission of the Keys of Solomon European manuscript; place of manufacture unknown; present collection in Philadelphia · 1750–1799; second half of the 18th century, dating of the specific example
A red vertical double axis runs through black crossbars and an angular central form. Handwritten letters appear around the circular edge. The text, partly concealed by the pasted-on circle, concerns the subjugation of invoked spirits. This is the statement of a historical ritual text; no actual effect is attested.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Latin Clavicula Salomonis manuscript; transmission of the Keys of Solomon
Region
European manuscript; place of manufacture unknown; present collection in Philadelphia
Date of the evidence
1750–1799; second half of the 18th century, dating of the specific example
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A red vertical double axis runs through black crossbars and an angular central form. Handwritten letters appear around the circular edge. The text, partly concealed by the pasted-on circle, concerns the subjugation of invoked spirits. This is the statement of a historical ritual text; no actual effect is attested.
Historically recorded use
The text partly obscured by the pasted-on circle concerns the subjugation of spirits invoked. This is the statement of a historical ritual text; no actual effect is evidenced.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Dating of this specific Latin copy: 1750–1799. The catalogue attribution to Abraham Colorni does not confirm that he personally produced this later manuscript. The drawing is a localised component of 43 surviving pentacles in the same copy, not a new tradition or a separately surviving worn amulet. Written and corrected foliation differ by one leaf. The changing historical internal numbering is not unified into an invented continuous sequence of 1–43.
Before designing
The completely preserved individual pentacle remains embedded as an unaltered native OPenn web JPEG; only the SVG viewport limits the visible area of the leaf. The separately offered TIFF master was not used. The accompanying text can be read in full on the archived full leaf, although it is partly cut off in the viewport. No addition of lines or letters, outline transcription or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Dating of this specific Latin copy: 1750–1799. The catalogue attribution to Abraham Colorni does not confirm that he personally made this later manuscript. The drawing is a localised component of 43 surviving pentacles in the same copy, not a new tradition or a separately surviving worn amulet. Written and corrected foliation differ by one leaf. The changing historical internal numbering is not standardised into an invented continuous sequence from 1 to 43. The single, fully preserved pentacle is embedded as an unaltered native OPenn web JPEG in the SVG; only the SVG viewport limits the visible area of the leaf. The separately offered TIFF master was not used. The accompanying text can be read in full on the archived full leaf, though it is partly cut off in the viewport. No lines or letters have been added, no outline transcription has been made, and no manufacturing approval is implied. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Dating of this specific Latin copy: 1750–1799. The catalogue attribution to Abraham Colorni does not confirm that he personally made this later manuscript. The drawing is a localised component of 43 surviving pentacles in the same copy, not a new tradition or a separately surviving worn amulet. Written and corrected foliation differ by one leaf. The changing historical internal numbering is not standardised into an invented continuous sequence from 1 to 43. The single, fully preserved pentacle is embedded as an unaltered native OPenn web JPEG in the SVG; only the SVG viewport limits the visible area of the leaf. The separately offered TIFF master was not used. The accompanying text can be read in full on the archived full leaf, though it is partly cut off in the viewport. No lines or letters have been added, no outline transcription has been made, and no manufacturing approval is implied.
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Pentakel mit roter Mittelachse – Penn f.38r (= 39r). Ms. Codex 1673, 1750–1799. University of Pennsylvania, Kislak Center. Public Domain Mark. Katalogmetadaten separat CC BY 4.0.
Specific manuscript witness, second half of the 18th century. Earlier textual transmission and author attribution are not the date when this copy was made.
Pentacle with six sign fields – Penn f.43r (= 44r)
Original image · source evidence
Historical grimoire pentacle
Latin Clavicula Salomonis manuscript; transmission of the Keys of Solomon European manuscript; place of manufacture unknown; present collection in Philadelphia · 1750–1799; second half of the 18th century, dating of the specific example
Three intersecting diameters form six circular sectors, each containing a separate character. A band of writing runs around the outside. The accompanying text gives a ritual instruction concerning the inscribed names. Uncertain readings of names are not supplied. This is the statement of a historical ritual text; no actual effect is evidenced.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Latin Clavicula Salomonis manuscript; transmission of the Keys of Solomon
Region
European manuscript; place of manufacture unknown; present collection in Philadelphia
Date of the evidence
1750–1799; second half of the 18th century, dating of the specific example
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Three intersecting diameters form six circular sectors, each containing a separate character. A band of writing runs around the outside. The accompanying text gives a ritual instruction concerning the inscribed names. Uncertain readings of names are not supplied. This is the statement of a historical ritual text; no actual effect is evidenced.
Historically recorded use
The accompanying text gives a ritual prescription concerning the inscribed names. Uncertain readings of names are not supplemented. This is the statement of a historical ritual text; no actual effect is evidenced.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Dating of this specific Latin copy: 1750–1799. The catalogue attribution to Abraham Colorni does not confirm that he personally produced this later manuscript. The drawing is a localised component of 43 surviving pentacles in the same copy, not a new tradition or a separately surviving worn amulet. Written and corrected foliation differ by one leaf. The changing historical internal numbering is not unified into an invented continuous sequence of 1–43.
Before designing
The completely preserved individual pentacle remains embedded as an unaltered native OPenn web JPEG; only the SVG viewport limits the visible area of the leaf. The separately offered TIFF master was not used. The accompanying text can be read in full on the archived full leaf, although it is partly cut off in the viewport. No addition of lines or letters, outline transcription or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Dating of this specific Latin copy: 1750–1799. The catalogue attribution to Abraham Colorni does not confirm that he personally made this later manuscript. The drawing is a localised component of 43 surviving pentacles in the same copy, not a new tradition or a separately surviving worn amulet. Written and corrected foliation differ by one leaf. The changing historical internal numbering is not standardised into an invented continuous sequence from 1 to 43. The single, fully preserved pentacle is embedded as an unaltered native OPenn web JPEG in the SVG; only the SVG viewport limits the visible area of the leaf. The separately offered TIFF master was not used. The accompanying text can be read in full on the archived full leaf, though it is partly cut off in the viewport. No lines or letters have been added, no outline transcription has been made, and no manufacturing approval is implied. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Dating of this specific Latin copy: 1750–1799. The catalogue attribution to Abraham Colorni does not confirm that he personally made this later manuscript. The drawing is a localised component of 43 surviving pentacles in the same copy, not a new tradition or a separately surviving worn amulet. Written and corrected foliation differ by one leaf. The changing historical internal numbering is not standardised into an invented continuous sequence from 1 to 43. The single, fully preserved pentacle is embedded as an unaltered native OPenn web JPEG in the SVG; only the SVG viewport limits the visible area of the leaf. The separately offered TIFF master was not used. The accompanying text can be read in full on the archived full leaf, though it is partly cut off in the viewport. No lines or letters have been added, no outline transcription has been made, and no manufacturing approval is implied.
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Pentakel mit sechs Zeichenfeldern – Penn f.43r (= 44r). Ms. Codex 1673, 1750–1799. University of Pennsylvania, Kislak Center. Public Domain Mark. Katalogmetadaten separat CC BY 4.0.
Specific manuscript witness, second half of the 18th century. Earlier textual transmission and author attribution are not the date when this copy was made.
Pentacle with crescent and human-headed being – Penn f.53r (= 54r)
Original image · source evidence
Historical grimoire pentacle
Latin Clavicula Salomonis manuscript; transmission of the Keys of Solomon European manuscript; place of manufacture unknown; present collection in Philadelphia · 1750–1799; second half of the 18th century, dating of the specific example
A large crescent moon stands on the left; on the right, a long neck curves with a human-like head. Two vertical characters and an outer ring of writing complete the image. The accompanying text concerns enmities and rebellious spirits. No precise modern species or demon identification of the depicted being is asserted. This is the claim of a historical ritual text; no actual effect is evidenced.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Latin Clavicula Salomonis manuscript; transmission of the Keys of Solomon
Region
European manuscript; place of manufacture unknown; present collection in Philadelphia
Date of the evidence
1750–1799; second half of the 18th century, dating of the specific example
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A large crescent moon stands on the left; on the right, a long neck curves with a human-like head. Two vertical characters and an outer ring of writing complete the image. The accompanying text concerns enmities and rebellious spirits. No precise modern species or demon identification of the depicted being is asserted. This is the claim of a historical ritual text; no actual effect is evidenced.
Historically recorded use
The accompanying text discusses hostilities and rebellious spirits. No precise modern species or demon identification of the depicted being is asserted. This is the statement of a historical ritual text; no actual effect is evidenced.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Dating of this specific Latin copy: 1750–1799. The catalogue attribution to Abraham Colorni does not confirm that he personally produced this later manuscript. The drawing is a localised component of 43 surviving pentacles in the same copy, not a new tradition or a separately surviving worn amulet. Written and corrected foliation differ by one leaf. The changing historical internal numbering is not unified into an invented continuous sequence of 1–43.
Before designing
The completely preserved individual pentacle remains embedded as an unaltered native OPenn web JPEG; only the SVG viewport limits the visible area of the leaf. The separately offered TIFF master was not used. The accompanying text can be read in full on the archived full leaf, although it is partly cut off in the viewport. No addition of lines or letters, outline transcription or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Dating of this specific Latin copy: 1750–1799. The catalogue attribution to Abraham Colorni does not confirm that he personally made this later manuscript. The drawing is a localised component of 43 surviving pentacles in the same copy, not a new tradition or a separately surviving worn amulet. Written and corrected foliation differ by one leaf. The changing historical internal numbering is not standardised into an invented continuous sequence from 1 to 43. The single, fully preserved pentacle is embedded as an unaltered native OPenn web JPEG in the SVG; only the SVG viewport limits the visible area of the leaf. The separately offered TIFF master was not used. The accompanying text can be read in full on the archived full leaf, though it is partly cut off in the viewport. No lines or letters have been added, no outline transcription has been made, and no manufacturing approval is implied. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Dating of this specific Latin copy: 1750–1799. The catalogue attribution to Abraham Colorni does not confirm that he personally made this later manuscript. The drawing is a localised component of 43 surviving pentacles in the same copy, not a new tradition or a separately surviving worn amulet. Written and corrected foliation differ by one leaf. The changing historical internal numbering is not standardised into an invented continuous sequence from 1 to 43. The single, fully preserved pentacle is embedded as an unaltered native OPenn web JPEG in the SVG; only the SVG viewport limits the visible area of the leaf. The separately offered TIFF master was not used. The accompanying text can be read in full on the archived full leaf, though it is partly cut off in the viewport. No lines or letters have been added, no outline transcription has been made, and no manufacturing approval is implied.
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Pentakel mit Sichel und menschenköpfigem Wesen – Penn f.53r (= 54r). Ms. Codex 1673, 1750–1799. University of Pennsylvania, Kislak Center. Public Domain Mark. Katalogmetadaten separat CC BY 4.0.
Specific manuscript witness, second half of the 18th century. Earlier textual transmission and author attribution are not the date when this copy was made.
Pentacle with star and cross bands – MS 4659, page 36
Original image · source evidence
Solomonic pentacle
French Clavicula/Clavicule manuscript tradition French-speaking; place of manufacture unknown; current location London · Mid-18th century; dating of the specific Wellcome manuscript
Writing circle with a many-pointed inner star, broad intersecting bands of writing and individual signs.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French Clavicula/Clavicule manuscript tradition
Region
French-speaking; place of manufacture unknown; current location London
Date of the evidence
Mid-18th century; dating of the specific Wellcome manuscript
Writing circle with a many-pointed inner star, broad intersecting bands of writing and individual signs.
Historically recorded use
The text addresses insight, knowledge and secrets in a historical magical context; the attributions are not presented as evidenced effects.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The handwritten page number, complete individual figure and French explanation were checked directly against the native original image. The page number locates this manuscript and is not a modern planetary pentacle number. The German names for the forms are editorial descriptions, not purported historical individual titles. The catalogue attribution Pseudo-Solomon does not prove authorship by the ancient Solomon. Claims about magical use are attributed only as historical beliefs. The specific number and course of the superimposed lines of signs are not simplified into a new symmetrical graphic.
Before designing
Historically attested individual figure, checked against the image. The complete native institutional IIIF-JPEG file remains embedded byte-for-byte in the SVG; only the named original viewport is visible. No local scaling, re-encoding, tracing or additions. The paper, printing gaps, ink marks and show-through of writing on the reverse remain unchanged. The facsimile is a historical image source, not a tool or engraving path; manufacture requires a separately reviewed outline preparation. The specific number and course of the overlaid sign-lines are not simplified into a new symmetrical graphic.
Research draft. Historically attested individual figure, checked against the image. The complete native institutional IIIF-JPEG file remains embedded byte-for-byte in the SVG; only the named original viewport is visible. No local scaling, re-encoding, tracing or additions. The paper, printing gaps, ink marks and show-through of writing on the reverse remain unchanged. The facsimile is a historical image source, not a tool or engraving path; manufacture requires a separately reviewed outline preparation. The specific number and course of the overlaid sign-lines are not simplified into a new symmetrical graphic. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historically attested individual figure, checked against the image. The complete native institutional IIIF-JPEG file remains embedded byte-for-byte in the SVG; only the named original viewport is visible. No local scaling, re-encoding, tracing or additions. The paper, printing gaps, ink marks and show-through of writing on the reverse remain unchanged. The facsimile is a historical image source, not a tool or engraving path; manufacture requires a separately reviewed outline preparation. The specific number and course of the overlaid sign-lines are not simplified into a new symmetrical graphic.
Source location: Wellcome MS 4659, manuscript p. 36; image 0223; Canvas 212 of 276; specific individual drawing
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Pseudo-Solomon, La Clavicule ou Clef de Salomon, Wellcome MS 4659, Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts. Wellcome Collection, London, Werk hwqdep8w, Bildsatz b18712022. Public Domain Mark.
Source location: Wellcome MS 4659; work hwqdep8w; image set b18712022; mid-18th century; French
The current institutional record was read directly and archived. It confirms the specific historical work, its classification and the Public Domain Mark; no modern redrawing.
Source location: Wellcome MS 4659; work hwqdep8w; image set b18712022; mid-18th century; French
Manifest retrieved directly and archived. The specific Canvas identities, native image dimensions and PDM image rights were checked against unchanged full/full JPEGs. Manuscript page numbers come from the images actually viewed, not from a modern pentacle numbering system.
Source location: MS 4659; image 0223; Canvas 212 of 276
The specific original page was viewed as a complete native institutional JPEG; the image file was archived unchanged. Attribution and crop were also checked visually.
Pentacle with T-shaped rod, face and crescent – Penn f.57r (= 58r)
Original image · source evidence
Historical grimoire pentacle
Latin Clavicula Salomonis manuscript; transmission of the Keys of Solomon European manuscript; place of manufacture unknown; present collection in Philadelphia · 1750–1799; second half of the 18th century, dating of the specific example
A broad T-shaped staff ends at the sides in a crescent and a small face; its foot ends in two curves. Further arrow and staff signs stand alongside it. The accompanying text links the figure with the conjuring of weather, hail and storms. This is the statement of a historical ritual text; no actual effect is evidenced.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Latin Clavicula Salomonis manuscript; transmission of the Keys of Solomon
Region
European manuscript; place of manufacture unknown; present collection in Philadelphia
Date of the evidence
1750–1799; second half of the 18th century, dating of the specific example
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A broad T-shaped staff ends at the sides in a crescent and a small face; its foot ends in two curves. Further arrow and staff signs stand alongside it. The accompanying text links the figure with the conjuring of weather, hail and storms. This is the statement of a historical ritual text; no actual effect is evidenced.
Historically recorded use
The accompanying text connects the figure with weather-, hail- and storm-conjuring. This is the claim of a historical ritual text; an actual effect is not documented.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Dating of this specific Latin copy: 1750–1799. The catalogue attribution to Abraham Colorni does not confirm that he personally produced this later manuscript. The drawing is a localised component of 43 surviving pentacles in the same copy, not a new tradition or a separately surviving worn amulet. Written and corrected foliation differ by one leaf. The changing historical internal numbering is not unified into an invented continuous sequence of 1–43.
Before designing
The completely preserved individual pentacle remains embedded as an unaltered native OPenn web JPEG; only the SVG viewport limits the visible area of the leaf. The separately offered TIFF master was not used. The accompanying text can be read in full on the archived full leaf, although it is partly cut off in the viewport. No addition of lines or letters, outline transcription or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Dating of this specific Latin copy: 1750–1799. The catalogue attribution to Abraham Colorni does not confirm that he personally made this later manuscript. The drawing is a localised component of 43 surviving pentacles in the same copy, not a new tradition or a separately surviving worn amulet. Written and corrected foliation differ by one leaf. The changing historical internal numbering is not standardised into an invented continuous sequence from 1 to 43. The single, fully preserved pentacle is embedded as an unaltered native OPenn web JPEG in the SVG; only the SVG viewport limits the visible area of the leaf. The separately offered TIFF master was not used. The accompanying text can be read in full on the archived full leaf, though it is partly cut off in the viewport. No lines or letters have been added, no outline transcription has been made, and no manufacturing approval is implied. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Dating of this specific Latin copy: 1750–1799. The catalogue attribution to Abraham Colorni does not confirm that he personally made this later manuscript. The drawing is a localised component of 43 surviving pentacles in the same copy, not a new tradition or a separately surviving worn amulet. Written and corrected foliation differ by one leaf. The changing historical internal numbering is not standardised into an invented continuous sequence from 1 to 43. The single, fully preserved pentacle is embedded as an unaltered native OPenn web JPEG in the SVG; only the SVG viewport limits the visible area of the leaf. The separately offered TIFF master was not used. The accompanying text can be read in full on the archived full leaf, though it is partly cut off in the viewport. No lines or letters have been added, no outline transcription has been made, and no manufacturing approval is implied.
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Pentakel mit T-Stab, Gesicht und Sichel – Penn f.57r (= 58r). Ms. Codex 1673, 1750–1799. University of Pennsylvania, Kislak Center. Public Domain Mark. Katalogmetadaten separat CC BY 4.0.
Specific manuscript witness, second half of the 18th century. Earlier textual transmission and author attribution are not the date when this copy was made.
Pentacle with V-shape and cross-band – Penn f.44r (= 45r)
Original image · source evidence
Historical grimoire pentacle
Latin Clavicula Salomonis manuscript; transmission of the Keys of Solomon European manuscript; place of manufacture unknown; present collection in Philadelphia · 1750–1799; second half of the 18th century, dating of the specific example
An inverted V-shape meets a broad horizontal band of words. Small crosses and other characters appear in the circle and at the edge. The accompanying text describes an invocation’s purpose in connection with storms. This is the statement of a historical ritual text; no actual effect is evidenced.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Latin Clavicula Salomonis manuscript; transmission of the Keys of Solomon
Region
European manuscript; place of manufacture unknown; present collection in Philadelphia
Date of the evidence
1750–1799; second half of the 18th century, dating of the specific example
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
An inverted V-shape meets a broad horizontal band of words. Small crosses and other characters appear in the circle and at the edge. The accompanying text describes an invocation’s purpose in connection with storms. This is the statement of a historical ritual text; no actual effect is evidenced.
Historically recorded use
The accompanying text describes an aim of invocation in connection with storms. This is the claim of a historical ritual text; no actual effect is demonstrated.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Dating of this specific Latin copy: 1750–1799. The catalogue attribution to Abraham Colorni does not confirm that he personally produced this later manuscript. The drawing is a localised component of 43 surviving pentacles in the same copy, not a new tradition or a separately surviving worn amulet. Written and corrected foliation differ by one leaf. The changing historical internal numbering is not unified into an invented continuous sequence of 1–43.
Before designing
The completely preserved individual pentacle remains embedded as an unaltered native OPenn web JPEG; only the SVG viewport limits the visible area of the leaf. The separately offered TIFF master was not used. The accompanying text can be read in full on the archived full leaf, although it is partly cut off in the viewport. No addition of lines or letters, outline transcription or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Dating of this specific Latin copy: 1750–1799. The catalogue attribution to Abraham Colorni does not confirm that he personally made this later manuscript. The drawing is a localised component of 43 surviving pentacles in the same copy, not a new tradition or a separately surviving worn amulet. Written and corrected foliation differ by one leaf. The changing historical internal numbering is not standardised into an invented continuous sequence from 1 to 43. The single, fully preserved pentacle is embedded as an unaltered native OPenn web JPEG in the SVG; only the SVG viewport limits the visible area of the leaf. The separately offered TIFF master was not used. The accompanying text can be read in full on the archived full leaf, though it is partly cut off in the viewport. No lines or letters have been added, no outline transcription has been made, and no manufacturing approval is implied. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Dating of this specific Latin copy: 1750–1799. The catalogue attribution to Abraham Colorni does not confirm that he personally made this later manuscript. The drawing is a localised component of 43 surviving pentacles in the same copy, not a new tradition or a separately surviving worn amulet. Written and corrected foliation differ by one leaf. The changing historical internal numbering is not standardised into an invented continuous sequence from 1 to 43. The single, fully preserved pentacle is embedded as an unaltered native OPenn web JPEG in the SVG; only the SVG viewport limits the visible area of the leaf. The separately offered TIFF master was not used. The accompanying text can be read in full on the archived full leaf, though it is partly cut off in the viewport. No lines or letters have been added, no outline transcription has been made, and no manufacturing approval is implied.
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Pentakel mit V-Form und Querband – Penn f.44r (= 45r). Ms. Codex 1673, 1750–1799. University of Pennsylvania, Kislak Center. Public Domain Mark. Katalogmetadaten separat CC BY 4.0.
Specific manuscript witness, second half of the 18th century. Earlier textual transmission and author attribution are not the date when this copy was made.
Pentacle with joined crossbars – Penn f.71r (= 72r)
Original image · source evidence
Historical grimoire pentacle
Latin Clavicula Salomonis manuscript; transmission of the Keys of Solomon European manuscript; place of manufacture unknown; present collection in Philadelphia · 1750–1799; second half of the 18th century, dating of the specific example
Three horizontal bars are joined by vertical rods. Several end rings and a curved double loop lie within the sign-circle. The accompanying text continues an invocation of spirits and attributes extraordinary actions to them. This is the claim of a historical ritual text; no actual effect is demonstrated.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Latin Clavicula Salomonis manuscript; transmission of the Keys of Solomon
Region
European manuscript; place of manufacture unknown; present collection in Philadelphia
Date of the evidence
1750–1799; second half of the 18th century, dating of the specific example
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Three horizontal bars are joined by vertical rods. Several end rings and a curved double loop lie within the sign-circle. The accompanying text continues an invocation of spirits and attributes extraordinary actions to them. This is the claim of a historical ritual text; no actual effect is demonstrated.
Historically recorded use
The accompanying text continues an invocation of spirits and attributes extraordinary actions to them. This is the statement of a historical ritual text; no actual effect is evidenced.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Dating of this specific Latin copy: 1750–1799. The catalogue attribution to Abraham Colorni does not confirm that he personally produced this later manuscript. The drawing is a localised component of 43 surviving pentacles in the same copy, not a new tradition or a separately surviving worn amulet. Written and corrected foliation differ by one leaf. The changing historical internal numbering is not unified into an invented continuous sequence of 1–43.
Before designing
The completely preserved individual pentacle remains embedded as an unaltered native OPenn web JPEG; only the SVG viewport limits the visible area of the leaf. The separately offered TIFF master was not used. The accompanying text can be read in full on the archived full leaf, although it is partly cut off in the viewport. No addition of lines or letters, outline transcription or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Dating of this specific Latin copy: 1750–1799. The catalogue attribution to Abraham Colorni does not confirm that he personally made this later manuscript. The drawing is a localised component of 43 surviving pentacles in the same copy, not a new tradition or a separately surviving worn amulet. Written and corrected foliation differ by one leaf. The changing historical internal numbering is not standardised into an invented continuous sequence from 1 to 43. The single, fully preserved pentacle is embedded as an unaltered native OPenn web JPEG in the SVG; only the SVG viewport limits the visible area of the leaf. The separately offered TIFF master was not used. The accompanying text can be read in full on the archived full leaf, though it is partly cut off in the viewport. No lines or letters have been added, no outline transcription has been made, and no manufacturing approval is implied. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Dating of this specific Latin copy: 1750–1799. The catalogue attribution to Abraham Colorni does not confirm that he personally made this later manuscript. The drawing is a localised component of 43 surviving pentacles in the same copy, not a new tradition or a separately surviving worn amulet. Written and corrected foliation differ by one leaf. The changing historical internal numbering is not standardised into an invented continuous sequence from 1 to 43. The single, fully preserved pentacle is embedded as an unaltered native OPenn web JPEG in the SVG; only the SVG viewport limits the visible area of the leaf. The separately offered TIFF master was not used. The accompanying text can be read in full on the archived full leaf, though it is partly cut off in the viewport. No lines or letters have been added, no outline transcription has been made, and no manufacturing approval is implied.
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Pentakel mit verbundenen Querbalken – Penn f.71r (= 72r). Ms. Codex 1673, 1750–1799. University of Pennsylvania, Kislak Center. Public Domain Mark. Katalogmetadaten separat CC BY 4.0.
Specific manuscript witness, second half of the 18th century. Earlier textual transmission and author attribution are not the date when this copy was made.
Pentacle with interlaced looped chains – Penn f.54r (= 55r)
Original image · source evidence
Historical grimoire pentacle
Latin Clavicula Salomonis manuscript; transmission of the Keys of Solomon European manuscript; place of manufacture unknown; present collection in Philadelphia · 1750–1799; second half of the 18th century, dating of the specific example
Two linear chains of loops interlock. Unattached writing and rod-like signs and a long word lie within the circular border. The accompanying text names power in war and victory as ritual aims. This is the statement of a historical ritual text; actual efficacy is not evidenced.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Latin Clavicula Salomonis manuscript; transmission of the Keys of Solomon
Region
European manuscript; place of manufacture unknown; present collection in Philadelphia
Date of the evidence
1750–1799; second half of the 18th century, dating of the specific example
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Two linear chains of loops interlock. Unattached writing and rod-like signs and a long word lie within the circular border. The accompanying text names power in war and victory as ritual aims. This is the statement of a historical ritual text; actual efficacy is not evidenced.
Historically recorded use
The accompanying text names power in war and victory as ritual aims. This is the claim of a historical ritual text; an actual effect is not evidenced.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Dating of this specific Latin copy: 1750–1799. The catalogue attribution to Abraham Colorni does not confirm that he personally produced this later manuscript. The drawing is a localised component of 43 surviving pentacles in the same copy, not a new tradition or a separately surviving worn amulet. Written and corrected foliation differ by one leaf. The changing historical internal numbering is not unified into an invented continuous sequence of 1–43.
Before designing
The completely preserved individual pentacle remains embedded as an unaltered native OPenn web JPEG; only the SVG viewport limits the visible area of the leaf. The separately offered TIFF master was not used. The accompanying text can be read in full on the archived full leaf, although it is partly cut off in the viewport. No addition of lines or letters, outline transcription or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Dating of this specific Latin copy: 1750–1799. The catalogue attribution to Abraham Colorni does not confirm that he personally made this later manuscript. The drawing is a localised component of 43 surviving pentacles in the same copy, not a new tradition or a separately surviving worn amulet. Written and corrected foliation differ by one leaf. The changing historical internal numbering is not standardised into an invented continuous sequence from 1 to 43. The single, fully preserved pentacle is embedded as an unaltered native OPenn web JPEG in the SVG; only the SVG viewport limits the visible area of the leaf. The separately offered TIFF master was not used. The accompanying text can be read in full on the archived full leaf, though it is partly cut off in the viewport. No lines or letters have been added, no outline transcription has been made, and no manufacturing approval is implied. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Dating of this specific Latin copy: 1750–1799. The catalogue attribution to Abraham Colorni does not confirm that he personally made this later manuscript. The drawing is a localised component of 43 surviving pentacles in the same copy, not a new tradition or a separately surviving worn amulet. Written and corrected foliation differ by one leaf. The changing historical internal numbering is not standardised into an invented continuous sequence from 1 to 43. The single, fully preserved pentacle is embedded as an unaltered native OPenn web JPEG in the SVG; only the SVG viewport limits the visible area of the leaf. The separately offered TIFF master was not used. The accompanying text can be read in full on the archived full leaf, though it is partly cut off in the viewport. No lines or letters have been added, no outline transcription has been made, and no manufacturing approval is implied.
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Pentakel mit verschlungenen Schleifenketten – Penn f.54r (= 55r). Ms. Codex 1673, 1750–1799. University of Pennsylvania, Kislak Center. Public Domain Mark. Katalogmetadaten separat CC BY 4.0.
Specific manuscript witness, second half of the 18th century. Earlier textual transmission and author attribution are not the date when this copy was made.
Pentacle with angle staff and crescent moon – Penn f.56r (= 57r)
Original image · source evidence
Historical grimoire pentacle
Latin Clavicula Salomonis manuscript; transmission of the Keys of Solomon European manuscript; place of manufacture unknown; present collection in Philadelphia · 1750–1799; second half of the 18th century, dating of the specific example
A large angular staff character, a right-facing crescent, a horizontal pointer and a lower H-like shape lie within the band of writing. The partly obscured accompanying text claims protection during attacks and the turning back of opponents’ weapons. This is a claim made in a historical ritual text; no actual effect is evidenced.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Latin Clavicula Salomonis manuscript; transmission of the Keys of Solomon
Region
European manuscript; place of manufacture unknown; present collection in Philadelphia
Date of the evidence
1750–1799; second half of the 18th century, dating of the specific example
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A large angular staff character, a right-facing crescent, a horizontal pointer and a lower H-like shape lie within the band of writing. The partly obscured accompanying text claims protection during attacks and the turning back of opponents’ weapons. This is a claim made in a historical ritual text; no actual effect is evidenced.
Historically recorded use
The partly concealed accompanying text claims protection during attacks and the turning back of enemy weapons. This is the claim of a historical ritual text; no actual effect is evidenced.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Dating of this specific Latin copy: 1750–1799. The catalogue attribution to Abraham Colorni does not confirm that he personally produced this later manuscript. The drawing is a localised component of 43 surviving pentacles in the same copy, not a new tradition or a separately surviving worn amulet. Written and corrected foliation differ by one leaf. The changing historical internal numbering is not unified into an invented continuous sequence of 1–43.
Before designing
The completely preserved individual pentacle remains embedded as an unaltered native OPenn web JPEG; only the SVG viewport limits the visible area of the leaf. The separately offered TIFF master was not used. The accompanying text can be read in full on the archived full leaf, although it is partly cut off in the viewport. No addition of lines or letters, outline transcription or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Dating of this specific Latin copy: 1750–1799. The catalogue attribution to Abraham Colorni does not confirm that he personally made this later manuscript. The drawing is a localised component of 43 surviving pentacles in the same copy, not a new tradition or a separately surviving worn amulet. Written and corrected foliation differ by one leaf. The changing historical internal numbering is not standardised into an invented continuous sequence from 1 to 43. The single, fully preserved pentacle is embedded as an unaltered native OPenn web JPEG in the SVG; only the SVG viewport limits the visible area of the leaf. The separately offered TIFF master was not used. The accompanying text can be read in full on the archived full leaf, though it is partly cut off in the viewport. No lines or letters have been added, no outline transcription has been made, and no manufacturing approval is implied. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Dating of this specific Latin copy: 1750–1799. The catalogue attribution to Abraham Colorni does not confirm that he personally made this later manuscript. The drawing is a localised component of 43 surviving pentacles in the same copy, not a new tradition or a separately surviving worn amulet. Written and corrected foliation differ by one leaf. The changing historical internal numbering is not standardised into an invented continuous sequence from 1 to 43. The single, fully preserved pentacle is embedded as an unaltered native OPenn web JPEG in the SVG; only the SVG viewport limits the visible area of the leaf. The separately offered TIFF master was not used. The accompanying text can be read in full on the archived full leaf, though it is partly cut off in the viewport. No lines or letters have been added, no outline transcription has been made, and no manufacturing approval is implied.
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Pentakel mit Winkelstab und Mondsichel – Penn f.56r (= 57r). Ms. Codex 1673, 1750–1799. University of Pennsylvania, Kislak Center. Public Domain Mark. Katalogmetadaten separat CC BY 4.0.
Specific manuscript witness, second half of the 18th century. Earlier textual transmission and author attribution are not the date when this copy was made.
Pentacle with word band and crescent moons at the edge – Penn f.42r (= 43r)
Original image · source evidence
Historical grimoire pentacle
Latin Clavicula Salomonis manuscript; transmission of the Keys of Solomon European manuscript; place of manufacture unknown; present collection in Philadelphia · 1750–1799; second half of the 18th century, dating of the specific example
A horizontal word band divides the inner circle; curved signs appear above and below it. Small faces and crescents alternate around the outer edge. The accompanying text connects the figure with a nocturnal invocation of Saturn and protection from the spirits described there. This is the statement of a historical ritual text; no actual effect is attested.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Latin Clavicula Salomonis manuscript; transmission of the Keys of Solomon
Region
European manuscript; place of manufacture unknown; present collection in Philadelphia
Date of the evidence
1750–1799; second half of the 18th century, dating of the specific example
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A horizontal word band divides the inner circle; curved signs appear above and below it. Small faces and crescents alternate around the outer edge. The accompanying text connects the figure with a nocturnal invocation of Saturn and protection from the spirits described there. This is the statement of a historical ritual text; no actual effect is attested.
Historically recorded use
The accompanying text connects the figure with a nocturnal invocation of Saturn and protection from the spirits described there. This is the claim of a historical ritual text; no actual effect is evidenced.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Dating of this specific Latin copy: 1750–1799. The catalogue attribution to Abraham Colorni does not confirm that he personally produced this later manuscript. The drawing is a localised component of 43 surviving pentacles in the same copy, not a new tradition or a separately surviving worn amulet. Written and corrected foliation differ by one leaf. The changing historical internal numbering is not unified into an invented continuous sequence of 1–43.
Before designing
The completely preserved individual pentacle remains embedded as an unaltered native OPenn web JPEG; only the SVG viewport limits the visible area of the leaf. The separately offered TIFF master was not used. The accompanying text can be read in full on the archived full leaf, although it is partly cut off in the viewport. No addition of lines or letters, outline transcription or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Dating of this specific Latin copy: 1750–1799. The catalogue attribution to Abraham Colorni does not confirm that he personally made this later manuscript. The drawing is a localised component of 43 surviving pentacles in the same copy, not a new tradition or a separately surviving worn amulet. Written and corrected foliation differ by one leaf. The changing historical internal numbering is not standardised into an invented continuous sequence from 1 to 43. The single, fully preserved pentacle is embedded as an unaltered native OPenn web JPEG in the SVG; only the SVG viewport limits the visible area of the leaf. The separately offered TIFF master was not used. The accompanying text can be read in full on the archived full leaf, though it is partly cut off in the viewport. No lines or letters have been added, no outline transcription has been made, and no manufacturing approval is implied. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Dating of this specific Latin copy: 1750–1799. The catalogue attribution to Abraham Colorni does not confirm that he personally made this later manuscript. The drawing is a localised component of 43 surviving pentacles in the same copy, not a new tradition or a separately surviving worn amulet. Written and corrected foliation differ by one leaf. The changing historical internal numbering is not standardised into an invented continuous sequence from 1 to 43. The single, fully preserved pentacle is embedded as an unaltered native OPenn web JPEG in the SVG; only the SVG viewport limits the visible area of the leaf. The separately offered TIFF master was not used. The accompanying text can be read in full on the archived full leaf, though it is partly cut off in the viewport. No lines or letters have been added, no outline transcription has been made, and no manufacturing approval is implied.
Source location: Penn Ms. Codex 1673, Clavicula Salomonis Regis; written folio 42r, corrected OPenn foliation 43r (TEI: 42r =43r); single image 5170_0094_web.jpg; surface surface-ms-codex-1673-95
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Pentakel mit Wortband und Mondsicheln am Rand – Penn f.42r (= 43r). Ms. Codex 1673, 1750–1799. University of Pennsylvania, Kislak Center. Public Domain Mark. Katalogmetadaten separat CC BY 4.0.
Specific manuscript witness, second half of the 18th century. Earlier textual transmission and author attribution are not the date when this copy was made.
French Clavicula/Clavicule manuscript tradition French-speaking; place of manufacture unknown; current location London · Mid-18th century; dating of the specific Wellcome manuscript
Circular inscribed pentacle with a drawn hand and pointing finger, individual signs and a small six-pointed star at the top.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French Clavicula/Clavicule manuscript tradition
Region
French-speaking; place of manufacture unknown; current location London
Date of the evidence
Mid-18th century; dating of the specific Wellcome manuscript
Circular inscribed pentacle with a drawn hand and pointing finger, individual signs and a small six-pointed star at the top.
Historically recorded use
The text recommends the pentacle in a historical travel context and attributes to it protection from nocturnal apparitions and dangers on water.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The handwritten page number, complete individual figure and French explanation were checked directly against the native original image. The page number locates this manuscript and is not a modern planetary pentacle number. The German form names are editorial descriptions, not asserted historical individual titles. The catalogue attribution Pseudo-Solomon does not prove authorship by the ancient Solomon. Claims about magical use are attributed only as historical claims. The figure on the reverse, faintly showing through outside the circle, is not interpreted as a separate component of the hand drawing.
Before designing
Historically verified individual figure. The complete native institutional IIIF JPEG file remains embedded in the SVG byte-for-byte; only the named original viewport is visible. No local scaling, re-encoding, tracing or additions. Paper, gaps in the printing, ink traces and show-through of writing on the reverse remain unchanged. The facsimile is a historical image reference, not a tool or engraving path; manufacture requires separately checked contour preparation. The faint figure showing through from the reverse outside the circle is not interpreted as a separate part of the hand drawing.
Research draft. Historically verified individual figure. The complete native institutional IIIF JPEG file remains embedded in the SVG byte-for-byte; only the named original viewport is visible. No local scaling, re-encoding, tracing or additions. Paper, gaps in the printing, ink traces and show-through of writing on the reverse remain unchanged. The facsimile is a historical image reference, not a tool or engraving path; manufacture requires separately checked contour preparation. The faint figure showing through from the reverse outside the circle is not interpreted as a separate part of the hand drawing. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historically verified individual figure. The complete native institutional IIIF JPEG file remains embedded in the SVG byte-for-byte; only the named original viewport is visible. No local scaling, re-encoding, tracing or additions. Paper, gaps in the printing, ink traces and show-through of writing on the reverse remain unchanged. The facsimile is a historical image reference, not a tool or engraving path; manufacture requires separately checked contour preparation. The faint figure showing through from the reverse outside the circle is not interpreted as a separate part of the hand drawing.
Source location: Wellcome MS 4659, handwritten p. 40; image 0227; Canvas 216 of 276; specific individual drawing
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Pseudo-Solomon, La Clavicule ou Clef de Salomon, Wellcome MS 4659, Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts. Wellcome Collection, London, Werk hwqdep8w, Bildsatz b18712022. Public Domain Mark.
Source location: Wellcome MS 4659; work hwqdep8w; image set b18712022; mid-18th century; French
The current institutional record was read directly and archived. It confirms the specific historical work, its classification and the Public Domain Mark; no modern redrawing.
Source location: Wellcome MS 4659; work hwqdep8w; image set b18712022; mid-18th century; French
Manifest retrieved directly and archived. The specific Canvas identities, native image dimensions and PDM image rights were checked against unchanged full/full JPEGs. Manuscript page numbers come from the images actually viewed, not from a modern pentacle numbering system.
Source location: MS 4659; image 0227; Canvas 216 of 276
The specific original page was viewed as a complete native institutional JPEG; the image file was archived unchanged. Attribution and crop were also checked visually.
Pentacle with two crossed triangles – MS 4659, page 30
Original image · source evidence
Solomonic pentacle
French Clavicula/Clavicule manuscript tradition French-speaking; place of manufacture unknown; current location London · Mid-18th century; dating of the specific Wellcome manuscript
Circle of writing with two interlocking triangular strokes, central signs and a small six-pointed star at the top.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French Clavicula/Clavicule manuscript tradition
Region
French-speaking; place of manufacture unknown; current location London
Date of the evidence
Mid-18th century; dating of the specific Wellcome manuscript
Circle of writing with two interlocking triangular strokes, central signs and a small six-pointed star at the top.
Historically recorded use
The text deals with dreams and mentions a Jupiter context. Only the historical attribution of this manuscript text is reported.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The handwritten page number, complete single figure and French explanation were checked directly against the native original image. The page number locates this manuscript and is not a modern planetary pentacle number. The German form names are editorial descriptions, not claimed historical individual titles. The catalogue attribution Pseudo-Solomon does not prove authorship by the ancient Solomon. Claims about magical use are reported only as historical attributions. The two large triangular strokes are not transformed into a symmetrical generic hexagram.
Before designing
Historically attested individual figure, checked against the image. The complete native institutional IIIF-JPEG file remains embedded byte-for-byte in the SVG; only the named original viewport is visible. No local scaling, re-encoding, tracing or additions. Paper, printing gaps, ink traces and show-through from writing on the reverse remain unchanged. The facsimile is a historical image reference, not a tool or engraving path; manufacture requires separately checked contour preparation. The two large triangular strokes have not been reshaped into a symmetrical generic hexagram.
Research draft. Historically attested individual figure, checked against the image. The complete native institutional IIIF-JPEG file remains embedded byte-for-byte in the SVG; only the named original viewport is visible. No local scaling, re-encoding, tracing or additions. Paper, printing gaps, ink traces and show-through from writing on the reverse remain unchanged. The facsimile is a historical image reference, not a tool or engraving path; manufacture requires separately checked contour preparation. The two large triangular strokes have not been reshaped into a symmetrical generic hexagram. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historically attested individual figure, checked against the image. The complete native institutional IIIF-JPEG file remains embedded byte-for-byte in the SVG; only the named original viewport is visible. No local scaling, re-encoding, tracing or additions. Paper, printing gaps, ink traces and show-through from writing on the reverse remain unchanged. The facsimile is a historical image reference, not a tool or engraving path; manufacture requires separately checked contour preparation. The two large triangular strokes have not been reshaped into a symmetrical generic hexagram.
Source location: Wellcome MS 4659, handwritten p. 30; image 0217; Canvas 206 of 276; specific individual drawing
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Pseudo-Solomon, La Clavicule ou Clef de Salomon, Wellcome MS 4659, Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts. Wellcome Collection, London, Werk hwqdep8w, Bildsatz b18712022. Public Domain Mark.
Source location: Wellcome MS 4659; work hwqdep8w; image set b18712022; mid-18th century; French
The current institutional record was read directly and archived. It confirms the specific historical work, its classification and the Public Domain Mark; no modern redrawing.
Source location: Wellcome MS 4659; work hwqdep8w; image set b18712022; mid-18th century; French
Manifest retrieved directly and archived. The specific Canvas identities, native image dimensions and PDM image rights were checked against unchanged full/full JPEGs. Manuscript page numbers come from the images actually viewed, not from a modern pentacle numbering system.
Source location: MS 4659; image 0217; Canvas 206 of 276
The specific original page was viewed as a complete native institutional JPEG; the image file was archived unchanged. Attribution and crop were also checked visually.
Pentacle: eight arms on a central ring – MS.4662, p. 149, top right
Original image · source evidence
Historical angel pentacle
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition French-language manuscript; current holding in London · Late 18th century (institutional dating)
An empty central ring is surrounded by eight arms with differently shaped ends; small crosses, angles and loops remain exactly as they appear in the source. Numbered circular figures from a French-language ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. The use of this individual sign as a worn amulet, or any specific actual effect, has not been demonstrated.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition
Region
French-language manuscript; current holding in London
Date of the evidence
Late 18th century (institutional dating)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
An empty central ring is surrounded by eight arms with differently shaped ends; small crosses, angles and loops remain exactly as they appear in the source. Numbered circular figures from a French-language ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. The use of this individual sign as a worn amulet, or any specific actual effect, has not been demonstrated.
Historically recorded use
Numbered circular figures in a French-language ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. An individually worn amulet or any specific actual effect of this individual sign has not been established.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
An additional localised component of the same late-18th-century manuscript witness as the 30 figures already catalogued; not a new universal basic motif or an independent tradition. The institutional dating applies to the manuscript, not to separately dated individual drawings. The uncertain title annotation 1790? and apparently later pencil notes do not establish a secure year of copying. Black number: 38. Pencil number: 39. Red inner marks and inner numbers remain distinct from these; the selection position is not a historical figure number.
Before designing
Complete selected circular figure, including its associated black inscription and visible correction marks, in the unchanged native full-sheet JPEG. The six rectangles on each side are disjoint. Holes, stains, show-through and historical losses are retained. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Additional located component of the same late 18th-century manuscript witness as the 30 figures already recorded; not a new universal basic motif and not a new independent tradition. The institutional dating applies to the manuscript, not to separately dated individual drawings. The uncertain title annotation 1790? and later-looking pencil notes do not establish a secure year of copying. Black number: 38. Pencil number: 39. Red inner marks and inner numbers remain separate from these; the selection position is not a historical figure number. Complete selected circular figure, including its associated black lettering and visible correction traces, in the unaltered native full-sheet JPEG. The six rectangles on each side are disjoint. Holes, stains, show-through and historical losses are retained. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Additional located component of the same late 18th-century manuscript witness as the 30 figures already recorded; not a new universal basic motif and not a new independent tradition. The institutional dating applies to the manuscript, not to separately dated individual drawings. The uncertain title annotation 1790? and later-looking pencil notes do not establish a secure year of copying. Black number: 38. Pencil number: 39. Red inner marks and inner numbers remain separate from these; the selection position is not a historical figure number. Complete selected circular figure, including its associated black lettering and visible correction traces, in the unaltered native full-sheet JPEG. The six rectangles on each side are disjoint. Holes, stains, show-through and historical losses are retained. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.4662; visible p. 149; canvas position 154/176; top right; black number 38.
Source location: 176 canvases; individual PDM licence at manifest level
The exact DigitalLocation and specific manifest bind the image services. The Canvas objects contain no additional separate licence field; the rights are inherited from the manifest.
Source location: Title page; canvas position 6/176
Freshly retrieved and actually individually inspected native full-page JPEG bytes; no local raster re-encoding. The pencil annotation 1790? is not a confirmed copying date.
Source location: End of preface and table of contents; Canvas position 11/176
Freshly retrieved, individually inspected native whole-page JPEG bytes; no local raster re-encoding. The preface names Secret des Secrets de Tozgraec; no confirmed historical authorship by Solomon.
Source location: visible p. 149; Canvas position 154/176
Freshly retrieved and individually viewed native full-sheet JPEG bytes; no local raster conversion. Six localised red circular figures with black names/numbers and partly differing pencil notes. The layers remain separate.
Pentacle: eight arms with loop and line ends – MS.4662, p. 25, bottom left
Original image · source evidence
Historical angel pentacle
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition French-language manuscript; current holding in London · Late 18th century (institutional dating)
Eight arms extend from a small centre; loops, crosses and parallel groups of strokes distinguish their ends. Numbered circular figures from a French-language ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. An individually worn amulet or any specific actual effect of this individual sign is not attested.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition
Region
French-language manuscript; current holding in London
Date of the evidence
Late 18th century (institutional dating)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Eight arms extend from a small centre; loops, crosses and parallel groups of strokes distinguish their ends. Numbered circular figures from a French-language ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. An individually worn amulet or any specific actual effect of this individual sign is not attested.
Historically recorded use
Numbered circular figures in a French-language ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. An individually worn amulet or any specific actual effect of this individual sign has not been established.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Additional localised component of the same late-18th-century manuscript witness as the 30 figures already catalogued; not a new universal basic motif and not a new independent tradition. The institutional dating applies to the manuscript, not to separately dated individual drawings. The uncertain title annotation 1790? and pencil notes that appear later do not establish a secure year of copying. Black number: 36?. No additional pencil number is transcribed as certain. The red internal signs and internal numbers remain distinct from this; the selection position is not a historical figure number. The incidental reading of the name remains partly uncertain; a modern angel list does not replace the original wording.
Before designing
Complete selected circular figure, including its associated black inscription and visible correction marks, in the unchanged native full-sheet JPEG. The six rectangles on each side are disjoint. Holes, stains, show-through and historical losses are retained. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Additional localised component of the same late-18th-century manuscript witness as the 30 figures already catalogued; not a new universal underlying motif or an independent tradition. The institutional dating applies to the manuscript, not to separately dated individual drawings. The uncertain title annotation 1790? and apparently later pencil notes do not establish a definite copying date. Black number: 36?. No additional definite pencil number is transcribed. Red internal marks and inner numbers remain separate from these; the selection position is not a historical figure number. The incidental reading of the name remains partly uncertain; a modern list of angels does not replace the original wording. Complete selected circular figure, including its associated black inscription and visible correction traces, in the unaltered native full-sheet JPEG. The six rectangles on each side are disjoint. Holes, stains, show-through and historical losses are retained. No new lines or outline, and no manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Additional localised component of the same late-18th-century manuscript witness as the 30 figures already catalogued; not a new universal underlying motif or an independent tradition. The institutional dating applies to the manuscript, not to separately dated individual drawings. The uncertain title annotation 1790? and apparently later pencil notes do not establish a definite copying date. Black number: 36?. No additional definite pencil number is transcribed. Red internal marks and inner numbers remain separate from these; the selection position is not a historical figure number. The incidental reading of the name remains partly uncertain; a modern list of angels does not replace the original wording. Complete selected circular figure, including its associated black inscription and visible correction traces, in the unaltered native full-sheet JPEG. The six rectangles on each side are disjoint. Holes, stains, show-through and historical losses are retained. No new lines or outline, and no manufacturing approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.4662; visible p. 25; Canvas position 30/176; bottom left; black number 36?.
Source location: 176 canvases; individual PDM licence at manifest level
The exact DigitalLocation and specific manifest bind the image services. The Canvas objects contain no additional separate licence field; the rights are inherited from the manifest.
Source location: Title page; canvas position 6/176
Freshly retrieved and actually individually inspected native full-page JPEG bytes; no local raster re-encoding. The pencil annotation 1790? is not a confirmed copying date.
Source location: End of preface and table of contents; Canvas position 11/176
Freshly retrieved, individually inspected native whole-page JPEG bytes; no local raster re-encoding. The preface names Secret des Secrets de Tozgraec; no confirmed historical authorship by Solomon.
Source location: Visible p. 25; Canvas position 30/176
Freshly retrieved and individually viewed native full-sheet JPEG bytes; no local raster conversion. Six localised red circular figures with black names/numbers and partly differing pencil notes. The layers remain separate.
Pentacle: Eight arms with two broad crosses – MS.4662, p. 157, top right
Original image · source evidence
Historical angel pentacle
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition French-language manuscript; current holding in London · Late 18th century (institutional dating)
Eight lines meet at the centre; broad crosses are above and below, with letter-like and angular characters at the sides. Numbered circular figures from a French-language ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. An individually worn amulet or a particular actual effect of this individual sign is not evidenced.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition
Region
French-language manuscript; current holding in London
Date of the evidence
Late 18th century (institutional dating)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Eight lines meet at the centre; broad crosses are above and below, with letter-like and angular characters at the sides. Numbered circular figures from a French-language ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. An individually worn amulet or a particular actual effect of this individual sign is not evidenced.
Historically recorded use
Numbered circular figures in a French-language ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. An individually worn amulet or any specific actual effect of this individual sign has not been established.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Additional localised component of the same late-18th-century manuscript witness as the 30 figures already recorded; not a new universal basic motif or a new independent tradition. The institutional dating applies to the manuscript, not to separately dated individual drawings. The uncertain title annotation 1790? and pencil notes that appear later do not establish a copying year. Black number: 67. No additional pencil number is transcribed as certain. Red inner signs and inner numbers remain distinct from these; the selection position is not a historical figure number.
Before designing
Complete selected circular figure, including its associated black inscription and visible correction marks, in the unchanged native full-sheet JPEG. The six rectangles on each side are disjoint. Holes, stains, show-through and historical losses are retained. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Additional localised component of the same late-18th-century manuscript witness as the 30 figures already recorded; not a new universal basic motif and not a new independent tradition. The institutional dating applies to the manuscript, not to separately dated individual drawings. The uncertain title annotation 1790? and later-looking pencil notes do not establish a secure copying year. Black number: 67. No additional pencil number is transcribed as certain. Red inner signs and inner numbers remain separate from these; the selection position is not a historical figure number. Complete selected circular figure, including its associated black inscription and visible correction marks, in the unmodified native full-sheet JPEG. The six rectangles on each side are disjoint. Holes, stains, show-through and historical losses are retained. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Additional localised component of the same late-18th-century manuscript witness as the 30 figures already recorded; not a new universal basic motif and not a new independent tradition. The institutional dating applies to the manuscript, not to separately dated individual drawings. The uncertain title annotation 1790? and later-looking pencil notes do not establish a secure copying year. Black number: 67. No additional pencil number is transcribed as certain. Red inner signs and inner numbers remain separate from these; the selection position is not a historical figure number. Complete selected circular figure, including its associated black inscription and visible correction marks, in the unmodified native full-sheet JPEG. The six rectangles on each side are disjoint. Holes, stains, show-through and historical losses are retained. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.4662; visible p. 157; Canvas position 162/176; top right; black number 67.
Source location: 176 canvases; individual PDM licence at manifest level
The exact DigitalLocation and specific manifest bind the image services. The Canvas objects contain no additional separate licence field; the rights are inherited from the manifest.
Source location: Title page; canvas position 6/176
Freshly retrieved and actually individually inspected native full-page JPEG bytes; no local raster re-encoding. The pencil annotation 1790? is not a confirmed copying date.
Source location: End of preface and table of contents; Canvas position 11/176
Freshly retrieved, individually inspected native whole-page JPEG bytes; no local raster re-encoding. The preface names Secret des Secrets de Tozgraec; no confirmed historical authorship by Solomon.
Source location: Visible p. 157; Canvas position 162/176
Freshly retrieved and individually viewed native full-sheet JPEG bytes; no local raster conversion. Six localised red circular figures with black names/numbers and partly differing pencil notes. The layers remain separate.
Pentacle: eight-pointed star with F and character forms – MS.4662, p. 151, top right
Original image · source evidence
Historical angel pentacle
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition French-language manuscript; current holding in London · Late 18th century (institutional dating)
Eight narrow lines meet at a point; at their ends appear an F, a small loop, angles and other character forms. Numbered circular figures in a French-language ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. Use as an individually worn amulet or any specific actual effect of this individual sign is not attested.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition
Region
French-language manuscript; current holding in London
Date of the evidence
Late 18th century (institutional dating)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Eight narrow lines meet at a point; at their ends appear an F, a small loop, angles and other character forms. Numbered circular figures in a French-language ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. Use as an individually worn amulet or any specific actual effect of this individual sign is not attested.
Historically recorded use
Numbered circular figures in a French-language ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. An individually worn amulet or any specific actual effect of this individual sign has not been established.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Additional localised component of the same late-18th-century manuscript witness as the 30 figures already recorded; not a new universal basic motif and not a new independent tradition. The institutional dating applies to the manuscript, not to separately dated individual drawings. The uncertain title annotation 1790? and later-looking pencil notes do not establish a secure copying date. Black number: 44. Pencil number: 49. Red inner signs and inner numbers remain distinct from these; the selection position is not a historical figure number. The incidental reading of the name remains partly uncertain; a modern list of angels does not replace the original wording.
Before designing
Complete selected circular figure, including its associated black inscription and visible correction marks, in the unchanged native full-sheet JPEG. The six rectangles on each side are disjoint. Holes, stains, show-through and historical losses are retained. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Additional localised component of the same late-18th-century manuscript witness as the 30 figures already recorded; not a new universal basic motif or a new independent tradition. The institutional dating applies to the manuscript, not to separately dated individual drawings. The uncertain title annotation 1790? and later-looking pencil notes do not establish a secure copying year. Black number: 44. Pencil number: 49. Red inner signs and inner numbers remain distinct from these; the selection position is not a historical figure number. The incidental reading of the name remains partly uncertain; a modern list of angels does not replace the original wording. Complete selected circular figure, including its associated black labelling and visible correction marks, in the unaltered native full-sheet JPEG. The six rectangles on each side are disjoint. Holes, stains, show-through and historical losses are retained. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Additional localised component of the same late-18th-century manuscript witness as the 30 figures already recorded; not a new universal basic motif or a new independent tradition. The institutional dating applies to the manuscript, not to separately dated individual drawings. The uncertain title annotation 1790? and later-looking pencil notes do not establish a secure copying year. Black number: 44. Pencil number: 49. Red inner signs and inner numbers remain distinct from these; the selection position is not a historical figure number. The incidental reading of the name remains partly uncertain; a modern list of angels does not replace the original wording. Complete selected circular figure, including its associated black labelling and visible correction marks, in the unaltered native full-sheet JPEG. The six rectangles on each side are disjoint. Holes, stains, show-through and historical losses are retained. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.4662; visible p. 151; Canvas position 156/176; top right; black number 44.
Source location: 176 canvases; individual PDM licence at manifest level
The exact DigitalLocation and specific manifest bind the image services. The Canvas objects contain no additional separate licence field; the rights are inherited from the manifest.
Source location: Title page; canvas position 6/176
Freshly retrieved and actually individually inspected native full-page JPEG bytes; no local raster re-encoding. The pencil annotation 1790? is not a confirmed copying date.
Source location: End of preface and table of contents; Canvas position 11/176
Freshly retrieved, individually inspected native whole-page JPEG bytes; no local raster re-encoding. The preface names Secret des Secrets de Tozgraec; no confirmed historical authorship by Solomon.
Source location: visible p. 151; Canvas position 156/176
Freshly retrieved and individually viewed native full-sheet JPEG bytes; no local raster conversion. Six localised red circular figures with black names/numbers and partly differing pencil notes. The layers remain separate.
Pentacle: Broad cross with C and R – MS.4662, p. 155, centre right
Original image · source evidence
Historical angel pentacle
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition French-language manuscript; current holding in London · Late 18th century (institutional dating)
A broadly drawn red crossbar divides the inner circle; the letter forms C and R stand on the right. Numbered circular figures from a French-language ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. An individually worn amulet or a specific actual effect of this individual sign is not attested.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition
Region
French-language manuscript; current holding in London
Date of the evidence
Late 18th century (institutional dating)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A broadly drawn red crossbar divides the inner circle; the letter forms C and R stand on the right. Numbered circular figures from a French-language ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. An individually worn amulet or a specific actual effect of this individual sign is not attested.
Historically recorded use
Numbered circular figures in a French-language ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. An individually worn amulet or any specific actual effect of this individual sign has not been established.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Additional located component of the same manuscript witness dating from the late 18th century as the 30 figures already recorded; not a new universal basic motif and not a new independent tradition. The institutional dating applies to the manuscript, not to separately dated individual drawings. The uncertain title annotation 1790? and later-looking pencil notes do not establish a secure copying year. Black number: 58. Pencil number: 63. The red inner signs and inner numbers remain separate from these; the selection position is not a historical figure number. The incidental reading of the name remains partly uncertain; a modern list of angels does not replace the original wording.
Before designing
Complete selected circular figure, including its associated black labelling and visible correction marks, in the unchanged native full-sheet JPEG. The six rectangles on each side are disjoint. Holes, stains, show-through and historical losses are retained. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval. Crop extended downwards on 13.10.2026 to image coordinate 4370 so that the lower outer circle is fully retained; original image pixels unchanged.
Research draft. Additional localised component of the same late-18th-century manuscript witness as the 30 figures already recorded; not a new universal basic motif or a new independent tradition. The institutional dating applies to the manuscript, not to separately dated individual drawings. The uncertain title annotation 1790? and later-looking pencil notes do not establish a secure copying year. Black number: 58. Pencil number: 63. The red internal marks and internal numbers remain distinct from these; the selection position is not a historical figure number. The incidental reading of the name remains partly uncertain; a modern list of angels does not replace the original wording. Complete selected circular figure, including its associated black caption and visible correction marks, in the unchanged native full-sheet JPEG. The six rectangles on each side are disjoint. Holes, stains, show-through and historical losses are retained. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval. On 13.10.2026, the crop was extended downwards to image coordinate 4370 so that the lower outer circle would be preserved in full; the original image pixels are unchanged. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Additional localised component of the same late-18th-century manuscript witness as the 30 figures already recorded; not a new universal basic motif or a new independent tradition. The institutional dating applies to the manuscript, not to separately dated individual drawings. The uncertain title annotation 1790? and later-looking pencil notes do not establish a secure copying year. Black number: 58. Pencil number: 63. The red internal marks and internal numbers remain distinct from these; the selection position is not a historical figure number. The incidental reading of the name remains partly uncertain; a modern list of angels does not replace the original wording. Complete selected circular figure, including its associated black caption and visible correction marks, in the unchanged native full-sheet JPEG. The six rectangles on each side are disjoint. Holes, stains, show-through and historical losses are retained. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval. On 13.10.2026, the crop was extended downwards to image coordinate 4370 so that the lower outer circle would be preserved in full; the original image pixels are unchanged.
Source location: Wellcome MS.4662; visible p. 155; Canvas position 160/176; centre right; black number 58.
Source location: 176 canvases; individual PDM licence at manifest level
The exact DigitalLocation and specific manifest bind the image services. The Canvas objects contain no additional separate licence field; the rights are inherited from the manifest.
Source location: Title page; canvas position 6/176
Freshly retrieved and actually individually inspected native full-page JPEG bytes; no local raster re-encoding. The pencil annotation 1790? is not a confirmed copying date.
Source location: End of preface and table of contents; Canvas position 11/176
Freshly retrieved, individually inspected native whole-page JPEG bytes; no local raster re-encoding. The preface names Secret des Secrets de Tozgraec; no confirmed historical authorship by Solomon.
Source location: visible p. 155; Canvas position 160/176
Freshly retrieved and individually viewed native full-sheet JPEG bytes; no local raster conversion. Six localised red circular figures with black names/numbers and partly differing pencil notes. The layers remain separate.
Pentacle: bearded face in a double circle – MS.4662, p. 153, centre left
Original image · source evidence
Historical angel pentacle
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition French-language manuscript; current holding in London · Late 18th century (institutional dating)
A frontally drawn bearded face appears in the inner circle. The facial features, hair and beard are retained as a historical drawing, without adding an unsupported personal identity. Numbered circular figures from a French-language ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. The use of this individual sign as a worn amulet, or any particular actual effect of it, has not been demonstrated.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition
Region
French-language manuscript; current holding in London
Date of the evidence
Late 18th century (institutional dating)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A frontally drawn bearded face appears in the inner circle. The facial features, hair and beard are retained as a historical drawing, without adding an unsupported personal identity. Numbered circular figures from a French-language ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. The use of this individual sign as a worn amulet, or any particular actual effect of it, has not been demonstrated.
Historically recorded use
Numbered circular figures in a French-language ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. An individually worn amulet or any specific actual effect of this individual sign has not been established.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Additional localised component of the same late-18th-century manuscript witness as the 30 figures already recorded; not a new universal basic motif or a new independent tradition. The institutional dating applies to the manuscript, not to separately dated individual drawings. The uncertain title annotation 1790? and pencil notes that appear later do not establish a secure copying year. Black number: 56. No additional pencil number is transcribed with certainty. Red interior marks and inner numbers are kept separate from these; the selection position is not a historical figure number.
Before designing
Complete selected circular figure, including its associated black inscription and visible correction marks, in the unchanged native full-sheet JPEG. The six rectangles on each side are disjoint. Holes, stains, show-through and historical losses are retained. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. An additional localised component of the same late-18th-century manuscript witness as the 30 figures already catalogued; not a new universal base motif or a new independent tradition. The institutional dating applies to the manuscript, not to separately dated individual drawings. The uncertain title annotation 1790? and later-looking pencil notes do not establish a secure year of copying. Black number: 56. No additional secure pencil number is transcribed. Red internal marks and internal numbers remain separate from this; the selection position is not a historical figure number. Complete selected circular figure, including its associated black inscription and visible correction marks, in the unchanged native full-sheet JPEG. The six rectangles on each side are disjoint. Holes, stains, show-through and historical losses are retained. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: An additional localised component of the same late-18th-century manuscript witness as the 30 figures already catalogued; not a new universal base motif or a new independent tradition. The institutional dating applies to the manuscript, not to separately dated individual drawings. The uncertain title annotation 1790? and later-looking pencil notes do not establish a secure year of copying. Black number: 56. No additional secure pencil number is transcribed. Red internal marks and internal numbers remain separate from this; the selection position is not a historical figure number. Complete selected circular figure, including its associated black inscription and visible correction marks, in the unchanged native full-sheet JPEG. The six rectangles on each side are disjoint. Holes, stains, show-through and historical losses are retained. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.4662; visible p. 153; Canvas position 158/176; middle left; black number 56.
Source location: 176 canvases; individual PDM licence at manifest level
The exact DigitalLocation and specific manifest bind the image services. The Canvas objects contain no additional separate licence field; the rights are inherited from the manifest.
Source location: Title page; canvas position 6/176
Freshly retrieved and actually individually inspected native full-page JPEG bytes; no local raster re-encoding. The pencil annotation 1790? is not a confirmed copying date.
Source location: End of preface and table of contents; Canvas position 11/176
Freshly retrieved, individually inspected native whole-page JPEG bytes; no local raster re-encoding. The preface names Secret des Secrets de Tozgraec; no confirmed historical authorship by Solomon.
Source location: visible p. 153; Canvas position 158/176
Freshly retrieved and individually viewed native full-sheet JPEG bytes; no local raster conversion. Six localised red circular figures with black names/numbers and partly differing pencil notes. The layers remain separate.
Pentacle: three-armed staff with red number 13 – MS.4662, p. 149, centre left
Original image · source evidence
Historical angel pentacle
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition French-language manuscript; current holding in London · Late 18th century (institutional dating)
A horizontal rod with differently shaped ends carries an arm with a cross pointing upwards; the red number 13 is in the upper left of the interior field. Numbered circular figures from a French-language ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. No evidence has been found for this individual sign being worn as an amulet or having any particular actual effect.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition
Region
French-language manuscript; current holding in London
Date of the evidence
Late 18th century (institutional dating)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A horizontal rod with differently shaped ends carries an arm with a cross pointing upwards; the red number 13 is in the upper left of the interior field. Numbered circular figures from a French-language ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. No evidence has been found for this individual sign being worn as an amulet or having any particular actual effect.
Historically recorded use
Numbered circular figures in a French-language ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. An individually worn amulet or any specific actual effect of this individual sign has not been established.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
An additional localised component of the same manuscript witness dating from the late 18th century as the 30 figures already recorded; not a new universal basic motif and not a new independent tradition. The institutional dating applies to the manuscript, not to separately dated individual drawings. The uncertain title annotation 1790? and pencil notes that appear later do not establish a secure year of copying. Black number: 39. Pencil number: 40. The red inner marks and inner numbers remain distinct from these; the selection position is not a historical figure number. The incidental reading of the name remains partly uncertain; a modern list of angels does not replace the original wording. The red inner number 13 is not equated with black lettering or pencil numbering.
Before designing
Complete selected circular figure, including its associated black inscription and visible correction marks, in the unchanged native full-sheet JPEG. The six rectangles on each side are disjoint. Holes, stains, show-through and historical losses are retained. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Additional localised component of the same late-18th-century manuscript witness as the 30 figures already catalogued; not a new universal basic motif and not a new independent tradition. The institutional dating applies to the manuscript, not to separately dated individual drawings. The uncertain title annotation 1790? and later-looking pencil notes do not establish a secure copying date. Black number: 39. Pencil number: 40. Red inner marks and inner numbers remain distinct from these; the selection position is not a historical figure number. The incidental reading of the name remains partly uncertain; a modern list of angels does not replace the original wording. The red inner number 13 is not equated with black lettering or pencil numbering. Complete selected circular figure, including its associated black lettering and visible correction marks, in the unchanged native whole-page JPEG. The six rectangles on each side are disjoint. Holes, stains, show-through and historical losses are retained. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Additional localised component of the same late-18th-century manuscript witness as the 30 figures already catalogued; not a new universal basic motif and not a new independent tradition. The institutional dating applies to the manuscript, not to separately dated individual drawings. The uncertain title annotation 1790? and later-looking pencil notes do not establish a secure copying date. Black number: 39. Pencil number: 40. Red inner marks and inner numbers remain distinct from these; the selection position is not a historical figure number. The incidental reading of the name remains partly uncertain; a modern list of angels does not replace the original wording. The red inner number 13 is not equated with black lettering or pencil numbering. Complete selected circular figure, including its associated black lettering and visible correction marks, in the unchanged native whole-page JPEG. The six rectangles on each side are disjoint. Holes, stains, show-through and historical losses are retained. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.4662; visible p. 149; Canvas position 154/176; centre left; black number 39.
Source location: 176 canvases; individual PDM licence at manifest level
The exact DigitalLocation and specific manifest bind the image services. The Canvas objects contain no additional separate licence field; the rights are inherited from the manifest.
Source location: Title page; canvas position 6/176
Freshly retrieved and actually individually inspected native full-page JPEG bytes; no local raster re-encoding. The pencil annotation 1790? is not a confirmed copying date.
Source location: End of preface and table of contents; Canvas position 11/176
Freshly retrieved, individually inspected native whole-page JPEG bytes; no local raster re-encoding. The preface names Secret des Secrets de Tozgraec; no confirmed historical authorship by Solomon.
Source location: visible p. 149; Canvas position 154/176
Freshly retrieved and individually viewed native full-sheet JPEG bytes; no local raster conversion. Six localised red circular figures with black names/numbers and partly differing pencil notes. The layers remain separate.
Pentacle: thin cross with two upper letters – MS.4662, p. 153, bottom left
Original image · source evidence
Historical angel pentacle
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition French-language manuscript; current holding in London · Late 18th century (institutional dating)
A narrow cross divides the central field; two red letter forms appear at the top, and the axis ends in a wedge shape at the bottom. Numbered circular figures in a French-language ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. Use as an individually worn amulet or any specific actual effect of this individual sign has not been demonstrated.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition
Region
French-language manuscript; current holding in London
Date of the evidence
Late 18th century (institutional dating)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A narrow cross divides the central field; two red letter forms appear at the top, and the axis ends in a wedge shape at the bottom. Numbered circular figures in a French-language ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. Use as an individually worn amulet or any specific actual effect of this individual sign has not been demonstrated.
Historically recorded use
Numbered circular figures in a French-language ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. An individually worn amulet or any specific actual effect of this individual sign has not been established.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
An additional located component of the same late-18th-century manuscript witness as the 30 figures already recorded; not a new universal basic motif or a new independent tradition. The institutional dating applies to the manuscript, not to separately dated individual drawings. The uncertain title annotation 1790? and pencil notes that appear later do not establish a secure copying year. Black number: 58. No securely identified additional pencil number is transcribed. Red internal marks and internal numbers remain distinct from these; the selection position is not a historical figure number. The incidental reading of the name remains partly uncertain; a modern list of angels does not replace the original wording.
Before designing
Complete selected circular figure, including its associated black inscription and visible correction marks, in the unchanged native full-sheet JPEG. The six rectangles on each side are disjoint. Holes, stains, show-through and historical losses are retained. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Additional localised component of the same late-18th-century manuscript witness as the 30 figures already recorded; not a new universal basic motif and not a new independent tradition. The institutional dating applies to the manuscript, not to separately dated individual drawings. The uncertain title annotation 1790? and pencil notes that appear later do not establish a secure copying year. Black number: 58. No additional pencil number is transcribed with certainty. Red interior signs and interior numbers remain distinct from these; the selection position is not a historical figure number. The incidental reading of the name remains partly uncertain; a modern list of angels does not replace the original wording. Complete selected circular figure, including its associated black label and visible correction marks, in the unchanged native full-page JPEG. The six rectangles on each side are disjoint. Holes, stains, show-through and historical losses are retained. No new lines, outline or approval for manufacture. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Additional localised component of the same late-18th-century manuscript witness as the 30 figures already recorded; not a new universal basic motif and not a new independent tradition. The institutional dating applies to the manuscript, not to separately dated individual drawings. The uncertain title annotation 1790? and pencil notes that appear later do not establish a secure copying year. Black number: 58. No additional pencil number is transcribed with certainty. Red interior signs and interior numbers remain distinct from these; the selection position is not a historical figure number. The incidental reading of the name remains partly uncertain; a modern list of angels does not replace the original wording. Complete selected circular figure, including its associated black label and visible correction marks, in the unchanged native full-page JPEG. The six rectangles on each side are disjoint. Holes, stains, show-through and historical losses are retained. No new lines, outline or approval for manufacture.
Source location: Wellcome MS.4662; visible p. 153; canvas position 158/176; bottom left; black number 58.
Source location: 176 canvases; individual PDM licence at manifest level
The exact DigitalLocation and specific manifest bind the image services. The Canvas objects contain no additional separate licence field; the rights are inherited from the manifest.
Source location: Title page; canvas position 6/176
Freshly retrieved and actually individually inspected native full-page JPEG bytes; no local raster re-encoding. The pencil annotation 1790? is not a confirmed copying date.
Source location: End of preface and table of contents; Canvas position 11/176
Freshly retrieved, individually inspected native whole-page JPEG bytes; no local raster re-encoding. The preface names Secret des Secrets de Tozgraec; no confirmed historical authorship by Solomon.
Source location: visible p. 153; Canvas position 158/176
Freshly retrieved and individually viewed native full-sheet JPEG bytes; no local raster conversion. Six localised red circular figures with black names/numbers and partly differing pencil notes. The layers remain separate.
Pentacle: Thin inscribed cross in a circle – MS.4662, p. 155, top left
Original image · source evidence
Historical angel pentacle
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition French-language manuscript; current holding in London · Late 18th century (institutional dating)
A narrow cross divides the inner field into four areas containing letter and stroke forms; dark gaps in the source at the upper edge of the circle remain visible. Numbered circular figures in a French-language ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. No evidence establishes that this individual sign was worn as an amulet or had any particular actual effect.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition
Region
French-language manuscript; current holding in London
Date of the evidence
Late 18th century (institutional dating)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A narrow cross divides the inner field into four areas containing letter and stroke forms; dark gaps in the source at the upper edge of the circle remain visible. Numbered circular figures in a French-language ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. No evidence establishes that this individual sign was worn as an amulet or had any particular actual effect.
Historically recorded use
Numbered circular figures in a French-language ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. An individually worn amulet or any specific actual effect of this individual sign has not been established.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Additional localised component of the same late-18th-century manuscript witness as the 30 figures already recorded; not a new universal basic motif or a new independent tradition. The institutional dating applies to the manuscript, not to separately dated individual drawings. The uncertain title annotation 1790? and apparently later pencil notes do not establish a secure copying year. Black number: 55. Pencil number: 60. The red inner marks and internal numbers remain distinct from these; the selection position is not a historical figure number. The incidental reading of the name remains partly uncertain; a modern list of angels does not replace the original wording.
Before designing
Complete selected circular figure including its associated black lettering and visible correction marks in the unchanged native full-sheet JPEG. The six rectangles on each side are disjoint. Holes, stains, show-through and historical losses are retained. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval. Crop extended upwards on 13.10.2026 to retain the pencil number 60 in full; original image pixels unchanged.
Research draft. An additional localised component of the same manuscript witness from the late 18th century as the 30 figures already recorded; not a new universal underlying motif or a new independent tradition. The institutional dating applies to the manuscript, not to separately dated individual drawings. The uncertain title annotation 1790? and later-looking pencil notes do not establish a secure year of copying. Black number: 55. Pencil number: 60. The red internal marks and inner numbers remain distinct from these; the selection position is not a historical figure number. The incidental reading of the name remains partly uncertain; a modern list of angels does not replace the original wording. Complete selected circular figure, including its associated black inscription and visible correction marks, in the unaltered native full-page JPEG. The six rectangles on each side are disjoint. Holes, stains, show-through and historical losses are retained. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval. Crop extended upwards on 13.10.2026 to retain the pencil number 60 in full; original image pixels unchanged. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: An additional localised component of the same manuscript witness from the late 18th century as the 30 figures already recorded; not a new universal underlying motif or a new independent tradition. The institutional dating applies to the manuscript, not to separately dated individual drawings. The uncertain title annotation 1790? and later-looking pencil notes do not establish a secure year of copying. Black number: 55. Pencil number: 60. The red internal marks and inner numbers remain distinct from these; the selection position is not a historical figure number. The incidental reading of the name remains partly uncertain; a modern list of angels does not replace the original wording. Complete selected circular figure, including its associated black inscription and visible correction marks, in the unaltered native full-page JPEG. The six rectangles on each side are disjoint. Holes, stains, show-through and historical losses are retained. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval. Crop extended upwards on 13.10.2026 to retain the pencil number 60 in full; original image pixels unchanged.
Source location: Wellcome MS.4662; visible p. 155; Canvas position 160/176; top left; black number 55.
Source location: 176 canvases; individual PDM licence at manifest level
The exact DigitalLocation and specific manifest bind the image services. The Canvas objects contain no additional separate licence field; the rights are inherited from the manifest.
Source location: Title page; canvas position 6/176
Freshly retrieved and actually individually inspected native full-page JPEG bytes; no local raster re-encoding. The pencil annotation 1790? is not a confirmed copying date.
Source location: End of preface and table of contents; Canvas position 11/176
Freshly retrieved, individually inspected native whole-page JPEG bytes; no local raster re-encoding. The preface names Secret des Secrets de Tozgraec; no confirmed historical authorship by Solomon.
Source location: visible p. 155; Canvas position 160/176
Freshly retrieved and individually viewed native full-sheet JPEG bytes; no local raster conversion. Six localised red circular figures with black names/numbers and partly differing pencil notes. The layers remain separate.
Pentacle: curved character between two crosses – MS.4662, p. 155, centre left
Original image · source evidence
Historical angel pentacle
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition French-language manuscript; current holding in London · Late 18th century (institutional dating)
A form with a rounded upper curve and curled ends stands between an upper and a lower cross. Numbered circular figures from a French-language ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. No evidence establishes that this individual sign was worn as an amulet or had any particular actual effect.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition
Region
French-language manuscript; current holding in London
Date of the evidence
Late 18th century (institutional dating)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A form with a rounded upper curve and curled ends stands between an upper and a lower cross. Numbered circular figures from a French-language ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. No evidence establishes that this individual sign was worn as an amulet or had any particular actual effect.
Historically recorded use
Numbered circular figures in a French-language ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. An individually worn amulet or any specific actual effect of this individual sign has not been established.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Additional localised component from the same late 18th-century manuscript witness as the 30 figures already recorded; not a new universal base motif or a new independent tradition. The institutional dating applies to the manuscript, not to separately dated individual drawings. The uncertain title annotation 1790? and later-looking pencil notes do not establish a secure copying year. Black number: 57. Pencil number: 62. The red interior signs and inner numbers remain distinct from these; the selection position is not a historical figure number. The incidental reading of the name remains partly uncertain; a modern angel list does not replace the original wording.
Before designing
Complete selected circular figure, including its associated black inscription and visible correction marks, in the unchanged native full-sheet JPEG. The six rectangles on each side are disjoint. Holes, stains, show-through and historical losses are retained. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Additional localised component of the same late-18th-century manuscript witness as the 30 figures already recorded; not a new universal foundational motif and not a new independent tradition. The institutional dating applies to the manuscript, not to individually dated drawings. The uncertain title annotation 1790? and pencil notes that appear later do not establish a definite year of copying. Black number: 57. Pencil number: 62. Red inner marks and inner numbers remain distinct from these; the selection position is not a historical figure number. The incidental reading of the name remains partly uncertain; a modern list of angels does not replace the original wording. Complete selected circular figure, including its associated black inscription and visible correction marks, in the unaltered native full-page JPEG. The six rectangles on each side are disjoint. Holes, stains, show-through and historical losses remain. No new lines or outline, and no manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Additional localised component of the same late-18th-century manuscript witness as the 30 figures already recorded; not a new universal foundational motif and not a new independent tradition. The institutional dating applies to the manuscript, not to individually dated drawings. The uncertain title annotation 1790? and pencil notes that appear later do not establish a definite year of copying. Black number: 57. Pencil number: 62. Red inner marks and inner numbers remain distinct from these; the selection position is not a historical figure number. The incidental reading of the name remains partly uncertain; a modern list of angels does not replace the original wording. Complete selected circular figure, including its associated black inscription and visible correction marks, in the unaltered native full-page JPEG. The six rectangles on each side are disjoint. Holes, stains, show-through and historical losses remain. No new lines or outline, and no manufacturing approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.4662; visible p. 155; canvas position 160/176; centre left; black number 57.
Source location: 176 canvases; individual PDM licence at manifest level
The exact DigitalLocation and specific manifest bind the image services. The Canvas objects contain no additional separate licence field; the rights are inherited from the manifest.
Source location: Title page; canvas position 6/176
Freshly retrieved and actually individually inspected native full-page JPEG bytes; no local raster re-encoding. The pencil annotation 1790? is not a confirmed copying date.
Source location: End of preface and table of contents; Canvas position 11/176
Freshly retrieved, individually inspected native whole-page JPEG bytes; no local raster re-encoding. The preface names Secret des Secrets de Tozgraec; no confirmed historical authorship by Solomon.
Source location: visible p. 155; Canvas position 160/176
Freshly retrieved and individually viewed native full-sheet JPEG bytes; no local raster conversion. Six localised red circular figures with black names/numbers and partly differing pencil notes. The layers remain separate.
Pentacle: cross with parallel border strokes – MS.4662, p. 157, top left
Original image · source evidence
Historical angel pentacle
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition French-language manuscript; current holding in London · Late 18th century (institutional dating)
A narrow cross bears several parallel crossbars at the top and on the left; curved end forms lie on the right and below. Numbered circular figures from a French-language ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. An individually worn amulet or any specific actual effect of this individual sign is not evidenced.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition
Region
French-language manuscript; current holding in London
Date of the evidence
Late 18th century (institutional dating)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A narrow cross bears several parallel crossbars at the top and on the left; curved end forms lie on the right and below. Numbered circular figures from a French-language ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. An individually worn amulet or any specific actual effect of this individual sign is not evidenced.
Historically recorded use
Numbered circular figures in a French-language ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. An individually worn amulet or any specific actual effect of this individual sign has not been established.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Additional localised component of the same late-18th-century manuscript witness as the 30 figures already recorded; not a new universal basic motif or a new independent tradition. The institutional dating applies to the manuscript, not to separately dated individual drawings. The uncertain title annotation 1790? and later-looking pencil notes do not establish a confirmed copying year. Black number: 66. No additional pencil number is transcribed as certain. Red internal marks and internal numbers remain distinct from these; the selection position is not a historical figure number. The incidental reading of the name remains partly uncertain; a modern list of angels does not replace the original wording.
Before designing
Complete selected circular figure, including its associated black inscription and visible correction marks, in the unchanged native full-sheet JPEG. The six rectangles on each side are disjoint. Holes, stains, show-through and historical losses are retained. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. An additional localised component of the same late-18th-century manuscript witness as the 30 figures already catalogued; not a new universal basic motif or an independent new tradition. The institutional dating applies to the manuscript, not to separately dated individual drawings. The uncertain title annotation 1790? and later-looking pencil notes do not establish a secure year of copying. Black number: 66. No additional pencil number is transcribed as certain. Red inner marks and internal numbers remain separate from these; the selection position is not a historical figure number. The incidental reading of the name remains partly uncertain; a modern list of angels does not replace the original wording. Complete selected circular figure, including associated black caption and visible correction traces, in the unchanged native full-sheet JPEG. The six rectangles on each side are disjoint. Holes, stains, show-through and historical gaps remain. No new lines, contour or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: An additional localised component of the same late-18th-century manuscript witness as the 30 figures already catalogued; not a new universal basic motif or an independent new tradition. The institutional dating applies to the manuscript, not to separately dated individual drawings. The uncertain title annotation 1790? and later-looking pencil notes do not establish a secure year of copying. Black number: 66. No additional pencil number is transcribed as certain. Red inner marks and internal numbers remain separate from these; the selection position is not a historical figure number. The incidental reading of the name remains partly uncertain; a modern list of angels does not replace the original wording. Complete selected circular figure, including associated black caption and visible correction traces, in the unchanged native full-sheet JPEG. The six rectangles on each side are disjoint. Holes, stains, show-through and historical gaps remain. No new lines, contour or manufacturing approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.4662; visible p. 157; Canvas position 162/176; top left; black number 66.
Source location: 176 canvases; individual PDM licence at manifest level
The exact DigitalLocation and specific manifest bind the image services. The Canvas objects contain no additional separate licence field; the rights are inherited from the manifest.
Source location: Title page; canvas position 6/176
Freshly retrieved and actually individually inspected native full-page JPEG bytes; no local raster re-encoding. The pencil annotation 1790? is not a confirmed copying date.
Source location: End of preface and table of contents; Canvas position 11/176
Freshly retrieved, individually inspected native whole-page JPEG bytes; no local raster re-encoding. The preface names Secret des Secrets de Tozgraec; no confirmed historical authorship by Solomon.
Source location: Visible p. 157; Canvas position 162/176
Freshly retrieved and individually viewed native full-sheet JPEG bytes; no local raster conversion. Six localised red circular figures with black names/numbers and partly differing pencil notes. The layers remain separate.
Pentacle: cross-axis with three broad crosses – MS.4662, p. 155, bottom right
Original image · source evidence
Historical angel pentacle
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition French-language manuscript; current holding in London · Late 18th century (institutional dating)
A cross axis ends on the left, right and bottom in small broad cross forms; the upper end is thin and curved. Numbered circular figures from a French-language ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. An individually worn amulet or any specific actual effect of this individual sign has not been evidenced.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition
Region
French-language manuscript; current holding in London
Date of the evidence
Late 18th century (institutional dating)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A cross axis ends on the left, right and bottom in small broad cross forms; the upper end is thin and curved. Numbered circular figures from a French-language ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. An individually worn amulet or any specific actual effect of this individual sign has not been evidenced.
Historically recorded use
Numbered circular figures in a French-language ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. An individually worn amulet or any specific actual effect of this individual sign has not been established.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
An additional located component of the same late-18th-century manuscript witness as the 30 figures already recorded; not a new universal basic motif or a new independent tradition. The institutional dating applies to the manuscript, not to separately dated individual drawings. The uncertain title annotation 1790? and pencil notes that appear later do not establish a secure copying year. Black number: 65. No securely identified additional pencil number is transcribed. Red internal marks and internal numbers remain distinct from these; the selection position is not a historical figure number.
Before designing
Complete selected circular figure, including its associated black label and visible correction traces, in the unchanged native full-sheet JPEG. The six rectangles on each side are disjoint. Holes, stains, show-through and historical losses are retained. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval. From 13.10.2026 the crop starts at image coordinate 4370; a fragment of the figure above is excluded, while the figure and its label remain complete; original image pixels unchanged.
Research draft. Additional localised component from the same late-18th-century manuscript witness as the 30 figures already catalogued; not a new universal basic motif or an independent tradition. The institutional dating applies to the manuscript, not to separately dated individual drawings. The uncertain title annotation 1790? and pencil notes that appear later do not establish a secure year of copying. Black number: 65. No additional pencil number can be securely transcribed. Red internal marks and internal numbers remain distinct from these; the selection position is not a historical figure number. Complete selected circular figure, including its associated black inscription and visible correction marks, in the unchanged native full-sheet JPEG. The six rectangles on each side are disjoint. Holes, stains, show-through and historical losses are retained. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval. Since 13.10.2026, the crop begins at image coordinate 4370; a fragment of the margin of the figure above is excluded, while the figure itself and its inscription remain complete; original image pixels unchanged. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Additional localised component from the same late-18th-century manuscript witness as the 30 figures already catalogued; not a new universal basic motif or an independent tradition. The institutional dating applies to the manuscript, not to separately dated individual drawings. The uncertain title annotation 1790? and pencil notes that appear later do not establish a secure year of copying. Black number: 65. No additional pencil number can be securely transcribed. Red internal marks and internal numbers remain distinct from these; the selection position is not a historical figure number. Complete selected circular figure, including its associated black inscription and visible correction marks, in the unchanged native full-sheet JPEG. The six rectangles on each side are disjoint. Holes, stains, show-through and historical losses are retained. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval. Since 13.10.2026, the crop begins at image coordinate 4370; a fragment of the margin of the figure above is excluded, while the figure itself and its inscription remain complete; original image pixels unchanged.
Source location: Wellcome MS.4662; visible p. 155; Canvas position 160/176; bottom right; black number 65.
Source location: 176 canvases; individual PDM licence at manifest level
The exact DigitalLocation and specific manifest bind the image services. The Canvas objects contain no additional separate licence field; the rights are inherited from the manifest.
Source location: Title page; canvas position 6/176
Freshly retrieved and actually individually inspected native full-page JPEG bytes; no local raster re-encoding. The pencil annotation 1790? is not a confirmed copying date.
Source location: End of preface and table of contents; Canvas position 11/176
Freshly retrieved, individually inspected native whole-page JPEG bytes; no local raster re-encoding. The preface names Secret des Secrets de Tozgraec; no confirmed historical authorship by Solomon.
Source location: visible p. 155; Canvas position 160/176
Freshly retrieved and individually viewed native full-sheet JPEG bytes; no local raster conversion. Six localised red circular figures with black names/numbers and partly differing pencil notes. The layers remain separate.
Pentacle: cross axis with four cross forms – MS.4662, p. 159, top right
Original image · source evidence
Historical angel pentacle
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition French-language manuscript; current holding in London · Late 18th century (institutional dating)
A narrow cross-axis bears four separate broad cross shapes and red writing signs. The differing pencil note on the right belongs to the source image and is not treated as a secure correction of the name. Numbered circular figures from a French-language ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. No individually worn amulet or specific actual effect of this single sign is attested.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition
Region
French-language manuscript; current holding in London
Date of the evidence
Late 18th century (institutional dating)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A narrow cross-axis bears four separate broad cross shapes and red writing signs. The differing pencil note on the right belongs to the source image and is not treated as a secure correction of the name. Numbered circular figures from a French-language ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. No individually worn amulet or specific actual effect of this single sign is attested.
Historically recorded use
Numbered circular figures in a French-language ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. An individually worn amulet or any specific actual effect of this individual sign has not been established.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Additional localised component from the same late-18th-century manuscript witness as the 30 figures already catalogued; not a new universal underlying motif or an independent tradition. The institutional dating applies to the manuscript, not to individually dated drawings. The uncertain title annotation 1790? and pencil notes that appear later do not establish a secure copying date. Black number: 68. Pencil number: 30. Red internal marks and internal numbers remain separate from these; the selection position is not a historical figure number. On the right there is also a differing pencil name note, cautiously read as Omael(?) / Avmel(?); it is not treated as the figure’s certain heading.
Before designing
Complete selected circular figure, including its associated black inscription and visible correction marks, in the unchanged native full-sheet JPEG. The six rectangles on each side are disjoint. Holes, stains, show-through and historical losses are retained. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. An additional localised component of the same late-18th-century manuscript witness as the 30 figures already catalogued; not a new universal basic motif or a new independent tradition. The institutional dating applies to the manuscript, not to separately dated individual drawings. The uncertain title annotation 1790? and apparently later pencil notes do not establish a reliable year of copying. Black number: 68. Pencil number: 30. Red internal marks and internal numbers remain distinct from these; the selection position is not a historical figure number. To the right there is also a different pencil name note, cautiously read as Omael(?) / Avmel(?); it is not treated as a secure heading for the figure. Complete selected circular figure, including its associated black inscription and visible correction marks, in the unchanged native full-page JPEG. The six rectangles on each side are disjoint. Holes, stains, show-through and historical losses are retained. No new lines or outline, and no manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: An additional localised component of the same late-18th-century manuscript witness as the 30 figures already catalogued; not a new universal basic motif or a new independent tradition. The institutional dating applies to the manuscript, not to separately dated individual drawings. The uncertain title annotation 1790? and apparently later pencil notes do not establish a reliable year of copying. Black number: 68. Pencil number: 30. Red internal marks and internal numbers remain distinct from these; the selection position is not a historical figure number. To the right there is also a different pencil name note, cautiously read as Omael(?) / Avmel(?); it is not treated as a secure heading for the figure. Complete selected circular figure, including its associated black inscription and visible correction marks, in the unchanged native full-page JPEG. The six rectangles on each side are disjoint. Holes, stains, show-through and historical losses are retained. No new lines or outline, and no manufacturing approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.4662; visible p. 159; Canvas position 164/176; top right; black number 68.
Source location: 176 canvases; individual PDM licence at manifest level
The exact DigitalLocation and specific manifest bind the image services. The Canvas objects contain no additional separate licence field; the rights are inherited from the manifest.
Source location: Title page; canvas position 6/176
Freshly retrieved and actually individually inspected native full-page JPEG bytes; no local raster re-encoding. The pencil annotation 1790? is not a confirmed copying date.
Source location: End of preface and table of contents; Canvas position 11/176
Freshly retrieved, individually inspected native whole-page JPEG bytes; no local raster re-encoding. The preface names Secret des Secrets de Tozgraec; no confirmed historical authorship by Solomon.
Source location: visible p. 159; canvas position 164/176
Freshly retrieved and individually viewed native full-sheet JPEG bytes; no local raster conversion. Six localised red circular figures with black names/numbers and partly differing pencil notes. The layers remain separate.
Pentacle: cross arms with broad wedges and writing – MS.4662, p. 159, upper left
Original image · source evidence
Historical angel pentacle
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition French-language manuscript; current holding in London · Late 18th century (institutional dating)
Four arms with unequal ends divide the inner field; they are broad on the left and bottom, and curved at the top and right. Red letters stand between the arms. Numbered circular figures from a French-language ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. An individually worn amulet or a specific actual effect of this individual sign has not been demonstrated.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition
Region
French-language manuscript; current holding in London
Date of the evidence
Late 18th century (institutional dating)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Four arms with unequal ends divide the inner field; they are broad on the left and bottom, and curved at the top and right. Red letters stand between the arms. Numbered circular figures from a French-language ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. An individually worn amulet or a specific actual effect of this individual sign has not been demonstrated.
Historically recorded use
Numbered circular figures in a French-language ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. An individually worn amulet or any specific actual effect of this individual sign has not been established.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Additional localised component of the same manuscript witness from the late 18th century as the 30 figures already recorded; not a new universal fundamental motif and not a new independent tradition. The institutional dating applies to the manuscript, not to separately dated individual drawings. The uncertain title annotation 1790? and the apparently later pencil notes do not establish a confirmed copying year. Black number: 72 (previous digit overwritten). No additional uncertain pencil number is transcribed. Red inner signs and inner numbers remain separate from this; the selection position is not a historical figure number.
Before designing
Complete selected circular figure, including its associated black inscription and visible correction marks, in the unchanged native full-sheet JPEG. The six rectangles on each side are disjoint. Holes, stains, show-through and historical losses are retained. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Additional localised component of the same late-18th-century manuscript witness as the 30 figures already recorded; not a new universal basic motif or a new independent tradition. The institutional dating applies to the manuscript, not to separately dated individual drawings. The uncertain title annotation 1790? and later-looking pencil notes do not establish a secure year of copying. Black number: 72 (previous digit overwritten). No additional pencil number is transcribed as certain. Red interior signs and inner numbers remain separate from these; the selection position is not a historical figure number. Complete selected circular figure, including its associated black caption and visible correction marks, in the unchanged native full-sheet JPEG. The six rectangles on each side are disjoint. Holes, stains, show-through and historical losses are retained. No new lines, outline or production approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Additional localised component of the same late-18th-century manuscript witness as the 30 figures already recorded; not a new universal basic motif or a new independent tradition. The institutional dating applies to the manuscript, not to separately dated individual drawings. The uncertain title annotation 1790? and later-looking pencil notes do not establish a secure year of copying. Black number: 72 (previous digit overwritten). No additional pencil number is transcribed as certain. Red interior signs and inner numbers remain separate from these; the selection position is not a historical figure number. Complete selected circular figure, including its associated black caption and visible correction marks, in the unchanged native full-sheet JPEG. The six rectangles on each side are disjoint. Holes, stains, show-through and historical losses are retained. No new lines, outline or production approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.4662; visible p. 159; Canvas position 164/176; top left; black number 72 (previous digit overwritten).
Source location: 176 canvases; individual PDM licence at manifest level
The exact DigitalLocation and specific manifest bind the image services. The Canvas objects contain no additional separate licence field; the rights are inherited from the manifest.
Source location: Title page; canvas position 6/176
Freshly retrieved and actually individually inspected native full-page JPEG bytes; no local raster re-encoding. The pencil annotation 1790? is not a confirmed copying date.
Source location: End of preface and table of contents; Canvas position 11/176
Freshly retrieved, individually inspected native whole-page JPEG bytes; no local raster re-encoding. The preface names Secret des Secrets de Tozgraec; no confirmed historical authorship by Solomon.
Source location: visible p. 159; canvas position 164/176
Freshly retrieved and individually viewed native full-sheet JPEG bytes; no local raster conversion. Six localised red circular figures with black names/numbers and partly differing pencil notes. The layers remain separate.
Pentacle: crossbar with an additional lower cross – MS.4662, p. 157, bottom left
Original image · source evidence
Historical angel pentacle
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition French-language manuscript; current holding in London · Late 18th century (institutional dating)
A broad horizontal bar lies against a narrow vertical axis; further cross forms appear at the top and lower left. Numbered circular figures in a French-language ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. An individually worn amulet or a specific actual effect of this individual sign is not evidenced.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition
Region
French-language manuscript; current holding in London
Date of the evidence
Late 18th century (institutional dating)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A broad horizontal bar lies against a narrow vertical axis; further cross forms appear at the top and lower left. Numbered circular figures in a French-language ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. An individually worn amulet or a specific actual effect of this individual sign is not evidenced.
Historically recorded use
Numbered circular figures in a French-language ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. An individually worn amulet or any specific actual effect of this individual sign has not been established.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Additional localised component of the same late-18th-century manuscript witness as the 30 figures already recorded; not a new universal basic motif and not a new independent tradition. The institutional dating applies to the manuscript, not to separately dated individual drawings. The uncertain title annotation 1790? and later-looking pencil notes do not establish a secure copying year. Black number: 65. Pencil number: 70. Red internal marks and inner numbers remain distinct from these; the selection position is not a historical figure number.
Before designing
Complete selected circular figure, including its associated black inscription and visible correction marks, in the unchanged native full-sheet JPEG. The six rectangles on each side are disjoint. Holes, stains, show-through and historical losses are retained. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. An additional localised component of the same late-18th-century manuscript witness as the 30 figures already recorded; not a new universal basic motif and not a new independent tradition. The institutional dating applies to the manuscript, not to separately dated individual drawings. The uncertain title annotation 1790? and later-looking pencil notes do not establish a copying year. Black number: 65. Pencil number: 70. Red internal signs and inner numbers remain distinct from these; the selection position is not a historical figure number. Complete selected circular figure, including its associated black inscription and visible correction marks, in the unaltered native full-sheet JPEG. The six rectangles on each side are disjoint. Holes, stains, show-through and historical losses are retained. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: An additional localised component of the same late-18th-century manuscript witness as the 30 figures already recorded; not a new universal basic motif and not a new independent tradition. The institutional dating applies to the manuscript, not to separately dated individual drawings. The uncertain title annotation 1790? and later-looking pencil notes do not establish a copying year. Black number: 65. Pencil number: 70. Red internal signs and inner numbers remain distinct from these; the selection position is not a historical figure number. Complete selected circular figure, including its associated black inscription and visible correction marks, in the unaltered native full-sheet JPEG. The six rectangles on each side are disjoint. Holes, stains, show-through and historical losses are retained. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.4662; visible p. 157; canvas position 162/176; bottom left; black number 65.
Source location: 176 canvases; individual PDM licence at manifest level
The exact DigitalLocation and specific manifest bind the image services. The Canvas objects contain no additional separate licence field; the rights are inherited from the manifest.
Source location: Title page; canvas position 6/176
Freshly retrieved and actually individually inspected native full-page JPEG bytes; no local raster re-encoding. The pencil annotation 1790? is not a confirmed copying date.
Source location: End of preface and table of contents; Canvas position 11/176
Freshly retrieved, individually inspected native whole-page JPEG bytes; no local raster re-encoding. The preface names Secret des Secrets de Tozgraec; no confirmed historical authorship by Solomon.
Source location: Visible p. 157; Canvas position 162/176
Freshly retrieved and individually viewed native full-sheet JPEG bytes; no local raster conversion. Six localised red circular figures with black names/numbers and partly differing pencil notes. The layers remain separate.
Pentacle: crosses on a vertical character – MS.4662, p. 151, centre left
Original image · source evidence
Historical angel pentacle
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition French-language manuscript; current holding in London · Late 18th century (institutional dating)
A vertical red character has a cross at the top and an oblique end at the bottom; further cross and hook shapes stand beside it. Numbered circular figures from a French-language ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. No evidence establishes that this individual sign was worn as an amulet or had any particular actual effect.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition
Region
French-language manuscript; current holding in London
Date of the evidence
Late 18th century (institutional dating)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A vertical red character has a cross at the top and an oblique end at the bottom; further cross and hook shapes stand beside it. Numbered circular figures from a French-language ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. No evidence establishes that this individual sign was worn as an amulet or had any particular actual effect.
Historically recorded use
Numbered circular figures in a French-language ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. An individually worn amulet or any specific actual effect of this individual sign has not been established.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Additional localised component of the same late-18th-century manuscript witness as the 30 figures already recorded; not a new universal basic motif and not a new independent tradition. The institutional dating applies to the manuscript, not to separately dated individual drawings. The uncertain title annotation 1790? and pencil notes that appear later do not establish a secure copying year. Black number: 50 (overwritten addition). No securely attested additional pencil number is transcribed. Red inner signs and inner numbers remain separate from this; the selection position is not a historical figure number.
Before designing
Complete selected circular figure, including its associated black inscription and visible correction marks, in the unchanged native full-sheet JPEG. The six rectangles on each side are disjoint. Holes, stains, show-through and historical losses are retained. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Additional localised component of the same manuscript witness dating from the late 18th century as the 30 figures already recorded; not a new universal basic motif and not a new independent tradition. The institutional dating applies to the manuscript, not to separately dated individual drawings. The uncertain title annotation 1790? and later-looking pencil notes do not establish a secure copying year. Black number: 50 (overwritten addition). No unconfirmed additional pencil number is transcribed. Red interior signs and internal numbers remain separate from these; the selection position is not a historical figure number. Complete selected circular figure, including its associated black label and visible correction traces, in the unchanged native whole-page JPEG. The six rectangles on each side are disjoint. Holes, stains, show-through and historical gaps are retained. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Additional localised component of the same manuscript witness dating from the late 18th century as the 30 figures already recorded; not a new universal basic motif and not a new independent tradition. The institutional dating applies to the manuscript, not to separately dated individual drawings. The uncertain title annotation 1790? and later-looking pencil notes do not establish a secure copying year. Black number: 50 (overwritten addition). No unconfirmed additional pencil number is transcribed. Red interior signs and internal numbers remain separate from these; the selection position is not a historical figure number. Complete selected circular figure, including its associated black label and visible correction traces, in the unchanged native whole-page JPEG. The six rectangles on each side are disjoint. Holes, stains, show-through and historical gaps are retained. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.4662; visible p. 151; Canvas position 156/176; middle left; black number 50 (overwritten addition).
Source location: 176 canvases; individual PDM licence at manifest level
The exact DigitalLocation and specific manifest bind the image services. The Canvas objects contain no additional separate licence field; the rights are inherited from the manifest.
Source location: Title page; canvas position 6/176
Freshly retrieved and actually individually inspected native full-page JPEG bytes; no local raster re-encoding. The pencil annotation 1790? is not a confirmed copying date.
Source location: End of preface and table of contents; Canvas position 11/176
Freshly retrieved, individually inspected native whole-page JPEG bytes; no local raster re-encoding. The preface names Secret des Secrets de Tozgraec; no confirmed historical authorship by Solomon.
Source location: visible p. 151; Canvas position 156/176
Freshly retrieved and individually viewed native full-sheet JPEG bytes; no local raster conversion. Six localised red circular figures with black names/numbers and partly differing pencil notes. The layers remain separate.
Pentacle: central ring with multiple crossbars – MS.4662, p. 25, centre left
Original image · source evidence
Historical angel pentacle
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition French-language manuscript; current holding in London · Late 18th century (institutional dating)
An empty central ring is surrounded by four arms; several ends bear groups of parallel cross-strokes and small character-like forms. Numbered circular figures in a French-language ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. No evidence establishes that this individual sign was worn as an amulet or had any specific actual effect.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition
Region
French-language manuscript; current holding in London
Date of the evidence
Late 18th century (institutional dating)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
An empty central ring is surrounded by four arms; several ends bear groups of parallel cross-strokes and small character-like forms. Numbered circular figures in a French-language ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. No evidence establishes that this individual sign was worn as an amulet or had any specific actual effect.
Historically recorded use
Numbered circular figures in a French-language ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. An individually worn amulet or any specific actual effect of this individual sign has not been established.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Additional localised component of the same late-18th-century manuscript witness as the 30 figures already catalogued; not a new universal foundational motif or a new independent tradition. The institutional dating applies to the manuscript, not to separately dated individual drawings. The uncertain title annotation 1790? and apparently later pencil notes do not establish a certain copying year. Black number: 33. Pencil number: 34. The red inner signs and inner numbers remain distinct from these; the selection position is not a historical figure number. The incidental reading of the name remains partly uncertain; a modern angel list does not replace the original wording.
Before designing
Complete selected circular figure, including its associated black inscription and visible correction marks, in the unchanged native full-sheet JPEG. The six rectangles on each side are disjoint. Holes, stains, show-through and historical losses are retained. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. An additional localised component of the same late-18th-century manuscript witness as the 30 figures already catalogued; not a new universal basic motif or an independent tradition. The institutional dating applies to the manuscript, not to separately dated individual drawings. The uncertain title annotation 1790? and apparently later pencil notes do not establish a secure year of copying. Black number: 33. Pencil number: 34. Red inner marks and inner numbers remain distinct from these; the selection position is not a historical figure number. The incidental reading of the name remains partly uncertain; a modern list of angels does not replace the original wording. Complete selected circular figure, including its associated black inscription and visible traces of correction, in the unchanged native full-page JPEG. The six rectangles on each side are disjoint. Holes, stains, show-through and historical gaps are retained. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: An additional localised component of the same late-18th-century manuscript witness as the 30 figures already catalogued; not a new universal basic motif or an independent tradition. The institutional dating applies to the manuscript, not to separately dated individual drawings. The uncertain title annotation 1790? and apparently later pencil notes do not establish a secure year of copying. Black number: 33. Pencil number: 34. Red inner marks and inner numbers remain distinct from these; the selection position is not a historical figure number. The incidental reading of the name remains partly uncertain; a modern list of angels does not replace the original wording. Complete selected circular figure, including its associated black inscription and visible traces of correction, in the unchanged native full-page JPEG. The six rectangles on each side are disjoint. Holes, stains, show-through and historical gaps are retained. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.4662; visible p. 25; canvas position 30/176; centre left; black number 33.
Source location: 176 canvases; individual PDM licence at manifest level
The exact DigitalLocation and specific manifest bind the image services. The Canvas objects contain no additional separate licence field; the rights are inherited from the manifest.
Source location: Title page; canvas position 6/176
Freshly retrieved and actually individually inspected native full-page JPEG bytes; no local raster re-encoding. The pencil annotation 1790? is not a confirmed copying date.
Source location: End of preface and table of contents; Canvas position 11/176
Freshly retrieved, individually inspected native whole-page JPEG bytes; no local raster re-encoding. The preface names Secret des Secrets de Tozgraec; no confirmed historical authorship by Solomon.
Source location: Visible p. 25; Canvas position 30/176
Freshly retrieved and individually viewed native full-sheet JPEG bytes; no local raster conversion. Six localised red circular figures with black names/numbers and partly differing pencil notes. The layers remain separate.
Pentacle: central ring with radiating script – MS.4662, p. 149, bottom right
Original image · source evidence
Historical angel pentacle
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition French-language manuscript; current holding in London · Late 18th century (institutional dating)
An empty central ring is surrounded by uneven rays and segments of writing; individual arms end in letter-like or circular forms. Numbered circular figures in a French-language ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. No evidence has been found for this individual sign being worn as an amulet or for any particular actual effect.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition
Region
French-language manuscript; current holding in London
Date of the evidence
Late 18th century (institutional dating)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
An empty central ring is surrounded by uneven rays and segments of writing; individual arms end in letter-like or circular forms. Numbered circular figures in a French-language ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. No evidence has been found for this individual sign being worn as an amulet or for any particular actual effect.
Historically recorded use
Numbered circular figures in a French-language ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. An individually worn amulet or any specific actual effect of this individual sign has not been established.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Additional located component of the same late-18th-century manuscript witness as the 30 figures already recorded; not a new universal basic motif or a new independent tradition. The institutional dating applies to the manuscript, not to separately dated individual drawings. The uncertain title annotation 1790? and later-looking pencil notes do not establish a secure year of copying. Black number: 47. Pencil number: 47. Red inner marks and inner numbers remain distinct from these; the selection position is not a historical figure number.
Before designing
Complete selected circular figure, including its associated black inscription and visible correction marks, in the unchanged native full-sheet JPEG. The six rectangles on each side are disjoint. Holes, stains, show-through and historical losses are retained. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Additional localised component of the same late 18th-century manuscript witness as the 30 figures already recorded; not a new universal basic motif and not a new independent tradition. The institutional dating applies to the manuscript, not to separately dated individual drawings. The uncertain title annotation 1790? and later-looking pencil notes do not establish a secure copying year. Black number: 47. Pencil number: 47. Red internal marks and internal numbers remain distinct from these; the selection position is not a historical figure number. Complete selected circular figure, including its associated black inscription and visible correction marks, in the unchanged native full-sheet JPEG. The six rectangles on each side are disjoint. Holes, stains, show-through and historical losses remain. No new lines, outline or approval for manufacture. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Additional localised component of the same late 18th-century manuscript witness as the 30 figures already recorded; not a new universal basic motif and not a new independent tradition. The institutional dating applies to the manuscript, not to separately dated individual drawings. The uncertain title annotation 1790? and later-looking pencil notes do not establish a secure copying year. Black number: 47. Pencil number: 47. Red internal marks and internal numbers remain distinct from these; the selection position is not a historical figure number. Complete selected circular figure, including its associated black inscription and visible correction marks, in the unchanged native full-sheet JPEG. The six rectangles on each side are disjoint. Holes, stains, show-through and historical losses remain. No new lines, outline or approval for manufacture.
Source location: Wellcome MS.4662; visible p. 149; Canvas position 154/176; bottom right; black number 47.
Source location: 176 canvases; individual PDM licence at manifest level
The exact DigitalLocation and specific manifest bind the image services. The Canvas objects contain no additional separate licence field; the rights are inherited from the manifest.
Source location: Title page; canvas position 6/176
Freshly retrieved and actually individually inspected native full-page JPEG bytes; no local raster re-encoding. The pencil annotation 1790? is not a confirmed copying date.
Source location: End of preface and table of contents; Canvas position 11/176
Freshly retrieved, individually inspected native whole-page JPEG bytes; no local raster re-encoding. The preface names Secret des Secrets de Tozgraec; no confirmed historical authorship by Solomon.
Source location: visible p. 149; Canvas position 154/176
Freshly retrieved and individually viewed native full-sheet JPEG bytes; no local raster conversion. Six localised red circular figures with black names/numbers and partly differing pencil notes. The layers remain separate.
Pentacle: middle ring with four arms and outer words – MS.4662, p. 25, centre right
Original image · source evidence
Historical angel pentacle
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition French-language manuscript; current holding in London · Late 18th century (institutional dating)
Four narrow arms extend from the empty central ring; red words appear inside and just outside the circle. Numbered circular figures in a French-language ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. Individual wearing as an amulet or any specific actual effect of this individual sign has not been demonstrated.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition
Region
French-language manuscript; current holding in London
Date of the evidence
Late 18th century (institutional dating)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Four narrow arms extend from the empty central ring; red words appear inside and just outside the circle. Numbered circular figures in a French-language ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. Individual wearing as an amulet or any specific actual effect of this individual sign has not been demonstrated.
Historically recorded use
Numbered circular figures in a French-language ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. An individually worn amulet or any specific actual effect of this individual sign has not been established.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
An additional localised component of the same late-18th-century manuscript witness as the 30 figures already recorded; not a new universal basic motif and not a new independent tradition. The institutional dating applies to the manuscript, not to separately dated individual drawings. The uncertain title annotation 1790? and later-appearing pencil notes do not establish a secure copying date. Black number: 34. Pencil number: 35. The red inner signs and inner numbers remain distinct from these; the selection position is not a historical figure number.
Before designing
Complete selected circular figure, including its associated black inscription and visible correction marks, in the unchanged native full-sheet JPEG. The six rectangles on each side are disjoint. Holes, stains, show-through and historical losses are retained. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Additional localised component of the same late-18th-century manuscript witness as the 30 figures already recorded; not a new universal base motif or a new independent tradition. The institutional dating applies to the manuscript, not to separately dated individual drawings. The uncertain title annotation 1790? and later-looking pencil notes do not establish a secure copying year. Black number: 34. Pencil number: 35. Red inner marks and inner numbers remain separate from these; the selection position is not a historical figure number. Complete selected circular figure, including its associated black label and visible correction marks, in the unaltered native full-sheet JPEG. The six rectangles on each side are disjoint. Holes, stains, show-through and historical losses are retained. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Additional localised component of the same late-18th-century manuscript witness as the 30 figures already recorded; not a new universal base motif or a new independent tradition. The institutional dating applies to the manuscript, not to separately dated individual drawings. The uncertain title annotation 1790? and later-looking pencil notes do not establish a secure copying year. Black number: 34. Pencil number: 35. Red inner marks and inner numbers remain separate from these; the selection position is not a historical figure number. Complete selected circular figure, including its associated black label and visible correction marks, in the unaltered native full-sheet JPEG. The six rectangles on each side are disjoint. Holes, stains, show-through and historical losses are retained. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.4662; visible p. 25; Canvas position 30/176; centre right; black number 34.
Source location: 176 canvases; individual PDM licence at manifest level
The exact DigitalLocation and specific manifest bind the image services. The Canvas objects contain no additional separate licence field; the rights are inherited from the manifest.
Source location: Title page; canvas position 6/176
Freshly retrieved and actually individually inspected native full-page JPEG bytes; no local raster re-encoding. The pencil annotation 1790? is not a confirmed copying date.
Source location: End of preface and table of contents; Canvas position 11/176
Freshly retrieved, individually inspected native whole-page JPEG bytes; no local raster re-encoding. The preface names Secret des Secrets de Tozgraec; no confirmed historical authorship by Solomon.
Source location: Visible p. 25; Canvas position 30/176
Freshly retrieved and individually viewed native full-sheet JPEG bytes; no local raster conversion. Six localised red circular figures with black names/numbers and partly differing pencil notes. The layers remain separate.
Pentacle: horse with transverse staff – MS.4662, p. 151, centre right
Original image · source evidence
Historical angel pentacle
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition French-language manuscript; current holding in London · Late 18th century (institutional dating)
A horse shown side-on stands in the inner circle; a diagonally placed rod with an outer cross-shaped end belongs to the original drawing. Numbered circular figures from a French-language ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. An individually worn amulet or a specific actual effect of this individual sign has not been evidenced.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition
Region
French-language manuscript; current holding in London
Date of the evidence
Late 18th century (institutional dating)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A horse shown side-on stands in the inner circle; a diagonally placed rod with an outer cross-shaped end belongs to the original drawing. Numbered circular figures from a French-language ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. An individually worn amulet or a specific actual effect of this individual sign has not been evidenced.
Historically recorded use
Numbered circular figures in a French-language ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. An individually worn amulet or any specific actual effect of this individual sign has not been established.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Additional localised component of the same late-18th-century manuscript witness as the 30 figures already recorded; not a new universal basic motif or a new independent tradition. The institutional dating applies to the manuscript, not to separately dated individual drawings. The uncertain title annotation 1790? and apparently later pencil notes do not establish a copying year. Black number: 46. Pencil number: 51?. Red inner marks and inner numbers remain separate from these; the selection position is not a historical figure number. The incidental reading of the name remains partly uncertain; a modern list of angels does not replace the original wording.
Before designing
Complete selected circular figure, including its associated black inscription and visible correction marks, in the unchanged native full-sheet JPEG. The six rectangles on each side are disjoint. Holes, stains, show-through and historical losses are retained. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Additional localised component of the same late-18th-century manuscript witness as the 30 figures already recorded; not a new universal basic motif and not a new independent tradition. The institutional dating applies to the manuscript, not to separately dated individual drawings. The uncertain title annotation 1790? and later-looking pencil notes do not establish a secure copying year. Black number: 46. Pencil number: 51?. Red inner marks and inner numbers remain separate from these; the selection position is not a historical figure number. The incidental reading of the name remains partly uncertain; a modern list of angels does not replace the original wording. Complete selected circular figure, including its associated black inscription and visible traces of correction, in the unchanged native full-sheet JPEG. The six rectangles on each side are disjoint. Holes, stains, show-through and historical losses are retained. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Additional localised component of the same late-18th-century manuscript witness as the 30 figures already recorded; not a new universal basic motif and not a new independent tradition. The institutional dating applies to the manuscript, not to separately dated individual drawings. The uncertain title annotation 1790? and later-looking pencil notes do not establish a secure copying year. Black number: 46. Pencil number: 51?. Red inner marks and inner numbers remain separate from these; the selection position is not a historical figure number. The incidental reading of the name remains partly uncertain; a modern list of angels does not replace the original wording. Complete selected circular figure, including its associated black inscription and visible traces of correction, in the unchanged native full-sheet JPEG. The six rectangles on each side are disjoint. Holes, stains, show-through and historical losses are retained. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.4662; visible p. 151; canvas position 156/176; centre right; black number 46.
Source location: 176 canvases; individual PDM licence at manifest level
The exact DigitalLocation and specific manifest bind the image services. The Canvas objects contain no additional separate licence field; the rights are inherited from the manifest.
Source location: Title page; canvas position 6/176
Freshly retrieved and actually individually inspected native full-page JPEG bytes; no local raster re-encoding. The pencil annotation 1790? is not a confirmed copying date.
Source location: End of preface and table of contents; Canvas position 11/176
Freshly retrieved, individually inspected native whole-page JPEG bytes; no local raster re-encoding. The preface names Secret des Secrets de Tozgraec; no confirmed historical authorship by Solomon.
Source location: visible p. 151; Canvas position 156/176
Freshly retrieved and individually viewed native full-sheet JPEG bytes; no local raster conversion. Six localised red circular figures with black names/numbers and partly differing pencil notes. The layers remain separate.
Pentacle: dotted diamond and forked arms – MS.4662, p. 149, centre right
Original image · source evidence
Historical angel pentacle
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition French-language manuscript; current holding in London · Late 18th century (institutional dating)
A small diamond with dots sits on a cross axis; the side arms are curved or forked. The red inner field also contains 13. Numbered circular figures from a French-language ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. An individually worn amulet or any particular actual effect of this individual sign is not attested.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition
Region
French-language manuscript; current holding in London
Date of the evidence
Late 18th century (institutional dating)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A small diamond with dots sits on a cross axis; the side arms are curved or forked. The red inner field also contains 13. Numbered circular figures from a French-language ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. An individually worn amulet or any particular actual effect of this individual sign is not attested.
Historically recorded use
Numbered circular figures in a French-language ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. An individually worn amulet or any specific actual effect of this individual sign has not been established.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
An additional localised component from the same late-18th-century manuscript witness as the 30 figures already recorded; not a new universal basic motif and not a new independent tradition. The institutional dating applies to the manuscript, not to separately dated individual drawings. The uncertain title annotation 1790? and later-looking pencil notes do not establish a secure copying year. Black number: 40. Pencil number: 44. The red inner signs and inner numbers remain separate from these; the selection position is not a historical figure number. The incidental reading of the name remains partly uncertain; a modern list of angels does not replace the original wording. The red inner number 13 is not equated with the black label or pencil numbering.
Before designing
Complete selected circular figure, including its associated black inscription and visible correction marks, in the unchanged native full-sheet JPEG. The six rectangles on each side are disjoint. Holes, stains, show-through and historical losses are retained. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Additional localised component of the same manuscript witness dating from the late 18th century as the 30 figures already recorded; not a new universal basic motif or a new independent tradition. The institutional dating applies to the manuscript, not to separately dated individual drawings. The uncertain title annotation 1790? and pencil notes that appear later do not establish a secure copying year. Black number: 40. Pencil number: 44. Red inner marks and inner numbers remain distinct from these; the selection position is not a historical figure number. The incidental reading of the name remains partly uncertain; a modern list of angels does not replace the original wording. The red inner number 13 is not equated with the black label or pencil numbering. Complete selected circular figure, including its associated black label and visible correction marks, in the unaltered native full-sheet JPEG. The six rectangles on each side are disjoint. Holes, stains, show-through and historical losses are retained. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Additional localised component of the same manuscript witness dating from the late 18th century as the 30 figures already recorded; not a new universal basic motif or a new independent tradition. The institutional dating applies to the manuscript, not to separately dated individual drawings. The uncertain title annotation 1790? and pencil notes that appear later do not establish a secure copying year. Black number: 40. Pencil number: 44. Red inner marks and inner numbers remain distinct from these; the selection position is not a historical figure number. The incidental reading of the name remains partly uncertain; a modern list of angels does not replace the original wording. The red inner number 13 is not equated with the black label or pencil numbering. Complete selected circular figure, including its associated black label and visible correction marks, in the unaltered native full-sheet JPEG. The six rectangles on each side are disjoint. Holes, stains, show-through and historical losses are retained. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.4662; visible p. 149; canvas position 154/176; centre right; black number 40.
Source location: 176 canvases; individual PDM licence at manifest level
The exact DigitalLocation and specific manifest bind the image services. The Canvas objects contain no additional separate licence field; the rights are inherited from the manifest.
Source location: Title page; canvas position 6/176
Freshly retrieved and actually individually inspected native full-page JPEG bytes; no local raster re-encoding. The pencil annotation 1790? is not a confirmed copying date.
Source location: End of preface and table of contents; Canvas position 11/176
Freshly retrieved, individually inspected native whole-page JPEG bytes; no local raster re-encoding. The preface names Secret des Secrets de Tozgraec; no confirmed historical authorship by Solomon.
Source location: visible p. 149; Canvas position 154/176
Freshly retrieved and individually viewed native full-sheet JPEG bytes; no local raster conversion. Six localised red circular figures with black names/numbers and partly differing pencil notes. The layers remain separate.
Pentacle: square in a small circle of writing – MS.4662, p. 25, top left
Original image · source evidence
Historical angel pentacle
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition French-language manuscript; current holding in London · Late 18th century (institutional dating)
Within three circular boundaries, a small square lies on a vertical axis; the inner circle bears red characters. Numbered circular figures from a French-language ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. No individually worn amulet or specific actual effect of this individual sign is evidenced.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition
Region
French-language manuscript; current holding in London
Date of the evidence
Late 18th century (institutional dating)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Within three circular boundaries, a small square lies on a vertical axis; the inner circle bears red characters. Numbered circular figures from a French-language ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. No individually worn amulet or specific actual effect of this individual sign is evidenced.
Historically recorded use
Numbered circular figures in a French-language ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. An individually worn amulet or any specific actual effect of this individual sign has not been established.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Additional localised component from the same late-18th-century manuscript witness as the 30 figures already recorded; not a new universal underlying motif or a new independent tradition. The institutional dating applies to the manuscript, not to separately dated individual drawings. The uncertain title annotation 1790? and pencil notes that appear later do not establish a secure copying year. Black number: 32. No additional pencil number is transcribed as certain. Red interior marks and inner numbers remain separate from these; the selection position is not a historical figure number.
Before designing
Complete selected circular figure, including its associated black inscription and visible correction marks, in the unchanged native full-sheet JPEG. The six rectangles on each side are disjoint. Holes, stains, show-through and historical losses are retained. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Additional localised component of the same late-18th-century manuscript witness as the 30 figures already recorded; not a new universal basic motif and not a new independent tradition. The institutional dating applies to the manuscript, not to separately dated individual drawings. The uncertain title annotation 1790? and later-looking pencil notes do not establish a secure year of copying. Black number: 32. No additional certain pencil number is transcribed. Red interior signs and interior numbers remain separate from these; the selection position is not a historical figure number. Complete selected circular figure, including its associated black caption and visible traces of correction, in the unchanged native full-sheet JPEG. The six rectangles on each side are disjoint. Holes, stains, show-through and historical losses are retained. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Additional localised component of the same late-18th-century manuscript witness as the 30 figures already recorded; not a new universal basic motif and not a new independent tradition. The institutional dating applies to the manuscript, not to separately dated individual drawings. The uncertain title annotation 1790? and later-looking pencil notes do not establish a secure year of copying. Black number: 32. No additional certain pencil number is transcribed. Red interior signs and interior numbers remain separate from these; the selection position is not a historical figure number. Complete selected circular figure, including its associated black caption and visible traces of correction, in the unchanged native full-sheet JPEG. The six rectangles on each side are disjoint. Holes, stains, show-through and historical losses are retained. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.4662; visible p. 25; Canvas position 30/176; upper left; black number 32.
Source location: 176 canvases; individual PDM licence at manifest level
The exact DigitalLocation and specific manifest bind the image services. The Canvas objects contain no additional separate licence field; the rights are inherited from the manifest.
Source location: Title page; canvas position 6/176
Freshly retrieved and actually individually inspected native full-page JPEG bytes; no local raster re-encoding. The pencil annotation 1790? is not a confirmed copying date.
Source location: End of preface and table of contents; Canvas position 11/176
Freshly retrieved, individually inspected native whole-page JPEG bytes; no local raster re-encoding. The preface names Secret des Secrets de Tozgraec; no confirmed historical authorship by Solomon.
Source location: Visible p. 25; Canvas position 30/176
Freshly retrieved and individually viewed native full-sheet JPEG bytes; no local raster conversion. Six localised red circular figures with black names/numbers and partly differing pencil notes. The layers remain separate.
Pentacle: square centre on a curved cross-axis – MS.4662, p. 159, centre left
Original image · source evidence
Historical angel pentacle
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition French-language manuscript; current holding in London · Late 18th century (institutional dating)
A small square lies at the centre of a cross-axis; the outer ends are bent, with a broad cross pointing upwards. Numbered circular figures from a French-language ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. An individually worn amulet or a specific actual effect of this individual sign is not attested.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition
Region
French-language manuscript; current holding in London
Date of the evidence
Late 18th century (institutional dating)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A small square lies at the centre of a cross-axis; the outer ends are bent, with a broad cross pointing upwards. Numbered circular figures from a French-language ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. An individually worn amulet or a specific actual effect of this individual sign is not attested.
Historically recorded use
Numbered circular figures in a French-language ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. An individually worn amulet or any specific actual effect of this individual sign has not been established.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Additional localised component of the same late-18th-century manuscript witness as the 30 figures already recorded; not a new universal basic motif and not a new independent tradition. The institutional dating applies to the manuscript, not to separately dated individual drawings. The uncertain title annotation 1790? and pencil notes that appear later do not establish a secure copying year. Black number: 69. Pencil number: 45. Red inner signs and inner numbers remain separate from these; the selection position is not a historical figure number.
Before designing
Complete selected circular figure, including its associated black inscription and visible correction marks, in the unchanged native full-sheet JPEG. The six rectangles on each side are disjoint. Holes, stains, show-through and historical losses are retained. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Additional localised component from the same late-18th-century manuscript witness as the 30 figures already catalogued; not a new universal underlying motif or an independent tradition. The institutional dating applies to the manuscript, not to individually dated drawings. The uncertain title annotation 1790? and pencil notes that appear later do not establish a secure copying date. Black number: 69. Pencil number: 45. Red internal marks and internal numbers remain separate from these; the selection position is not a historical figure number. The complete selected circular figure, including its associated black label and visible correction marks, in the unchanged native full-sheet JPEG. The six rectangles on each side are disjoint. Holes, stains, show-through and historical gaps are retained. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Additional localised component from the same late-18th-century manuscript witness as the 30 figures already catalogued; not a new universal underlying motif or an independent tradition. The institutional dating applies to the manuscript, not to individually dated drawings. The uncertain title annotation 1790? and pencil notes that appear later do not establish a secure copying date. Black number: 69. Pencil number: 45. Red internal marks and internal numbers remain separate from these; the selection position is not a historical figure number. The complete selected circular figure, including its associated black label and visible correction marks, in the unchanged native full-sheet JPEG. The six rectangles on each side are disjoint. Holes, stains, show-through and historical gaps are retained. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.4662; visible p. 159; Canvas position 164/176; middle left; black number 69.
Source location: 176 canvases; individual PDM licence at manifest level
The exact DigitalLocation and specific manifest bind the image services. The Canvas objects contain no additional separate licence field; the rights are inherited from the manifest.
Source location: Title page; canvas position 6/176
Freshly retrieved and actually individually inspected native full-page JPEG bytes; no local raster re-encoding. The pencil annotation 1790? is not a confirmed copying date.
Source location: End of preface and table of contents; Canvas position 11/176
Freshly retrieved, individually inspected native whole-page JPEG bytes; no local raster re-encoding. The preface names Secret des Secrets de Tozgraec; no confirmed historical authorship by Solomon.
Source location: visible p. 159; canvas position 164/176
Freshly retrieved and individually viewed native full-sheet JPEG bytes; no local raster conversion. Six localised red circular figures with black names/numbers and partly differing pencil notes. The layers remain separate.
Pentacle: square centre with rays ending in various forms – MS.4662, p. 157, centre left
Original image · source evidence
Historical angel pentacle
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition French-language manuscript; current holding in London · Late 18th century (institutional dating)
Unevenly shaped rays extend from a small square; broad wedges, loops and small heart- or leaf-shaped ends are retained photographically. Numbered circular figures from a French-language ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. An individually worn amulet or a specific actual effect of this individual sign has not been demonstrated.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition
Region
French-language manuscript; current holding in London
Date of the evidence
Late 18th century (institutional dating)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Unevenly shaped rays extend from a small square; broad wedges, loops and small heart- or leaf-shaped ends are retained photographically. Numbered circular figures from a French-language ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. An individually worn amulet or a specific actual effect of this individual sign has not been demonstrated.
Historically recorded use
Numbered circular figures in a French-language ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. An individually worn amulet or any specific actual effect of this individual sign has not been established.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Additional located component from the same late-18th-century manuscript witness as the 30 figures already recorded; not a new universal basic motif or an independent new tradition. The institutional dating applies to the manuscript, not to separately dated individual drawings. The uncertain title annotation 1790? and later-looking pencil notes do not establish a copying year. Black number: 68. No additional pencil number with a secure reading is transcribed. Red interior signs and inner numbers remain distinct from these; the selection position is not a historical figure number. The incidental reading of the name remains partly uncertain; a modern list of angels does not replace the original wording.
Before designing
Complete selected circular figure, including its associated black inscription and visible correction marks, in the unchanged native full-sheet JPEG. The six rectangles on each side are disjoint. Holes, stains, show-through and historical losses are retained. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Additional localised component of the same late-18th-century manuscript witness as the 30 figures already recorded; not a new universal basic motif or an independent tradition. The institutional dating applies to the manuscript, not to separately dated individual drawings. The uncertain title annotation 1790? and later-looking pencil notes do not establish a secure copying year. Black number: 68. No additional secure pencil number is transcribed. Red inner marks and inner numbers remain separate from these; the selection position is not a historical figure number. The incidental reading of the name remains partly uncertain; a modern list of angels does not replace the original wording. Complete selected circular figure, including its associated black inscription and visible correction traces, in the unaltered native full-sheet JPEG. The six rectangles on each side are disjoint. Holes, stains, show-through and historical losses are retained. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Additional localised component of the same late-18th-century manuscript witness as the 30 figures already recorded; not a new universal basic motif or an independent tradition. The institutional dating applies to the manuscript, not to separately dated individual drawings. The uncertain title annotation 1790? and later-looking pencil notes do not establish a secure copying year. Black number: 68. No additional secure pencil number is transcribed. Red inner marks and inner numbers remain separate from these; the selection position is not a historical figure number. The incidental reading of the name remains partly uncertain; a modern list of angels does not replace the original wording. Complete selected circular figure, including its associated black inscription and visible correction traces, in the unaltered native full-sheet JPEG. The six rectangles on each side are disjoint. Holes, stains, show-through and historical losses are retained. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.4662; visible p. 157; Canvas position 162/176; centre left; black number 68.
Source location: 176 canvases; individual PDM licence at manifest level
The exact DigitalLocation and specific manifest bind the image services. The Canvas objects contain no additional separate licence field; the rights are inherited from the manifest.
Source location: Title page; canvas position 6/176
Freshly retrieved and actually individually inspected native full-page JPEG bytes; no local raster re-encoding. The pencil annotation 1790? is not a confirmed copying date.
Source location: End of preface and table of contents; Canvas position 11/176
Freshly retrieved, individually inspected native whole-page JPEG bytes; no local raster re-encoding. The preface names Secret des Secrets de Tozgraec; no confirmed historical authorship by Solomon.
Source location: Visible p. 157; Canvas position 162/176
Freshly retrieved and individually viewed native full-sheet JPEG bytes; no local raster conversion. Six localised red circular figures with black names/numbers and partly differing pencil notes. The layers remain separate.
Pentacle: radial axes with curved ends – MS.4662, p. 151, top left
Original image · source evidence
Historical angel pentacle
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition French-language manuscript; current holding in London · Late 18th century (institutional dating)
A vertical and a horizontal axis are supplemented by slanting arms; several ends are curved. Writing and small signs remain in the inner field. Numbered circular figures from a French-language ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. An individually worn amulet or any specific actual effect of this individual sign has not been demonstrated.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition
Region
French-language manuscript; current holding in London
Date of the evidence
Late 18th century (institutional dating)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A vertical and a horizontal axis are supplemented by slanting arms; several ends are curved. Writing and small signs remain in the inner field. Numbered circular figures from a French-language ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. An individually worn amulet or any specific actual effect of this individual sign has not been demonstrated.
Historically recorded use
Numbered circular figures in a French-language ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. An individually worn amulet or any specific actual effect of this individual sign has not been established.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Additional localised component of the same late 18th-century manuscript witness as the 30 figures already recorded; not a new universal foundational motif and not a new independent tradition. The institutional dating applies to the manuscript, not to separately dated individual drawings. The uncertain title annotation 1790? and later-looking pencil notes do not establish a secure copying year. Black number: 48. No secure additional pencil number is transcribed. Red inner signs and inner numbers remain distinct from these; the selection position is not a historical figure number. The incidental reading of the name remains partly uncertain; a modern angel list does not replace the original wording.
Before designing
Complete selected circular figure, including its associated black inscription and visible correction marks, in the unchanged native full-sheet JPEG. The six rectangles on each side are disjoint. Holes, stains, show-through and historical losses are retained. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. An additional located component of the same late-18th-century manuscript witness as the 30 figures already recorded; not a new universal basic motif or a new independent tradition. The institutional dating applies to the manuscript, not to separately dated individual drawings. The uncertain title annotation 1790? and later-looking pencil notes do not establish a secure copying year. Black number: 48. No additional secure pencil number is transcribed. Red interior signs and internal numbers remain distinct from these; the selection position is not a historical figure number. The incidental reading of the name remains partly uncertain; a modern list of angels does not replace the original wording. The complete selected circular figure, including its associated black label and visible correction marks, is shown in the unchanged native full-sheet JPEG. The six rectangles on each side are disjoint. Holes, stains, show-through and historical gaps are retained. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: An additional located component of the same late-18th-century manuscript witness as the 30 figures already recorded; not a new universal basic motif or a new independent tradition. The institutional dating applies to the manuscript, not to separately dated individual drawings. The uncertain title annotation 1790? and later-looking pencil notes do not establish a secure copying year. Black number: 48. No additional secure pencil number is transcribed. Red interior signs and internal numbers remain distinct from these; the selection position is not a historical figure number. The incidental reading of the name remains partly uncertain; a modern list of angels does not replace the original wording. The complete selected circular figure, including its associated black label and visible correction marks, is shown in the unchanged native full-sheet JPEG. The six rectangles on each side are disjoint. Holes, stains, show-through and historical gaps are retained. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.4662; visible p. 151; Canvas position 156/176; top left; black number 48.
Source location: 176 canvases; individual PDM licence at manifest level
The exact DigitalLocation and specific manifest bind the image services. The Canvas objects contain no additional separate licence field; the rights are inherited from the manifest.
Source location: Title page; canvas position 6/176
Freshly retrieved and actually individually inspected native full-page JPEG bytes; no local raster re-encoding. The pencil annotation 1790? is not a confirmed copying date.
Source location: End of preface and table of contents; Canvas position 11/176
Freshly retrieved, individually inspected native whole-page JPEG bytes; no local raster re-encoding. The preface names Secret des Secrets de Tozgraec; no confirmed historical authorship by Solomon.
Source location: visible p. 151; Canvas position 156/176
Freshly retrieved and individually viewed native full-sheet JPEG bytes; no local raster conversion. Six localised red circular figures with black names/numbers and partly differing pencil notes. The layers remain separate.
Pentacle: grid of six by six writing fields – MS.4662, p. 159, centre right
Original image · source evidence
Historical angel pentacle
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition French-language manuscript; current holding in London · Late 18th century (institutional dating)
A slightly oblique grid consists of six rows and six columns with original characters. The glyphs are neither reset nor reinterpreted as a modern magic square. Numbered circular figures from a French-language ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. An individually worn amulet or a specific actual effect of this individual sign is not attested.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition
Region
French-language manuscript; current holding in London
Date of the evidence
Late 18th century (institutional dating)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A slightly oblique grid consists of six rows and six columns with original characters. The glyphs are neither reset nor reinterpreted as a modern magic square. Numbered circular figures from a French-language ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. An individually worn amulet or a specific actual effect of this individual sign is not attested.
Historically recorded use
Numbered circular figures in a French-language ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. An individually worn amulet or any specific actual effect of this individual sign has not been established.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
An additional located component of the same late-18th-century manuscript witness as the 30 figures already recorded; not a new universal underlying motif or a new independent tradition. The institutional dating applies to the manuscript, not to separately dated individual drawings. The uncertain title annotation 1790? and pencil notes that appear later do not establish a copying year. Black number: 70. Pencil number: 41. Red internal marks and inner numbers remain distinct from these; the selection position is not a historical figure number. The incidental reading of the name remains partly uncertain; a modern list of angels does not replace the original wording.
Before designing
Complete selected circular figure, including its associated black inscription and visible correction marks, in the unchanged native full-sheet JPEG. The six rectangles on each side are disjoint. Holes, stains, show-through and historical losses are retained. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval. On 13.10.2026, the crop was extended downwards to image coordinate 4480 so that the lower outer circle is fully retained; original image pixels are unchanged.
Research draft. Additional localised component of the same late-18th-century manuscript witness as the 30 figures already recorded; not a new universal base motif or an independent tradition. The institutional dating applies to the manuscript, not to separately dated individual drawings. The uncertain title annotation 1790? and later-looking pencil notes do not establish a secure year of copying. Black number: 70. Pencil number: 41. Red internal marks and internal numbers remain separate from these; the selection position is not a historical figure number. The incidental reading of the name remains partly uncertain; a modern list of angels does not replace the original wording. Complete selected circular figure, including its associated black inscription and visible correction traces, in the unaltered native full-sheet JPEG. The six rectangles on each side are disjoint. Holes, stains, show-through and historical losses are retained. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval. On 13.10.2026 the crop was extended downwards to image coordinate 4480 so that the lower outer circle remains complete; the original image pixels are unchanged. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Additional localised component of the same late-18th-century manuscript witness as the 30 figures already recorded; not a new universal base motif or an independent tradition. The institutional dating applies to the manuscript, not to separately dated individual drawings. The uncertain title annotation 1790? and later-looking pencil notes do not establish a secure year of copying. Black number: 70. Pencil number: 41. Red internal marks and internal numbers remain separate from these; the selection position is not a historical figure number. The incidental reading of the name remains partly uncertain; a modern list of angels does not replace the original wording. Complete selected circular figure, including its associated black inscription and visible correction traces, in the unaltered native full-sheet JPEG. The six rectangles on each side are disjoint. Holes, stains, show-through and historical losses are retained. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval. On 13.10.2026 the crop was extended downwards to image coordinate 4480 so that the lower outer circle remains complete; the original image pixels are unchanged.
Source location: Wellcome MS.4662; visible p. 159; canvas position 164/176; centre right; black number 70.
Source location: 176 canvases; individual PDM licence at manifest level
The exact DigitalLocation and specific manifest bind the image services. The Canvas objects contain no additional separate licence field; the rights are inherited from the manifest.
Source location: Title page; canvas position 6/176
Freshly retrieved and actually individually inspected native full-page JPEG bytes; no local raster re-encoding. The pencil annotation 1790? is not a confirmed copying date.
Source location: End of preface and table of contents; Canvas position 11/176
Freshly retrieved, individually inspected native whole-page JPEG bytes; no local raster re-encoding. The preface names Secret des Secrets de Tozgraec; no confirmed historical authorship by Solomon.
Source location: visible p. 159; canvas position 164/176
Freshly retrieved and individually viewed native full-sheet JPEG bytes; no local raster conversion. Six localised red circular figures with black names/numbers and partly differing pencil notes. The layers remain separate.
Pentacle: rectangular text panels and three crosses – MS.4662, p. 151, bottom left
Original image · source evidence
Historical angel pentacle
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition French-language manuscript; current holding in London · Late 18th century (institutional dating)
A rectangle divided into writing fields stands between red writing and three small cross-like forms at the top; the wording is not reconstructed afresh. Numbered circular figures from a French-language ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. An individually worn amulet or any particular actual effect of this single sign is not attested.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition
Region
French-language manuscript; current holding in London
Date of the evidence
Late 18th century (institutional dating)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A rectangle divided into writing fields stands between red writing and three small cross-like forms at the top; the wording is not reconstructed afresh. Numbered circular figures from a French-language ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. An individually worn amulet or any particular actual effect of this single sign is not attested.
Historically recorded use
Numbered circular figures in a French-language ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. An individually worn amulet or any specific actual effect of this individual sign has not been established.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Additional localised component of the same late-18th-century manuscript witness as the 30 figures already recorded; not a new universal basic motif and not a new independent tradition. The institutional dating applies to the manuscript, not to separately dated individual drawings. The uncertain title annotation 1790? and later-looking pencil notes do not establish a secure copying year. Black number: 47. Pencil number: 52. Red inner signs and inner numbers remain distinct from these; the selection position is not a historical figure number.
Before designing
Complete selected circular figure, including its associated black inscription and visible correction marks, in the unchanged native full-sheet JPEG. The six rectangles on each side are disjoint. Holes, stains, show-through and historical losses are retained. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Additional localised component of the same manuscript witness from the late 18th century as the 30 figures already recorded; not a new universal basic motif or an independent new tradition. The institutional dating applies to the manuscript, not to individually dated drawings. The uncertain title annotation 1790? and apparently later pencil notes do not establish a secure year of copying. Black number: 47. Pencil number: 52. Red internal signs and inner numbers remain separate from these; the selection position is not a historical figure number. Complete selected circular figure, including its associated black inscription and visible correction marks, in the unchanged native full-sheet JPEG. The six rectangles on each side are disjoint. Holes, stains, show-through and historical losses are retained. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Additional localised component of the same manuscript witness from the late 18th century as the 30 figures already recorded; not a new universal basic motif or an independent new tradition. The institutional dating applies to the manuscript, not to individually dated drawings. The uncertain title annotation 1790? and apparently later pencil notes do not establish a secure year of copying. Black number: 47. Pencil number: 52. Red internal signs and inner numbers remain separate from these; the selection position is not a historical figure number. Complete selected circular figure, including its associated black inscription and visible correction marks, in the unchanged native full-sheet JPEG. The six rectangles on each side are disjoint. Holes, stains, show-through and historical losses are retained. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.4662; visible p. 151; Canvas position 156/176; bottom left; black number 47.
Source location: 176 canvases; individual PDM licence at manifest level
The exact DigitalLocation and specific manifest bind the image services. The Canvas objects contain no additional separate licence field; the rights are inherited from the manifest.
Source location: Title page; canvas position 6/176
Freshly retrieved and actually individually inspected native full-page JPEG bytes; no local raster re-encoding. The pencil annotation 1790? is not a confirmed copying date.
Source location: End of preface and table of contents; Canvas position 11/176
Freshly retrieved, individually inspected native whole-page JPEG bytes; no local raster re-encoding. The preface names Secret des Secrets de Tozgraec; no confirmed historical authorship by Solomon.
Source location: visible p. 151; Canvas position 156/176
Freshly retrieved and individually viewed native full-sheet JPEG bytes; no local raster conversion. Six localised red circular figures with black names/numbers and partly differing pencil notes. The layers remain separate.
Pentacle: Narrow cross with curved ends – MS.4662, p. 155, bottom left
Original image · source evidence
Historical angel pentacle
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition French-language manuscript; current holding in London · Late 18th century (institutional dating)
A thin cross has curved or forked terminals at all four ends; its proportions remain those of this individual witness. Numbered circular figures from a French-language ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. No evidence establishes that this individual sign was worn as an amulet or had any specific actual effect.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition
Region
French-language manuscript; current holding in London
Date of the evidence
Late 18th century (institutional dating)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A thin cross has curved or forked terminals at all four ends; its proportions remain those of this individual witness. Numbered circular figures from a French-language ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. No evidence establishes that this individual sign was worn as an amulet or had any specific actual effect.
Historically recorded use
Numbered circular figures in a French-language ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. An individually worn amulet or any specific actual effect of this individual sign has not been established.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
An additional localised component of the same late-18th-century manuscript witness as the 30 figures already recorded; not a new universal foundational motif and not a new independent tradition. The institutional dating applies to the manuscript, not to separately dated individual drawings. The uncertain title annotation 1790? and pencil notes that appear later do not establish a secure copying year. Black number: 59. Pencil number: 64. The red interior marks and inner numbers remain separate from these; the selection position is not a historical figure number.
Before designing
Complete selected circular figure, including its associated black inscription and visible correction marks, in the unchanged native full-sheet JPEG. The six rectangles on each side are disjoint. Holes, stains, show-through and historical losses are retained. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Additional localised component of the same late-18th-century manuscript witness as the 30 figures already recorded; not a new universal basic motif or a new independent tradition. The institutional dating applies to the manuscript, not to separately dated individual drawings. The uncertain title annotation 1790? and later-looking pencil notes do not establish a secure copying year. Black number: 59. Pencil number: 64. The red internal signs and inner numbers remain distinct from these; the selection position is not a historical figure number. Complete selected circular figure, including its associated black inscription and visible correction traces, in the unchanged native whole-page JPEG. The six rectangles on each side are disjoint. Holes, stains, show-through and historical losses are retained. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Additional localised component of the same late-18th-century manuscript witness as the 30 figures already recorded; not a new universal basic motif or a new independent tradition. The institutional dating applies to the manuscript, not to separately dated individual drawings. The uncertain title annotation 1790? and later-looking pencil notes do not establish a secure copying year. Black number: 59. Pencil number: 64. The red internal signs and inner numbers remain distinct from these; the selection position is not a historical figure number. Complete selected circular figure, including its associated black inscription and visible correction traces, in the unchanged native whole-page JPEG. The six rectangles on each side are disjoint. Holes, stains, show-through and historical losses are retained. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.4662; visible p. 155; Canvas position 160/176; bottom left; black number 59.
Source location: 176 canvases; individual PDM licence at manifest level
The exact DigitalLocation and specific manifest bind the image services. The Canvas objects contain no additional separate licence field; the rights are inherited from the manifest.
Source location: Title page; canvas position 6/176
Freshly retrieved and actually individually inspected native full-page JPEG bytes; no local raster re-encoding. The pencil annotation 1790? is not a confirmed copying date.
Source location: End of preface and table of contents; Canvas position 11/176
Freshly retrieved, individually inspected native whole-page JPEG bytes; no local raster re-encoding. The preface names Secret des Secrets de Tozgraec; no confirmed historical authorship by Solomon.
Source location: visible p. 155; Canvas position 160/176
Freshly retrieved and individually viewed native full-sheet JPEG bytes; no local raster conversion. Six localised red circular figures with black names/numbers and partly differing pencil notes. The layers remain separate.
Pentacle: inscription around a central ring – MS.4662, p. 25, bottom right
Original image · source evidence
Historical angel pentacle
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition French-language manuscript; current holding in London · Late 18th century (institutional dating)
A central ring bears four arms ending in different ways; red writing is distributed across several fields. Numbered circular figures from a French-language ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. No evidence that this individual sign was worn as an amulet or had a specific actual effect.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition
Region
French-language manuscript; current holding in London
Date of the evidence
Late 18th century (institutional dating)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A central ring bears four arms ending in different ways; red writing is distributed across several fields. Numbered circular figures from a French-language ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. No evidence that this individual sign was worn as an amulet or had a specific actual effect.
Historically recorded use
Numbered circular figures in a French-language ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. An individually worn amulet or any specific actual effect of this individual sign has not been established.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
An additional localised component from the same late 18th-century manuscript witness as the 30 figures already recorded; not a new universal basic motif and not a new independent tradition. The institutional dating applies to the manuscript, not to separately dated individual drawings. The uncertain title annotation 1790? and pencil notes that appear later do not establish a secure copying year. Black number: 36. Pencil number: 37. Red inner marks and inner numbers remain distinct from these; the selection position is not a historical figure number. The incidental reading of the name remains partly uncertain; a modern list of angels does not replace the original wording.
Before designing
Complete selected circular figure, including its associated black inscription and visible correction marks, in the unchanged native full-sheet JPEG. The six rectangles on each side are disjoint. Holes, stains, show-through and historical losses are retained. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Additional localised component of the same late-18th-century manuscript witness as the 30 figures already recorded; not a new universal archetype and not a new independent tradition. The institutional dating applies to the manuscript, not to separately dated individual drawings. The uncertain title annotation 1790? and later-looking pencil notes do not establish a secure copying year. Black number: 36. Pencil number: 37. Red interior signs and inner numbers remain distinct from these; the selection position is not a historical figure number. The incidental reading of the name remains partly uncertain; a modern list of angels does not replace the original wording. Complete selected circular figure, including its associated black label and visible correction marks, in the unchanged native full-sheet JPEG. The six rectangles on each side are disjoint. Holes, stains, show-through and historical losses are retained. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Additional localised component of the same late-18th-century manuscript witness as the 30 figures already recorded; not a new universal archetype and not a new independent tradition. The institutional dating applies to the manuscript, not to separately dated individual drawings. The uncertain title annotation 1790? and later-looking pencil notes do not establish a secure copying year. Black number: 36. Pencil number: 37. Red interior signs and inner numbers remain distinct from these; the selection position is not a historical figure number. The incidental reading of the name remains partly uncertain; a modern list of angels does not replace the original wording. Complete selected circular figure, including its associated black label and visible correction marks, in the unchanged native full-sheet JPEG. The six rectangles on each side are disjoint. Holes, stains, show-through and historical losses are retained. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.4662; visible p. 25; canvas position 30/176; bottom right; black number 36.
Source location: 176 canvases; individual PDM licence at manifest level
The exact DigitalLocation and specific manifest bind the image services. The Canvas objects contain no additional separate licence field; the rights are inherited from the manifest.
Source location: Title page; canvas position 6/176
Freshly retrieved and actually individually inspected native full-page JPEG bytes; no local raster re-encoding. The pencil annotation 1790? is not a confirmed copying date.
Source location: End of preface and table of contents; Canvas position 11/176
Freshly retrieved, individually inspected native whole-page JPEG bytes; no local raster re-encoding. The preface names Secret des Secrets de Tozgraec; no confirmed historical authorship by Solomon.
Source location: Visible p. 25; Canvas position 30/176
Freshly retrieved and individually viewed native full-sheet JPEG bytes; no local raster conversion. Six localised red circular figures with black names/numbers and partly differing pencil notes. The layers remain separate.
Pentacle: writing, six-pointed star and heart shape – MS.4662, p. 25, top right
Original image · source evidence
Historical angel pentacle
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition French-language manuscript; current holding in London · Late 18th century (institutional dating)
Red lines of writing, a small star shape, a cross and a heart shape lie within the circular boundaries. Numbered circular figures from a French-language ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. An individually worn amulet or a specific actual effect of this individual sign has not been evidenced.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition
Region
French-language manuscript; current holding in London
Date of the evidence
Late 18th century (institutional dating)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Red lines of writing, a small star shape, a cross and a heart shape lie within the circular boundaries. Numbered circular figures from a French-language ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. An individually worn amulet or a specific actual effect of this individual sign has not been evidenced.
Historically recorded use
Numbered circular figures in a French-language ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. An individually worn amulet or any specific actual effect of this individual sign has not been established.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
An additional localised component of the same late-18th-century manuscript witness as the 30 figures already recorded; not a new universal basic motif or a new independent tradition. The institutional dating applies to the manuscript, not to separately dated individual drawings. The uncertain title annotation 1790? and later-looking pencil notes do not establish a secure copying year. Black number: 32. Pencil number: 33. The red internal marks and inner numbers remain distinct from these; the selection position is not a historical figure number.
Before designing
Complete selected circular figure, including its associated black inscription and visible correction marks, in the unchanged native full-sheet JPEG. The six rectangles on each side are disjoint. Holes, stains, show-through and historical losses are retained. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Additional localised component of the same late-18th-century manuscript witness as the 30 figures already recorded; not a new universal basic motif and not a new independent tradition. The institutional date applies to the manuscript, not to separately dated individual drawings. The uncertain title annotation 1790? and later-looking pencil notes do not establish a secure copying year. Black number: 32. Pencil number: 33. The red inner signs and inner numbers remain distinct from these; the selection position is not a historical figure number. Complete selected circular figure, including its associated black label and visible traces of correction, in the unchanged native full-sheet JPEG. The six rectangles on each side are disjoint. Holes, stains, show-through and historical losses are retained. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Additional localised component of the same late-18th-century manuscript witness as the 30 figures already recorded; not a new universal basic motif and not a new independent tradition. The institutional date applies to the manuscript, not to separately dated individual drawings. The uncertain title annotation 1790? and later-looking pencil notes do not establish a secure copying year. Black number: 32. Pencil number: 33. The red inner signs and inner numbers remain distinct from these; the selection position is not a historical figure number. Complete selected circular figure, including its associated black label and visible traces of correction, in the unchanged native full-sheet JPEG. The six rectangles on each side are disjoint. Holes, stains, show-through and historical losses are retained. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.4662; visible p. 25; Canvas position 30/176; upper right; black number 32.
Source location: 176 canvases; individual PDM licence at manifest level
The exact DigitalLocation and specific manifest bind the image services. The Canvas objects contain no additional separate licence field; the rights are inherited from the manifest.
Source location: Title page; canvas position 6/176
Freshly retrieved and actually individually inspected native full-page JPEG bytes; no local raster re-encoding. The pencil annotation 1790? is not a confirmed copying date.
Source location: End of preface and table of contents; Canvas position 11/176
Freshly retrieved, individually inspected native whole-page JPEG bytes; no local raster re-encoding. The preface names Secret des Secrets de Tozgraec; no confirmed historical authorship by Solomon.
Source location: Visible p. 25; Canvas position 30/176
Freshly retrieved and individually viewed native full-sheet JPEG bytes; no local raster conversion. Six localised red circular figures with black names/numbers and partly differing pencil notes. The layers remain separate.
Pentacle: inscription circle with cross and rows of numbers – MS.4662, p. 151, bottom right
Original image · source evidence
Historical angel pentacle
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition French-language manuscript; current holding in London · Late 18th century (institutional dating)
A red cross stands between several lines of letters and numbers; visible numerical signs are retained in the photograph and are not read as a black figure number. Numbered circular figures in a French-language ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. No evidence establishes that this individual sign was worn as an amulet or had any particular actual effect.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition
Region
French-language manuscript; current holding in London
Date of the evidence
Late 18th century (institutional dating)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A red cross stands between several lines of letters and numbers; visible numerical signs are retained in the photograph and are not read as a black figure number. Numbered circular figures in a French-language ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. No evidence establishes that this individual sign was worn as an amulet or had any particular actual effect.
Historically recorded use
Numbered circular figures in a French-language ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. An individually worn amulet or any specific actual effect of this individual sign has not been established.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Additional localised component of the same late 18th-century manuscript witness as the 30 figures already recorded; not a new universal basic motif and not a new independent tradition. The institutional dating applies to the manuscript, not to separately dated individual drawings. The uncertain title annotation 1790? and later-looking pencil notes do not establish a secure copying year. Black number: 48. Pencil number: 53. Red internal marks and inner numbers remain separate from these; the selection position is not a historical figure number.
Before designing
Complete selected circular figure, including its associated black inscription and visible correction marks, in the unchanged native full-sheet JPEG. The six rectangles on each side are disjoint. Holes, stains, show-through and historical losses are retained. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Additional localised component from the same late-18th-century manuscript witness as the 30 figures already recorded; not a new universal basic motif or an independent new tradition. The institutional dating applies to the manuscript, not to separately dated individual drawings. The uncertain title annotation 1790? and later-looking pencil notes do not establish a secure copying year. Black number: 48. Pencil number: 53. The red inner signs and inner numbers remain distinct from these; the selection position is not a historical figure number. Complete selected circular figure, including its associated black labelling and visible correction marks, in the unchanged native full-page JPEG. The six rectangles on each side are disjoint. Holes, stains, show-through and historical losses are retained. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Additional localised component from the same late-18th-century manuscript witness as the 30 figures already recorded; not a new universal basic motif or an independent new tradition. The institutional dating applies to the manuscript, not to separately dated individual drawings. The uncertain title annotation 1790? and later-looking pencil notes do not establish a secure copying year. Black number: 48. Pencil number: 53. The red inner signs and inner numbers remain distinct from these; the selection position is not a historical figure number. Complete selected circular figure, including its associated black labelling and visible correction marks, in the unchanged native full-page JPEG. The six rectangles on each side are disjoint. Holes, stains, show-through and historical losses are retained. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.4662; visible p. 151; Canvas position 156/176; bottom right; black number 48.
Source location: 176 canvases; individual PDM licence at manifest level
The exact DigitalLocation and specific manifest bind the image services. The Canvas objects contain no additional separate licence field; the rights are inherited from the manifest.
Source location: Title page; canvas position 6/176
Freshly retrieved and actually individually inspected native full-page JPEG bytes; no local raster re-encoding. The pencil annotation 1790? is not a confirmed copying date.
Source location: End of preface and table of contents; Canvas position 11/176
Freshly retrieved, individually inspected native whole-page JPEG bytes; no local raster re-encoding. The preface names Secret des Secrets de Tozgraec; no confirmed historical authorship by Solomon.
Source location: visible p. 151; Canvas position 156/176
Freshly retrieved and individually viewed native full-sheet JPEG bytes; no local raster conversion. Six localised red circular figures with black names/numbers and partly differing pencil notes. The layers remain separate.
Pentacle: six arms with wedge and cross ends – MS.4662, p. 153, middle right
Original image · source evidence
Historical angel pentacle
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition French-language manuscript; current holding in London · Late 18th century (institutional dating)
Six arms extend from the centre; broad wedge-shaped ends and small crosses alternate. Numbered circular figures in a French-language ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. Individual wearing as an amulet or any specific actual effect of this individual sign is not attested.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition
Region
French-language manuscript; current holding in London
Date of the evidence
Late 18th century (institutional dating)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Six arms extend from the centre; broad wedge-shaped ends and small crosses alternate. Numbered circular figures in a French-language ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. Individual wearing as an amulet or any specific actual effect of this individual sign is not attested.
Historically recorded use
Numbered circular figures in a French-language ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. An individually worn amulet or any specific actual effect of this individual sign has not been established.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Additional localised component of the same late-18th-century manuscript witness as the 30 figures already recorded; not a new universal basic motif and not a new independent tradition. The institutional dating applies to the manuscript, not to separately dated individual drawings. The uncertain title annotation 1790? and later-looking pencil notes do not establish a secure year of copying. Black number: 57. No additional pencil number is transcribed with certainty. Red inner signs and inner numbers remain distinct from these; the selection position is not a historical figure number. The incidental reading of the name Nemamiah remains uncertain: the first vowel cannot be confidently distinguished as e or a in the original. No normalisation based on a modern angel list.
Before designing
Complete selected circular figure, including its associated black inscription and visible correction marks, in the unchanged native full-sheet JPEG. The six rectangles on each side are disjoint. Holes, stains, show-through and historical losses are retained. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Additional localised component from the same late-18th-century manuscript witness as the 30 figures already recorded; not a new universal base motif and not a new independent tradition. The institutional dating applies to the manuscript, not to separately dated individual drawings. The uncertain title annotation 1790? and pencil notes that appear later do not establish a secure copying year. Black number: 57. No additional pencil number is securely transcribed. Red internal signs and internal numbers remain separate from these; the selection position is not a historical figure number. Complete selected circular figure, including its associated black inscription and visible correction traces, in the unaltered native full-sheet JPEG. The six rectangles on each side are disjoint. Holes, stains, show-through and historical gaps are retained. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval. The incidental reading of the name Nemamiah remains uncertain: the first vowel cannot be securely distinguished in the original as e or a. No normalisation based on a modern angel list. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Additional localised component from the same late-18th-century manuscript witness as the 30 figures already recorded; not a new universal base motif and not a new independent tradition. The institutional dating applies to the manuscript, not to separately dated individual drawings. The uncertain title annotation 1790? and pencil notes that appear later do not establish a secure copying year. Black number: 57. No additional pencil number is securely transcribed. Red internal signs and internal numbers remain separate from these; the selection position is not a historical figure number. Complete selected circular figure, including its associated black inscription and visible correction traces, in the unaltered native full-sheet JPEG. The six rectangles on each side are disjoint. Holes, stains, show-through and historical gaps are retained. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval. The incidental reading of the name Nemamiah remains uncertain: the first vowel cannot be securely distinguished in the original as e or a. No normalisation based on a modern angel list.
Source location: Wellcome MS.4662; visible p. 153; Canvas position 158/176; centre right; black number 57.
Source location: 176 canvases; individual PDM licence at manifest level
The exact DigitalLocation and specific manifest bind the image services. The Canvas objects contain no additional separate licence field; the rights are inherited from the manifest.
Source location: Title page; canvas position 6/176
Freshly retrieved and actually individually inspected native full-page JPEG bytes; no local raster re-encoding. The pencil annotation 1790? is not a confirmed copying date.
Source location: End of preface and table of contents; Canvas position 11/176
Freshly retrieved, individually inspected native whole-page JPEG bytes; no local raster re-encoding. The preface names Secret des Secrets de Tozgraec; no confirmed historical authorship by Solomon.
Source location: visible p. 153; Canvas position 158/176
Freshly retrieved and individually viewed native full-sheet JPEG bytes; no local raster conversion. Six localised red circular figures with black names/numbers and partly differing pencil notes. The layers remain separate.
Pentacle: six-pointed star with border signs – MS.4662, p. 149, top left
Original image · source evidence
Historical angel pentacle
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition French-language manuscript; current holding in London · Late 18th century (institutional dating)
Two triangles form a six-pointed star; red writing and individual signs lie along and above its edges. Physical dark losses in the upper area are retained. Numbered circular figures from a French-language ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. An individually worn amulet or a specific actual effect of this individual sign is not documented.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition
Region
French-language manuscript; current holding in London
Date of the evidence
Late 18th century (institutional dating)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Two triangles form a six-pointed star; red writing and individual signs lie along and above its edges. Physical dark losses in the upper area are retained. Numbered circular figures from a French-language ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. An individually worn amulet or a specific actual effect of this individual sign is not documented.
Historically recorded use
Numbered circular figures in a French-language ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. An individually worn amulet or any specific actual effect of this individual sign has not been established.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
An additional localised component of the same late-18th-century manuscript witness as the 30 figures already catalogued; not a new universal basic motif or an independent new tradition. The institutional dating applies to the manuscript, not to separately dated individual drawings. The uncertain title annotation 1790? and later-looking pencil notes do not establish a secure year of copying. Black number: 38. No additional pencil number is transcribed as certain. Red inner marks and internal numbers remain separate from these; the selection position is not a historical figure number.
Before designing
Complete selected circular figure, including its associated black inscription and visible correction marks, in the unchanged native full-sheet JPEG. The six rectangles on each side are disjoint. Holes, stains, show-through and historical losses are retained. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. An additional localised component of the same late-18th-century manuscript witness as the 30 figures already recorded; not a new universal basic motif and not a new independent tradition. The institutional dating applies to the manuscript, not to separately dated individual drawings. The uncertain title annotation 1790? and the apparently later pencil notes do not establish a secure year of copying. Black number: 38. No additional pencil number is transcribed as certain. Red internal marks and inner numbers remain distinct from these; the selection position is not a historical figure number. Complete selected circular figure, including its associated black label and visible correction marks, in the unchanged native full-sheet JPEG. The six rectangles on each side are disjoint. Holes, stains, show-through and historical gaps are retained. No new lines, outline or approval for manufacture. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: An additional localised component of the same late-18th-century manuscript witness as the 30 figures already recorded; not a new universal basic motif and not a new independent tradition. The institutional dating applies to the manuscript, not to separately dated individual drawings. The uncertain title annotation 1790? and the apparently later pencil notes do not establish a secure year of copying. Black number: 38. No additional pencil number is transcribed as certain. Red internal marks and inner numbers remain distinct from these; the selection position is not a historical figure number. Complete selected circular figure, including its associated black label and visible correction marks, in the unchanged native full-sheet JPEG. The six rectangles on each side are disjoint. Holes, stains, show-through and historical gaps are retained. No new lines, outline or approval for manufacture.
Source location: Wellcome MS.4662; visible p. 149; canvas position 154/176; top left; black number 38.
Source location: 176 canvases; individual PDM licence at manifest level
The exact DigitalLocation and specific manifest bind the image services. The Canvas objects contain no additional separate licence field; the rights are inherited from the manifest.
Source location: Title page; canvas position 6/176
Freshly retrieved and actually individually inspected native full-page JPEG bytes; no local raster re-encoding. The pencil annotation 1790? is not a confirmed copying date.
Source location: End of preface and table of contents; Canvas position 11/176
Freshly retrieved, individually inspected native whole-page JPEG bytes; no local raster re-encoding. The preface names Secret des Secrets de Tozgraec; no confirmed historical authorship by Solomon.
Source location: visible p. 149; Canvas position 154/176
Freshly retrieved and individually viewed native full-sheet JPEG bytes; no local raster conversion. Six localised red circular figures with black names/numbers and partly differing pencil notes. The layers remain separate.
Pentacle: six-pointed star with encircling inscription – MS.4662, p. 153, top right
Original image · source evidence
Historical angel pentacle
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition French-language manuscript; current holding in London · Late 18th century (institutional dating)
Two interlocking triangles form a six-pointed star; red words and further characters surround it in the inner circle. Numbered circular figures in a French-language ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. No evidence establishes that this individual sign was worn as an amulet or had any particular actual effect.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition
Region
French-language manuscript; current holding in London
Date of the evidence
Late 18th century (institutional dating)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Two interlocking triangles form a six-pointed star; red words and further characters surround it in the inner circle. Numbered circular figures in a French-language ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. No evidence establishes that this individual sign was worn as an amulet or had any particular actual effect.
Historically recorded use
Numbered circular figures in a French-language ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. An individually worn amulet or any specific actual effect of this individual sign has not been established.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Additional localised component from the same late-18th-century manuscript witness as the 30 figures already recorded; not a new universal underlying motif and not a new independent tradition. The institutional dating applies to the manuscript, not to separately dated individual drawings. The uncertain title annotation 1790? and pencil notes that appear later do not establish a secure copying year. Black number: 55 (overwritten addition). No reliably established additional pencil number is transcribed. Red interior signs and inner numbers remain separate from this; the selection position is not a historical figure number. The incidental reading of the name remains partly uncertain; a modern angel list does not replace the original wording.
Before designing
Complete selected circular figure, including its associated black inscription and visible correction marks, in the unchanged native full-sheet JPEG. The six rectangles on each side are disjoint. Holes, stains, show-through and historical losses are retained. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Additional localised component of the same late 18th-century manuscript witness as the 30 figures already recorded; not a new universal basic motif or a new independent tradition. The institutional dating applies to the manuscript, not to separately dated individual drawings. The uncertain title annotation 1790? and later-looking pencil notes do not establish a definite year of copying. Black number: 55 (overwritten addition). No securely identified additional pencil number is transcribed. Red inner marks and inner numbers remain separate; the selection position is not a historical figure number. The incidental reading of the name remains partly uncertain; a modern list of angels does not replace the original wording. Complete selected circular figure including its associated black inscription and visible traces of correction in the unchanged native full-page JPEG. The six rectangles on each side are disjoint. Holes, stains, show-through and historical losses are retained. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Additional localised component of the same late 18th-century manuscript witness as the 30 figures already recorded; not a new universal basic motif or a new independent tradition. The institutional dating applies to the manuscript, not to separately dated individual drawings. The uncertain title annotation 1790? and later-looking pencil notes do not establish a definite year of copying. Black number: 55 (overwritten addition). No securely identified additional pencil number is transcribed. Red inner marks and inner numbers remain separate; the selection position is not a historical figure number. The incidental reading of the name remains partly uncertain; a modern list of angels does not replace the original wording. Complete selected circular figure including its associated black inscription and visible traces of correction in the unchanged native full-page JPEG. The six rectangles on each side are disjoint. Holes, stains, show-through and historical losses are retained. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.4662; visible p. 153; Canvas position 158/176; upper right; black number 55 (overwritten addition).
Source location: 176 canvases; individual PDM licence at manifest level
The exact DigitalLocation and specific manifest bind the image services. The Canvas objects contain no additional separate licence field; the rights are inherited from the manifest.
Source location: Title page; canvas position 6/176
Freshly retrieved and actually individually inspected native full-page JPEG bytes; no local raster re-encoding. The pencil annotation 1790? is not a confirmed copying date.
Source location: End of preface and table of contents; Canvas position 11/176
Freshly retrieved, individually inspected native whole-page JPEG bytes; no local raster re-encoding. The preface names Secret des Secrets de Tozgraec; no confirmed historical authorship by Solomon.
Source location: visible p. 153; Canvas position 158/176
Freshly retrieved and individually viewed native full-sheet JPEG bytes; no local raster conversion. Six localised red circular figures with black names/numbers and partly differing pencil notes. The layers remain separate.
Pentacle: Upright character with loop and letters – MS.4662, p. 157, bottom right
Original image · source evidence
Historical angel pentacle
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition French-language manuscript; current holding in London · Late 18th century (institutional dating)
A vertical red character has a flat loop at the top and a curved, dot-filled extension on the right. The red letters and the inner number 6 are distinct from the black and pencil numbering. Numbered circular figures from a French-language ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. No evidence establishes this individual sign as a personally worn amulet or documents any specific actual effect.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition
Region
French-language manuscript; current holding in London
Date of the evidence
Late 18th century (institutional dating)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A vertical red character has a flat loop at the top and a curved, dot-filled extension on the right. The red letters and the inner number 6 are distinct from the black and pencil numbering. Numbered circular figures from a French-language ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. No evidence establishes this individual sign as a personally worn amulet or documents any specific actual effect.
Historically recorded use
Numbered circular figures in a French-language ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. An individually worn amulet or any specific actual effect of this individual sign has not been established.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Additional localised component of the same manuscript witness dating from the late 18th century as the 30 figures already catalogued; not a new universal core motif or a new independent tradition. The institutional dating applies to the manuscript, not to separately dated individual drawings. The uncertain title annotation 1790? and pencil notes that appear later do not establish a secure copying date. Black number: 66. Pencil number: 71. Red inner marks and inner numbers remain distinct from these; the selection position is not a historical figure number. The red inner number 6 is not equated with the black label or pencil numbering.
Before designing
Complete selected circular figure, including its associated black inscription and visible correction marks, in the unchanged native full-sheet JPEG. The six rectangles on each side are disjoint. Holes, stains, show-through and historical losses are retained. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Additional located component from the same late-18th-century manuscript witness as the 30 figures already catalogued; not a new universal basic motif or a new independent tradition. The institutional dating applies to the manuscript, not to separately dated individual drawings. The uncertain title annotation 1790? and later-looking pencil notes do not establish a secure copying year. Black number: 66. Pencil number: 71. Red inner marks and inner numbers remain distinct from these; the selection position is not a historical figure number. The red inner number 6 is not equated with the black label or pencil numbering. Complete selected circular figure, including its associated black label and visible correction marks, in the unchanged native full-page JPEG. The six rectangles on each page are disjoint. Holes, stains, show-through and historical gaps are retained. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Additional located component from the same late-18th-century manuscript witness as the 30 figures already catalogued; not a new universal basic motif or a new independent tradition. The institutional dating applies to the manuscript, not to separately dated individual drawings. The uncertain title annotation 1790? and later-looking pencil notes do not establish a secure copying year. Black number: 66. Pencil number: 71. Red inner marks and inner numbers remain distinct from these; the selection position is not a historical figure number. The red inner number 6 is not equated with the black label or pencil numbering. Complete selected circular figure, including its associated black label and visible correction marks, in the unchanged native full-page JPEG. The six rectangles on each page are disjoint. Holes, stains, show-through and historical gaps are retained. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.4662; visible p. 157; canvas position 162/176; lower right; black number 66.
Source location: 176 canvases; individual PDM licence at manifest level
The exact DigitalLocation and specific manifest bind the image services. The Canvas objects contain no additional separate licence field; the rights are inherited from the manifest.
Source location: Title page; canvas position 6/176
Freshly retrieved and actually individually inspected native full-page JPEG bytes; no local raster re-encoding. The pencil annotation 1790? is not a confirmed copying date.
Source location: End of preface and table of contents; Canvas position 11/176
Freshly retrieved, individually inspected native whole-page JPEG bytes; no local raster re-encoding. The preface names Secret des Secrets de Tozgraec; no confirmed historical authorship by Solomon.
Source location: Visible p. 157; Canvas position 162/176
Freshly retrieved and individually viewed native full-sheet JPEG bytes; no local raster conversion. Six localised red circular figures with black names/numbers and partly differing pencil notes. The layers remain separate.
Pentacle: Seven wedges and upper cross – MS.4662, p. 157, centre right
Original image · source evidence
Historical angel pentacle
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition French-language manuscript; current holding in London · Late 18th century (institutional dating)
Seven broad wedge-shaped arms meet at a centre point; above them is a separate broad cross form. Numbered circular figures from a French-language ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. An individually worn amulet or a specific actual effect of this individual sign has not been evidenced.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition
Region
French-language manuscript; current holding in London
Date of the evidence
Late 18th century (institutional dating)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Seven broad wedge-shaped arms meet at a centre point; above them is a separate broad cross form. Numbered circular figures from a French-language ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. An individually worn amulet or a specific actual effect of this individual sign has not been evidenced.
Historically recorded use
Numbered circular figures in a French-language ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. An individually worn amulet or any specific actual effect of this individual sign has not been established.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Additional localised component of the same late 18th-century manuscript witness as the 30 figures already recorded; not a new universal base motif and not a new independent tradition. The institutional dating applies to the manuscript, not to separately dated individual drawings. The uncertain title annotation 1790? and pencil notes that appear later do not establish a secure copying year. Black number: 64. Pencil number: 69. Red internal marks and internal numbers remain distinct from these; the selection position is not a historical figure number.
Before designing
Complete selected circular figure, including its associated black inscription and visible correction marks, in the unchanged native full-sheet JPEG. The six rectangles on each side are disjoint. Holes, stains, show-through and historical losses are retained. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Additional localised component of the same late 18th-century manuscript witness as the 30 figures already recorded; not a new universal base motif or a new independent tradition. The institutional dating applies to the manuscript, not to separately dated individual drawings. The uncertain title annotation 1790? and later-looking pencil notes do not establish a certain year of copying. Black number: 64. Pencil number: 69. Red inner marks and inner numbers remain distinct from these; the selection position is not a historical figure number. Complete selected circular figure, including its associated black inscription and visible correction marks, in the unaltered native full-sheet JPEG. The six rectangles on each side are disjoint. Holes, stains, show-through and historical losses are retained. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Additional localised component of the same late 18th-century manuscript witness as the 30 figures already recorded; not a new universal base motif or a new independent tradition. The institutional dating applies to the manuscript, not to separately dated individual drawings. The uncertain title annotation 1790? and later-looking pencil notes do not establish a certain year of copying. Black number: 64. Pencil number: 69. Red inner marks and inner numbers remain distinct from these; the selection position is not a historical figure number. Complete selected circular figure, including its associated black inscription and visible correction marks, in the unaltered native full-sheet JPEG. The six rectangles on each side are disjoint. Holes, stains, show-through and historical losses are retained. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.4662; visible p. 157; canvas position 162/176; centre right; black number 64.
Source location: 176 canvases; individual PDM licence at manifest level
The exact DigitalLocation and specific manifest bind the image services. The Canvas objects contain no additional separate licence field; the rights are inherited from the manifest.
Source location: Title page; canvas position 6/176
Freshly retrieved and actually individually inspected native full-page JPEG bytes; no local raster re-encoding. The pencil annotation 1790? is not a confirmed copying date.
Source location: End of preface and table of contents; Canvas position 11/176
Freshly retrieved, individually inspected native whole-page JPEG bytes; no local raster re-encoding. The preface names Secret des Secrets de Tozgraec; no confirmed historical authorship by Solomon.
Source location: Visible p. 157; Canvas position 162/176
Freshly retrieved and individually viewed native full-sheet JPEG bytes; no local raster conversion. Six localised red circular figures with black names/numbers and partly differing pencil notes. The layers remain separate.
Pentacle: four broad arms of writing – MS.4662, p. 159, bottom left
Original image · source evidence
Historical angel pentacle
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition French-language manuscript; current holding in London · Late 18th century (institutional dating)
Four broad crossed fields contain original characters; the black heading appears to read Michael and remains part of the photographic witness. Numbered circular figures in a French-language ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. The individual use of this particular sign as a worn amulet, or any specific actual effect, is not attested.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition
Region
French-language manuscript; current holding in London
Date of the evidence
Late 18th century (institutional dating)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Four broad crossed fields contain original characters; the black heading appears to read Michael and remains part of the photographic witness. Numbered circular figures in a French-language ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. The individual use of this particular sign as a worn amulet, or any specific actual effect, is not attested.
Historically recorded use
Numbered circular figures in a French-language ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. An individually worn amulet or any specific actual effect of this individual sign has not been established.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Additional localised component of the same late-18th-century manuscript witness as the 30 figures already catalogued; not a new universal foundational motif or a new independent tradition. The institutional dating applies to the manuscript, not to separately dated individual drawings. The uncertain title annotation 1790? and apparently later pencil notes do not establish a certain copying year. Black number: 71. Pencil number: 42. The red inner signs and inner numbers remain distinct from these; the selection position is not a historical figure number.
Before designing
Complete selected circular figure, including its associated black inscription and visible correction marks, in the unchanged native full-sheet JPEG. The six rectangles on each side are disjoint. Holes, stains, show-through and historical losses are retained. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Additional located component from the same late-18th-century manuscript witness as the 30 figures already recorded; not a new universal foundational motif and not a new independent tradition. The institutional dating applies to the manuscript, not to separately dated individual drawings. The uncertain title annotation 1790? and later-looking pencil notes do not establish a secure copying year. Black number: 71. Pencil number: 42. Red inner signs and inner numbers remain distinct from these; the selection position is not a historical figure number. Complete selected circular figure, including its associated black label and visible correction traces, in the unchanged native full-sheet JPEG. The six rectangles on each side are disjoint. Holes, stains, show-through and historical gaps are retained. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Additional located component from the same late-18th-century manuscript witness as the 30 figures already recorded; not a new universal foundational motif and not a new independent tradition. The institutional dating applies to the manuscript, not to separately dated individual drawings. The uncertain title annotation 1790? and later-looking pencil notes do not establish a secure copying year. Black number: 71. Pencil number: 42. Red inner signs and inner numbers remain distinct from these; the selection position is not a historical figure number. Complete selected circular figure, including its associated black label and visible correction traces, in the unchanged native full-sheet JPEG. The six rectangles on each side are disjoint. Holes, stains, show-through and historical gaps are retained. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.4662; visible p. 159; Canvas position 164/176; bottom left; black number 71.
Source location: 176 canvases; individual PDM licence at manifest level
The exact DigitalLocation and specific manifest bind the image services. The Canvas objects contain no additional separate licence field; the rights are inherited from the manifest.
Source location: Title page; canvas position 6/176
Freshly retrieved and actually individually inspected native full-page JPEG bytes; no local raster re-encoding. The pencil annotation 1790? is not a confirmed copying date.
Source location: End of preface and table of contents; Canvas position 11/176
Freshly retrieved, individually inspected native whole-page JPEG bytes; no local raster re-encoding. The preface names Secret des Secrets de Tozgraec; no confirmed historical authorship by Solomon.
Source location: visible p. 159; canvas position 164/176
Freshly retrieved and individually viewed native full-sheet JPEG bytes; no local raster conversion. Six localised red circular figures with black names/numbers and partly differing pencil notes. The layers remain separate.
Pentacle: four crosses in a square – MS.4662, p. 155, top right
Original image · source evidence
Historical angel pentacle
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition French-language manuscript; current holding in London · Late 18th century (institutional dating)
A square is divided into four fields by two centre lines; each contains a broad cross form. Numbered circular figures in a French-language ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. The individual use of this particular sign as a worn amulet, or any specific actual effect, is not attested.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition
Region
French-language manuscript; current holding in London
Date of the evidence
Late 18th century (institutional dating)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A square is divided into four fields by two centre lines; each contains a broad cross form. Numbered circular figures in a French-language ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. The individual use of this particular sign as a worn amulet, or any specific actual effect, is not attested.
Historically recorded use
Numbered circular figures in a French-language ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. An individually worn amulet or any specific actual effect of this individual sign has not been established.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Additional located component from the same late-18th-century manuscript witness as the 30 figures already recorded; not a new universal basic motif and not a new independent tradition. The institutional dating applies to the manuscript, not to separately dated individual drawings. The uncertain title annotation 1790? and later-looking pencil notes do not establish a secure year of copying. Black number: 61 (partly overwritten). No additional pencil number is transcribed as certain. Red inner marks and inner numbers remain distinct from these; the selection position is not a historical figure number. The incidental reading of the name remains partly uncertain; a modern list of angels does not replace the original wording.
Before designing
Complete selected circular figure, including its associated black inscription and visible correction marks, in the unchanged native full-sheet JPEG. The six rectangles on each side are disjoint. Holes, stains, show-through and historical losses are retained. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Additional localised component from the same late-18th-century manuscript witness as the 30 figures already recorded; not a new universal underlying motif or a new independent tradition. The institutional dating applies to the manuscript, not to separately dated individual drawings. The uncertain title annotation 1790? and pencil notes that appear later do not establish a secure copying year. Black number: 61 (partly overwritten). No additional pencil number is transcribed as certain. Red interior marks and inner numbers remain separate from these; the selection position is not a historical figure number. The incidental reading of the name remains partly uncertain; a modern angel list does not replace the original wording. Complete selected circular figure, including its associated black inscription and visible correction traces, in the unchanged native whole-sheet JPEG. The six rectangles on each side are disjoint. Holes, stains, show-through and historical losses are retained. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Additional localised component from the same late-18th-century manuscript witness as the 30 figures already recorded; not a new universal underlying motif or a new independent tradition. The institutional dating applies to the manuscript, not to separately dated individual drawings. The uncertain title annotation 1790? and pencil notes that appear later do not establish a secure copying year. Black number: 61 (partly overwritten). No additional pencil number is transcribed as certain. Red interior marks and inner numbers remain separate from these; the selection position is not a historical figure number. The incidental reading of the name remains partly uncertain; a modern angel list does not replace the original wording. Complete selected circular figure, including its associated black inscription and visible correction traces, in the unchanged native whole-sheet JPEG. The six rectangles on each side are disjoint. Holes, stains, show-through and historical losses are retained. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.4662; visible p. 155; Canvas position 160/176; top right; black number 61 (partly overwritten).
Source location: 176 canvases; individual PDM licence at manifest level
The exact DigitalLocation and specific manifest bind the image services. The Canvas objects contain no additional separate licence field; the rights are inherited from the manifest.
Source location: Title page; canvas position 6/176
Freshly retrieved and actually individually inspected native full-page JPEG bytes; no local raster re-encoding. The pencil annotation 1790? is not a confirmed copying date.
Source location: End of preface and table of contents; Canvas position 11/176
Freshly retrieved, individually inspected native whole-page JPEG bytes; no local raster re-encoding. The preface names Secret des Secrets de Tozgraec; no confirmed historical authorship by Solomon.
Source location: visible p. 155; Canvas position 160/176
Freshly retrieved and individually viewed native full-sheet JPEG bytes; no local raster conversion. Six localised red circular figures with black names/numbers and partly differing pencil notes. The layers remain separate.
Pentacle: Four-armed character with two side crosses – MS.4662, p. 153, bottom right
Original image · source evidence
Historical angel pentacle
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition French-language manuscript; current holding in London · Late 18th century (institutional dating)
A thin vertical rod and a horizontal arm have curved ends and lateral cross shapes; small red characters appear below. Numbered circular figures from a French-language ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. Use as a personally worn amulet or any specific actual effect of this individual sign has not been attested.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition
Region
French-language manuscript; current holding in London
Date of the evidence
Late 18th century (institutional dating)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A thin vertical rod and a horizontal arm have curved ends and lateral cross shapes; small red characters appear below. Numbered circular figures from a French-language ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. Use as a personally worn amulet or any specific actual effect of this individual sign has not been attested.
Historically recorded use
Numbered circular figures in a French-language ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. An individually worn amulet or any specific actual effect of this individual sign has not been established.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Additional localised component of the same manuscript witness from the late 18th century as the 30 figures already recorded; not a new universal basic motif or an independent new tradition. The institutional dating applies to the manuscript, not to individually dated drawings. The uncertain title annotation 1790? and apparently later pencil notes do not establish a secure year of copying. Black number: 54. Pencil number: 59. Red internal signs and inner numbers remain separate from these; the selection position is not a historical figure number. The incidental reading of the name remains partly uncertain; a modern angel list does not replace the original wording.
Before designing
Complete selected circular figure, including its associated black inscription and visible correction marks, in the unchanged native full-sheet JPEG. The six rectangles on each side are disjoint. Holes, stains, show-through and historical losses are retained. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. An additional located component of the same late-18th-century manuscript witness as the 30 figures already recorded; not a new universal basic motif or a new independent tradition. The institutional dating applies to the manuscript, not to individually dated drawings. The uncertain title annotation 1790? and later-looking pencil notes do not establish a secure copying year. Black number: 54. Pencil number: 59. The red inner signs and inner numbers remain distinct from these; the selected position is not a historical figure number. The incidental reading of the name remains partly uncertain; a modern list of angels does not replace the original wording. Complete selected circular figure, including its associated black label and visible correction marks, in the unaltered native full-page JPEG. The six rectangles on each side are disjoint. Holes, stains, show-through and historical gaps are retained. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: An additional located component of the same late-18th-century manuscript witness as the 30 figures already recorded; not a new universal basic motif or a new independent tradition. The institutional dating applies to the manuscript, not to individually dated drawings. The uncertain title annotation 1790? and later-looking pencil notes do not establish a secure copying year. Black number: 54. Pencil number: 59. The red inner signs and inner numbers remain distinct from these; the selected position is not a historical figure number. The incidental reading of the name remains partly uncertain; a modern list of angels does not replace the original wording. Complete selected circular figure, including its associated black label and visible correction marks, in the unaltered native full-page JPEG. The six rectangles on each side are disjoint. Holes, stains, show-through and historical gaps are retained. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.4662; visible p. 153; Canvas position 158/176; bottom right; black number 54.
Source location: 176 canvases; individual PDM licence at manifest level
The exact DigitalLocation and specific manifest bind the image services. The Canvas objects contain no additional separate licence field; the rights are inherited from the manifest.
Source location: Title page; canvas position 6/176
Freshly retrieved and actually individually inspected native full-page JPEG bytes; no local raster re-encoding. The pencil annotation 1790? is not a confirmed copying date.
Source location: End of preface and table of contents; Canvas position 11/176
Freshly retrieved, individually inspected native whole-page JPEG bytes; no local raster re-encoding. The preface names Secret des Secrets de Tozgraec; no confirmed historical authorship by Solomon.
Source location: visible p. 153; Canvas position 158/176
Freshly retrieved and individually viewed native full-sheet JPEG bytes; no local raster conversion. Six localised red circular figures with black names/numbers and partly differing pencil notes. The layers remain separate.
Pentacle: four-point rectangle with writing – MS.4662, p. 153, top left
Original image · source evidence
Historical angel pentacle
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition French-language manuscript; current holding in London · Late 18th century (institutional dating)
A rectangle with small round marks at the corners stands between red words; a cross and another character lie below. Numbered circular figures from a French-language ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. Use as a specific individual's amulet or a particular actual effect of this single sign has not been established.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition
Region
French-language manuscript; current holding in London
Date of the evidence
Late 18th century (institutional dating)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A rectangle with small round marks at the corners stands between red words; a cross and another character lie below. Numbered circular figures from a French-language ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. Use as a specific individual's amulet or a particular actual effect of this single sign has not been established.
Historically recorded use
Numbered circular figures in a French-language ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. An individually worn amulet or any specific actual effect of this individual sign has not been established.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Additional localised component of the same late-18th-century manuscript witness as the 30 figures already recorded; not a new universal foundational motif and not a new independent tradition. The institutional dating applies to the manuscript, not to individually dated drawings. The uncertain title annotation 1790? and pencil notes that appear later do not establish a definite year of copying. Black number: 54 (overwritten addition). No definite additional pencil number is transcribed. Red inner marks and inner numbers remain distinct from these; the selection position is not a historical figure number.
Before designing
Complete selected circular figure, including its associated black inscription and visible correction marks, in the unchanged native full-sheet JPEG. The six rectangles on each side are disjoint. Holes, stains, show-through and historical losses are retained. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Additional localised component of the same manuscript witness dating from the late 18th century as the 30 figures already catalogued; not a new universal fundamental motif and not a new independent tradition. The institutional dating applies to the manuscript, not to separately dated individual drawings. The uncertain title annotation 1790? and later-looking pencil notes do not establish a secure copying year. Black number: 54 (overwritten addition). No securely identifiable additional pencil number is transcribed. Red internal signs and internal numbers remain separate from these; the selection position is not a historical figure number. Complete selected circular figure, including its associated black lettering and visible correction marks, in the unaltered native full-sheet JPEG. The six rectangles on each side are disjoint. Holes, stains, show-through and historical losses are retained. No new lines or outline, and no manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Additional localised component of the same manuscript witness dating from the late 18th century as the 30 figures already catalogued; not a new universal fundamental motif and not a new independent tradition. The institutional dating applies to the manuscript, not to separately dated individual drawings. The uncertain title annotation 1790? and later-looking pencil notes do not establish a secure copying year. Black number: 54 (overwritten addition). No securely identifiable additional pencil number is transcribed. Red internal signs and internal numbers remain separate from these; the selection position is not a historical figure number. Complete selected circular figure, including its associated black lettering and visible correction marks, in the unaltered native full-sheet JPEG. The six rectangles on each side are disjoint. Holes, stains, show-through and historical losses are retained. No new lines or outline, and no manufacturing approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.4662; visible p. 153; Canvas position 158/176; upper left; black number 54 (overwritten addition).
Source location: 176 canvases; individual PDM licence at manifest level
The exact DigitalLocation and specific manifest bind the image services. The Canvas objects contain no additional separate licence field; the rights are inherited from the manifest.
Source location: Title page; canvas position 6/176
Freshly retrieved and actually individually inspected native full-page JPEG bytes; no local raster re-encoding. The pencil annotation 1790? is not a confirmed copying date.
Source location: End of preface and table of contents; Canvas position 11/176
Freshly retrieved, individually inspected native whole-page JPEG bytes; no local raster re-encoding. The preface names Secret des Secrets de Tozgraec; no confirmed historical authorship by Solomon.
Source location: visible p. 153; Canvas position 158/176
Freshly retrieved and individually viewed native full-sheet JPEG bytes; no local raster conversion. Six localised red circular figures with black names/numbers and partly differing pencil notes. The layers remain separate.
Pentacle: Horizontal rod with open rounded end – MS.4662, p. 149, lower left
Original image · source evidence
Historical angel pentacle
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition French-language manuscript; current holding in London · Late 18th century (institutional dating)
A horizontal red rod ends on the right in an open round shape; small writing appears above the rod. Numbered circular figures from a French-language ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. No evidence has been found that this individual sign was worn as an amulet or had any particular actual effect.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition
Region
French-language manuscript; current holding in London
Date of the evidence
Late 18th century (institutional dating)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A horizontal red rod ends on the right in an open round shape; small writing appears above the rod. Numbered circular figures from a French-language ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. No evidence has been found that this individual sign was worn as an amulet or had any particular actual effect.
Historically recorded use
Numbered circular figures in a French-language ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. An individually worn amulet or any specific actual effect of this individual sign has not been established.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
An additional localised component of the same late 18th-century manuscript witness as the 30 figures already recorded; not a new universal basic motif or a new independent tradition. The institutional dating applies to the manuscript, not to separately dated individual drawings. The uncertain title annotation 1790? and later-looking pencil notes do not establish a secure copying date. Black number: 46. No securely identified additional pencil number is transcribed. Red internal signs and internal numbers remain separate from these; the selection position is not a historical figure number. The incidental reading of the name remains partly uncertain; a modern list of angels does not replace the original wording.
Before designing
Complete selected circular figure, including its associated black inscription and visible correction marks, in the unchanged native full-sheet JPEG. The six rectangles on each side are disjoint. Holes, stains, show-through and historical losses are retained. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Additional localised component of the same manuscript witness from the late 18th century as the 30 figures already recorded; not a new universal fundamental motif or a new independent tradition. The institutional dating applies to the manuscript, not to separately dated individual drawings. The uncertain title annotation 1790? and the later-looking pencil notes do not establish a secure year of copying. Black number: 46. No additional pencil number is securely transcribed. Red interior signs and inner numbers remain separate from these; the selection position is not a historical figure number. The incidental reading of the name remains partly uncertain; a modern list of angels does not replace the original wording. Complete selected circular figure, including its associated black inscription and visible correction marks, in the unaltered native full-sheet JPEG. The six rectangles on each side are disjoint. Holes, stains, show-through and historical lacunae are retained. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Additional localised component of the same manuscript witness from the late 18th century as the 30 figures already recorded; not a new universal fundamental motif or a new independent tradition. The institutional dating applies to the manuscript, not to separately dated individual drawings. The uncertain title annotation 1790? and the later-looking pencil notes do not establish a secure year of copying. Black number: 46. No additional pencil number is securely transcribed. Red interior signs and inner numbers remain separate from these; the selection position is not a historical figure number. The incidental reading of the name remains partly uncertain; a modern list of angels does not replace the original wording. Complete selected circular figure, including its associated black inscription and visible correction marks, in the unaltered native full-sheet JPEG. The six rectangles on each side are disjoint. Holes, stains, show-through and historical lacunae are retained. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.4662; visible p. 149; canvas position 154/176; bottom left; black number 46.
Source location: 176 canvases; individual PDM licence at manifest level
The exact DigitalLocation and specific manifest bind the image services. The Canvas objects contain no additional separate licence field; the rights are inherited from the manifest.
Source location: Title page; canvas position 6/176
Freshly retrieved and actually individually inspected native full-page JPEG bytes; no local raster re-encoding. The pencil annotation 1790? is not a confirmed copying date.
Source location: End of preface and table of contents; Canvas position 11/176
Freshly retrieved, individually inspected native whole-page JPEG bytes; no local raster re-encoding. The preface names Secret des Secrets de Tozgraec; no confirmed historical authorship by Solomon.
Source location: visible p. 149; Canvas position 154/176
Freshly retrieved and individually viewed native full-sheet JPEG bytes; no local raster conversion. Six localised red circular figures with black names/numbers and partly differing pencil notes. The layers remain separate.
Pentacle: two touching triangles with inscription – MS.4662, p. 159, bottom right
Original image · source evidence
Historical angel pentacle
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition French-language manuscript; current holding in London · Late 18th century (institutional dating)
An upward-pointing and a downward-pointing triangle meet in the middle; original writing appears above, beside and below them. Numbered circular figures from a French-language ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. An individually worn amulet or a specific actual effect of this individual sign has not been evidenced.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French Clavicula/Tozgraec tradition
Region
French-language manuscript; current holding in London
Date of the evidence
Late 18th century (institutional dating)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
An upward-pointing and a downward-pointing triangle meet in the middle; original writing appears above, beside and below them. Numbered circular figures from a French-language ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. An individually worn amulet or a specific actual effect of this individual sign has not been evidenced.
Historically recorded use
Numbered circular figures in a French-language ritual compendium attributed to Solomon/Tozgraec. An individually worn amulet or any specific actual effect of this individual sign has not been established.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
An additional localised component from the same late 18th-century manuscript witness as the 30 figures already catalogued; not a new universal foundational motif and not a new independent tradition. The institutional dating applies to the manuscript, not to separately dated individual drawings. The uncertain title annotation 1790? and pencil notes that appear later do not establish a secure year of copying. Black number: 72. Pencil number: 43. The red internal marks and internal numbers remain distinct from these; the selection position is not a historical figure number.
Before designing
The complete selected circular figure, including its associated black label and visible correction marks, in the unchanged native full-sheet JPEG. The six rectangles on each side are disjoint. Holes, stains, show-through and historical gaps are retained. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval. From 13.10.2026 the crop begins at image coordinate 4480; a fragment of the figure above at the edge is excluded, while the figure itself and its label remain complete; original image pixels unchanged.
Research draft. Additional localised component from the same late-18th-century manuscript witness as the 30 figures already catalogued; not a new universal basic motif or an independent tradition. The institutional dating applies to the manuscript, not to separately dated individual drawings. The uncertain title annotation 1790? and pencil notes that appear later do not establish a secure year of copying. Black number: 72. Pencil number: 43. Red internal marks and internal numbers remain distinct from these; the selection position is not a historical figure number. Complete selected circular figure, including its associated black inscription and visible correction marks, in the unchanged native full-sheet JPEG. The six rectangles on each side are disjoint. Holes, stains, show-through and historical losses are retained. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval. Since 13.10.2026, the crop begins at image coordinate 4480; a fragment of the margin of the figure above is excluded, while the figure itself and its inscription remain complete; original image pixels unchanged. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Additional localised component from the same late-18th-century manuscript witness as the 30 figures already catalogued; not a new universal basic motif or an independent tradition. The institutional dating applies to the manuscript, not to separately dated individual drawings. The uncertain title annotation 1790? and pencil notes that appear later do not establish a secure year of copying. Black number: 72. Pencil number: 43. Red internal marks and internal numbers remain distinct from these; the selection position is not a historical figure number. Complete selected circular figure, including its associated black inscription and visible correction marks, in the unchanged native full-sheet JPEG. The six rectangles on each side are disjoint. Holes, stains, show-through and historical losses are retained. No new lines, outline or manufacturing approval. Since 13.10.2026, the crop begins at image coordinate 4480; a fragment of the margin of the figure above is excluded, while the figure itself and its inscription remain complete; original image pixels unchanged.
Source location: Wellcome MS.4662; visible p. 159; Canvas position 164/176; bottom right; black number 72.
Source location: 176 canvases; individual PDM licence at manifest level
The exact DigitalLocation and specific manifest bind the image services. The Canvas objects contain no additional separate licence field; the rights are inherited from the manifest.
Source location: Title page; canvas position 6/176
Freshly retrieved and actually individually inspected native full-page JPEG bytes; no local raster re-encoding. The pencil annotation 1790? is not a confirmed copying date.
Source location: End of preface and table of contents; Canvas position 11/176
Freshly retrieved, individually inspected native whole-page JPEG bytes; no local raster re-encoding. The preface names Secret des Secrets de Tozgraec; no confirmed historical authorship by Solomon.
Source location: visible p. 159; canvas position 164/176
Freshly retrieved and individually viewed native full-sheet JPEG bytes; no local raster conversion. Six localised red circular figures with black names/numbers and partly differing pencil notes. The layers remain separate.
Pentacle sheet with eight-row Mercury table – Wellcome MS.4657, p. 116
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
French-language Clavicles tradition, Pseudo-Solomon French-language transmission; exact place of origin not established here · Mid-18th century (institutionally: mid-18th century)
Central 8×8 numerical field in a circle with the visible heading Mercure; four further circular figures with squares/diagonals and heart shapes. Complete native page capture at 5173 × 6152 pixels; the book gutter, paper condition and visible edges of adjacent pages are retained.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
French-language transmission; exact place of origin not established here
Date of the evidence
Mid-18th century (institutionally: mid-18th century)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Central 8×8 numerical field in a circle with the visible heading Mercure; four further circular figures with squares/diagonals and heart shapes. Complete native page capture at 5173 × 6152 pixels; the book gutter, paper condition and visible edges of adjacent pages are retained.
Historically recorded use
Mercury and Venus are explicitly labelled on the page. The entry describes the historical arrangement of signs; the numbers are not normalised as a flawless magic square, and historical manufacturing recipes are not adopted as present-day instructions.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Six specifically located complete pages from the same inventory, not six physical objects or newly claimed traditions. The French functional descriptions are historical attributions. There is no evidence of an actually worn amulet form. Unclear characters are not transcribed; unfinished figures on other pages are not added. Pseudo-Solomon is the catalogue designation, not historical authorship by Solomon. Wellcome mentions the connection between the back inscription St. Germain and the Comte de Saint Germain only as a possibility.
Before designing
Unchanged native complete manuscript page as a reference facsimile. No isolated glyph cut-out, script reconstruction, normalised sequence of numerals or engraving outline; no manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Unaltered full native manuscript page as a reference facsimile. No cropped individual glyph, reconstructed script, normalised sequence of numbers or engraving outline; no manufacturing approval. Mercury and Venus are explicitly labelled on the page. The entry describes the historical arrangement of signs; the numbers are not normalised as a flawless magic square, and historical manufacturing recipes are not adopted as present-day instructions. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Unaltered full native manuscript page as a reference facsimile. No cropped individual glyph, reconstructed script, normalised sequence of numbers or engraving outline; no manufacturing approval. Mercury and Venus are explicitly labelled on the page. The entry describes the historical arrangement of signs; the numbers are not normalised as a flawless magic square, and historical manufacturing recipes are not adopted as present-day instructions.
Source location: MS.4657; work mykxff67; bibliographic b19695494
Identity, signature, current physical access status and explicitly open digital IIIF location with Public Domain Mark. The physical note item missing does not constitute a digital rights withdrawal; the possible connection to Saint Germain remains unverified.
Institutional original dating mid-18th century, shelfmark, Public Domain Mark, 299 Canvases and specific image identification. The six complete pages actually viewed attest to their signs and labelled historical purposes; no reading of unclear signs or completion of unfinished figures.
Middle English Christian Arthurian literature England · Late 14th century
Five-pointed pentangle in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight.
Research draftSource-based vector template
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Middle English Christian Arthurian literature
Region
England
Date of the evidence
Late 14th century
Type of evidence
Textual evidence
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Description
Five-pointed pentangle in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight.
Historically recorded use
Literary sign of chivalric virtue on Gawain’s shield.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Cotton Nero A.x/2, ff. 94v–130r. Textual evidence for a shield symbol; not a find of a Gawain amulet.
Before designing
Check the textual passage and manuscript illustration separately; do not automatically adopt later occult interpretations of the pentagram.
Research draft. Text-based drawing of the five connected points in a closed, intersecting line. Regularity, orientation and stroke weight are editorial geometry; this is not a facsimile of a historical shield depiction. No circle, additional names or modern sigils have been added. A literary Christian shield sign, not a documented amulet find. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Vector template: Text-based drawing of the five connected points in a closed, intersecting line. Regularity, orientation and stroke weight are editorial geometry; this is not a facsimile of a historical shield depiction. No circle, additional names or modern sigils have been added. A literary Christian shield sign, not a documented amulet find.
Source location: Cotton Nero A.x/2; Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, lines 619–665, especially 627–630
Text-based drawing of the five connected points in a closed, intersecting line. Regularity, orientation and stroke weight are editorial geometry; this is not a facsimile of a historical shield depiction. No circle, additional names or modern sigils have been added. A literary Christian shield sign, not a documented amulet find.
Oval reddish stone with a large central inscription cartouche and densely inscribed border bands. A second native photograph shows the plain reverse. No independent full transcription of the microscopic writing.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Iranian, Islamic
Region
Iran
Date of the evidence
1748; A.H. Rajab 1161
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Oval reddish stone with a large central inscription cartouche and densely inscribed border bands. A second native photograph shows the plain reverse. No independent full transcription of the microscopic writing.
Historically recorded use
The dated carnelian bears Quranic phrases, names of God and further invocations. Sheila Blair examines the script layers and religious references in Walters Journal 59. Historically, the extensive inscription served as a request for divine protection; the study’s interpretations include court connections and manufacture for the first Friday of the month.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 42.1205. The current catalogue gives Rajab 1161 and 1748; Blair proposes 2 Rajab, or 28 June 1748, on the assumption that it was the first Friday. This exact day is not an additional, clearly engraved date. The published thickness of 3.3 cm conflicts with the current figure of 0.3 cm and is not adopted.
Before designing
Native museum photograph as a historical reference; damage, writing and present-day photographic condition unaltered. No manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete native JPEG photographs side by side, without cropping, resampling, retouching or added glyphs. Oval reddish stone with a large central inscription cartouche and densely inscribed framing bands. A second native photograph shows the plain reverse. No independent full transcription of the microtext. No manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete native JPEG photographs side by side, without cropping, resampling, retouching or added glyphs. Oval reddish stone with a large central inscription cartouche and densely inscribed framing bands. A second native photograph shows the plain reverse. No independent full transcription of the microtext. No manufacturing approval.
Source location: 42.1205; fully attributed museum photograph
Source location: The Journal of the Walters Art Museum 59 (2001), pp. 85–103; 42.1205
Complete native PDF download archived; the object-specific passages on inscription, dating and context were actually read, not the entire collected volume. The precise date is based on the proposed identification as the first Friday; the uncertain courtly attribution and discrepancy in measurements are retained visibly.
Germanic runic script Reference: Gotland · Elder Futhark; check model dating separately
Sign p.
Research draftSource-based vector template
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Germanic runic script
Region
Reference: Gotland
Date of the evidence
Elder Futhark; check model dating separately
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Description
Sign p.
Historically recorded use
Written signs
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Historical letter; the normalised older form of the name is reconstructed. No individual amulet effect is inferred from the name. Treat the name reconstruction or phonetic value with particular caution.
Before designing
Unicode shows a normalised letter form. For manufacture, select a specific historical character variant and check it against the find.
Research draft. Normalised editorial letterform ᛈ (U+16C8); hand-set, font-free line geometry, not taken from a font file. Do not present as a faithful Kylver facsimile or as an individually evidenced amulet sign. Names are reconstructed; no individual magical effect is inferred. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Vector template: Normalised editorial letterform ᛈ (U+16C8); hand-set, font-free line geometry, not taken from a font file. Do not present as a faithful Kylver facsimile or as an individually evidenced amulet sign. Names are reconstructed; no individual magical effect is inferred.
Source location: G 88 / Kylver; sequence A I, sign 13; normalised Unicode character U+16C8
Normalised editorial letterform ᛈ (U+16C8); hand-set, font-free line geometry, not taken from a font file. Do not present as a faithful Kylver facsimile or as an individually evidenced amulet sign. Names are reconstructed; no individual magical effect is inferred.
Niedersächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, RuneS
Source location: Signs 11458–11482; sequence A I
Scholarly names and transliterations; the names are catalogue designations, not recorded explanations of the names in the ancient incision. Kylver places p before ï and d before o.
Head and upper neck of a horse, with mane and a perforation for suspension.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Archaic Italy; Etruscan, Greek and Italic visual traditions
Region
Italy
Date of the evidence
500–400 B.C.
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Head and upper neck of a horse, with mane and a perforation for suspension.
Historically recorded use
The catalogue discusses status, funerary escort and the possible amuletic transfer of attributes; the suspension perforation attests to the pendant form.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
An interpretation as the head of a hippocamp is also possible. Protection, pain relief and solar associations are described as comparative hypotheses, not as a proven use of this example.
Before designing
Unmodified native institutional photographic source; no invented glyph additions, no isolated vector outline and no manufacturing approval. Historical evidence and comparative interpretation remain separate.
Research draft. An interpretation as the head of a hippocamp is also possible. Protection, pain prevention and solar associations are identified as comparative hypotheses, not as proven uses of this example. Complete original JPEG bytes; losses of writing and material are not supplemented. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: An interpretation as the head of a hippocamp is also possible. Protection, pain prevention and solar associations are identified as comparative hypotheses, not as proven uses of this example. Complete original JPEG bytes; losses of writing and material are not supplemented.
Source location: 77.AO.81.6; complete main image view actually photographed
Scholarly comparison and interpretation are presented separately from secure object form and actual use. Photograph separately from current collection metadata relation.
French early modern grimoire tradition; Traitté des Esprits du petit payzan Reformée French-speaking; place of manufacture unknown; current location London · Mid-18th century; dating of the specific Wellcome manuscript
Broad frame-and-angle figure with several short vertical arms and a central cross bearing a small triangle. The French Mars section assigns this explicitly designated character to a named spirit figure and a ritual prescription. This attests to a historical text of use; an actual effect or a worn neck amulet is not evidenced.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French early modern grimoire tradition; Traitté des Esprits du petit payzan Reformée
Region
French-speaking; place of manufacture unknown; current location London
Date of the evidence
Mid-18th century; dating of the specific Wellcome manuscript
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Broad frame-and-angle figure with several short vertical arms and a central cross bearing a small triangle. The French Mars section assigns this explicitly designated character to a named spirit figure and a ritual prescription. This attests to a historical text of use; an actual effect or a worn neck amulet is not evidenced.
Historically recorded use
The French Mars section assigns this explicitly designated character to a named spirit figure and a ritual prescription. This documents a historical ritual text; an actual effect or a worn neck amulet is not evidenced.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
On p.282, Phalet begins only below the dividing line, after the already published two-line character of Camael. The lower frame figure belongs to Phalet’s own paragraph. The transmitted name form is not modernised to Phaleg. Dating of the specific manuscript: mid-18th century. Pseudo-Solomon is a transmitted attribution, not evidence of ancient authorship. The new manuscript variant does not replace an older printed witness.
Before designing
Unchanged native full-page JPEG embedded in the SVG; only the visible figure area is bounded by the viewport. Paper, colours, show-through writing and existing traces are retained. No outline transcription, added lines or approval for engraving.
Research draft. On p.282, Phalet begins only below the dividing line, after the already published two-line Camael character. The lower frame figure belongs to Phalet’s own paragraph. The transmitted name form Phalet has not been modernised to Phaleg. The unchanged native full-page JPEG is embedded in the SVG; only the visible figure area is limited by the viewport. Paper, colours, show-through text and existing traces are retained. No outline transcription, completion of lines or approval for engraving. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: On p.282, Phalet begins only below the dividing line, after the already published two-line Camael character. The lower frame figure belongs to Phalet’s own paragraph. The transmitted name form Phalet has not been modernised to Phaleg. The unchanged native full-page JPEG is embedded in the SVG; only the visible figure area is limited by the viewport. Paper, colours, show-through text and existing traces are retained. No outline transcription, completion of lines or approval for engraving.
Source location: Wellcome MS.4667, Traitté des Esprits du petit payzan Reformée, handwritten p.282;Canvas position298/465;Phalet;Mars section
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Phalet (Phaleg-Zeuge) – MS.4667, S.282. Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts; Datierung der konkreten Wellcome-Handschrift. Source: Wellcome Collection. Public Domain Mark.
Source location: MS.4667; second treatise pp.272–295
Institutional text names 21 spirit signatures and dates the specific manuscript to the mid-18th century. It is not a manuscript by the ancient Solomon.
Phallic bronze fitting in the form of an arm and hand
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Roman Roman Mediterranean · 1st century CE
Corroded bronze fitting with a projecting phallus, bent-arm form and several openings. The damage visible today is not smoothed over or completed.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Roman
Region
Roman Mediterranean
Date of the evidence
1st century CE
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Corroded bronze fitting with a projecting phallus, bent-arm form and several openings. The damage visible today is not smoothed over or completed.
Historically recorded use
The Met describes a phallic bronze ornament with a flat back and attachment holes, which was probably attached to a larger object. The surviving form combines a protruding phallus with an arm-and-hand shape. No individual protective inscription, specific owner or attested use as a neck pendant is known.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 60.117.9, object 255094. The museum’s explanation that it was attached to a larger object is inferred from the reverse. The image is used as evidence for a historical symbol.
Before designing
Complete native museum photograph as a historical reference; damage and present-day photographic elements remain visible. No contour reconstruction, no production approval.
Research draft. Unchanged complete native museum image; no raster transformation or addition of old outlines. Historical reference, not manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Unchanged complete native museum image; no raster transformation or addition of old outlines. Historical reference, not manufacturing approval.
Source location: The Metropolitan Museum of Art; 60.117.9; 255094
The actually read single-object text from the web tool on use and limits of interpretation. A separate ordinary native HTML retrieval returned 429 and is archived only as an error response.
Source location: CC0 for individually designated public-domain images
Freshly read institutional CC0 primary text from the web tool. Individual rights attribution was additionally checked in each archived individual object API record.
Complex phallic bronze fantastical creature with four legs, markedly projecting body parts and a curved tail. Corrosion and missing parts remain visible in the complete museum photograph.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Roman
Region
Roman Mediterranean
Date of the evidence
1st century CE
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Complex phallic bronze fantastical creature with four legs, markedly projecting body parts and a curved tail. Corrosion and missing parts remain visible in the complete museum photograph.
Historically recorded use
The Met considers this bronze piece probably to have been a suspended component of a tintinnabulum. In such Roman wind chimes, phallic forms were intended to ward off misfortune; bells could, according to beliefs of the time, strengthen this protection. The proposed use is as a hanging decoration for a house or object, not a securely attested worn neck amulet.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 60.117.1, object 255086. The museum text qualifies the connection to the Tintinnabulum with “probably”. Missing bells or additional figures are not reconstructed.
Before designing
Complete native museum photograph as a historical reference; damage and present-day photographic elements remain visible. No contour reconstruction, no production approval.
Research draft. Unchanged complete native museum image; no raster transformation or addition of old outlines. Historical reference, not manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Unchanged complete native museum image; no raster transformation or addition of old outlines. Historical reference, not manufacturing approval.
Source location: The Metropolitan Museum of Art; 60.117.1; 255086
The actually read single-object text from the web tool on use and limits of interpretation. A separate ordinary native HTML retrieval returned 429 and is archived only as an error response.
Source location: CC0 for individually designated public-domain images
Freshly read institutional CC0 primary text from the web tool. Individual rights attribution was additionally checked in each archived individual object API record.
Roman protective magic Roman cultural sphere; precise provenance not stated · Evidence from the 1st century AD; Roman Imperial period
Phallic motif on a bronze amulet.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Roman protective magic
Region
Roman cultural sphere; precise provenance not stated
Date of the evidence
Evidence from the 1st century AD; Roman Imperial period
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Description
Phallic motif on a bronze amulet.
Historically recorded use
Phallic forms were understood as protection against the evil eye.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Met 60.117.7 documents several connected protective motifs. Check the specific form before manufacture.
Before designing
Check the specific historical variant and object image against a source before using it; do not design a newly combined sigil.
Research draft. Complete, visually checked museum photograph of the specifically linked historical object. Unaltered original JPEG bytes are embedded in the SVG as a raster facsimile; neither a cropped individual glyph nor a traced sigil. The object context and all visible image details are retained. No production-ready vector paths; engraving or CNC manufacture requires separate review. The same specifically linked combined bronze amulet variant shows the phallus and fig hand together. No independent basic signs have been newly designed from it. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete, visually checked museum photograph of the specifically linked historical object. Unaltered original JPEG bytes are embedded in the SVG as a raster facsimile; neither a cropped individual glyph nor a traced sigil. The object context and all visible image details are retained. No production-ready vector paths; engraving or CNC manufacture requires separate review. The same specifically linked combined bronze amulet variant shows the phallus and fig hand together. No independent basic signs have been newly designed from it.
Source location: Met object 255092; inventory 60.117.7; complete main photograph from the current institutional API, uncropped; original 4000 × 3000 px
Bronze pendant with a phallus at one end, a fig hand at the other and testicles below the large suspension loop. Corrosion obscures small outlines.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Roman
Region
Roman Empire
Date of the evidence
1st century CE
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Bronze pendant with a phallus at one end, a fig hand at the other and testicles below the large suspension loop. Corrosion obscures small outlines.
Historically recorded use
The museum explains the association of the phallus and the fig hand as a Roman amulet. In the hand gesture, the thumb lies between the index and middle fingers. Both signs belonged to ancient apotropaic symbolism; the specific person and circumstances of wearing are unknown.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 60.117.3. The forms at the sides are identified as a phallus and a hand according to the object-specific museum text, not as added wings.
Before designing
Native museum photograph as a historical reference; damage, writing and present-day photographic condition unaltered. No manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete native JPEG capture with no cropping, resampling, retouching or added glyphs. Bronze pendant with a phallus at one end, a fig hand at the other and testicles beneath the large suspension loop. Corrosion obscures small contours. Not approved for manufacture. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete native JPEG capture with no cropping, resampling, retouching or added glyphs. Bronze pendant with a phallus at one end, a fig hand at the other and testicles beneath the large suspension loop. Corrosion obscures small contours. Not approved for manufacture.
Source location: 60.117.3; fully matched museum image
Successfully read primary text from the web tool. The separate native HTML retrieval returned 429 and is archived as an error; it is not used as read licence text.
Arm-like ends extend from a hollow, torso-like central section. The patina and irregular edges are shown as preserved object surfaces.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Roman
Region
Roman Empire
Date of the evidence
1st century CE
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Arm-like ends extend from a hollow, torso-like central section. The patina and irregular edges are shown as preserved object surfaces.
Historically recorded use
According to the museum text, the Roman bronze pendant combines a phallus and a fig hand with a hollow central cylinder. The two end signs are part of historical apotropaic symbolism; the cylinder provides no evidence of surviving written contents.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 60.117.5. The API measurement reads verbatim W. 1 3/16 in (5.6 cm.) and is arithmetically inconsistent. Both values are retained in the archived original; no corrected manufacturing measurement is invented.
Before designing
Native museum photograph as a historical reference; damage, writing and present-day photographic condition unaltered. No manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete native JPEG capture without cropping, resampling, retouching or added glyphs. Arm-like projecting ends on a hollow, torso-like central section. The patina and irregular edges are shown as surviving object surface. Not approved for manufacture. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete native JPEG capture without cropping, resampling, retouching or added glyphs. Arm-like projecting ends on a hollow, torso-like central section. The patina and irregular edges are shown as surviving object surface. Not approved for manufacture.
Source location: 60.117.5; fully attributed museum photograph
Successfully read primary text from the web tool. The separate native HTML retrieval returned 429 and is archived as an error; it is not used as read licence text.
Philosophical Child and Orion – Atalanta fugiens 1618, Emblem 49
Original image · source evidence
Alchemical-theosophical symbolic image
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art Oppenheim, Germany; place of printing · 1618; specific copy used
Four male figures with different attributes gather around an animal skin bearing a horned head.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art
Region
Oppenheim, Germany; place of printing
Date of the evidence
1618; specific copy used
Type of evidence
Textual evidence
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Four male figures with different attributes gather around an animal skin bearing a horned head.
Historically recorded use
The motto compares the philosophical child with Orion and his three fathers; it is a specific mythological alchemical illustration, not an ancient Orion amulet. Historical book illustration; actual use as a neck pendant is not attested.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Individually located historical printed component from the specific 1618 copy, not a new independent historical text and not an attested worn amulet. Effect and suitability for manufacture are not established. Work first published in 1617; the print used here is from 1618.
Before designing
Complete unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view 2880×3442px. The separately offered larger master 4291×5129px was not supplied as a downloaded file. Image, writing, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view 2880×3442px. The separately offered larger master 4291×5129px was not supplied as a downloaded file. Image, writing, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view 2880×3442px. The separately offered larger master 4291×5129px was not supplied as a downloaded file. Image, writing, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: QD25 .M354 1618; Emblem 49, printed p. 205; individual inventory 0z708x21c; Large JPG 2880×3442
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Courtesy of Science History Institute; Atalanta fugiens, used edition 1618; QD25 .M354 1618; Emblem 49, gedruckte S. 205; Einzelinventar 0z708x21c; Public Domain Mark 1.0.
The same specifically identified copy as for the 30 emblems already included; this batch adds only the remaining 20 individual sheets. First publication in 1617 and the edition used, 1618, are distinguished.
The motto compares the philosophical child with Orion and his three fathers; it is a specific alchemical illustration from mythology, not an ancient Orion amulet. Individual institutional metadata checked against PDM.
Phul – handwritten lunar character – MS.4667, p.292
Original image · source evidence
Historical spirit sigil
French early modern grimoire tradition; Traitté des Esprits du petit payzan Reformée French-speaking; place of manufacture unknown; current location London · Mid-18th century; dating of the specific Wellcome manuscript
Horizontal frame figure open at the top, with a central rectangular descent. The historical sequence of signs 69 stands beside it on the right. The French lunar section assigns this explicitly named character to a named spirit figure and a ritual prescription. This evidences a historical text of use; neither an actual effect nor a worn neck amulet is attested.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French early modern grimoire tradition; Traitté des Esprits du petit payzan Reformée
Region
French-speaking; place of manufacture unknown; current location London
Date of the evidence
Mid-18th century; dating of the specific Wellcome manuscript
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Horizontal frame figure open at the top, with a central rectangular descent. The historical sequence of signs 69 stands beside it on the right. The French lunar section assigns this explicitly named character to a named spirit figure and a ritual prescription. This evidences a historical text of use; neither an actual effect nor a worn neck amulet is attested.
Historically recorded use
The French Moon section assigns this explicitly named character to a named spirit figure and a ritual instruction. This is evidence of a historical text on use; an actual effect or a worn neck amulet is not attested.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Phul is explicitly named at the beginning of p.292; his character appears in the same paragraph before the dividing line to the second Gabriel section. The adjacent 69 remains visible, but its function is not explained or interpreted as a new numerical magic. Date of the specific manuscript: mid-18th century. Pseudo-Solomon is a transmitted attribution, not evidence of ancient authorship. The new manuscript variant does not replace an older printed witness.
Before designing
Unchanged native full-page JPEG embedded in the SVG; only the visible figure area is bounded by the viewport. Paper, colours, show-through writing and existing traces are retained. No outline transcription, added lines or approval for engraving.
Research draft. Phul is explicitly named at the beginning of p.292; his character appears in the same paragraph before the dividing line to the second Gabriel section. The adjacent 69 remains visible; its function is not explained or interpreted as a new numerical magic. Unaltered native full-page JPEG embedded in the SVG; only the visible figure area is bounded by the viewport. Paper, colours, show-through text and existing traces are retained. No outline transcription, line additions or engraving approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Phul is explicitly named at the beginning of p.292; his character appears in the same paragraph before the dividing line to the second Gabriel section. The adjacent 69 remains visible; its function is not explained or interpreted as a new numerical magic. Unaltered native full-page JPEG embedded in the SVG; only the visible figure area is bounded by the viewport. Paper, colours, show-through text and existing traces are retained. No outline transcription, line additions or engraving approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.4667, Traitté des Esprits du petit payzan Reformée, manuscript p.292;Canvasposition308/465;Phul;Moon section
Source location: MS.4667; second treatise pp.272–295
Institutional text names 21 spirit signatures and dates the specific manuscript to the mid-18th century. It is not a manuscript by the ancient Solomon.
Phurba with a three-sided blade – Tibetan ritual dagger
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Tibetan Vajrayana Buddhism Tibet · Late 14th–early 15th century
Polychrome ebony, multiple wrathful head, articulated handle and three-sided dagger body on a separate stand.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Tibetan Vajrayana Buddhism
Region
Tibet
Date of the evidence
Late 14th–early 15th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Polychrome ebony, multiple wrathful head, articulated handle and three-sided dagger body on a separate stand.
Historically recorded use
Ritual implement for the symbolic overcoming of mental obstacles; the museum associates the form with Vajrakila and the Vajrakilaya Tantra.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The complete ritual instrument is attested, not a historically worn dagger pendant. The earlier textual evidence is not presented as the age of this specific object.
Before designing
Native institutional original photograph embedded unchanged; complete view or precisely localised component of a scroll. No new isolated signs, no local upscaling and no missing strokes added. A raster facsimile is not an engraving-ready outline.
Research draft. The complete ritual object is attested, not a historically worn dagger pendant. The earlier textual reference is not presented as the age of this specific object. Unaltered original JPEG bytes and documented pixel viewport. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The complete ritual object is attested, not a historically worn dagger pendant. The earlier textual reference is not presented as the age of this specific object. Unaltered original JPEG bytes and documented pixel viewport.
Source location: Met 2019.122a, b; complete current primary original view
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Ritual Dagger (Phurba) and Stand, 2019.122a, b; Purchase, Friends of Asian Art and Mr. and Mrs. Richard L. Chilton Jr. Gifts, 2019; Open Access.
Source location: Met 2019.122a, b; object 75826; current object description and specific native original photograph
The current object page was read via web access, the Met object API was fully archived, and the individual original photograph was visually checked. Unattested ways of wearing the object or private protective effects have not been added. Text and API dating remain separate where they differ.
Source location: Open Access images under CC0; the specific isPublicDomain status is given in the individual object metadata
For each image, the release is combined with the current object API and the Public-Domain designation on the specific object page. Open metadata alone does not imply rights to third-party photographs.
Sino-Tibetan, Yongle period (1403–1424) Sino-Tibetan cultural sphere · 1403–24
Three-edged Buddhist ritual peg; the museum associates the three faces with Vajrakila and describes it as made in an imperial setting. The described transformation of repulsive substances belongs to the ritual conception. The piece is evidenced neither as a secular weapon nor as a neck amulet; unknown reverse details are not added.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Sino-Tibetan, Yongle period (1403–1424)
Region
Sino-Tibetan cultural sphere
Date of the evidence
1403–24
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Three-edged Buddhist ritual peg; the museum associates the three faces with Vajrakila and describes it as made in an imperial setting. The described transformation of repulsive substances belongs to the ritual conception. The piece is evidenced neither as a secular weapon nor as a neck amulet; unknown reverse details are not added.
Historically recorded use
Three-sided Buddhist ritual stake; the museum assigns the three faces to Vajrakila and describes it as having been made in an imperial context.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The described transformation of repulsive substances belongs to the ritual conception. The object is evidenced neither as a secular weapon nor as a neck amulet; unknown details on the reverse are not added.
Before designing
Long metal object with a three-faced head section, lotus and knot forms, an animal head at the transition, and a tip tapering to three edges. Original photograph as a complete facsimile; no manufacturing approval and no added outlines.
Research draft. The described transformation of repellent substances belongs to the ritual conception. The object is not attested as either a secular weapon or a neck amulet; unknown details on the reverse are not added. All native JPEG bytes and the full image crop remain unchanged. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The described transformation of repellent substances belongs to the ritual conception. The object is not attested as either a secular weapon or a neck amulet; unknown details on the reverse are not added. All native JPEG bytes and the full image crop remain unchanged.
Source location: 1989.362; complete actually photographed main image view
Source location: Individual inventory 1989.362; object ID 154786; title, dating, culture, material and image link
The described transformation of repulsive substances belongs to the ritual conception. The object is evidenced neither as a secular weapon nor as a neck amulet; unknown details on the reverse are not added.
Danish medieval writing and protective culture Pilegården II, Falster · Medieval (catalogue attribution; no more precise date of manufacture)
A larger, once-folded sheet of lead bears runes. The museum catalogue reads the Latin word spiritus on an outer line.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Danish medieval writing and protective culture
Region
Pilegården II, Falster
Date of the evidence
Medieval (catalogue attribution; no more precise date of manufacture)
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A larger, once-folded sheet of lead bears runes. The museum catalogue reads the Latin word spiritus on an outer line.
Historically recorded use
Classified by the museum as a medieval lead amulet; an individual protective intention has not been fully deciphered.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The remaining reading is fragmentary. The two different outer surfaces remain separate; D402/2022 is not to be equated with the other fragment D413/2022.
Before designing
Unchanged original photographs as image reference. Individual views are shown separately alongside one another; no engraving outline has been added and no manufacturing approval has been given.
Research draft. The remainder of the reading is fragmentary. The two different outer faces remain separate; D402/2022 is not to be equated with the other fragment, D413/2022. Each image is complete and retains its unaltered native JPEG bytes; separate views are not a historical complete form. Presentation files, not TIFF masters. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The remainder of the reading is fragmentary. The two different outer faces remain separate; D402/2022 is not to be equated with the other fragment, D413/2022. Each image is complete and retains its unaltered native JPEG bytes; separate views are not a historical complete form. Presentation files, not TIFF masters.
Source location: D 402/2022; DMR-235506, DMR-235507
Use of the template: CC BY-SA 4.0 with attribution and share-alike
Rasmus Bak Meng / Nationalmuseet, Danmark; D 402/2022; DMR-235506; CC BY-SA 4.0. Rasmus Bak Meng / Nationalmuseet, Danmark; D 402/2022; DMR-235507; CC BY-SA 4.0.
Individual institutional object record. Find, registration and photography dates are not treated as manufacturing dates. Uncertain signs and functional identifications remain qualified.
Danish medieval writing and protective culture Pilegården II, Falster · Medieval (catalogue attribution; no more precise date of manufacture)
A broken remnant of a folded lead amulet with traces of runes on the exterior and accessible interior surfaces.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Danish medieval writing and protective culture
Region
Pilegården II, Falster
Date of the evidence
Medieval (catalogue attribution; no more precise date of manufacture)
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A broken remnant of a folded lead amulet with traces of runes on the exterior and accessible interior surfaces.
Historically recorded use
Classified by the museum as a medieval lead amulet; an individual protective intention has not been fully deciphered.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The different orientations and damaged signs do not permit a complete text. Independent inventory number D413/2022; no connection with D402/2022 has been invented.
Before designing
Unchanged original photographs as image reference. Individual views are shown separately alongside one another; no engraving outline has been added and no manufacturing approval has been given.
Research draft. The different orientations and damaged signs do not allow a complete text. Separate inventory number D413/2022; no connection with D402/2022 has been invented. Each image is complete and retains its unchanged native JPEG bytes; separate views do not constitute a historical overall form. Presentation files, not TIFF masters. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The different orientations and damaged signs do not allow a complete text. Separate inventory number D413/2022; no connection with D402/2022 has been invented. Each image is complete and retains its unchanged native JPEG bytes; separate views do not constitute a historical overall form. Presentation files, not TIFF masters.
Source location: D 413/2022; DMR-235394, DMR-235395
Use of the template: CC BY-SA 4.0 with attribution and share-alike
Rasmus Bak Meng / Nationalmuseet, Danmark; D 413/2022; DMR-235394; CC BY-SA 4.0. Rasmus Bak Meng / Nationalmuseet, Danmark; D 413/2022; DMR-235395; CC BY-SA 4.0.
Individual institutional object record. Find, registration and photography dates are not treated as manufacturing dates. Uncertain signs and functional identifications remain qualified.
Pilgrim medallion with Symeon the Younger, around 1100
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Byzantium, Syria, Byzantine period, early 12th Century Syria, Byzantine cultural sphere · c. 1100
Byzantine pilgrim medallion; according to the museum description, such pieces were regarded as protective talismans associated with the saint. The museum documents the historical belief in protection, not any demonstrated effect. Both sides belong to one inventory item and are not counted as two different amulets.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Byzantium, Syria, Byzantine period, early 12th Century
Region
Syria, Byzantine cultural sphere
Date of the evidence
c. 1100
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Byzantine pilgrim medallion; according to the museum description, such pieces were regarded as protective talismans associated with the saint. The museum documents the historical belief in protection, not any demonstrated effect. Both sides belong to one inventory item and are not counted as two different amulets.
Historically recorded use
Byzantine pilgrim medallion; according to the museum description, pieces of this kind were regarded as protective talismans associated with the saint.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The historical belief in protection is documented by the museum; no effect has been demonstrated. Both sides belong to one inventory item and are not counted as two different amulets.
Before designing
One photograph shows two views side by side: the saint on a column with an encircling inscription, and a wide-armed cross on the reverse. Original photograph as a complete facsimile; no manufacturing approval and no contours added.
Research draft. The historical belief in protection is attested by the museum; no effect is demonstrated. Both sides belong to one inventory record and are not counted as two different amulets. All native JPEG bytes and the full image area remain unchanged. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The historical belief in protection is attested by the museum; no effect is demonstrated. Both sides belong to one inventory record and are not counted as two different amulets. All native JPEG bytes and the full image area remain unchanged.
Source location: 1972.52; complete main image view actually photographed
Source location: Individual inventory 1972.52; object ID 147023; title, dating, culture, material and image link
The historical belief in protection is documented by the museum; no effect has been demonstrated. Both sides belong to one inventory item and are not counted as two different amulets.
Plaque from a Tantric ritual apron, Tibet or Nepal, around the 16th century
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Tibet (or Nepal) Tibet or Nepal · c. 16th century
Bone plaque from a tantric ritual apron; the museum leaves its origin open between Tibet and Nepal. The uncertainty about its origin remains. The deity depicted is not additionally named. The original image measures only 300 × 1142 pixels; no local scaling or invented detail.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Tibet (or Nepal)
Region
Tibet or Nepal
Date of the evidence
c. 16th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Bone plaque from a tantric ritual apron; the museum leaves its origin open between Tibet and Nepal. The uncertainty about its origin remains. The deity depicted is not additionally named. The original image measures only 300 × 1142 pixels; no local scaling or invented detail.
Historically recorded use
Bone plaque from a tantric ritual apron; the museum leaves its origin between Tibet and Nepal unresolved.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Uncertainty about the provenance remains. The depicted deity is not additionally named. The original image measures only 300 × 1142 pixels; no local scaling or invented detail.
Before designing
Long ochre-coloured bone plaque with a dancing figure, a vine-like openwork frame and a large mask at the lower end. Original capture as a complete facsimile; not approved for manufacture and no contours have been added.
Research draft. Uncertainty about provenance remains. The deity depicted is not given an additional name. The original image measures only 300 × 1142 pixels; no local scaling or invented detail. All native JPEG bytes and the full image area remain unchanged. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Uncertainty about provenance remains. The deity depicted is not given an additional name. The original image measures only 300 × 1142 pixels; no local scaling or invented detail. All native JPEG bytes and the full image area remain unchanged.
Source location: 1980.528.1; complete actually photographed main image view
Source location: Individual inventory 1980.528.1; object ID 38565; title, dating, culture, material and image association
Uncertainty about the provenance remains. The depicted deity is not additionally named. The original image measures only 300 × 1142 pixels; no local scaling or invented detail.
Source location: Open Access policy and official Open-Access-Repository, README
Met-Policy read as an institutional web text view; direct HTML retrieval HTTP 429. Official README successfully archived natively. For each object, isPublicDomain=true and the specific primaryImage URL are additionally supported by the individual API record.
Plaque from a tantric ritual apron, Tibet, around the 16th century
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Tibet Tibet · c. 16th century
Carved bone plaque from a tantric ritual apron; the title and dating come from the Met inventory. The deity is not named in the museum title. No invented Sanskrit reading or additional identification of a deity. The original photograph measures only 325 × 1074 pixels and is not upscaled.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Tibet
Region
Tibet
Date of the evidence
c. 16th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Carved bone plaque from a tantric ritual apron; the title and dating come from the Met inventory. The deity is not named in the museum title. No invented Sanskrit reading or additional identification of a deity. The original photograph measures only 325 × 1074 pixels and is not upscaled.
Historically recorded use
Carved bone plaque from a tantric ritual apron; title and dating are from the Met inventory.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The deity is not named in the museum title. No invented Sanskrit reading or additional deity identification. The original photograph measures only 325 × 1074 pixels and is not upscaled.
Before designing
Long, narrow, pale bone plaque with a dancing figure, raised arm, curved ornamental frame and mask-like finish at the bottom. Original capture as a complete facsimile; no manufacturing approval and no added outlines.
Research draft. The deity is not named in the museum title. No invented Sanskrit reading or additional identification of a deity. The original image measures only 325 × 1074 pixels and is not upscaled. All native JPEG bytes and the full image frame remain unchanged. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The deity is not named in the museum title. No invented Sanskrit reading or additional identification of a deity. The original image measures only 325 × 1074 pixels and is not upscaled. All native JPEG bytes and the full image frame remain unchanged.
Source location: 1987.407.7; complete, actually photographed main image view
Source location: Individual inventory 1987.407.7; object ID 38564; title, dating, culture, material and image link
The deity is not named in the museum title. No invented Sanskrit reading or additional deity identification. The original photograph measures only 325 × 1074 pixels and is not upscaled.
Source location: Open Access policy and official Open-Access-Repository, README
Met-Policy read as an institutional web text view; direct HTML retrieval HTTP 429. Official README successfully archived natively. For each object, isPublicDomain=true and the specific primaryImage URL are additionally supported by the individual API record.
Archaic Italy; Etruscan, Greek and Italic visual traditions Italy · Collection: 625–600 BC; specialist catalogue: 575–550 BC
Flat amber plaque with two sphinxes facing in opposite directions.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Archaic Italy; Etruscan, Greek and Italic visual traditions
Region
Italy
Date of the evidence
Collection: 625–600 BC; specialist catalogue: 575–550 BC
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Flat amber plaque with two sphinxes facing in opposite directions.
Historically recorded use
The catalogue examines potentially protective double-sphinx imagery and possible use as part of a larger jewellery object.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
There is expressly no secure evidence of an amulet function worn before burial. Whether it was arranged on a pin, headdress or necklace remains open; missing upper additions are not reconstructed. Dating conflict: current Collection 625–600 B.C., scholarly catalogue 575–550 B.C.. No shared numerical date range is established without a reasoned resolution.
Before designing
Unmodified native institutional photographic source; no invented glyph additions, no isolated vector outline and no manufacturing approval. Historical evidence and comparative interpretation remain separate.
Research draft. There is explicitly no certain evidence of an amulet function worn before burial. Its arrangement on a pin, headdress or necklace remains open; missing upper additions are not reconstructed. Dating conflict: current Collection 625–600 B.C., scholarly catalogue 575–550 B.C. No common numerical date range is assigned without a reasoned resolution. Complete original JPEG bytes; losses to the inscription and material are not supplied. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: There is explicitly no certain evidence of an amulet function worn before burial. Its arrangement on a pin, headdress or necklace remains open; missing upper additions are not reconstructed. Dating conflict: current Collection 625–600 B.C., scholarly catalogue 575–550 B.C. No common numerical date range is assigned without a reasoned resolution. Complete original JPEG bytes; losses to the inscription and material are not supplied.
Source location: 78.AO.286.2; complete actually photographed main image view
Scholarly comparison and interpretation are presented separately from secure object form and actual use. Photograph separately from current collection metadata relation.
Early medieval Scandinavian pictorial and jewellery tradition Sweden; find context according to the individual catalogue: Plats: Holmetorp, Socken: Algutsrum socken, Kommun: Mörbylånga kommun, Landskap: Öland, Land: Sverige · 400–550 AD according to the current SHM individual object page; Folkvandringstid
A large round gold sheet with a profile head in the central image field, a broad plain rim and a ribbed loop. Modern inventory writing remains visible in the image.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early medieval Scandinavian pictorial and jewellery tradition
Region
Sweden; find context according to the individual catalogue: Plats: Holmetorp, Socken: Algutsrum socken, Kommun: Mörbylånga kommun, Landskap: Öland, Land: Sverige
Date of the evidence
400–550 AD according to the current SHM individual object page; Folkvandringstid
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A large round gold sheet with a profile head in the central image field, a broad plain rim and a ribbed loop. Modern inventory writing remains visible in the image.
Historically recorded use
Individually inventoried historical gold pendant with a stamped image field. The museum catalogue lists the piece as a bracteate; a specific protective formula, deity or individual amulet practice is not securely attested in this single source.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Specific SHM individual inventory 109134_HST. The current museum dating of 400–550 (Migration Period) is distinct from the modern acquisition registration. Incorrect date values in the older K-samsök search metadata are archived only as discovery data and are not used as dating for manufacture. A historical gold pendant with an image field is not evidence of personal magical use. No attribution to deities or free translation of runes.
Before designing
Unaltered complete capture of the surviving object surface as a historical image reference. Wear, breakage, original photographic background, inventory writing and scale are retained. Not a reconstructed complete state and not an engraving-ready design vector.
Research draft. Complete, unaltered institutional presentation image of the surviving original object; no camera master is claimed and no local raster transformation has been made. A large round gold sheet with a profile head in the central image field, a broad smooth rim and a ribbed loop. Modern inventory writing remains visible in the image. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete, unaltered institutional presentation image of the surviving original object; no camera master is claimed and no local raster transformation has been made. A large round gold sheet with a profile head in the central image field, a broad smooth rim and a ribbed loop. Modern inventory writing remains visible in the image.
Source location: 109134_HST; SHM media ID 69C01E56-0A36-4321-8A83-926B41CFE062
Current individual object identity, period of manufacture, material and find context; the linked individual media page attests to the photographer and CC BY 4.0. The modern acquisition year is not transferred to the date of manufacture.
Portrait bracteate of Kejlungs with type identification unresolved
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Early medieval Scandinavian pictorial and jewellery tradition Sweden; find context according to the individual catalogue: Plats: Kejlungs, Socken: Lärbro socken, Kommun: Gotland kommun, Landskap: Gotland, Land: Sverige · 400–550 AD according to the current SHM individual object page; Folkvandringstid
Profile head with straight hairlines; a small branch-like form and circular signs are positioned in front of the face. Six small gold globules sit beneath the loop.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early medieval Scandinavian pictorial and jewellery tradition
Region
Sweden; find context according to the individual catalogue: Plats: Kejlungs, Socken: Lärbro socken, Kommun: Gotland kommun, Landskap: Gotland, Land: Sverige
Date of the evidence
400–550 AD according to the current SHM individual object page; Folkvandringstid
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Profile head with straight hairlines; a small branch-like form and circular signs are positioned in front of the face. Six small gold globules sit beneath the loop.
Historically recorded use
Individually inventoried historical gold pendant with a stamped image field. The museum catalogue lists the piece as a bracteate; a specific protective formula, deity or individual amulet practice is not securely attested in this single source.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Specific SHM individual inventory 109630_HST. The current museum date of 400–550 (Migration Period) is separate from the modern acquisition registration. Erroneous date values in the older K-samsök search metadata are archived only as discovery data and are not used to date manufacture. A historical gold pendant with an image field is not proof of personal magical use. No attribution to deities or free translation of runes. The current naming/type field says B-type, while the description says A-type bracteate. This institutional typological question remains open and is not being re-decided on the basis of the photograph.
Before designing
Unaltered complete capture of the surviving object surface as a historical image reference. Wear, breakage, original photographic background, inventory writing and scale are retained. Not a reconstructed complete state and not an engraving-ready design vector.
Research draft. Complete, unaltered institutional presentation photograph of the surviving original object; no camera master is claimed and no local raster transformation has been made. Profile head with straight hairlines; a small branch-like form and circular marks lie in front of the face. Six small gold balls sit beneath the loop. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete, unaltered institutional presentation photograph of the surviving original object; no camera master is claimed and no local raster transformation has been made. Profile head with straight hairlines; a small branch-like form and circular marks lie in front of the face. Six small gold balls sit beneath the loop.
Source location: 109630_HST; SHM media ID 64D1860E-0CC2-4E5F-AD8B-178C1FF21DF2
Current individual object identity, period of manufacture, material and find context; the linked individual media page attests to the photographer and CC BY 4.0. The modern acquisition year is not transferred to the date of manufacture.
Early medieval Scandinavian pictorial and jewellery tradition Sweden; find context according to the individual catalogue: Plats: Rosendal, Socken: Follingbo socken, Kommun: Gotland kommun, Landskap: Gotland, Land: Sverige · 400–550 AD according to the current SHM individual object page; Folkvandringstid
A profile head with a diadem band and raised hairlines in the round gold sheet; the beaded border and decorated loop survive.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early medieval Scandinavian pictorial and jewellery tradition
Region
Sweden; find context according to the individual catalogue: Plats: Rosendal, Socken: Follingbo socken, Kommun: Gotland kommun, Landskap: Gotland, Land: Sverige
Date of the evidence
400–550 AD according to the current SHM individual object page; Folkvandringstid
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A profile head with a diadem band and raised hairlines in the round gold sheet; the beaded border and decorated loop survive.
Historically recorded use
Individually inventoried historical gold pendant with a stamped image field. The museum catalogue lists the piece as a bracteate; a specific protective formula, deity or individual amulet practice is not securely attested in this single source.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Specific SHM individual inventory 109813_HST. The current museum dating of 400–550 (Migration Period) is kept separate from the modern acquisition registration. Incorrect date values in the older K-samsök search metadata are archived only as discovery data and are not used to date manufacture. A historical gold pendant with an image panel is not evidence of personal magical use. No deity attribution or free translation of the runes.
Before designing
Unaltered complete capture of the surviving object surface as a historical image reference. Wear, breakage, original photographic background, inventory writing and scale are retained. Not a reconstructed complete state and not an engraving-ready design vector.
Research draft. Complete, unchanged institutional presentation photograph of the surviving original object; no camera master is claimed and no local raster transformation has been made. A profile head with diadem band and swept-up hairlines on round gold sheet; the beaded border and decorated loop are retained. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete, unchanged institutional presentation photograph of the surviving original object; no camera master is claimed and no local raster transformation has been made. A profile head with diadem band and swept-up hairlines on round gold sheet; the beaded border and decorated loop are retained.
Source location: 109813_HST; SHM media ID 8B4F53CC-EF68-4F94-A2B5-35C3E7D686B1
Source location: 109813_HST; acquisition number 10449
Current individual object identity, period of manufacture, material and find context; the linked individual media page attests to the photographer and CC BY 4.0. The modern acquisition year is not transferred to the date of manufacture.
Early medieval Scandinavian pictorial and jewellery tradition Sweden; find context according to the individual catalogue: Plats: Tune, Socken: Väte socken, Kommun: Gotland kommun, Landskap: Gotland, Land: Sverige · 400–550 AD according to the current SHM individual object page; Folkvandringstid
Profile head with diadem and curved lines in the lower image field, surrounded by a band of small arches; a ribbed suspension loop is preserved.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early medieval Scandinavian pictorial and jewellery tradition
Region
Sweden; find context according to the individual catalogue: Plats: Tune, Socken: Väte socken, Kommun: Gotland kommun, Landskap: Gotland, Land: Sverige
Date of the evidence
400–550 AD according to the current SHM individual object page; Folkvandringstid
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Profile head with diadem and curved lines in the lower image field, surrounded by a band of small arches; a ribbed suspension loop is preserved.
Historically recorded use
Individually inventoried historical gold pendant with a stamped image field. The museum catalogue lists the piece as a bracteate; a specific protective formula, deity or individual amulet practice is not securely attested in this single source.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Specific SHM individual inventory 109411_HST. The current museum dating, 400–550 (Migration Period), is separate from the modern acquisition registration. Erroneous date values in older K-samsök search metadata are archived only as discovery data and are not used to date manufacture. A historical gold pendant with an image field is not evidence of personal magical use. No deity attribution or free translation of runes.
Before designing
Unaltered complete capture of the surviving object surface as a historical image reference. Wear, breakage, original photographic background, inventory writing and scale are retained. Not a reconstructed complete state and not an engraving-ready design vector.
Research draft. Complete unaltered institutional presentation photograph of the surviving original object; no camera master is claimed and no local raster transformation has been made. Profile head with diadem and curved lines in the lower image field, surrounded by a band of small arches; a ribbed suspension loop survives. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete unaltered institutional presentation photograph of the surviving original object; no camera master is claimed and no local raster transformation has been made. Profile head with diadem and curved lines in the lower image field, surrounded by a band of small arches; a ribbed suspension loop survives.
Source location: 109411_HST; SHM media ID 5A98D845-47AA-4085-A3E5-71D8FBD5EB16
Source location: 109411_HST; acquisition number 2251
Current individual object identity, period of manufacture, material and find context; the linked individual media page attests to the photographer and CC BY 4.0. The modern acquisition year is not transferred to the date of manufacture.
Early medieval Scandinavian pictorial and jewellery tradition Sweden; find context according to the individual catalogue: Plats: Vänge prästgård, Socken: Vänge socken, Kommun: Gotland kommun, Landskap: Gotland, Land: Sverige · 400–550 AD according to the current SHM individual object page; Folkvandringstid
Profile head with diadem and small angular cross in the field in front of the face. Parts of the loop are missing at the top; the historical edge and wear remain unchanged.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early medieval Scandinavian pictorial and jewellery tradition
Region
Sweden; find context according to the individual catalogue: Plats: Vänge prästgård, Socken: Vänge socken, Kommun: Gotland kommun, Landskap: Gotland, Land: Sverige
Date of the evidence
400–550 AD according to the current SHM individual object page; Folkvandringstid
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Profile head with diadem and small angular cross in the field in front of the face. Parts of the loop are missing at the top; the historical edge and wear remain unchanged.
Historically recorded use
Individually inventoried historical gold pendant with a stamped image field. The museum catalogue lists the piece as a bracteate; a specific protective formula, deity or individual amulet practice is not securely attested in this single source.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Specific SHM individual inventory 109545_HST. The current museum dating of 400–550 (Migration Period) is separate from the modern acquisition registration. Erroneous date values in older K-samsök search metadata are archived only as discovery data and are not used to date manufacture. A historical gold pendant with an image field is not proof of personal magical use. No attribution to deities or free translation of runes.
Before designing
Unaltered complete capture of the surviving object surface as a historical image reference. Wear, breakage, original photographic background, inventory writing and scale are retained. Not a reconstructed complete state and not an engraving-ready design vector.
Research draft. Complete, unaltered institutional presentation image of the surviving original object; no camera master is claimed and no local raster transformation has been made. Profile head with diadem and a small angular cross in the field before the face. Parts of the loop are missing at the top; the historical edge and wear remain unchanged. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete, unaltered institutional presentation image of the surviving original object; no camera master is claimed and no local raster transformation has been made. Profile head with diadem and a small angular cross in the field before the face. Parts of the loop are missing at the top; the historical edge and wear remain unchanged.
Source location: 109545_HST; SHM media ID DC1A7FB6-B44B-43A7-A013-D233886E2F11
Source location: 109545_HST; acquisition number 3710
Current individual object identity, period of manufacture, material and find context; the linked individual media page attests to the photographer and CC BY 4.0. The modern acquisition year is not transferred to the date of manufacture.
Poulsensminde – runic fragment with changing direction of writing
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Danish medieval writing and protective culture Poulsensminde, Jutland · Medieval (catalogue attribution; no more precise date of manufacture)
The remains of a folded lead strip show several incised lines on the surviving surfaces, with their orientations changing relative to one another.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Danish medieval writing and protective culture
Region
Poulsensminde, Jutland
Date of the evidence
Medieval (catalogue attribution; no more precise date of manufacture)
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
The remains of a folded lead strip show several incised lines on the surviving surfaces, with their orientations changing relative to one another.
Historically recorded use
Classified by the museum as a medieval lead amulet; an individual protective intention has not been fully deciphered.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The poor state of preservation does not allow a reliable reading of the whole. Individual rune forms and their connections remain ambiguous in the catalogue.
Before designing
Unchanged original photographs as image reference. Individual views are shown separately alongside one another; no engraving outline has been added and no manufacturing approval has been given.
Research draft. The poor state of preservation does not permit a reliable overall reading. Individual rune forms and their connections remain ambiguous in the catalogue. Each image is complete and retains its native JPEG bytes unchanged; separate views are not a historical complete form. Presentation files, not TIFF masters. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The poor state of preservation does not permit a reliable overall reading. Individual rune forms and their connections remain ambiguous in the catalogue. Each image is complete and retains its native JPEG bytes unchanged; separate views are not a historical complete form. Presentation files, not TIFF masters.
Source location: D 721/2021; DMR-231795, DMR-231796
Use of the template: CC BY-SA 4.0 with attribution and share-alike
Rasmus Bak Meng / Nationalmuseet, Danmark; D 721/2021; DMR-231795; CC BY-SA 4.0. Rasmus Bak Meng / Nationalmuseet, Danmark; D 721/2021; DMR-231796; CC BY-SA 4.0.
Individual institutional object record. Find, registration and photography dates are not treated as manufacturing dates. Uncertain signs and functional identifications remain qualified.
Ancient Egyptian amulets and historical symbol forms Egypt; Naqada II–III · c. 3650–3100 BC
Pink to orange limestone with a stocky hippopotamus body and a drilled hole through the back.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Ancient Egyptian amulets and historical symbol forms
Region
Egypt; Naqada II–III
Date of the evidence
c. 3650–3100 BC
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Pink to orange limestone with a stocky hippopotamus body and a drilled hole through the back.
Historically recorded use
Animal figure catalogued as a hippopotamus amulet from the Predynastic period.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The animal form alone is not the anthropomorphic goddess Taweret. The uneven body outline is not made symmetrical. The date range follows the legible catalogue dating; the differing numerical API values are retained separately in the evidence record.
Before designing
Complete original image; the blank space in the original image URL is URL-encoded only on download. CC0 raster reference; not a checked manufacturing file. Engraving or casting requires separately checked outline preparation.
Research draft. Complete original capture; the space in the original image URL is only URL-encoded on download. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete original capture; the space in the original image URL is only URL-encoded on download.
Source location: Met 10.130.1188; selected original photograph
Source location: Met 10.130.1188; object 547208; API title, objectDate, medium, geography, images
Directly archived institutional object record for this exact inventory item. Image form also checked visually; named function and attribution only to the extent documented in each case.
Predynastic Egyptian amulet tradition Egypt; exact findspot not stated · c. 3500–2950 BC; Naqada II–III according to the museum catalogue
Violet, translucent head with a broad rounded forehead, slightly raised curled horns and a narrow projecting muzzle. Inclusions and surface losses remain visible in the complete frontal photograph.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Predynastic Egyptian amulet tradition
Region
Egypt; exact findspot not stated
Date of the evidence
c. 3500–2950 BC; Naqada II–III according to the museum catalogue
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Violet, translucent head with a broad rounded forehead, slightly raised curled horns and a narrow projecting muzzle. Inclusions and surface losses remain visible in the complete frontal photograph.
Historically recorded use
The museum identifies the piece as an early bull-head amulet. A transverse perforation at the back served for suspension. The museum’s explanation connects the bull form with historical ideas of protection and fertility.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 1998.26. The precise dating comes from the current object catalogue; its description additionally gives the broader Predynastic typological period. Protection and fertility are historical attributions, not proven effects.
Before designing
Unchanged, complete native museum view(s), including background and present-day damage. Historical facsimile; separate outline preparation and manufacturing review required.
Research draft. Violet, translucent head with a broad rounded forehead, faint raised curled horns and a narrow projecting muzzle. Inclusions and surface losses remain visible in the complete front view. Unaltered complete native museum view(s), including background and present-day damage. Historical facsimile; separate outline preparation and manufacturing review required. Regular HTTP200 original retrieval on 12.10.2026. Current image retrieval HTTP403; current object page confirms the exact image URL, dimensions and CC0 unchanged. No claim is made of a fresh successful image retrieval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Violet, translucent head with a broad rounded forehead, faint raised curled horns and a narrow projecting muzzle. Inclusions and surface losses remain visible in the complete front view. Unaltered complete native museum view(s), including background and present-day damage. Historical facsimile; separate outline preparation and manufacturing review required. Regular HTTP200 original retrieval on 12.10.2026. Current image retrieval HTTP403; current object page confirms the exact image URL, dimensions and CC0 unchanged. No claim is made of a fresh successful image retrieval.
Source location: 1998.26; 1 complete native museum view(s)
Sasanian period; Mesopotamian incantation bowls Mesopotamia · Around the 5th–6th century CE
Painted ceramic bowl with rows resembling signs; the model reproduces the material, losses and arrangement without alteration.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Sasanian period; Mesopotamian incantation bowls
Region
Mesopotamia
Date of the evidence
Around the 5th–6th century CE
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Painted ceramic bowl with rows resembling signs; the model reproduces the material, losses and arrangement without alteration.
Historically recorded use
The museum explicitly describes the script as pseudo-Aramaic and the bowl as an incantation bowl. It does not claim that there is a complete, linguistically readable formula.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Pseudo-writing is not assigned an invented grammar, translation or person. The numerical API values 5/5 are not treated as calendar dating; the printed period around the 5th–6th century is used. Not a wearable pendant.
Before designing
Unaltered complete institutional image; material losses, inscriptions and present-day object condition are retained. No formula added, sigil redrawn or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. The pseudo-writing is not attributed to an invented grammar, translation or person. The numerical API values 5/5 are not treated as calendar dating; the printed period around the 5th–6th century is used. Not a wearable pendant. Complete original JPEG bytes; losses of writing and material are not supplemented. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The pseudo-writing is not attributed to an invented grammar, translation or person. The numerical API values 5/5 are not treated as calendar dating; the printed period around the 5th–6th century is used. Not a wearable pendant. Complete original JPEG bytes; losses of writing and material are not supplemented.
Source location: Object ID 321886; inventory 86.11.260; current individual API retrieval and institutional page text
Current API attribution, inventory number, material, date and specifically linked CC0 images; curatorial statements additionally checked against the institutional web page text. Direct native HTML retrieval returns 429 and is not presented as archived HTML.
Source location: Specific image/metadata permission additionally checked for each object
The general institutional CC0 rule can be used only together with an individual object/image relation; the failed image retrieval remains visible in the retrieval report.
Ancient Egyptian amulets and historical symbol forms Egypt · 664–332 BC
Standing, tightly wrapped blue figure with arms brought together in front of the body.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Ancient Egyptian amulets and historical symbol forms
Region
Egypt
Date of the evidence
664–332 BC
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Standing, tightly wrapped blue figure with arms brought together in front of the body.
Historically recorded use
Deity amulet identified by the museum as Ptah.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
No identification with Ptah-Sokar-Osiris or a combination of additional deities without evidence for this individual piece. The numerical range follows the legible catalogue dating; the divergent numerical API values are preserved separately in the evidence record.
Before designing
The original photographed lapis lazuli figure; worn lines are not traced over. CC0 raster reference; not a verified manufacturing file. A separately checked outline preparation is required for engraving or casting.
Research draft. The original photographed lapis lazuli figure; worn lines are not retraced. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The original photographed lapis lazuli figure; worn lines are not retraced.
Source location: Met 44.4.33; selected original image
Source location: Met 44.4.33; object 546240; API title, objectDate, medium, geography, images
Directly archived institutional object record for this exact inventory item. Image form also checked visually; named function and attribution only to the extent documented in each case.
Ancient Egyptian amulets and historical symbol forms Egypt; Thebes, Asasif, Ptolemaic vaulted tombs near Birabi · 332–30 BC
Standing faience goddess with segmented head sign and arms held close to the body.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Ancient Egyptian amulets and historical symbol forms
Region
Egypt; Thebes, Asasif, Ptolemaic vaulted tombs near Birabi
Date of the evidence
332–30 BC
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Standing faience goddess with segmented head sign and arms held close to the body.
Historically recorded use
Deity amulet, identified by the museum as Nephthys, with a documented tomb find area.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Nephthys follows the museum identification; no equating her with Isis and no reconstruction of a triad from a single piece.
Before designing
Original image of the individual goddess; no flanking figures have been added. CC0 raster reference; not a verified manufacturing file. A separately verified contour preparation is required for engraving or casting.
Research draft. Original photograph of the individual goddess; no flanking figures are added. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Original photograph of the individual goddess; no flanking figures are added.
Source location: Met 26.7.886; selected original photograph
Source location: Met 26.7.886; object 551327; API title, objectDate, medium, geography, images
Directly archived institutional object record for this exact inventory item. Image form also checked visually; named function and attribution only to the extent documented in each case.
Danish medieval writing and protective culture Pærebakken, Bornholm · Medieval (catalogue attribution; no more precise date of manufacture)
A folded lead amulet is broken into two surviving parts. Incised signs appear on the surfaces; the museum considers one inner sign to be a calendar rune.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Danish medieval writing and protective culture
Region
Pærebakken, Bornholm
Date of the evidence
Medieval (catalogue attribution; no more precise date of manufacture)
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A folded lead amulet is broken into two surviving parts. Incised signs appear on the surfaces; the museum considers one inner sign to be a calendar rune.
Historically recorded use
Classified by the museum as a medieval lead amulet; an individual protective intention has not been fully deciphered.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The reading and possible calendar rune are uncertain. The two fragments are shown in the photographed arrangement, not joined in a drawing.
Before designing
Unchanged original photographs as image reference. Individual views are shown separately alongside one another; no engraving outline has been added and no manufacturing approval has been given.
Research draft. The reading and possible calendar rune are uncertain. The two fragments are shown in the photographed arrangement, not joined by drawing. Each image is complete and retains its unaltered native JPEG bytes; separate views are not a historical overall form. Presentation files, not TIFF masters. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The reading and possible calendar rune are uncertain. The two fragments are shown in the photographed arrangement, not joined by drawing. Each image is complete and retains its unaltered native JPEG bytes; separate views are not a historical overall form. Presentation files, not TIFF masters.
Source location: D 624/2021; DMR-231798, DMR-231799
Use of the template: CC BY-SA 4.0 with attribution and share-alike
Rasmus Bak Meng / Nationalmuseet, Danmark; D 624/2021; DMR-231798; CC BY-SA 4.0. Rasmus Bak Meng / Nationalmuseet, Danmark; D 624/2021; DMR-231799; CC BY-SA 4.0.
Individual institutional object record. Find, registration and photography dates are not treated as manufacturing dates. Uncertain signs and functional identifications remain qualified.
Early modern transmission of magical gem images Antwerp; current collection at Museum Plantin-Moretus · 1657 (printing date of the image witness)
A bird facing right stands on a longer branch with leaves along its sides. The CBd identifies it as a raven; further meanings and a reverse are not specified for this image witness.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern transmission of magical gem images
Region
Antwerp; current collection at Museum Plantin-Moretus
Date of the evidence
1657 (printing date of the image witness)
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A bird facing right stands on a longer branch with leaves along its sides. The CBd identifies it as a raven; further meanings and a reverse are not specified for this image witness.
Historically recorded use
Antiquarian documentation of an image transmitted as a gem motif. No evidence that this paper sheet itself served as a worn amulet.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Historical printed witness from 1657, recorded in the scholarly gem catalogue as a transmitted drawing. The printing date confirms the historical transmission of the image; it does not independently prove the depicted stone’s age, authenticity or personal use as an amulet. The designation as a gem motif does not attribute a guaranteed effect.
Before designing
Unaltered native museum JPEG in SVG with a documented crop of the complete numbered image group. Related pages remain visible together. No added lines or substitute letters; historical image reference without vector transcription and without manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Historical printed witness of 1657, recorded in the scholarly gem catalogue as a transmitted drawing. The print date confirms the historical transmission of the image; it does not independently prove the age or authenticity of the stone depicted, or its personal use as an amulet. Calling it a gem motif does not attribute a guaranteed effect. Unaltered native museum JPEG embedded in the SVG, with a documented crop of the complete numbered image group. Related pages remain visible together. No added lines or substitute letters; historical image reference without vector transcription and without manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historical printed witness of 1657, recorded in the scholarly gem catalogue as a transmitted drawing. The print date confirms the historical transmission of the image; it does not independently prove the age or authenticity of the stone depicted, or its personal use as an amulet. Calling it a gem motif does not attribute a guaranteed effect. Unaltered native museum JPEG embedded in the SVG, with a documented crop of the complete numbered image group. Related pages remain visible together. No added lines or substitute letters; historical image reference without vector transcription and without manufacturing approval.
Source location: Museum Plantin-Moretus, PK.OP.07414; Tabula V, figure 23; CBd-2794
Early modern transmission of magical gem images Antwerp; current collection at Museum Plantin-Moretus · 1657 (printing date of the image witness)
A bird facing right sits on a curved cornucopia; three letters appear above it. The CBd gives the letters as PVN and notes that they can be read as Greek or Latin. No securely established word resolution or personal use as an amulet.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern transmission of magical gem images
Region
Antwerp; current collection at Museum Plantin-Moretus
Date of the evidence
1657 (printing date of the image witness)
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A bird facing right sits on a curved cornucopia; three letters appear above it. The CBd gives the letters as PVN and notes that they can be read as Greek or Latin. No securely established word resolution or personal use as an amulet.
Historically recorded use
Antiquarian documentation of an image transmitted as a gem motif. No evidence that this paper sheet itself served as a worn amulet.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Historical printed witness from 1657, recorded in the scholarly gem catalogue as a transmitted drawing. The printing date confirms the historical transmission of the image; it does not independently prove the depicted stone’s age, authenticity or personal use as an amulet. The designation as a gem motif does not attribute a guaranteed effect.
Before designing
Unaltered native museum JPEG in SVG with a documented crop of the complete numbered image group. Related pages remain visible together. No added lines or substitute letters; historical image reference without vector transcription and without manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Historical printed witness of 1657, recorded in the scholarly gem catalogue as a transmitted drawing. The print date confirms the historical transmission of the image; it does not independently prove the age or authenticity of the stone depicted, or its personal use as an amulet. Calling it a gem motif does not attribute a guaranteed effect. Unaltered native museum JPEG embedded in the SVG, with a documented crop of the complete numbered image group. Related pages remain visible together. No added lines or substitute letters; historical image reference without vector transcription and without manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historical printed witness of 1657, recorded in the scholarly gem catalogue as a transmitted drawing. The print date confirms the historical transmission of the image; it does not independently prove the age or authenticity of the stone depicted, or its personal use as an amulet. Calling it a gem motif does not attribute a guaranteed effect. Unaltered native museum JPEG embedded in the SVG, with a documented crop of the complete numbered image group. Related pages remain visible together. No added lines or substitute letters; historical image reference without vector transcription and without manufacturing approval.
Source location: Museum Plantin-Moretus, PK.OP.07414; Tabula V, figure 21; CBd-2792
Early modern transmission of magical gem images Antwerp; current collection at Museum Plantin-Moretus · 1657 (printing date of the image witness)
A bird facing right stands on a branch; the three letters MSF are visible above it. The CBd lists this as a historical gem design. The letters are not expanded, and no specific magical purpose is claimed.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern transmission of magical gem images
Region
Antwerp; current collection at Museum Plantin-Moretus
Date of the evidence
1657 (printing date of the image witness)
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A bird facing right stands on a branch; the three letters MSF are visible above it. The CBd lists this as a historical gem design. The letters are not expanded, and no specific magical purpose is claimed.
Historically recorded use
Antiquarian documentation of an image transmitted as a gem motif. No evidence that this paper sheet itself served as a worn amulet.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Historical printed witness from 1657, recorded in the scholarly gem catalogue as a transmitted drawing. The printing date confirms the historical transmission of the image; it does not independently prove the depicted stone’s age, authenticity or personal use as an amulet. The designation as a gem motif does not attribute a guaranteed effect.
Before designing
Unaltered native museum JPEG in SVG with a documented crop of the complete numbered image group. Related pages remain visible together. No added lines or substitute letters; historical image reference without vector transcription and without manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Historical printed witness of 1657, recorded in the scholarly gem catalogue as a transmitted drawing. The print date confirms the historical transmission of the image; it does not independently prove the age or authenticity of the stone depicted, or its personal use as an amulet. Calling it a gem motif does not attribute a guaranteed effect. Unaltered native museum JPEG embedded in the SVG, with a documented crop of the complete numbered image group. Related pages remain visible together. No added lines or substitute letters; historical image reference without vector transcription and without manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historical printed witness of 1657, recorded in the scholarly gem catalogue as a transmitted drawing. The print date confirms the historical transmission of the image; it does not independently prove the age or authenticity of the stone depicted, or its personal use as an amulet. Calling it a gem motif does not attribute a guaranteed effect. Unaltered native museum JPEG embedded in the SVG, with a documented crop of the complete numbered image group. Related pages remain visible together. No added lines or substitute letters; historical image reference without vector transcription and without manufacturing approval.
Source location: Museum Plantin-Moretus, PK.OP.07414; Tabula V, figure 20; CBd-2791
Early modern transmission of magical gem images Antwerp; current collection at Museum Plantin-Moretus · 1657 (printing date of the image witness)
A bird stands on a leafy branch; an eight-rayed star appears above its head. Catalogued as a raven motif in a historical gem drawing. No unsupported planetary or zodiacal attribution is made for the star.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern transmission of magical gem images
Region
Antwerp; current collection at Museum Plantin-Moretus
Date of the evidence
1657 (printing date of the image witness)
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A bird stands on a leafy branch; an eight-rayed star appears above its head. Catalogued as a raven motif in a historical gem drawing. No unsupported planetary or zodiacal attribution is made for the star.
Historically recorded use
Antiquarian documentation of an image transmitted as a gem motif. No evidence that this paper sheet itself served as a worn amulet.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Historical printed witness from 1657, recorded in the scholarly gem catalogue as a transmitted drawing. The printing date confirms the historical transmission of the image; it does not independently prove the depicted stone’s age, authenticity or personal use as an amulet. The designation as a gem motif does not attribute a guaranteed effect.
Before designing
Unaltered native museum JPEG in SVG with a documented crop of the complete numbered image group. Related pages remain visible together. No added lines or substitute letters; historical image reference without vector transcription and without manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Historical printed witness of 1657, recorded in the scholarly gem catalogue as a transmitted drawing. The print date confirms the historical transmission of the image; it does not independently prove the age or authenticity of the stone depicted, or its personal use as an amulet. Calling it a gem motif does not attribute a guaranteed effect. Unaltered native museum JPEG embedded in the SVG, with a documented crop of the complete numbered image group. Related pages remain visible together. No added lines or substitute letters; historical image reference without vector transcription and without manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historical printed witness of 1657, recorded in the scholarly gem catalogue as a transmitted drawing. The print date confirms the historical transmission of the image; it does not independently prove the age or authenticity of the stone depicted, or its personal use as an amulet. Calling it a gem motif does not attribute a guaranteed effect. Unaltered native museum JPEG embedded in the SVG, with a documented crop of the complete numbered image group. Related pages remain visible together. No added lines or substitute letters; historical image reference without vector transcription and without manufacturing approval.
Source location: Museum Plantin-Moretus, PK.OP.07414; Tabula V, Figure 22; CBd-2793
Raven with branch and name inscription – print 1657, V 19
Original image · source evidence
Historical gemstone depiction
Early modern transmission of magical gem images Antwerp; current collection at Museum Plantin-Moretus · 1657 (printing date of the image witness)
A bird holds a branch in its beak; the opposite side bears three lines of writing. The CBd identifies the bird as a raven and reads Iao, Abrasax and a variant of Adonai. The historical spelling remains unchanged in the image.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern transmission of magical gem images
Region
Antwerp; current collection at Museum Plantin-Moretus
Date of the evidence
1657 (printing date of the image witness)
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A bird holds a branch in its beak; the opposite side bears three lines of writing. The CBd identifies the bird as a raven and reads Iao, Abrasax and a variant of Adonai. The historical spelling remains unchanged in the image.
Historically recorded use
Antiquarian documentation of an image transmitted as a gem motif. No evidence that this paper sheet itself served as a worn amulet.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Historical printed witness from 1657, recorded in the scholarly gem catalogue as a transmitted drawing. The printing date confirms the historical transmission of the image; it does not independently prove the depicted stone’s age, authenticity or personal use as an amulet. The designation as a gem motif does not attribute a guaranteed effect.
Before designing
Unaltered native museum JPEG in SVG with a documented crop of the complete numbered image group. Related pages remain visible together. No added lines or substitute letters; historical image reference without vector transcription and without manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Historical printed witness of 1657, recorded in the scholarly gem catalogue as a transmitted drawing. The print date confirms the historical transmission of the image; it does not independently prove the age or authenticity of the stone depicted, or its personal use as an amulet. Calling it a gem motif does not attribute a guaranteed effect. Unaltered native museum JPEG embedded in the SVG, with a documented crop of the complete numbered image group. Related pages remain visible together. No added lines or substitute letters; historical image reference without vector transcription and without manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historical printed witness of 1657, recorded in the scholarly gem catalogue as a transmitted drawing. The print date confirms the historical transmission of the image; it does not independently prove the age or authenticity of the stone depicted, or its personal use as an amulet. Calling it a gem motif does not attribute a guaranteed effect. Unaltered native museum JPEG embedded in the SVG, with a documented crop of the complete numbered image group. Related pages remain visible together. No added lines or substitute letters; historical image reference without vector transcription and without manufacturing approval.
Source location: Museum Plantin-Moretus, PK.OP.07414; Tabula V, figure 19; CBd-2790
Red, eight-part wheel with a light-coloured centre and gold-coloured rim. A separate lotus base and parts of the connecting tendrils remain visible in the located image window.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Buddhist visual tradition
Region
China
Date of the evidence
18th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Red, eight-part wheel with a light-coloured centre and gold-coloured rim. A separate lotus base and parts of the connecting tendrils remain visible in the located image window.
Historically recorded use
Religious good-luck sign on a sutra cover; no documented use of this textile image detail as a worn amulet.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 2012.559, Met object 78284. The museum and surviving photograph identify this component as one of the eight Buddhist auspicious symbols. Only the named textile component is shown; no universal modern symbol form is supplied, and the image gap at Seattle, attested elsewhere, is not filled.
Before designing
Unaltered native museum photograph with an exactly documented image window.
Research draft. Named image section of the sutra cover, with lotus base and partially cropped surrounding decoration; the complete JPEG witness is embedded unaltered. No character reconstruction and no manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Named image section of the sutra cover, with lotus base and partially cropped surrounding decoration; the complete JPEG witness is embedded unaltered. No character reconstruction and no manufacturing approval.
Source location: The Metropolitan Museum of Art; 2012.559; sutra cover 2012.559; central sign 8 from the left; sutra-wheel
Source location: CC0 for individually designated public-domain collection images
Institutional CC0 policy read in the web tool on 10 October. The direct native website response was HTTP429 and is not treated as text of a rights notice that was read.
Wheel of the Law – Chinese silk work, 17th century
SAM 33.124.2 (wheel-of-the-law): A targeted current inventory search for 33.124.2 found no new individual museum image link; the existing identification remains an older catalogue record. Current museum policy requires publication permission; there is no individual PDM/CC0/CC-BY(SA) release. No exact image was actually viewed in this round; no vector outline of this textile has been invented. The new, licensed Bridgeman wheel motif gives no individual inventory number and is not automatically identified as the same object.
Buddhist auspicious signs
Buddhism China · 17th century
Inventory 33.124.2: Wheel of the Teachings.
Research draftSpecific model required
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Buddhism
Region
China
Date of the evidence
17th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Individually inventoried; wearing is not evidenced.
Before designing
SAM 33.124.2 (wheel-of-the-law): A targeted current inventory search for 33.124.2 found no new individual museum image link; the existing identification remains an older catalogue record. Current museum policy requires publication permission; there is no individual PDM/CC0/CC-BY(SA) release. No exact image was actually viewed in this round; no vector outline of this textile has been invented. The new, licensed Bridgeman wheel motif gives no individual inventory number and is not automatically identified as the same object.
Research draft. SAM 33.124.2 (wheel-of-the-law): A targeted current inventory search for 33.124.2 found no new individual museum image link; the existing identification remains an older catalogue record. Current museum policy requires publication permission; there is no individual PDM/CC0/CC-BY(SA) release. No exact image was actually viewed in this round; no vector outline of this textile has been invented. The new, licensed Bridgeman wheel motif gives no individual inventory number and is not automatically identified as the same object. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Source location: Image rights; Available photography; Terms; Copyright restrictions
The current museum policy does not provide general open image permission. Publication and reproduction require written permission; low-resolution images for research do not permit publication. Therefore the eight specific textiles 33.124.1–8 remain without publishable images and are not replaced by other ensembles.
Search index evidence – complete source page not yet checked · Checked on:
Source location: Fair use is permitted; Commercial use is prohibited without prior written consent
The museum explicitly distinguishes personal research and non-commercial viewing from use without the relevant permission. No CC0/Public Domain image licence for the product database is inferred from this.
Search index evidence – complete source page not yet checked · Checked on:
Current indexed policy text read; direct retrieval returned 403 or timed out. A personal research view does not constitute open commercial reproduction permission. Specific image permission remains individually unresolved for each inventory number from 33.124.1 to .8.
Search index evidence – complete source page not yet checked · Checked on:
Source location: Reproduction, permission and commercial use
Current indexed text read; direct retrieval returned 403 or timed out. No PDM/CC0/CC-BY(SA) licence for individual images was found, and no permission was requested. No general modern graphic of the Eight Auspicious Symbols used as a substitute.
Search index evidence – complete source page not yet checked · Checked on:
Source location: Asset 6347549; Eight Buddhist Precious Things, Wheel of the Law; 17th century; Eugene Fuller Memorial Collection
The agent catalogue was actually consulted: a commercial licence must be ordered; there is no open CC/PDM release. A source image of the motif was found, but no individual SAM inventory number is given in the catalogue; it has not been automatically assigned as 33.124.2. No image file imported.
Germanic runic script Reference: Gotland · Elder Futhark; check model dating separately
Sign r.
Research draftSource-based vector template
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Germanic runic script
Region
Reference: Gotland
Date of the evidence
Elder Futhark; check model dating separately
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Description
Sign r.
Historically recorded use
Written signs
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Historical letter; the normalised older form of the name is reconstructed. No individual amulet effect is inferred from the name.
Before designing
Unicode shows a normalised letter form. For manufacture, select a specific historical character variant and check it against the find.
Research draft. Normalised editorial letterform ᚱ (U+16B1); hand-set, font-free line geometry, not taken from a font file. Do not present it as a faithful Kylver facsimile or an individually attested amulet sign. Names are reconstructed; no individual magical effect is inferred. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Vector template: Normalised editorial letterform ᚱ (U+16B1); hand-set, font-free line geometry, not taken from a font file. Do not present it as a faithful Kylver facsimile or an individually attested amulet sign. Names are reconstructed; no individual magical effect is inferred.
Source location: G 88 / Kylver; sequence A I, character 5; normalised Unicode letter U+16B1
Normalised editorial letterform ᚱ (U+16B1); hand-set, font-free line geometry, not taken from a font file. Do not present it as a faithful Kylver facsimile or an individually attested amulet sign. Names are reconstructed; no individual magical effect is inferred.
Niedersächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, RuneS
Source location: Signs 11458–11482; sequence A I
Scholarly names and transliterations; the names are catalogue designations, not recorded explanations of the names in the ancient incision. Kylver places p before ï and d before o.
Tibetan Vajrayana Buddhism Central Tibet · Late 14th century
Central red pair of Yamari above Yama, four differently coloured manifestations and a square-circular mandala arrangement in the surviving textile mounting.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Tibetan Vajrayana Buddhism
Region
Central Tibet
Date of the evidence
Late 14th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Central red pair of Yamari above Yama, four differently coloured manifestations and a square-circular mandala arrangement in the surviving textile mounting.
Historically recorded use
An inscription names the work as a meditation thangka by Kunga Lekpa; the museum attributes it to Mikyo Dorje.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The portrait identification of Kunga Lekpa at lower left remains probable. Not a jewellery amulet. The entire original 3014×4000 image is embedded unchanged; large source file, no local reduction.
Before designing
Native institutional original photograph embedded unchanged; complete view or precisely localised component of a scroll. No new isolated signs, no local upscaling and no missing strokes added. A raster facsimile is not an engraving-ready outline.
Research draft. The portrait identification of Kunga Lekpa at the bottom left remains probable. Not a jewellery amulet. The entire original 3014×4000 capture is embedded unchanged; large source file, no local reduction. Unchanged original JPEG bytes and documented pixel viewport. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The portrait identification of Kunga Lekpa at the bottom left remains probable. Not a jewellery amulet. The entire original 3014×4000 capture is embedded unchanged; large source file, no local reduction. Unchanged original JPEG bytes and documented pixel viewport.
Source location: Met 2012.444.3; complete current primary original view
Source location: Met 2012.444.3; object 78193; current object description and specific native original photograph
The current object page was read via web access, the Met object API was fully archived, and the individual original photograph was visually checked. Unattested ways of wearing the object or private protective effects have not been added. Text and API dating remain separate where they differ.
Source location: Open Access images under CC0; the specific isPublicDomain status is given in the individual object metadata
For each image, the release is combined with the current object API and the Public-Domain designation on the specific object page. Open metadata alone does not imply rights to third-party photographs.
French early modern grimoire tradition; Traitté des Esprits du petit payzan Reformée French-speaking; place of manufacture unknown; current location London · Mid-18th century; dating of the specific Wellcome manuscript
Two-line freeform sequence of signs with arcs, crosses, straight segments and dotted ends; alongside it is the historical colour notation En jaune. The French Sun section explicitly assigns this sequence of signs, described as characters, to a named spirit and a ritual bearer. Such attributions are historical texts about use, not confirmed effects.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French early modern grimoire tradition; Traitté des Esprits du petit payzan Reformée
Region
French-speaking; place of manufacture unknown; current location London
Date of the evidence
Mid-18th century; dating of the specific Wellcome manuscript
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Two-line freeform sequence of signs with arcs, crosses, straight segments and dotted ends; alongside it is the historical colour notation En jaune. The French Sun section explicitly assigns this sequence of signs, described as characters, to a named spirit and a ritual bearer. Such attributions are historical texts about use, not confirmed effects.
Historically recorded use
The French Sun section assigns this string, explicitly described as a character, to a named spirit and a ritual carrier. Such attributions are historical use-texts, not confirmed effects.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The name and individual sequence of signs are on p. 284 in the section explicitly assigned to Soleil. Not to be equated with the differently drawn Venusian Raphael on p. 288. The anonymous French manuscript is institutionally dated to the mid-18th century. Pseudo-Solomon indicates an attribution, not authorship by the ancient Solomon. The sequence of signs attests to a historical ritual instruction; actual efficacy or use as a worn neck amulet is not attested.
Before designing
Unaltered native full-page JPEG embedded in its entirety in the SVG; only the verified figure viewport is visible. Paper, show-through of writing on the reverse and ink traces are retained. No tracing, restored ink losses or engraving approval.
Research draft. The name and individual sign sequence are on p. 284 in the section explicitly assigned to Soleil. Do not equate it with the differently drawn Venusian Raphael on p. 288. The unchanged native full-page JPEG is embedded in full in the SVG; only the reviewed figure viewport is visible. Paper, show-through from the writing on the reverse and ink traces are retained. No tracing, added ink-loss restoration or engraving approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The name and individual sign sequence are on p. 284 in the section explicitly assigned to Soleil. Do not equate it with the differently drawn Venusian Raphael on p. 288. The unchanged native full-page JPEG is embedded in full in the SVG; only the reviewed figure viewport is visible. Paper, show-through from the writing on the reverse and ink traces are retained. No tracing, added ink-loss restoration or engraving approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.4667, Traitté des Esprits du petit payzan Reformée, manuscript p. 284; Canvas position 300/465; Raphael – Sun section; Sun section
Source location: MS.4667; current work cs5fybkx; Sierra b19145111; second treatise pp. 272–295
Current API record with shelfmark, dating, 21 sigils and PDM link successfully archived with HTTP 200. The old identifier kdp43rqm returned HTTP 404 and is archived only as a failure finding.
The twelve figures used are individually linked to their Canvas, image service and native full-page JPEG. The small presentation preview, 1024 pixels high, is not the full/full image file used here.
Source location: MS.4667; handwritten p. 272; Canvas position 288; image suffix 0288
The complete native original page was actually viewed visually; the handwritten page number and individual name/figure attribution were read from the image.
Source location: MS.4667; manuscript p. 274; Canvas position 290; image suffix 0290
The complete native original page was actually viewed visually; the handwritten page number and individual name/figure attribution were read from the image.
Source location: MS.4667; manuscript p. 284; Canvas position 300; image suffix 0300
The complete native original page was actually viewed visually; the handwritten page number and individual name/figure attribution were read from the image.
French early modern grimoire tradition; Traitté des Esprits du petit payzan Reformée French-speaking; place of manufacture unknown; current location London · Mid-18th century; dating of the specific Wellcome manuscript
Joined angular line with rounded endpoints, a slanting zigzag section, and free-standing cross-, eight- and balance-like signs. The French Venus section explicitly classifies this sequence of signs, called a character, as belonging to a named spirit and a ritual carrier. Such attributions are historical usage texts, not confirmed effects.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French early modern grimoire tradition; Traitté des Esprits du petit payzan Reformée
Region
French-speaking; place of manufacture unknown; current location London
Date of the evidence
Mid-18th century; dating of the specific Wellcome manuscript
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Joined angular line with rounded endpoints, a slanting zigzag section, and free-standing cross-, eight- and balance-like signs. The French Venus section explicitly classifies this sequence of signs, called a character, as belonging to a named spirit and a ritual carrier. Such attributions are historical usage texts, not confirmed effects.
Historically recorded use
The French Venus section assigns this sequence of signs, explicitly described as a character, to a named spirit and a ritual object. Such attributions are historical usage texts, not confirmed effects.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
On p. 288, Raphael appears immediately before Son Caractere est tel; the shared materials line below closes the Venus section. The drawing differs from the solar Raphael on p. 284. The anonymous French manuscript is institutionally dated to the mid-18th century. Pseudo-Solomon denotes an attribution, not authorship by the ancient Solomon. The sequence of signs evidences a historical ritual prescription; actual efficacy or use as a worn neck amulet is not evidenced.
Before designing
Unaltered native full-page JPEG embedded in its entirety in the SVG; only the verified figure viewport is visible. Paper, show-through of writing on the reverse and ink traces are retained. No tracing, restored ink losses or engraving approval.
Research draft. On p. 288 Raphael appears immediately before Son Caractere est tel; the shared materials line below closes the Venus section. The drawing differs from the solar Raphael on p. 284. Unaltered native full-page JPEG embedded in its entirety in the SVG; only the verified figure viewport is visible. The paper, show-through writing on the reverse and ink marks are retained. No tracing, filling in of ink losses or approval for engraving. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: On p. 288 Raphael appears immediately before Son Caractere est tel; the shared materials line below closes the Venus section. The drawing differs from the solar Raphael on p. 284. Unaltered native full-page JPEG embedded in its entirety in the SVG; only the verified figure viewport is visible. The paper, show-through writing on the reverse and ink marks are retained. No tracing, filling in of ink losses or approval for engraving.
Source location: Wellcome MS.4667, Traitté des Esprits du petit payzan Reformée, handwritten p. 288; Canvas position 304/465; Raphael – Venus section; Venus section
Source location: MS.4667; current work cs5fybkx; Sierra b19145111; second treatise pp. 272–295
Current API record with shelfmark, dating, 21 sigils and PDM link successfully archived with HTTP 200. The old identifier kdp43rqm returned HTTP 404 and is archived only as a failure finding.
The twelve figures used are individually linked to their Canvas, image service and native full-page JPEG. The small presentation preview, 1024 pixels high, is not the full/full image file used here.
Source location: MS.4667; handwritten p. 272; Canvas position 288; image suffix 0288
The complete native original page was actually viewed visually; the handwritten page number and individual name/figure attribution were read from the image.
Source location: MS.4667; manuscript p. 274; Canvas position 290; image suffix 0290
The complete native original page was actually viewed visually; the handwritten page number and individual name/figure attribution were read from the image.
Source location: MS.4667; manuscript p. 288; Canvas position 304; image suffix 0304
The complete native original page was actually viewed visually; the handwritten page number and individual name/figure attribution were read from the image.
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art Oppenheim, Germany; place of printing · 1618; first publication of the work 1617
A two-headed human figure with legs apart stands above a seated couple. A serpent staff and a small winged child are visible with the couple.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art
Region
Oppenheim, Germany; place of printing
Date of the evidence
1618; first publication of the work 1617
Type of evidence
Textual evidence
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A two-headed human figure with legs apart stands above a seated couple. A serpent staff and a small winged child are visible with the couple.
Historically recorded use
The motto identifies Rebis as a hermaphrodite and links its creation with the mountains Mercury and Venus. This specific historical allegory is not equated with other Rebis images. Historical book illustration with epigram and accompanying discourse; no attested neck pendant.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
An individually located emblem in the specific 1618 Oppenheimer print; the first publication in 1617 is distinct from this. Part of the same work and the same copy, not an independent amulet object. Individual use as a worn amulet, ancient origin of this graphic and efficacy are not evidenced.
Before designing
Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view with motto, image, epigram, printed page number and side margin notes. Paper, stains, binding shadows and any coloured areas are retained. Institutional presentation resolution 2880×3442; larger master 4291×5129 documented separately. Historical image evidence without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view with motto, image, epigram, printed page number and side margin notes. Paper, stains, binding shadows and any coloured areas are retained. Institutional presentation resolution 2880×3442; larger master 4291×5129 documented separately. Historical image evidence without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view with motto, image, epigram, printed page number and side margin notes. Paper, stains, binding shadows and any coloured areas are retained. Institutional presentation resolution 2880×3442; larger master 4291×5129 documented separately. Historical image evidence without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: QD25 .M354 1618, Emblem 38, printed p. 161; institutional individual inventory wd375x08n; Large JPG 2880×3442
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Courtesy of Science History Institute; Michael Maier, Atalanta fugiens (Oppenheim 1618), Emblem 38, S.161; engraver Matthaeus Merian; Public Domain Mark 1.0.
Source location: QD25 .M354 1618; Oppenheim, Johann-Theodor de Bry; complete work with 50 emblems
Copy used from 1618; the work's first publication in 1617 is attested separately. Historical alchemical emblem, epigram and musical context. No evidence for 30 independent works, worn amulets or present-day claims of efficacy. Individual image rights additionally checked for each inventory item.
The motto names Rebis as a hermaphrodite and links its creation with the mountains of Mercury and Venus. This specific historical allegory is not equated with other Rebis illustrations. The original title, English institutional counter-label, date 1618 and specific PDM image permission all match the individual page.
Rectangular votive plaque with crowned deity figure
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Buddhist visual tradition Tibet · 15th–17th century
Rectangular plaque with a crowned seated figure on a large lotus base. A raised form appears in front of the upper body; plants at the sides and a round aureole around the head frame the figure.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Buddhist visual tradition
Region
Tibet
Date of the evidence
15th–17th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Rectangular plaque with a crowned seated figure on a large lotus base. A raised form appears in front of the upper body; plants at the sides and a round aureole around the head frame the figure.
Historically recorded use
The religious clay plaque is catalogued by the museum as a votive tablet with a deity. The precise identity of the deity and any individual use are not specified further there; it is therefore not claimed to be a protective amulet worn on the body.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 30.76.134, Met object 38829. The raised form and the hands are recorded purely descriptively. No additional deity or mantra identity is inferred from visual resemblance.
Before designing
Unchanged complete native museum image; no reconstruction of damaged details. No manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete native museum photograph, with no raster transformation or reconstruction of old forms. Historical religious image evidence; not approved for manufacture. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete native museum photograph, with no raster transformation or reconstruction of old forms. Historical religious image evidence; not approved for manufacture.
Source location: The Metropolitan Museum of Art; 30.76.134; complete selected individual photograph
Rectangular sign image with arch and crossbars – MS 4659, page 38
Original image · source evidence
Solomonic pentacle
French Clavicula/Clavicule manuscript tradition French-speaking; place of manufacture unknown; current location London · Mid-18th century; dating of the specific Wellcome manuscript
Portrait-format rectangular image of writing and signs, with a long, curved central stroke, several lateral cross-arms and a forked lower end.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French Clavicula/Clavicule manuscript tradition
Region
French-speaking; place of manufacture unknown; current location London
Date of the evidence
Mid-18th century; dating of the specific Wellcome manuscript
Portrait-format rectangular image of writing and signs, with a long, curved central stroke, several lateral cross-arms and a forked lower end.
Historically recorded use
Specific magical text and sign image in the pentacle section of the Clavicule manuscript. An individual attribution that cannot be read unambiguously is not replaced with modern standard names.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The handwritten page number, complete individual figure and French explanation were checked directly against the native original image. The page number locates this manuscript and is not a modern planetary pentacle number. The German form names are editorial descriptions, not asserted historical individual titles. The catalogue attribution to Pseudo-Solomon does not prove authorship by the ancient Solomon. Claims about magical use are reported only as historical attributions. The laterally oriented writing and original orientation are retained; the rectangular figure is not rotated, mirrored or converted into a round pentacle.
Before designing
Historically image-verified individual figure. The complete native institutional IIIF-JPEG file remains embedded byte-for-byte in the SVG; only the named original viewport is visible. No local scaling, re-encoding, tracing or additions. Paper, printing gaps, ink traces and show-through of writing on the reverse remain unchanged. The facsimile is a historical image source, not a tool or engraving path; manufacture requires separately checked contour preparation. The laterally aligned writing and original orientation are retained; the rectangular figure is not rotated, mirrored or converted into a round pentacle.
Research draft. Historically image-verified individual figure. The complete native institutional IIIF-JPEG file remains embedded byte-for-byte in the SVG; only the named original viewport is visible. No local scaling, re-encoding, tracing or additions. Paper, printing gaps, ink traces and show-through of writing on the reverse remain unchanged. The facsimile is a historical image source, not a tool or engraving path; manufacture requires separately checked contour preparation. The laterally aligned writing and original orientation are retained; the rectangular figure is not rotated, mirrored or converted into a round pentacle. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historically image-verified individual figure. The complete native institutional IIIF-JPEG file remains embedded byte-for-byte in the SVG; only the named original viewport is visible. No local scaling, re-encoding, tracing or additions. Paper, printing gaps, ink traces and show-through of writing on the reverse remain unchanged. The facsimile is a historical image source, not a tool or engraving path; manufacture requires separately checked contour preparation. The laterally aligned writing and original orientation are retained; the rectangular figure is not rotated, mirrored or converted into a round pentacle.
Source location: Wellcome MS 4659, manuscript p. 38; image 0225; Canvas 214 of 276; specific individual drawing
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Pseudo-Solomon, La Clavicule ou Clef de Salomon, Wellcome MS 4659, Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts. Wellcome Collection, London, Werk hwqdep8w, Bildsatz b18712022. Public Domain Mark.
Source location: Wellcome MS 4659; work hwqdep8w; image set b18712022; mid-18th century; French
The current institutional record was read directly and archived. It confirms the specific historical work, its classification and the Public Domain Mark; no modern redrawing.
Source location: Wellcome MS 4659; work hwqdep8w; image set b18712022; mid-18th century; French
Manifest retrieved directly and archived. The specific Canvas identities, native image dimensions and PDM image rights were checked against unchanged full/full JPEGs. Manuscript page numbers come from the images actually viewed, not from a modern pentacle numbering system.
Source location: MS 4659; Image 0225; Canvas 214 of 276
The specific original page was viewed as a complete native institutional JPEG; the image file was archived unchanged. Attribution and crop were also checked visually.
Rectangular sign design with looped arms – MS 4659, page 39
Original image · source evidence
Solomonic pentacle
French Clavicula/Clavicule manuscript tradition French-speaking; place of manufacture unknown; current location London · Mid-18th century; dating of the specific Wellcome manuscript
Rectangular image of writing and signs, with a long curved central stroke, several lateral cross-arms with looped ends, and a lower angular, forked end.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French Clavicula/Clavicule manuscript tradition
Region
French-speaking; place of manufacture unknown; current location London
Date of the evidence
Mid-18th century; dating of the specific Wellcome manuscript
Rectangular image of writing and signs, with a long curved central stroke, several lateral cross-arms with looped ends, and a lower angular, forked end.
Historically recorded use
The accompanying French text mentions a lunar context and the opening of locked doors. This records the historical attribution made by that page.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The handwritten page number, complete individual figure and French explanation were checked directly against the native original image. The page number locates this manuscript and is not a modern planetary pentacle number. The German form names are editorial descriptions, not asserted historical individual titles. The catalogue attribution Pseudo-Solomon does not prove authorship by the ancient Solomon. Claims about magical use are reported only as historical attributions. The displayed composite view uses two directly adjoining nested SVG viewports of the same unaltered native JPEG photograph at its original coordinates: the broad main section and the narrower lower-right forked end. Each viewport contains the same complete original JPEG bytes. The French explanation beginning below it on the left remains outside the selection. No lines are added, moved, rotated or redrawn.
Before designing
Historically verified individual figure, checked against the image. The complete native institutional IIIF JPEG file is embedded in full and byte-for-byte identically in two adjacent nested SVG viewports; only these excerpts are visible, at their unchanged original coordinates. No local scaling, re-encoding, tracing or additions. Paper, gaps in the print, ink traces and show-through of writing on the reverse remain unchanged. The facsimile is a historical image source, not a tool or engraving path; manufacture requires separately checked outline preparation. The displayed composite view uses two directly adjacent nested SVG viewports of the same unchanged native JPEG image at its original coordinates: the broad main part and the narrower lower-right forked end. Each viewport contains the same complete original JPEG bytes. The French explanatory text beginning below and to the left remains outside the selection. No lines are added, moved, rotated or redrawn.
Research draft. Historically verified individual figure, checked against the image. The complete native institutional IIIF JPEG file is embedded in full and byte-for-byte identically in two adjacent nested SVG viewports; only these excerpts are visible, at their unchanged original coordinates. No local scaling, re-encoding, tracing or additions. Paper, gaps in the print, ink traces and show-through of writing on the reverse remain unchanged. The facsimile is a historical image source, not a tool or engraving path; manufacture requires separately checked outline preparation. The displayed composite view uses two directly adjacent nested SVG viewports of the same unchanged native JPEG image at its original coordinates: the broad main part and the narrower lower-right forked end. Each viewport contains the same complete original JPEG bytes. The French explanatory text beginning below and to the left remains outside the selection. No lines are added, moved, rotated or redrawn. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historically verified individual figure, checked against the image. The complete native institutional IIIF JPEG file is embedded in full and byte-for-byte identically in two adjacent nested SVG viewports; only these excerpts are visible, at their unchanged original coordinates. No local scaling, re-encoding, tracing or additions. Paper, gaps in the print, ink traces and show-through of writing on the reverse remain unchanged. The facsimile is a historical image source, not a tool or engraving path; manufacture requires separately checked outline preparation. The displayed composite view uses two directly adjacent nested SVG viewports of the same unchanged native JPEG image at its original coordinates: the broad main part and the narrower lower-right forked end. Each viewport contains the same complete original JPEG bytes. The French explanatory text beginning below and to the left remains outside the selection. No lines are added, moved, rotated or redrawn.
Source location: Wellcome MS 4659, handwritten p. 39; image 0226; Canvas 215 of 276; specific individual drawing
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Pseudo-Solomon, La Clavicule ou Clef de Salomon, Wellcome MS 4659, Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts. Wellcome Collection, London, Werk hwqdep8w, Bildsatz b18712022. Public Domain Mark.
Source location: Wellcome MS 4659; work hwqdep8w; image set b18712022; mid-18th century; French
The current institutional record was read directly and archived. It confirms the specific historical work, its classification and the Public Domain Mark; no modern redrawing.
Source location: Wellcome MS 4659; work hwqdep8w; image set b18712022; mid-18th century; French
Manifest retrieved directly and archived. The specific Canvas identities, native image dimensions and PDM image rights were checked against unchanged full/full JPEGs. Manuscript page numbers come from the images actually viewed, not from a modern pentacle numbering system.
Source location: MS 4659; image 0226; Canvas 215 of 276
The specific original page was viewed as a complete native institutional JPEG; the image file was archived unchanged. Attribution and crop were also checked visually.
Right-hand love-magic sign – Stockholm Galdrabók, f. 7r
Original image · source evidence
Historical handwritten magical sign
Early modern Icelandic Galdrabók tradition Icelandic manuscript; current holding in Stockholm · Late 16th to 17th century; dating of the codex, not a more precise year for the figure
Four-armed sign with different forked, hook-like and angular ends. It is visibly distinct from the neighbouring comb-shaped sign.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern Icelandic Galdrabók tradition
Region
Icelandic manuscript; current holding in Stockholm
Date of the evidence
Late 16th to 17th century; dating of the codex, not a more precise year for the figure
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Four-armed sign with different forked, hook-like and angular ends. It is visibly distinct from the neighbouring comb-shaped sign.
Historically recorded use
The research translation associates the later/right-hand figure on f. 7r with a historical application instruction for greeting a desired woman. This is a documented ritual purpose, not evidence of an effect.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Anonymous Icelandic magical manuscript written by several hands; oldest parts date to the end of the 16th century, with additions in the 17th century; no evidence from the Viking Age. The title is a modern, factual description of the figure, not an invented old proper name. No linkage as a substitute for Lbs 143 or for the two Solomonic seals.
Before designing
Complete native JPEG embedded unchanged; the checked viewport shows the entire selected figure or group of four. No tracing, filled-in ink losses or engraving approval.
Research draft. Complete native JPEG embedded unchanged; the checked viewport shows the entire selected figure or group of four. No redrawing, filling of lost ink or approval for engraving. Anonymous multi-hand Icelandic magical manuscript, earliest parts dating to the end of the 16th century, additions in the 17th century; no evidence for the Viking Age. The title is a modern factual description of the figure, not an invented old proper name. Not linked as a replacement for Lbs 143 or the two seals of Solomon. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete native JPEG embedded unchanged; the checked viewport shows the entire selected figure or group of four. No redrawing, filling of lost ink or approval for engraving. Anonymous multi-hand Icelandic magical manuscript, earliest parts dating to the end of the 16th century, additions in the 17th century; no evidence for the Viking Age. The title is a modern factual description of the figure, not an invented old proper name. Not linked as a replacement for Lbs 143 or the two seals of Solomon.
73 digitised items; oldest parts from the late 16th century, additions in the 17th century; acquired in Copenhagen in 1682. PDM expressly applies to the specific catalogue object.
Source location: SHM 21284; ATA F16:26; ATTACHMENT-0015
Unaltered institutional JPEG at full JP2 resolution; specific signs and context actually viewed on the native sheet. PDM comes from the exact Alvin catalogue object, not the modern research graphic.
Early modern European Solomonic ritual magic French-language manuscript context; present location London; place of creation unconfirmed · Mid-18th century (institutionally: mid-18th century)
A single circular diagram shows a radiant star around a quartered sign-centre. A surrounding inscription zone and small signs are retained in their historical form. The complete page includes the heading, the end of the preceding text, the visible page number97, the red border around the sheet and the binding edge; faint shapes from the reverse show through.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern European Solomonic ritual magic
Region
French-language manuscript context; present location London; place of creation unconfirmed
Date of the evidence
Mid-18th century (institutionally: mid-18th century)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A single circular diagram shows a radiant star around a quartered sign-centre. A surrounding inscription zone and small signs are retained in their historical form. The complete page includes the heading, the end of the preceding text, the visible page number97, the red border around the sheet and the binding edge; faint shapes from the reverse show through.
Historically recorded use
The handwritten heading assigns the pentacle to travellers, merchants and students, as well as to invisibility, and names Wednesday and Mercury. These purposes are historical claims made by the manuscript; actual protection, invisibility, a performed use and wearing it as an amulet are not evidenced.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Additional located folio variant of the already inventoried manuscript MS.4660, not a new physical object. The heading begins with Pentacule pour les Voyageurs and also mentions merchants, students, invisibility, Wednesday and Mercury. This documents historical attributions of purpose; no actual effect, individual ritual performance or wearing practice is attested. No complete transcription or normalisation of the ring inscription and individual signs. Visible page number97 and stable Canvas ID are listed separately from the institutional label -. Mid-18th century is the approximate institutional dating; Pseudo-Solomon does not establish authorship by the biblical Solomon.
Before designing
Complete native full-sheet JPEG in an SVG wrapper, with heading, preceding text, page number, diagram, show-through from the reverse, page margins and signs of ageing. No raster re-encoding, cropping, additions, isolated rearrangement or vectorisation. Source reference without an outline draft and without manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Additional localised leaf variant of the already catalogued manuscript MS.4660, not a new physical object. The heading begins with Pentacule pour les Voyageurs and also names merchants, students, invisibility, Wednesday and Mercury. This documents historical attributions of purpose; actual efficacy, individual performance of a ritual or wearing practice is not attested. No complete transcription or normalisation of the ring inscription and individual signs. Visible page number 97 and stable Canvas ID are listed separately from the institutional label -. Mid-18th century is the approximate institutional dating; Pseudo-Solomon does not establish authorship by the biblical Solomon. Complete native full-leaf JPEG in an SVG wrapper, with heading, preceding text, page number, diagram, show-through from the reverse, page edges and signs of ageing. No raster re-encoding, cropping, additions, isolated rearrangement or vectorisation. Source reference without a draft outline and without manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Additional localised leaf variant of the already catalogued manuscript MS.4660, not a new physical object. The heading begins with Pentacule pour les Voyageurs and also names merchants, students, invisibility, Wednesday and Mercury. This documents historical attributions of purpose; actual efficacy, individual performance of a ritual or wearing practice is not attested. No complete transcription or normalisation of the ring inscription and individual signs. Visible page number 97 and stable Canvas ID are listed separately from the institutional label -. Mid-18th century is the approximate institutional dating; Pseudo-Solomon does not establish authorship by the biblical Solomon. Complete native full-leaf JPEG in an SVG wrapper, with heading, preceding text, page number, diagram, show-through from the reverse, page edges and signs of ageing. No raster re-encoding, cropping, additions, isolated rearrangement or vectorisation. Source reference without a draft outline and without manufacturing approval.
Source location: Work m68zhzp2; identifiers b18417930; item ebgmvsnb; shelfmark MS.4660; production mid-18th century; IIIF location with PDM
Another ordinary HTTPS retrieval for this additional leaf profile: the current work m68zhzp2 links the already inventoried MS.4660 with a mid-18th-century date, digital surrogate b18417930 and Public Domain Mark. No new manuscript inventory; the same source URL as in the existing B package.
Source location: MS.4660, b18417930; canvas position 101 of 236; institutional label -; visible manuscript page 97
A further ordinary HTTPS retrieval of the institutional manifest for Canvas101. The native full-page image, image service and Public Domain Mark are archived and linked separately. Two new source lines in this package use two URLs already present; there is no additional independent work. The visible page number 97 comes from actual inspection of the original, not from the Canvas label.
Reliquary cross D12124: figure, spirals and niello
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Christian relic and image traditions Held at the National Museum, Copenhagen; original findspot not stated · 1000–1100, according to the museum catalogue’s individual dating
One half of an equal-armed bronze reliquary cross with traces of gilding and niello. Stylised figural image, section of a halo and spiral ornaments at three arm ends.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Christian relic and image traditions
Region
Held at the National Museum, Copenhagen; original findspot not stated
Date of the evidence
1000–1100, according to the museum catalogue’s individual dating
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
One half of an equal-armed bronze reliquary cross with traces of gilding and niello. Stylised figural image, section of a halo and spiral ornaments at three arm ends.
Historically recorded use
Cross-shaped reliquary. The institutional genre context describes reliquary crosses as protective objects; no individual relic or specific protective ritual associated with this piece has been evidenced.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The main figure is described in the museum text as Christ or Mary; this uncertainty remains. The interior of the surviving half does not prove the presence of specific relics now missing.
Before designing
Unaltered historical museum views with surviving damage, corrosion and any scales. No retouching, and no additions to missing writing or lines. The facsimile provides a source reference and requires a separate manufacturing outline.
Research draft. One half of an equal-armed bronze reliquary cross with traces of gilding and niello. Stylised figure image, section of a halo and spiral ornaments at three arm ends. The museum text identifies the main figure as Christ or Mary; this uncertainty remains. The interior of the surviving half does not prove the specific relics that are missing today. The named object views are placed alongside one another; this does not claim that they were arranged in this way historically. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: One half of an equal-armed bronze reliquary cross with traces of gilding and niello. Stylised figure image, section of a halo and spiral ornaments at three arm ends. The museum text identifies the main figure as Christ or Mary; this uncertainty remains. The interior of the surviving half does not prove the specific relics that are missing today. The named object views are placed alongside one another; this does not claim that they were arranged in this way historically.
The museum text identifies the main figure as Christ or Mary; this uncertainty remains. The interior of the surviving half does not prove the presence of specific relics now missing. Individual object classification, material, find events and images are taken from the museum’s raw-data block.
The individual ImageObject in the museum JSON-LD names this JPEG URL and CC BY-SA 4.0. Image credit: Nationalmuseet, Danmark; photographer not named according to the media catalogue. The actual JPEG pixel dimensions are checked; larger TIFF catalogue dimensions are not transferred to the JPEG used.
The individual ImageObject in the museum JSON-LD names this JPEG URL and CC BY-SA 4.0. Image credit: Nationalmuseet, Danmark; photographer not named according to the media catalogue. The actual JPEG pixel dimensions are checked; larger TIFF catalogue dimensions are not transferred to the JPEG used.
Source location: Section Reliviekors; genre context only
Institutional explanation of reliquary crosses and the protective belief associated with them at the time. No claim that the three cross objects included here are the Dagmar Cross or contain the same relics.
Early modern Catholic veneration of relics Probably southern Germany · 1586
Cross-shaped pendant with suspension loop, large faceted rock crystals and a gold setting with coloured enamel. The reference shows the museum photograph designated as the front.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern Catholic veneration of relics
Region
Probably southern Germany
Date of the evidence
1586
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Cross-shaped pendant with suspension loop, large faceted rock crystals and a gold setting with coloured enamel. The reference shows the museum photograph designated as the front.
Historically recorded use
The museum describes the gold cross as a reliquary and an item of jewellery. It belongs to the material practice of keeping small venerated remains in elaborate containers.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Met object 193683, inventory 17.190.897. The South German origin is explicitly described as probable. The museum text’s general knowledge about relics does not establish the identity of the original owner, any specific healing use or any effect demonstrated today.
Before designing
Complete native original capture(s), embedded unchanged in the SVG. The facsimile is not an engraving outline; it is not approved for manufacture.
Research draft. Cross-shaped pendant with suspension loop, large faceted rock crystals and a gold setting with coloured enamel. The reference shows the museum image designated as the front. The South German provenance is explicitly described as probable. The museum text’s general knowledge about relics does not establish the identity of the original owner, any particular healing use, or an effect demonstrated today. Original bytes unchanged, no raster transformation or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Cross-shaped pendant with suspension loop, large faceted rock crystals and a gold setting with coloured enamel. The reference shows the museum image designated as the front. The South German provenance is explicitly described as probable. The museum text’s general knowledge about relics does not establish the identity of the original owner, any particular healing use, or an effect demonstrated today. Original bytes unchanged, no raster transformation or manufacturing approval.
Source location: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 17.190.897; complete individual museum view
Fresh native API response: object identity, raw dating, dimensions, material, specific image URLs and isPublicDomain. Editorial reading additionally checked against the object page.
Institutional object page retained today via the web reader; text and public-domain evidence. The web reader’s crawl age is visible in the archived extract.
Orthodox veneration of relics and images Byzantine or early Russian region (?) · 12th–14th century
Two original ensemble views show the separate halves of the cross beside the chain, as well as the assembled cross. The medallion on the chain clasp belongs to the documented surviving ensemble.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Orthodox veneration of relics and images
Region
Byzantine or early Russian region (?)
Date of the evidence
12th–14th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Two original ensemble views show the separate halves of the cross beside the chain, as well as the assembled cross. The medallion on the chain clasp belongs to the documented surviving ensemble.
Historically recorded use
The museum describes a fully preserved reliquary cross made of silver and gilded silver. The two halves depict Christ and the enthroned Mary respectively, surrounded by medallions of saints; a chain was used to suspend it.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Met object 754082, inventory 2018.870.1a–c. Byzantine or early Russian remains an uncertain cultural attribution. The bearded figure on the clasp is only possibly interpreted as God the Father. No confirmed individual protective function.
Before designing
Complete native original capture(s), embedded unchanged in the SVG. The facsimile is not an engraving outline; it is not approved for manufacture.
Research draft. Two original ensemble views show the separate halves of the cross beside the chain, as well as the assembled cross. The medallion on the chain clasp belongs to the documented surviving ensemble. Byzantine or early Russian remains an uncertain cultural attribution. The bearded figure on the clasp is interpreted as God the Father only tentatively. No confirmed individual protective function. Original bytes unchanged; no raster transformation or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Two original ensemble views show the separate halves of the cross beside the chain, as well as the assembled cross. The medallion on the chain clasp belongs to the documented surviving ensemble. Byzantine or early Russian remains an uncertain cultural attribution. The bearded figure on the clasp is interpreted as God the Father only tentatively. No confirmed individual protective function. Original bytes unchanged; no raster transformation or manufacturing approval.
Source location: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2018.870.1a–c; two complete institutional views of the same object
Fresh native API response: object identity, raw dating, dimensions, material, specific image URLs and isPublicDomain. Editorial reading additionally checked against the object page.
Institutional object page retained today via the web reader; text and public-domain evidence. The web reader’s crawl age is visible in the archived extract.
Cattle head with a broad muzzle and short horn stubs.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Archaic Italy; Etruscan, Greek and Italic visual traditions
Region
Italy
Date of the evidence
500–400 B.C.
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Cattle head with a broad muzzle and short horn stubs.
Historically recorded use
The catalogue discusses the possible symbolic transfer of animal strength and protective meaning in the group of figural amber pendants.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The interpretation is comparative; the animal’s sex, a specific deity and personal use are not assigned without evidence.
Before designing
Unmodified native institutional photographic source; no invented glyph additions, no isolated vector outline and no manufacturing approval. Historical evidence and comparative interpretation remain separate.
Research draft. The interpretation is comparative; the animal’s sex, a specific deity and personal use are not determined without evidence. Complete original JPEG bytes; losses to script and material are not supplemented. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The interpretation is comparative; the animal’s sex, a specific deity and personal use are not determined without evidence. Complete original JPEG bytes; losses to script and material are not supplemented.
Source location: 77.AO.81.20; complete, actually photographed main image view
Scholarly comparison and interpretation are presented separately from secure object form and actual use. Photograph separately from current collection metadata relation.
Knight and dragon – Lambspring, figure 2, Musaeum 1678
Original image · source evidence
Alchemical-theosophical symbolic image
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art Frankfurt am Main, Germany; place of printing · 1678; specific copy used; partial imprint 1677
An armed man with sword and shield faces a large winged dragon in a forest.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art
Region
Frankfurt am Main, Germany; place of printing
Date of the evidence
1678; specific copy used; partial imprint 1677
Type of evidence
Textual evidence
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
An armed man with sword and shield faces a large winged dragon in a forest.
Historically recorded use
The printed caption reads PUTREFACTIO; it belongs to the alchemical sequence of figures. The original heading prints SECINDA FIGURA, not a modern corrected replacement image. Historical book illustration; actual use as a neck pendant is not attested.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Individually located historical printed component of the specific 1678 copy, not a new independent historical text and not an attested carried amulet. Efficacy and suitability for manufacture are not demonstrated. Visible partial imprint 1677, separate from the year of the complete volume, 1678; not to be equated with the first creation of the image form. The transmitted author's name is given as a title attribution; neither a medieval monk's identity nor dating this image to the 15th century is confirmed. The original heading SECINDA FIGURA is retained, including the typographical error.
Before designing
Complete, unaltered institutional full-page JPEG view, 2880×3151px. The separately offered larger master, 4701×5143px, was not provided as the downloaded file. Image, writing, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile, not a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete, unaltered institutional full-page JPEG view, 2880×3151px. The separately offered larger master, 4701×5143px, was not provided as the downloaded file. Image, writing, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile, not a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete, unaltered institutional full-page JPEG view, 2880×3151px. The separately offered larger master, 4701×5143px, was not provided as the downloaded file. Image, writing, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile, not a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: QD25 .M87315 1678; Lambsprinck De Lapide Philosophico, figure 2, p. 345; viewer index 29, Asset wp988k89m; Large JPG 2880×3151
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Courtesy of Science History Institute; Musaeum Hermeticum Reformatum et Amplificatum, used edition 1678; QD25 .M87315 1678; Lambsprinck De Lapide Philosophico, Figur 2, S. 345; Viewerindex 29, Asset wp988k89m; Public Domain Mark 1.0.
Source location: QD25 .M87315 1678; Frankfurt am Main, Hermann à Sande
Specific complete volume with 70 institutional digital images. Main title and catalogue date 1678; several bound component titles bear 1677. The 30 images captured are components of this single volume. The transmitted author names are attributions in the printed work; no confirmed biography of a medieval monk.
Source location: QD25 .M87315 1678; Lambsprinck De Lapide Philosophico, figure 2, p. 345; viewer index 29, asset wp988k89m
The printed caption reads PUTREFACTIO; it belongs to the alchemical sequence of figures. The original heading prints SECINDA FIGURA, not a modern corrected replacement graphic. Specific image file of the identified PDM volume; viewer membership, own download and individual PDM download display checked. No non-existent individual catalogue page invented.
Ritual circle with angel names and eight cross axes – MS.110, f.17r
Original image · source evidence
Historical ritual and planetary figure
Early modern English-Latin ritual magic English-Latin manuscript; present-day holding in London · Late 16th century (institutional dating of the manuscript)
Eight crossed axes projecting outwards run through a double circle. Names and compartments appear inside; Michael, Raphael and Gabriel are recognisable on the outer band. The accompanying text describes an invocation of water; the central zone is explicitly designated for the master and his companions.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern English-Latin ritual magic
Region
English-Latin manuscript; present-day holding in London
Date of the evidence
Late 16th century (institutional dating of the manuscript)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Eight crossed axes projecting outwards run through a double circle. Names and compartments appear inside; Michael, Raphael and Gabriel are recognisable on the outer band. The accompanying text describes an invocation of water; the central zone is explicitly designated for the master and his companions.
Historically recorded use
The accompanying text describes a water conjuration; the central zone is explicitly designated for the master and his companions.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Specific manuscript witness MS.110, institutionally dated to the late 16th century. Pseudo-Bacon and Pseudo-Solomon are attributions, not securely established medieval authorship. The modern blue folio numbers are distinguished from the age of the text; verso references follow the adjacent visible recto foliation and the IIIF page sequence. Irregular lines, show-through, losses and original variations in the signs are retained. The complete selected group is a component of this one copy and not a new abstract type of tradition.
Before designing
Unaltered native full-page JPEG within the SVG; only the documented viewport selects the complete historical figure. No added lines, modern replacement glyphs, raster conversion, vector transcription or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Specific manuscript witness MS.110, institutionally dated to the late 16th century. Pseudo-Bacon and Pseudo-Solomon are attributions, not securely established medieval authorship. The modern blue folio numbers are distinguished from the age of the text; verso references follow the adjacent visible recto foliation and the IIIF page sequence. Irregular lines, show-through, losses and original variations in the signs are retained. The complete selected group is a component of this one copy, not a new abstract type of tradition. Unaltered native full-page JPEG in the SVG; only the documented viewport selects the complete historical figure. No added lines, modern substitute glyphs, raster conversion, vector transcription or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Specific manuscript witness MS.110, institutionally dated to the late 16th century. Pseudo-Bacon and Pseudo-Solomon are attributions, not securely established medieval authorship. The modern blue folio numbers are distinguished from the age of the text; verso references follow the adjacent visible recto foliation and the IIIF page sequence. Irregular lines, show-through, losses and original variations in the signs are retained. The complete selected group is a component of this one copy, not a new abstract type of tradition. Unaltered native full-page JPEG in the SVG; only the documented viewport selects the complete historical figure. No added lines, modern substitute glyphs, raster conversion, vector transcription or manufacturing approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.110, f.17r; canvas position 47/256; ritual circle with angel names and eight cross axes
Source location: MS.110; current API p8bhyjys; old ID afsfdgzh (HTTP 410)
Dating and exact Digital Location. Roger Bacon is a pseudo-author attribution; the present binding, early 19th century, is not the date of the writing. Rights: Individual Digital Location links b18937135 with PDM.
Source location: 256 Canvases; historical folio numbers in the image
Images, sequence, dimensions and institutional descriptions of the five component texts. Folios 36–38 incorrectly bound according to the catalogue. Rights: the specific digital surrogate as a whole carries the Public Domain Mark; no transfer of rights from other images.
Unaltered complete institutional JPEG page; historical individual sign located by visible evidence. Rights: PDM for the exactly corresponding IIIF digital surrogate b18937135.
Ritual circle with inner master zone – MS.110, f.34r
Original image · source evidence
Historical ritual and planetary figure
Early modern English-Latin ritual magic English-Latin manuscript; present-day holding in London · Late 16th century (institutional dating of the manuscript)
Three rounded outline lines surround bands of writing and a central circle bearing a designation for the master and his companions. The central area and name bands attest to a ritual-circle form in this specific manuscript witness.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern English-Latin ritual magic
Region
English-Latin manuscript; present-day holding in London
Date of the evidence
Late 16th century (institutional dating of the manuscript)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Three rounded outline lines surround bands of writing and a central circle bearing a designation for the master and his companions. The central area and name bands attest to a ritual-circle form in this specific manuscript witness.
Historically recorded use
The central area and name bands attest to a ritual circle form in this specific manuscript witness.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Specific manuscript witness MS.110, institutionally dated to the late 16th century. Pseudo-Bacon and Pseudo-Solomon are attributions, not securely established medieval authorship. The modern blue folio numbers are distinguished from the age of the text; verso references follow the adjacent visible recto foliation and the IIIF page sequence. Irregular lines, show-through, losses and original variations in the signs are retained. The complete selected group is a component of this one copy and not a new abstract type of tradition.
Before designing
Unaltered native full-page JPEG within the SVG; only the documented viewport selects the complete historical figure. No added lines, modern replacement glyphs, raster conversion, vector transcription or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Specific manuscript witness MS.110, institutionally dated to the late 16th century. Pseudo-Bacon and Pseudo-Solomon are attributions, not securely established medieval authorship. The modern blue folio numbers are distinguished from the age of the text; verso references follow the adjacent visible recto foliation and the IIIF page sequence. Irregular lines, show-through, losses and original variations in the signs are retained. The complete selected group is a component of this one copy, not a new abstract type of tradition. Unaltered native full-page JPEG in the SVG; only the documented viewport selects the complete historical figure. No added lines, modern substitute glyphs, raster conversion, vector transcription or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Specific manuscript witness MS.110, institutionally dated to the late 16th century. Pseudo-Bacon and Pseudo-Solomon are attributions, not securely established medieval authorship. The modern blue folio numbers are distinguished from the age of the text; verso references follow the adjacent visible recto foliation and the IIIF page sequence. Irregular lines, show-through, losses and original variations in the signs are retained. The complete selected group is a component of this one copy, not a new abstract type of tradition. Unaltered native full-page JPEG in the SVG; only the documented viewport selects the complete historical figure. No added lines, modern substitute glyphs, raster conversion, vector transcription or manufacturing approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.110, f.34r; Canvas position 81/256; ritual circle with inner master zone
Source location: MS.110; current API p8bhyjys; old ID afsfdgzh (HTTP 410)
Dating and exact Digital Location. Roger Bacon is a pseudo-author attribution; the present binding, early 19th century, is not the date of the writing. Rights: Individual Digital Location links b18937135 with PDM.
Source location: 256 Canvases; historical folio numbers in the image
Images, sequence, dimensions and institutional descriptions of the five component texts. Folios 36–38 incorrectly bound according to the catalogue. Rights: the specific digital surrogate as a whole carries the Public Domain Mark; no transfer of rights from other images.
Unaltered complete institutional JPEG page; historical individual sign located by visible evidence. Rights: PDM for the exactly corresponding IIIF digital surrogate b18937135.
Ritual circle with four star forms – MS.110, f.12r
Original image · source evidence
Historical ritual and planetary figure
Early modern English-Latin ritual magic English-Latin manuscript; present-day holding in London · Late 16th century (institutional dating of the manuscript)
An irregularly rounded double border encloses four star forms, four curved characters and a small inner ring. The accompanying English text calls the following figure a circle and discusses the summoning of spirits.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern English-Latin ritual magic
Region
English-Latin manuscript; present-day holding in London
Date of the evidence
Late 16th century (institutional dating of the manuscript)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
An irregularly rounded double border encloses four star forms, four curved characters and a small inner ring. The accompanying English text calls the following figure a circle and discusses the summoning of spirits.
Historically recorded use
The accompanying English text describes the following figure as a circle and discusses the summoning of spirits.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Specific manuscript witness MS.110, institutionally dated to the late 16th century. Pseudo-Bacon and Pseudo-Solomon are attributions, not securely established medieval authorship. The modern blue folio numbers are distinguished from the age of the text; verso references follow the adjacent visible recto foliation and the IIIF page sequence. Irregular lines, show-through, losses and original variations in the signs are retained. The complete selected group is a component of this one copy and not a new abstract type of tradition.
Before designing
Unaltered native full-page JPEG within the SVG; only the documented viewport selects the complete historical figure. No added lines, modern replacement glyphs, raster conversion, vector transcription or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Specific manuscript witness MS.110, institutionally dated to the late 16th century. Pseudo-Bacon and Pseudo-Solomon are attributions, not securely established medieval authorship. The modern blue folio numbers are distinguished from the age of the text; verso references follow the adjacent visible recto foliation and the IIIF page sequence. Irregular lines, show-through, losses and original variations in the signs are retained. The complete selected group is a component of this one copy, not a new abstract type of tradition. Unaltered native full-page JPEG in the SVG; only the documented viewport selects the complete historical figure. No added lines, modern substitute glyphs, raster conversion, vector transcription or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Specific manuscript witness MS.110, institutionally dated to the late 16th century. Pseudo-Bacon and Pseudo-Solomon are attributions, not securely established medieval authorship. The modern blue folio numbers are distinguished from the age of the text; verso references follow the adjacent visible recto foliation and the IIIF page sequence. Irregular lines, show-through, losses and original variations in the signs are retained. The complete selected group is a component of this one copy, not a new abstract type of tradition. Unaltered native full-page JPEG in the SVG; only the documented viewport selects the complete historical figure. No added lines, modern substitute glyphs, raster conversion, vector transcription or manufacturing approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.110, f.12r; Canvas position 37/256; ritual circle with four star shapes
Source location: MS.110; current API p8bhyjys; old ID afsfdgzh (HTTP 410)
Dating and exact Digital Location. Roger Bacon is a pseudo-author attribution; the present binding, early 19th century, is not the date of the writing. Rights: Individual Digital Location links b18937135 with PDM.
Source location: 256 Canvases; historical folio numbers in the image
Images, sequence, dimensions and institutional descriptions of the five component texts. Folios 36–38 incorrectly bound according to the catalogue. Rights: the specific digital surrogate as a whole carries the Public Domain Mark; no transfer of rights from other images.
Unaltered complete institutional JPEG page; historical individual sign located by visible evidence. Rights: PDM for the exactly corresponding IIIF digital surrogate b18937135.
Early Nordic visual and written tradition Rugbjerg, Aulum parish, Jutland, Denmark · Early Germanic Iron Age according to catalogue keywords, 375–540 AD.
Gold B-bracteate with a grouped figural representation and geometric border decoration, inventory C 36639. The photograph shows the pendant rotated sideways.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early Nordic visual and written tradition
Region
Rugbjerg, Aulum parish, Jutland, Denmark
Date of the evidence
Early Germanic Iron Age according to catalogue keywords, 375–540 AD.
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Gold B-bracteate with a grouped figural representation and geometric border decoration, inventory C 36639. The photograph shows the pendant rotated sideways.
Historically recorded use
Historically documented gold pendant with a stamped image field. A specific protective effect or particular ritual is not demonstrated for this individual piece by the cited object records.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The museum entry describes the piece more generally in the short description as Late Iron Age, but gives 375–540 in the historical keywords. A more precise individual date and a specific magical function are not established by this.
Before designing
The model is the surviving museum photograph, including wear and damage. No modern addition of missing lines, and no conversion of unclear runes or letter imitations into an invented readable formula.
Research draft. Unaltered museum JPEG bytes are embedded in an SVG image crop. Photograph of the surviving object; neither a drawn reconstruction nor an AI-generated symbol. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Unaltered museum JPEG bytes are embedded in an SVG image crop. Photograph of the surviving object; neither a drawn reconstruction nor an AI-generated symbol.
Source location: DO-9525, complete pendant turned sideways C 36639
Findspot Rugbjerg/Aulum. The image description gives the broader term Younger Iron Age, while historical-period keywords specify the older Germanic Iron Age 375–540. This distinction remains visible as a catalogue boundary. The image record and image-specific JSON-LD refer to CC BY-SA 4.0. The photographer and actual JPEG resolution are recorded in the symbol manifest; TIFF metadata refers to a different original file.
Rounded, modelled amber lion's head with a nape perforation
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Etruscan Italy · c. 500–480 BCE
Rounded lion’s head carved from reddish amber, with a cylindrical nape and open mouth. Cracks and old losses at the back of the head and around the eyes remain visible.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Etruscan
Region
Italy
Date of the evidence
c. 500–480 BCE
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Rounded lion’s head carved from reddish amber, with a cylindrical nape and open mouth. Cracks and old losses at the back of the head and around the eyes remain visible.
Historically recorded use
The specialist catalogue discusses a jewellery pendant or the terminal of a metal jewellery element. A small transverse perforation in the nape indicates a means of attachment; the original mounting is lost. The surviving head is evidence for a historical lion image, not an amulet securely assigned to a particular ritual.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 77.AO.81.10; catalogue no. 36, object 103TE9. The specialist catalogue specifies a 2 mm nape perforation. Suspected eye inlays and a metal mounting are not added.
Before designing
Complete native museum photograph as a historical reference; damage and present-day photographic elements remain visible. No contour reconstruction, no production approval.
Research draft. Unchanged complete native museum image; no raster transformation or addition of old outlines. Historical reference, not manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Unchanged complete native museum image; no raster transformation or addition of old outlines. Historical reference, not manufacturing approval.
Source location: J. Paul Getty Museum; 77.AO.81.10; 103TE9
Current Native individual object page with specific CC0 photo attribution and text separately identified as CC BY 4.0. JSON-LD extracted unchanged from this HTML.
Complete institutional specialist catalogue: dating, condition, provenance and explicitly weighed interpretations of the image and function. The catalogue text is scholarly commentary; no original excavation documentation is claimed.
Round clay tablet with a seated figure and shallow surviving relief. Pale deposits, abrasion and edge damage remain visible in the complete native colour photograph.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Buddhist visual tradition
Region
Tibet
Date of the evidence
About 1368–1643
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Round clay tablet with a seated figure and shallow surviving relief. Pale deposits, abrasion and edge damage remain visible in the complete native colour photograph.
Historically recorded use
The museum identifies the clay plaque as a votive image of a seated figure. This historical religious image evidence is included without a specific deity attribution or an unsupported protective function.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 30.76.154, Met object 38840. The general object title does not justify a more precise identification. Particularly indistinct hand forms and attributes are not supplemented; visibility limits any later detailed transcription.
Before designing
Unchanged complete native museum image; no reconstruction of damaged details. No manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete native museum photograph, with no raster transformation or reconstruction of old forms. Historical religious image evidence; not approved for manufacture. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete native museum photograph, with no raster transformation or reconstruction of old forms. Historical religious image evidence; not approved for manufacture.
Source location: The Metropolitan Museum of Art; 30.76.154; complete selected individual image
Circular relief with a central seated figure, upward-curving forms at the sides and a lotus base. Wear, pale rim and faint relief details remain visible in the unaltered colour image.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Buddhist visual tradition
Region
Tibet
Date of the evidence
About 1368–1643
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Circular relief with a central seated figure, upward-curving forms at the sides and a lotus base. Wear, pale rim and faint relief details remain visible in the unaltered colour image.
Historically recorded use
The small round clay plaque belongs to the Tibetan religious objects catalogued by the museum as votive images. The current object title does not identify a specific deity or individual use. This does not constitute evidence of a worn protective amulet.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 30.76.156, Met object 38842. The museum dates the object to approximately 1368–1643, without claiming a date based on an inscription read here. The figure is not identified as Tara or Avalokiteśvara on the basis of an uncertain visual resemblance.
Before designing
Unchanged complete native museum image; no reconstruction of damaged details. No manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete native museum photograph, with no raster transformation or reconstruction of old forms. Historical religious image evidence; not approved for manufacture. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete native museum photograph, with no raster transformation or reconstruction of old forms. Historical religious image evidence; not approved for manufacture.
Source location: The Metropolitan Museum of Art; 30.76.156; complete selected individual photograph
Danish historical amulet and rune culture Kællingeby, Pedersker, Bornholm, Denmark · Medieval; exact individual years not established
Elongated, unfolded lead strip with runes, pronounced fold marks and a heavily abraded surface on the right. The original photograph shows the associated inventory number.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Danish historical amulet and rune culture
Region
Kællingeby, Pedersker, Bornholm, Denmark
Date of the evidence
Medieval; exact individual years not established
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Elongated, unfolded lead strip with runes, pronounced fold marks and a heavily abraded surface on the right. The original photograph shows the associated inventory number.
Historically recorded use
Protective formulas against giants and elves; Imer reads the personal name Svæinn Magnus, with reservations about its grammatical classification.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Separate find Kællingeby 2; not equated with Kællingeby 1. The reading and possible shared rune-carver with Østre Skovgård remain research attributions. The image date 2017 does not indicate a medieval year of manufacture.
Before designing
Complete original photograph as a source reference; losses in preservation remain visible. No engraving outline and no manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Independent find Kællingeby 2; not equated with Kællingeby 1. The reading and possible shared rune-carver with Østre Skovgård remain research attributions. The image date 2017 does not indicate a medieval date of manufacture. Complete native presentation file, unchanged JPEG bytes; no TIFF master and no local raster editing. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Independent find Kællingeby 2; not equated with Kællingeby 1. The reading and possible shared rune-carver with Østre Skovgård remain research attributions. The image date 2017 does not indicate a medieval date of manufacture. Complete native presentation file, unchanged JPEG bytes; no TIFF master and no local raster editing.
Source location: Det öppna och det fördolda (2022), pp. 63–88; especially pp. 77–81, figs. 9, 11, 12
Concise factual summaries of our own. Research hypotheses, uncertain words and attributions to scribes remain qualified. Drawings from the publication are not treated as ancient originals.
Danish historical amulet and rune culture Østre Skovgård, Åker, Bornholm, Denmark · Medieval; exact individual years not established
Unfolded lead strip with horizontal line divisions and runes; the surface is more heavily abraded on the left. The inventory label and scale are part of the unchanged capture.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Danish historical amulet and rune culture
Region
Østre Skovgård, Åker, Bornholm, Denmark
Date of the evidence
Medieval; exact individual years not established
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Unfolded lead strip with horizontal line divisions and runes; the surface is more heavily abraded on the left. The inventory label and scale are part of the unchanged capture.
Historically recorded use
Christian exorcism against threatening beings for a person who is unidentified today.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Imer describes a possible shared scribal hand with Kællingeby 2; this is a palaeographic attribution. Damaged signs are not supplemented. 2017 is the date the image was captured, not the age of the amulet.
Before designing
Complete original photograph as a source reference; losses in preservation remain visible. No engraving outline and no manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Imer describes a possible shared scribe’s hand with Kællingeby 2; this is a palaeographic attribution. Damaged characters are not supplemented. 2017 is the date the image was captured, not the age of the amulet. Complete native presentation file, unchanged JPEG bytes; no TIFF master and no local raster editing. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Imer describes a possible shared scribe’s hand with Kællingeby 2; this is a palaeographic attribution. Damaged characters are not supplemented. 2017 is the date the image was captured, not the age of the amulet. Complete native presentation file, unchanged JPEG bytes; no TIFF master and no local raster editing.
Source location: Det öppna och det fördolda (2022), pp. 63–88; especially pp. 77–81, figs. 9, 11, 12
Concise factual summaries of our own. Research hypotheses, uncertain words and attributions to scribes remain qualified. Drawings from the publication are not treated as ancient originals.
Scandinavian runic traditions Sweden · Museum dating 800 – 1100; Viking Age
Very small, corroded runic sheet; the surviving surface shows faint incised marks and green patches of corrosion.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Scandinavian runic traditions
Region
Sweden
Date of the evidence
Museum dating 800 – 1100; Viking Age
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Very small, corroded runic sheet; the surviving surface shows faint incised marks and green patches of corrosion.
Historically recorded use
Possible protective amulet use in a burial context; the heavily damaged inscription and its interpretation as a sewn-in protective amulet remain explicitly uncertain.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Individual museum inventory 840377_HST. Based on the current SHM object page and the media precisely linked there. The search API includes some discrepant, outdated date fields; these are not adopted as dates of manufacture. No new rune reading, free translation of a formula or completion of lost forms.
Before designing
The transmitted state of the object serves as a historical reference. No reconstruction of invisible, folded or damaged areas; transfer for manufacture must be assessed separately.
Research draft. Unchanged native institutional WebP views reproduced in full in an SVG layout; no camera master is claimed, and no outline has been reconstructed. Multiple views are expressly separate photographs of the same inventory object. Very small corroded runic plate; the surviving surface shows faint incised traces and green corrosion spots. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Unchanged native institutional WebP views reproduced in full in an SVG layout; no camera master is claimed, and no outline has been reconstructed. Multiple views are expressly separate photographs of the same inventory object. Very small corroded runic plate; the surviving surface shows faint incised traces and green corrosion spots.
Source location: 840377_HST; native media 8BF54EB8-8494-46A4-8F20-2566EB2CEC7C
Source location: 840377_HST; Acquisition number 22695
Identity, current dating, material, findspot and individual media attribution. Date of manufacture and modern find or acquisition date remain distinct.
Scandinavian runic traditions Sweden · Museum dating 800 – 1100; Viking Age
Runic sheet with its fragmented leather case, arranged together in the museum's native photograph.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Scandinavian runic traditions
Region
Sweden
Date of the evidence
Museum dating 800 – 1100; Viking Age
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Runic sheet with its fragmented leather case, arranged together in the museum's native photograph.
Historically recorded use
The museum discusses a protective incantation against a malevolent person and wearing it on the body. The reading and individual interpretation remain disputed.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Individual museum inventory 836881_HST. Based on the current SHM object page and the media precisely associated with it there. The search API includes some divergent, outdated date fields; these are not adopted as dates of manufacture. No new runic reading, free translation of a formula or restoration of lost forms.
Before designing
The transmitted state of the object serves as a historical reference. No reconstruction of invisible, folded or damaged areas; transfer for manufacture must be assessed separately.
Research draft. Unchanged native institutional WebP views, complete within one SVG layout; no camera master is claimed and no contour is reconstructed. Several views are explicitly separate photographs of the same inventory item. Rune sheet metal with its fragmentary leather case, arranged together in the native museum photograph. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Unchanged native institutional WebP views, complete within one SVG layout; no camera master is claimed and no contour is reconstructed. Several views are explicitly separate photographs of the same inventory item. Rune sheet metal with its fragmentary leather case, arranged together in the native museum photograph.
Source location: 836881_HST; native media B723DE95-9A41-456C-91A9-ED784C69FC98
Identity, current dating, material, findspot and individual media attribution. Date of manufacture and modern find or acquisition date remain distinct.
Scandinavian runic traditions Sweden · Museum dating 800 – 1100; Viking Age
The native museum photograph shows the curved, filigree-decorated front plate together with the rune-inscribed back plate, now detached.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Scandinavian runic traditions
Region
Sweden
Date of the evidence
Museum dating 800 – 1100; Viking Age
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
The native museum photograph shows the curved, filigree-decorated front plate together with the rune-inscribed back plate, now detached.
Historically recorded use
The museum mentions a worn silver pendant and a possible reliquary. The meaning of the runes remains unclear; use as a reliquary is not presented as certain.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Individual museum inventory 843849_HST. Based on the current SHM object page and the media precisely associated with it there. The search API contains some differing, outdated date fields; these are not adopted as dates of manufacture. No new rune reading, free translation of a formula or reconstruction of lost forms.
Before designing
The transmitted state of the object serves as a historical reference. No reconstruction of invisible, folded or damaged areas; transfer for manufacture must be assessed separately.
Research draft. Unmodified native institutional WebP views in full in an SVG layout; no camera master claimed, no outline reconstructed. Multiple views are explicitly separate photographs of the same inventory item. The native museum photograph shows the domed, filigree-decorated front plate and the now-detached rune-inscribed back plate together. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Unmodified native institutional WebP views in full in an SVG layout; no camera master claimed, no outline reconstructed. Multiple views are explicitly separate photographs of the same inventory item. The native museum photograph shows the domed, filigree-decorated front plate and the now-detached rune-inscribed back plate together.
Source location: 843849_HST; native media 8d4ee8eb-6394-40ec-9b6c-2153038bef73
Source location: 843849_HST; acquisition number 34000
Identity, current dating, material, findspot and individual media attribution. Date of manufacture and modern find or acquisition date remain distinct.
Scandinavian runic traditions Sweden · Museum dating 800 – 1100; Viking Age
Rectangular runic plate with an eye at one short end. Two museum views show the surviving incised surfaces.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Scandinavian runic traditions
Region
Sweden
Date of the evidence
Museum dating 800 – 1100; Viking Age
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Rectangular runic plate with an eye at one short end. Two museum views show the surviving incised surfaces.
Historically recorded use
The museum describes runes on both sides and a suspension loop. This does not establish a specific magical text content or protective use.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Individual museum inventory 1136766_HST. Based on the current SHM object page and the media precisely associated with it there. The search API contains some differing, outdated date fields; these are not adopted as manufacturing dates. No new reading of runes, free translation of the formula or reconstruction of lost forms.
Before designing
The transmitted state of the object serves as a historical reference. No reconstruction of invisible, folded or damaged areas; transfer for manufacture must be assessed separately.
Research draft. Unaltered native institutional WebP views in full in an SVG layout; no camera master is claimed, and no outline is reconstructed. Multiple views are explicitly separate photographs of the same inventory object. Rectangular rune plate with an eyelet at one short end. Two museum views show the surviving incised surfaces. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Unaltered native institutional WebP views in full in an SVG layout; no camera master is claimed, and no outline is reconstructed. Multiple views are explicitly separate photographs of the same inventory object. Rectangular rune plate with an eyelet at one short end. Two museum views show the surviving incised surfaces.
Source location: 1136766_HST; native media B733F031-E226-4B6F-8D15-749C139BE5F5, 6CC3C232-7ADB-48F1-83C7-151C29919CF0
Hildebrand, Gabriel. Historiska museet/SHM. 1136766_HST. CC BY 4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/; Hildebrand, Gabriel. Historiska museet/SHM. 1136766_HST. CC BY 4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Identity, current dating, material, findspot and individual media attribution. Date of manufacture and modern find or acquisition date remain distinct.
Scandinavian runic traditions Sweden · Museum dating 800 – 1100; Viking Age
Two native views of the rune-inscribed fitting fragment with rivet holes. The inventory describes three fitting fragments in total; these photographs do not show all three.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Scandinavian runic traditions
Region
Sweden
Date of the evidence
Museum dating 800 – 1100; Viking Age
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Two native views of the rune-inscribed fitting fragment with rivet holes. The inventory describes three fitting fragments in total; these photographs do not show all three.
Historically recorded use
Historical rune-evidence find; a fitting bearing runes is not automatically a protective amulet.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Individual museum inventory 3259396. Based on the current SHM object page and the media precisely associated with it there. The search API sometimes contains differing, outdated date fields; these are not adopted as production dates. No new rune reading, free translation of a formula or addition of lost forms.
Before designing
The transmitted state of the object serves as a historical reference. No reconstruction of invisible, folded or damaged areas; transfer for manufacture must be assessed separately.
Research draft. Unchanged native institutional WebP views in full in an SVG layout; no camera master is claimed and no outline reconstructed. Multiple views are explicitly separate photographs of the same inventory item. Two native views of the runic-inscribed fitting fragment with rivet holes. The inventory describes three fitting fragments in total; these photographs do not show all three. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Unchanged native institutional WebP views in full in an SVG layout; no camera master is claimed and no outline reconstructed. Multiple views are explicitly separate photographs of the same inventory item. Two native views of the runic-inscribed fitting fragment with rivet holes. The inventory describes three fitting fragments in total; these photographs do not show all three.
Source location: 3259396; native media aa761b97-d12a-48eb-9b5b-d19d82120861, d8787f8e-83dc-4cb8-b5f1-a5a553a405f9
Kalmring, Sven. Historiska museet/SHM. 3259396. CC BY 4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/; Kalmring, Sven. Historiska museet/SHM. 3259396. CC BY 4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Identity, current dating, material, findspot and individual media attribution. Date of manufacture and modern find or acquisition date remain distinct.
Danish historical amulet and rune culture Ribe, Denmark · 725–760 AD according to RuneS; Thuesen 2023 gives 725–750
Irregular human skull fragment with a round hole and runes distributed over the curved surface. The image shows the surviving condition, with fractures and surface texture.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Danish historical amulet and rune culture
Region
Ribe, Denmark
Date of the evidence
725–760 AD according to RuneS; Thuesen 2023 gives 725–750
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Irregular human skull fragment with a round hole and runes distributed over the curved surface. The image shows the surviving condition, with fractures and surface texture.
Historically recorded use
Runic inscription interpreted as a magical protective formula invoking Odin; individual words and mythological references remain subject to differing readings.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The perforation does not prove that it was worn on the body: Thuesen 2023 notes the absence of wear marks. Their new interpretation of a dwarf sword, divine names and myth is a research position, not a securely established shared wording. The photograph and bone form are not simplified into an invented bind-rune.
Before designing
Complete original photograph as a source reference; losses in preservation remain visible. No engraving outline and no manufacturing approval.
Research draft. The perforation does not prove that it was worn on the body: Thuesen 2023 notes the absence of wear marks. Her new interpretation of a dwarf sword, divine names and myth is a research position, not a securely established shared wording. The photograph and bone form are not simplified into an invented bind-rune. Complete native presentation file, unchanged JPEG bytes; no TIFF master and no local raster editing. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The perforation does not prove that it was worn on the body: Thuesen 2023 notes the absence of wear marks. Her new interpretation of a dwarf sword, divine names and myth is a research position, not a securely established shared wording. The photograph and bone form are not simplified into an invented bind-rune. Complete native presentation file, unchanged JPEG bytes; no TIFF master and no local raster editing.
Runic sheet from Alvastra monastery – sub-inventory 768
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Scandinavian runic traditions Sweden · Museum dating 1100 – 1500; Medieval period
Narrow, elongated lead strip with visible incisions and surviving surface damage.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Scandinavian runic traditions
Region
Sweden
Date of the evidence
Museum dating 1100 – 1500; Medieval period
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Narrow, elongated lead strip with visible incisions and surviving surface damage.
Historically recorded use
Historical runic find from the monastery; the precise protective function is not specified in this object source.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Individual museum inventory 184439_HST. Based on the current SHM object page and the media precisely linked there. The search API contains some discrepant, outdated date fields; these are not adopted as dates of manufacture. No new runic reading, free translation of a formula or reconstruction of lost forms.
Before designing
The transmitted state of the object serves as a historical reference. No reconstruction of invisible, folded or damaged areas; transfer for manufacture must be assessed separately.
Research draft. Unmodified native institutional WebP views, shown in full in an SVG layout; no camera master is claimed, and no outline has been reconstructed. The multiple views are explicitly separate photographs of the same inventory item. Narrow elongated lead strip with visible incisions and preserved surface damage. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Unmodified native institutional WebP views, shown in full in an SVG layout; no camera master is claimed, and no outline has been reconstructed. The multiple views are explicitly separate photographs of the same inventory item. Narrow elongated lead strip with visible incisions and preserved surface damage.
Source location: 184439_HST; native media 9ea04fc2-974f-4971-926b-d86c4e0a6bde
Source location: 184439_HST; acquisition number 21530
Identity, current dating, material, findspot and individual media attribution. Date of manufacture and modern find or acquisition date remain distinct.
Scandinavian runic traditions Sweden · Museum dating 1100 – 1500; Medieval period
Elongated lead fragment with traces of incisions, photographed in its current transparent holder.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Scandinavian runic traditions
Region
Sweden
Date of the evidence
Museum dating 1100 – 1500; Medieval period
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Elongated lead fragment with traces of incisions, photographed in its current transparent holder.
Historically recorded use
A specific medieval runic find; the individual museum page does not attest a particular amulet practice or a fully read formula.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Individual museum inventory 1195543_HST. Based on the current SHM object page and the media specifically associated with it there. The search API contains some differing, outdated date fields; these are not adopted as production dates. No new rune reading, free translation of a formula or addition of lost forms.
Before designing
The transmitted state of the object serves as a historical reference. No reconstruction of invisible, folded or damaged areas; transfer for manufacture must be assessed separately.
Research draft. Unaltered native institutional WebP views fully incorporated in an SVG layout; no camera master is claimed and no outline has been reconstructed. Several views are explicitly separate photographs of the same inventory item. Elongated lead fragment with incised marks, photographed in its current transparent mount. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Unaltered native institutional WebP views fully incorporated in an SVG layout; no camera master is claimed and no outline has been reconstructed. Several views are explicitly separate photographs of the same inventory item. Elongated lead fragment with incised marks, photographed in its current transparent mount.
Source location: 1195543_HST; native media 71397dbd-836c-4fee-809b-53c3d23bfa58
Source location: 1195543_HST; acquisition number 16027
Identity, current dating, material, findspot and individual media attribution. Date of manufacture and modern find or acquisition date remain distinct.
Scandinavian runic traditions Sweden · Museum dating 1100 – 1250; Early Middle Ages
Fragmented sheet metal with incised lines; two native views show the surviving sides.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Scandinavian runic traditions
Region
Sweden
Date of the evidence
Museum dating 1100 – 1250; Early Middle Ages
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Fragmented sheet metal with incised lines; two native views show the surviving sides.
Historically recorded use
Historical medieval runic find; the object page gives no securely established specific protective formula.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Individual museum inventory 1142179_HST. Based on the current SHM object page and the media precisely associated with it there. The search API partly contains divergent, outdated date fields; these are not adopted as production dates. No new runic reading, free translation of a formula or restoration of lost forms.
Before designing
The transmitted state of the object serves as a historical reference. No reconstruction of invisible, folded or damaged areas; transfer for manufacture must be assessed separately.
Research draft. Unaltered native institutional WebP views, complete in an SVG layout; no camera master claimed, no outline reconstructed. Several views are explicitly separate photographs of the same inventory item. Fragmentary sheet metal with incised lines; two native views show the surviving sides. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Unaltered native institutional WebP views, complete in an SVG layout; no camera master claimed, no outline reconstructed. Several views are explicitly separate photographs of the same inventory item. Fragmentary sheet metal with incised lines; two native views show the surviving sides.
Source location: 1142179_HST; native media A7EBCC24-5C1D-407D-97FE-B4E59A64C9A9, 9A0D57E6-151D-4185-9A21-48A58241689D
Hildebrand, Gabriel. Historiska museet/SHM. 1142179_HST. CC BY 4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/; Hildebrand, Gabriel. Historiska museet/SHM. 1142179_HST. CC BY 4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Source location: 1142179_HST; acquisition number 31597
Identity, current dating, material, findspot and individual media attribution. Date of manufacture and modern find or acquisition date remain distinct.
Runic plate D 716/2021: four-line corroded fragment
Original image · source evidence
Runic amulet
Nordic medieval written amulets Denmark; findspot fields Øster Ørbæk South and Aagaard conflict · Medieval according to the museum catalogue; modern discovery/inventory years are not dates of manufacture
Part of a lead tablet that was once folded. Four runic lines without separators are on the inner side; the outer side is uninscribed.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Nordic medieval written amulets
Region
Denmark; findspot fields Øster Ørbæk South and Aagaard conflict
Date of the evidence
Medieval according to the museum catalogue; modern discovery/inventory years are not dates of manufacture
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Part of a lead tablet that was once folded. Four runic lines without separators are on the inner side; the outer side is uninscribed.
Historically recorded use
The museum describes it as an amulet or amulet candidate. The surviving form is historically attested; specific spiritual use and efficacy are described only to the extent supported by the individual evidence.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The initial reading before cleaning and conservation is explicitly very uncertain; the museum leaves open whether the runic sequence is linguistic or magical. The photograph label names Øster Ørbæk South, while another raw-data find event names Aagaard. These places are not equated.
Before designing
Unaltered historical museum views with surviving damage, corrosion and any scales. No retouching, and no additions to missing writing or lines. The facsimile provides a source reference and requires a separate manufacturing outline.
Research draft. Part of a lead sheet that was once folded. Four rune lines without separators are on the inside; the outside is uninscribed. The initial reading before cleaning and conservation is expressly very uncertain; the museum leaves open whether the runes form a linguistic or magical sequence. The photograph label names Øster Ørbæk South, while another raw-data find event names Aagaard. These places are not equated. The named object views are placed side by side; this does not claim a historical arrangement of the signs. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Part of a lead sheet that was once folded. Four rune lines without separators are on the inside; the outside is uninscribed. The initial reading before cleaning and conservation is expressly very uncertain; the museum leaves open whether the runes form a linguistic or magical sequence. The photograph label names Øster Ørbæk South, while another raw-data find event names Aagaard. These places are not equated. The named object views are placed side by side; this does not claim a historical arrangement of the signs.
Source location: D 716/2021; DMR-231852, DMR-231853
The initial reading before cleaning and conservation is expressly highly uncertain; the museum leaves open whether this is a linguistic or magical sequence of runes. The photograph label gives Øster Ørbæk South, while another raw-data find event gives Aagaard. These places are not equated. Individual object classification, material, find events and images are taken from the museum raw-data block.
The individual ImageObject in the museum JSON-LD specifies this JPEG URL and CC BY-SA 4.0. Image credit: Rasmus Bak Meng / Nationalmuseet, Danmark. The actual JPEG pixel dimensions are verified; larger TIFF catalogue dimensions are not attributed to the JPEG used.
The individual ImageObject in the museum JSON-LD specifies this JPEG URL and CC BY-SA 4.0. Image credit: Rasmus Bak Meng / Nationalmuseet, Danmark. The actual JPEG pixel dimensions are verified; larger TIFF catalogue dimensions are not attributed to the JPEG used.
Scandinavian runic traditions Sweden · Museum dating 800 – 1100; Viking Age
A long bronze strip with lines of runes, surviving breaks and a separate small end fragment. Two museum views show the surviving surfaces.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Scandinavian runic traditions
Region
Sweden
Date of the evidence
Museum dating 800 – 1100; Viking Age
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A long bronze strip with lines of runes, surviving breaks and a separate small end fragment. Two museum views show the surviving surfaces.
Historically recorded use
The museum interprets the inscription as a Galdr against returning dead people. The find in 1920 is distinguished from the historical period of manufacture.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Individual museum inventory 107863_HST. Based on the current SHM object page and the media precisely linked there. The search API sometimes contains differing, outdated date fields; these are not adopted as production dates. No new runic reading, free translation of the formula or addition of lost forms.
Before designing
The transmitted state of the object serves as a historical reference. No reconstruction of invisible, folded or damaged areas; transfer for manufacture must be assessed separately.
Research draft. Unchanged native institutional WebP views fully embedded in an SVG layout; no camera master claimed, no outline reconstructed. Multiple views are explicitly separate photographs of the same inventory item. A long bronze sheet with rune rows, surviving breaks and a separate small end fragment. Two museum views show the surviving surfaces. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Unchanged native institutional WebP views fully embedded in an SVG layout; no camera master claimed, no outline reconstructed. Multiple views are explicitly separate photographs of the same inventory item. A long bronze sheet with rune rows, surviving breaks and a separate small end fragment. Two museum views show the surviving surfaces.
Source location: 107863_HST; native media 4A79CEE5-99B2-49AA-8280-F0BD55E1C083, 0EB79E32-122F-4C15-AEA0-EE3F37D3C4BD
Myrin, Ola. Historiska museet/SHM. 107863_HST. CC BY 4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/; Myrin, Ola. Historiska museet/SHM. 107863_HST. CC BY 4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Source location: 107863_HST; Acquisition number 16449
Identity, current dating, material, findspot and individual media attribution. Date of manufacture and modern find or acquisition date remain distinct.
Scandinavian runic traditions Sweden · Museum dating 800 – 1100; Viking Age
The native museum photograph shows two narrow copper sheets together; one is fragmentary. The bent-over ends remain visible.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Scandinavian runic traditions
Region
Sweden
Date of the evidence
Museum dating 800 – 1100; Viking Age
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
The native museum photograph shows two narrow copper sheets together; one is fragmentary. The bent-over ends remain visible.
Historically recorded use
The museum considers use as a pendant in a bead arrangement likely and discusses magical significance. The damaged inscriptions are not reread.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Individual museum inventory 107758_HST. Based on the current SHM object page and the media precisely linked there. The search API contains some differing, outdated date fields; these are not adopted as manufacturing dates. No new rune reading, free translation of a formula or supplementation of lost forms.
Before designing
The transmitted state of the object serves as a historical reference. No reconstruction of invisible, folded or damaged areas; transfer for manufacture must be assessed separately.
Research draft. Unaltered native institutional WebP views fully arranged in an SVG layout; no camera master is claimed, and no contour is reconstructed. Several views are explicitly separate photographs of the same inventory item. The native museum photograph shows two narrow copper sheets together; one is fragmentary. The bent-over ends remain visible. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Unaltered native institutional WebP views fully arranged in an SVG layout; no camera master is claimed, and no contour is reconstructed. Several views are explicitly separate photographs of the same inventory item. The native museum photograph shows two narrow copper sheets together; one is fragmentary. The bent-over ends remain visible.
Source location: 107758_HST; native media 2942C4FE-F157-46D5-9065-96795CB811E0
Source location: 107758_HST; Acquisition number 25840
Identity, current dating, material, findspot and individual media attribution. Date of manufacture and modern find or acquisition date remain distinct.
Roman magical gems Roman cultural sphere; exact findspot unknown · Roman; no more precise museum dating
Yellow jasper, 1.7 × 2.1 × 0.3 cm; only the original colour photograph is used.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Roman magical gems
Region
Roman cultural sphere; exact findspot unknown
Date of the evidence
Roman; no more precise museum dating
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Yellow jasper, 1.7 × 2.1 × 0.3 cm; only the original colour photograph is used.
Historically recorded use
Gem catalogued as a Gnostic gem with incised signs.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Gnostic gem is the museum’s designation, not evidence of a confirmed affiliation with a single religious community. Another available photograph shows a modern cast and remains a private comparison source. The signs are not normalised into a supposedly certain magical formula.
Before designing
Native museum captures as source references; independent views without additions or new symbolic interpretations.
Research draft. “Gnostic gem” is the museum designation, not a secure attribution to a single religious community. Another available image shows a modern cast and remains a private comparison source. No normalisation of the signs into a supposedly certain magical formula. JPEG renderings remain unchanged in their native bytes; no local raster editing or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: “Gnostic gem” is the museum designation, not a secure attribution to a single religious community. Another available image shows a modern cast and remains a private comparison source. No normalisation of the signs into a supposedly certain magical formula. JPEG renderings remain unchanged in their native bytes; no local raster editing or manufacturing approval.
Source location: y1970-77; complete native museum photographs
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Princeton University Art Museum; Inventar y1970-77; Image courtesy of the Princeton University Art Museum; institutionell als Public Domain freigegeben.
Roman magical gems Roman cultural sphere; exact findspot unknown · Roman; no more precise museum dating
Red jasper, 3.1 × 2.5 × 0.6 cm; lion-headed figure in the surviving oval image field.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Roman magical gems
Region
Roman cultural sphere; exact findspot unknown
Date of the evidence
Roman; no more precise museum dating
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Red jasper, 3.1 × 2.5 × 0.6 cm; lion-headed figure in the surviving oval image field.
Historically recorded use
Religio-magical image gem according to the institutional designation Gnostic gem.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Only the original photograph of the image side is published. Two modern casts of the image and inscription sides are archived internally and are not presented as historical original views. The entry therefore does not claim complete photographic documentation of the reverse or a secure identification of an individual deity.
Before designing
Native museum captures as source references; independent views without additions or new symbolic interpretations.
Research draft. Only the original photograph of the image side is published. Two modern casts of the image and inscription sides are archived internally and are not presented as historical original views. The entry therefore does not claim complete photographic documentation of the reverse or a secure identification of an individual deity. JPEG renditions remain unchanged in their native bytes; no local raster editing or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Only the original photograph of the image side is published. Two modern casts of the image and inscription sides are archived internally and are not presented as historical original views. The entry therefore does not claim complete photographic documentation of the reverse or a secure identification of an individual deity. JPEG renditions remain unchanged in their native bytes; no local raster editing or manufacturing approval.
Source location: y1970-76; complete native museum images
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Princeton University Art Museum; Inventar y1970-76; Image courtesy of the Princeton University Art Museum; institutionell als Public Domain freigegeben.
Roman magical gems Roman cultural sphere · 100–250 AD
Kronos with covered head, sword, sun disc, and an eight-pointed star and crescent moon on a yellow jasper gem.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Roman magical gems
Region
Roman cultural sphere
Date of the evidence
100–250 AD
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Kronos with covered head, sword, sun disc, and an eight-pointed star and crescent moon on a yellow jasper gem.
Historically recorded use
Magical gem engraved on both sides; the catalogue identifies a Greek prayer inscription on the reverse containing Iao, Sabaoth and Adonai.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The obverse photograph has been checked directly. The reverse inscription is catalogued as text, but is not reproduced here as an image. In accordance with the source, the small animal being held remains uncertain: a crocodile or a gazelle.
Before designing
Only the source-checked front. No freely added Greek reverse text and no new arrangement of the star or lunar signs. Byte-identical embedded CC0 original JPEG; not approved for manufacture; check contour preparation separately.
Research draft. Only the source-checked front. No freely added Greek reverse text and no new arrangement of the star or moon signs. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Only the source-checked front. No freely added Greek reverse text and no new arrangement of the star or moon signs.
Small bronze phallus in relief-like form, with a rounded base and corroded surface. The full photograph preserves the irregular edges.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Roman
Region
Roman Mediterranean
Date of the evidence
1st century CE
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Small bronze phallus in relief-like form, with a rounded base and corroded surface. The full photograph preserves the irregular edges.
Historically recorded use
The museum text interprets the flat back as indicating attachment to a larger object and mentions a chariot as one possibility. The phallic image form is historically attested; the exact mounting and specific use of this fitting remain open questions. No conclusion is drawn from this that it was an amulet certainly worn on the body.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 60.117.6, object 255091. A possible association with a cart is a museum hypothesis about function. The profile is classified as evidence of a historical symbol.
Before designing
Complete native museum photograph as a historical reference; damage and present-day photographic elements remain visible. No contour reconstruction, no production approval.
Research draft. Unchanged complete native museum image; no raster transformation or addition of old outlines. Historical reference, not manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Unchanged complete native museum image; no raster transformation or addition of old outlines. Historical reference, not manufacturing approval.
Source location: The Metropolitan Museum of Art; 60.117.6; 255091
The actually read single-object text from the web tool on use and limits of interpretation. A separate ordinary native HTML retrieval returned 429 and is archived only as an error response.
Source location: CC0 for individually designated public-domain images
Freshly read institutional CC0 primary text from the web tool. Individual rights attribution was additionally checked in each archived individual object API record.
Plain horizontal phallus with testicles and a central ring loop. The patinated surface and indentations are shown unchanged as photographic evidence.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Roman
Region
Roman Empire
Date of the evidence
1st century CE
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Plain horizontal phallus with testicles and a central ring loop. The patinated surface and indentations are shown unchanged as photographic evidence.
Historically recorded use
The Met classifies Roman phallic amulets as signs bringing good fortune and warding off evil. The ancient references to children and soldiers explain the general use of the form; they do not identify an owner of this small bronze pendant.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 60.117.2. The protective interpretation is a historically attested attribution of the motif type, not a statement about actual effect or an individual history of wearing.
Before designing
Native museum photograph as a historical reference; damage, writing and present-day photographic condition unaltered. No manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete native JPEG image without cropping, resampling, retouching or added glyphs. Simple horizontal phallus with testicles and central ring eyelet. The patinated surface and depressions are shown unchanged as photographic evidence. Not approved for manufacture. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete native JPEG image without cropping, resampling, retouching or added glyphs. Simple horizontal phallus with testicles and central ring eyelet. The patinated surface and depressions are shown unchanged as photographic evidence. Not approved for manufacture.
Source location: 60.117.2; fully attributed museum photograph
Successfully read primary text from the web tool. The separate native HTML retrieval returned 429 and is archived as an error; it is not used as read licence text.
Roman bronze dancer with possible protective function
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Italy(?), Roman Roman world; Italy uncertain · 100 BC–100 AD
Green-patinated bronze of a short-limbed dancing figure with a large head, beard, loincloth and clearly rendered phallus. One arm is raised, the hand is missing; the other arm reaches towards the hip. The missing hand and a possible musical instrument have not been added.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Italy(?), Roman
Region
Roman world; Italy uncertain
Date of the evidence
100 BC–100 AD
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Green-patinated bronze of a short-limbed dancing figure with a large head, beard, loincloth and clearly rendered phallus. One arm is raised, the hand is missing; the other arm reaches towards the hip. The missing hand and a possible musical instrument have not been added.
Historically recorded use
The museum considers an apotropaic use for the small bearded figure, to ward off harm. This use hypothesis is explicitly only a possibility; no evidenced ancient owner or wearing context is mentioned.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 1972.72, height 4.4 cm. The catalogue's Italy(?) provenance remains uncertain. The museum's suggestion of an original rattle, krotala, is a comparative inference, not a surviving component. The figure is not automatically identified with the Egyptian Bes. The cited specialist publications were checked as catalogue bibliography, not presented as literature read in full.
Before designing
Complete native museum photograph as a historical reference; no retouching, glyph additions or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Green-patinated bronze of a short-limbed dancing figure with a large head, beard, loincloth and clearly modelled phallus. One arm is raised; the hand is missing. The other arm reaches towards the hip. The missing hand and a possible musical instrument are not added. Native photo bytes completely unchanged. No manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Green-patinated bronze of a short-limbed dancing figure with a large head, beard, loincloth and clearly modelled phallus. One arm is raised; the hand is missing. The other arm reaches towards the hip. The missing hand and a possible musical instrument are not added. Native photo bytes completely unchanged. No manufacturing approval.
Roman fist amulet with inserted thumb – Met 15.43.41
Original image · source evidence
Amulet
Roman Egypt Egypt; precise findspot not documented · Roman period, c. 1st to mid-4th century AD; API search interval 1–364
Small pale-green fist with modelled fingers and an opening in the wrist area. Abrasion, discolouration and the complete photographed outline remain unchanged.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Roman Egypt
Region
Egypt; precise findspot not documented
Date of the evidence
Roman period, c. 1st to mid-4th century AD; API search interval 1–364
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Small pale-green fist with modelled fingers and an opening in the wrist area. Abrasion, discolouration and the complete photographed outline remain unchanged.
Historically recorded use
The museum describes the fist amulet, with the thumb between the first two fingers, as a Roman form associated with sexuality.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
No additional guarantee of fertility or universal apotropaic meaning is claimed. The text gives the mid-4th century; the API upper limit of 364 is an institutional search value, not a secure year of manufacture. The existing private reference remains linked unchanged.
Before designing
Complete native museum view as source evidence; not an isolated or production-ready engraving outline.
Research draft. Unaltered complete original JPEG; one view, not a view from all sides. No addition of lost forms, outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Unaltered complete original JPEG; one view, not a view from all sides. No addition of lost forms, outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: 15.43.41; complete native primary view from the museum
Ancient Egyptian religion Egypt · Evidence ca. 2051–1981 BC; Middle Kingdom
Amulet in the form of the hieroglyph for protection.
Research draftSource-based vector template
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Ancient Egyptian religion
Region
Egypt
Date of the evidence
Evidence ca. 2051–1981 BC; Middle Kingdom
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Description
Amulet in the form of the hieroglyph for protection.
Historically recorded use
Protection in life and death as a hope expressed through the word-sign.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Met 25.3.253, made of silver/electrum, was found on a body at Deir el-Bahri.
Before designing
Check the specific historical variant and object image against a source before using it; do not design a newly combined sigil.
Research draft. Outline of the actually surviving Sa amulet 25.3.253: several parallel metal strands, an elongated loop, a shared binding and open lower ends. Visible binding plates and strand paths taken from the museum photograph; no ankh loop or modern invented protective sigil used. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Vector template: Outline of the actually surviving Sa amulet 25.3.253: several parallel metal strands, an elongated loop, a shared binding and open lower ends. Visible binding plates and strand paths taken from the museum photograph; no ankh loop or modern invented protective sigil used.
Source location: 25.3.253; frontal primary image, upper apex and two open ends below
Outline of the actually surviving Sa amulet 25.3.253: several parallel metal strands, an elongated loop, a shared binding and open lower ends. Visible binding plates and strand paths taken from the museum photograph; no ankh loop or modern invented protective sigil used.
French early modern grimoire tradition; Traitté des Esprits du petit payzan Reformée French-speaking; place of manufacture unknown; current location London · Mid-18th century; dating of the specific Wellcome manuscript
Blue sequence of signs with three horizontal foot-lines, vertical stems and an angular and looped sequence continuing to the right. The French Jupiter section explicitly assigns this sequence of signs, described as a character, to a named spirit and a ritual bearer. Such attributions are historical usage texts, not confirmed effects.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French early modern grimoire tradition; Traitté des Esprits du petit payzan Reformée
Region
French-speaking; place of manufacture unknown; current location London
Date of the evidence
Mid-18th century; dating of the specific Wellcome manuscript
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Blue sequence of signs with three horizontal foot-lines, vertical stems and an angular and looped sequence continuing to the right. The French Jupiter section explicitly assigns this sequence of signs, described as a character, to a named spirit and a ritual bearer. Such attributions are historical usage texts, not confirmed effects.
Historically recorded use
The French Jupiter section assigns this sequence of signs, expressly called a character, to a named spirit and a ritual wearer. Such attributions are historical usage texts, not confirmed effects.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The name, usage text and blue sequence of signs appear together on p. 280. The historical colour description En bleu is retained. The anonymous French manuscript is institutionally dated to the mid-18th century. Pseudo-Solomon indicates an attribution, not authorship by the ancient Solomon. The sequence of signs documents a historical ritual instruction; actual efficacy or use as a worn neck amulet is not evidenced.
Before designing
Unaltered native full-page JPEG embedded in its entirety in the SVG; only the verified figure viewport is visible. Paper, show-through of writing on the reverse and ink traces are retained. No tracing, restored ink losses or engraving approval.
Research draft. The name, use text and blue sequence of signs appear together on p. 280. The historical colour designation En bleu is retained. The unchanged native full-page JPEG is fully embedded in the SVG; only the checked figure viewport is visible. The paper, translucent writing from the reverse and traces of ink remain. No tracing, restoration of lost ink or approval for engraving. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The name, use text and blue sequence of signs appear together on p. 280. The historical colour designation En bleu is retained. The unchanged native full-page JPEG is fully embedded in the SVG; only the checked figure viewport is visible. The paper, translucent writing from the reverse and traces of ink remain. No tracing, restoration of lost ink or approval for engraving.
Source location: Wellcome MS.4667, Traitté des Esprits du petit payzan Reformée, handwritten p. 280; Canvas position 296/465; Sachiel; Jupiter section
Source location: MS.4667; current work cs5fybkx; Sierra b19145111; second treatise pp. 272–295
Current API record with shelfmark, dating, 21 sigils and PDM link successfully archived with HTTP 200. The old identifier kdp43rqm returned HTTP 404 and is archived only as a failure finding.
The twelve figures used are individually linked to their Canvas, image service and native full-page JPEG. The small presentation preview, 1024 pixels high, is not the full/full image file used here.
Source location: MS.4667; handwritten p. 272; Canvas position 288; image suffix 0288
The complete native original page was actually viewed visually; the handwritten page number and individual name/figure attribution were read from the image.
Source location: MS.4667; manuscript p. 274; Canvas position 290; image suffix 0290
The complete native original page was actually viewed visually; the handwritten page number and individual name/figure attribution were read from the image.
Source location: MS.4667; manuscript p. 280; canvas position 296; image suffix 0296
The complete native original page was actually viewed visually; the handwritten page number and individual name/figure attribution were read from the image.
Ancient Egyptian amulet and image tradition Egypt; specific findspot not established here · Possibly Egyptian Late Period (Saite), c. 712–332 BC; API date fields differ: 700–300 BC.
Blue faience, 3.0 × 1.0 × 0.8 cm. Standing lion-headed figure with a headdress, long robe and staff held in front of the body; both lateral perforations and the base are visible.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Ancient Egyptian amulet and image tradition
Region
Egypt; specific findspot not established here
Date of the evidence
Possibly Egyptian Late Period (Saite), c. 712–332 BC; API date fields differ: 700–300 BC.
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Blue faience, 3.0 × 1.0 × 0.8 cm. Standing lion-headed figure with a headdress, long robe and staff held in front of the body; both lateral perforations and the base are visible.
Historically recorded use
The museum identifies it as an amulet of Sekhmet (Sachmet). Specific healing or protective effects and a particular wearing practice are not evidenced in this record.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The dating is already qualified as possibly limited in the museum display. It gives ca. 712–332 BC, while the API gives -700/-300. No retrospective attribution to a specific dynasty and no attributes have been added.
Before designing
Complete native museum photographs as historical image references; no reconstructed outline and no manufacturing approval.
Research draft. The museum display itself qualifies the dating with ‘possibly’. It gives ca. 712–332 BCE, while the API gives -700/-300. No retrospective assignment to a particular dynasty and no added attributes. Native JPEG bytes unchanged; no local raster editing, tracing or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The museum display itself qualifies the dating with ‘possibly’. It gives ca. 712–332 BCE, while the API gives -700/-300. No retrospective assignment to a particular dynasty and no added attributes. Native JPEG bytes unchanged; no local raster editing, tracing or manufacturing approval.
Salamander in the Fire – Atalanta fugiens 1618, Emblem 29
Original image · source evidence
Alchemical-theosophical symbolic image
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art Oppenheim, Germany; place of printing · 1618; first publication of the work 1617
A long-tailed four-legged animal lies completely surrounded by flames and smoke. The body markings, claws and flame outlines remain visible in the original.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art
Region
Oppenheim, Germany; place of printing
Date of the evidence
1618; first publication of the work 1617
Type of evidence
Textual evidence
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A long-tailed four-legged animal lies completely surrounded by flames and smoke. The body markings, claws and flame outlines remain visible in the original.
Historically recorded use
The title compares the alchemical stone with the salamander said to live in fire. This is a historical attribution; no biological resistance to fire is claimed. Historical book illustration with epigram and associated discourse; no attested neck pendant.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
An individually located emblem in the specific 1618 Oppenheimer print; the first publication in 1617 is distinct from this. Part of the same work and the same copy, not an independent amulet object. Individual use as a worn amulet, ancient origin of this graphic and efficacy are not evidenced.
Before designing
Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view with motto, image, epigram, printed page number and side margin notes. Paper, stains, binding shadows and any coloured areas are retained. Institutional presentation resolution 2880×3442; larger master 4291×5129 documented separately. Historical image evidence without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view with motto, image, epigram, printed page number and side margin notes. Paper, stains, binding shadows and any coloured areas are retained. Institutional presentation resolution 2880×3442; larger master 4291×5129 documented separately. Historical image evidence without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view with motto, image, epigram, printed page number and side margin notes. Paper, stains, binding shadows and any coloured areas are retained. Institutional presentation resolution 2880×3442; larger master 4291×5129 documented separately. Historical image evidence without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: QD25 .M354 1618, Emblem 29, printed p. 125; institutional individual inventory rv042t84c; Large JPG 2880×3442
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Courtesy of Science History Institute; Michael Maier, Atalanta fugiens (Oppenheim 1618), Emblem 29, S.125; engraver Matthaeus Merian; Public Domain Mark 1.0.
Source location: QD25 .M354 1618; Oppenheim, Johann-Theodor de Bry; complete work with 50 emblems
Copy used from 1618; the work's first publication in 1617 is attested separately. Historical alchemical emblem, epigram and musical context. No evidence for 30 independent works, worn amulets or present-day claims of efficacy. Individual image rights additionally checked for each inventory item.
The title compares the alchemical stone with the salamander said to live in fire. This is a historical attribution; no biological fire-resistance is asserted. The original title, English institutional counter-label, dating of 1618 and specific PDM image permission all correspond to the individual page.
Salamander in Fire – Lambspring, Figure 10, Musaeum 1678
Original image · source evidence
Alchemical-theosophical symbolic image
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art Frankfurt am Main, Germany; place of printing · 1678; specific copy used; partial imprint 1677
A man uses a long staff to hold a long-tailed animal in high flames and smoke.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art
Region
Frankfurt am Main, Germany; place of printing
Date of the evidence
1678; specific copy used; partial imprint 1677
Type of evidence
Textual evidence
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A man uses a long staff to hold a long-tailed animal in high flames and smoke.
Historically recorded use
The motto names the salamander and its historical association with fire; it documents an alchemical allegory without claiming biological resistance to fire. Historical book illustration; no actual use as a neck pendant is evidenced.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Individually localised historical printed component of the specific 1678 copy, not a new independent historical text and not an attested worn amulet. Efficacy and suitability for manufacture have not been demonstrated. Visible partial imprint 1677, distinct from the year of the complete volume, 1678; not to be equated with the first creation of the image form. The transmitted author’s name is given as an attribution in the title; no identity as a medieval monk or dating of this image to the 15th century is confirmed.
Before designing
Complete, unaltered institutional full-page JPEG view, 2880×3151px. The separately offered larger master, 4701×5143px, was not provided as the downloaded file. Image, writing, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile, not a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete, unaltered institutional full-page JPEG view, 2880×3151px. The separately offered larger master, 4701×5143px, was not provided as the downloaded file. Image, writing, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile, not a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete, unaltered institutional full-page JPEG view, 2880×3151px. The separately offered larger master, 4701×5143px, was not provided as the downloaded file. Image, writing, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile, not a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: QD25 .M87315 1678; Lambsprinck De Lapide Philosophico, Figure 10, p. 361; viewer index 37, asset k3569535t; Large JPG 2880×3151
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Courtesy of Science History Institute; Musaeum Hermeticum Reformatum et Amplificatum, used edition 1678; QD25 .M87315 1678; Lambsprinck De Lapide Philosophico, Figur 10, S. 361; Viewerindex 37, Asset k3569535t; Public Domain Mark 1.0.
Source location: QD25 .M87315 1678; Frankfurt am Main, Hermann à Sande
Specific complete volume with 70 institutional digital images. Main title and catalogue date 1678; several bound component titles bear 1677. The 30 images captured are components of this single volume. The transmitted author names are attributions in the printed work; no confirmed biography of a medieval monk.
Source location: QD25 .M87315 1678; Lambsprinck De Lapide Philosophico, Figure 10, p. 361; Viewer index 37, Asset k3569535t
The motto names the salamander and its historical association with fire; what is documented is an alchemical allegory, not a claim of biological fire-resistance. Specific image file of the identified PDM volume; viewer member, own download and individual PDM download display checked. No non-existent individual catalogue page has been invented.
Icelandic Christian-Solomonic manuscript magic Iceland · 17th century
Incomplete partial outline; the complete image source remains unresolved. Drawing identified as the Seal of Solomon in Lbs 143 8vo. Only an incomplete historical partial outline of selected frame and outer lines is available. Labels, internal signs and further lines are missing; the complete image source remains unresolved.
Research draftSource-based vector template
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Icelandic Christian-Solomonic manuscript magic
Region
Iceland
Date of the evidence
17th century
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Description
Incomplete partial outline; the complete image source remains unresolved. Drawing identified as the Seal of Solomon in Lbs 143 8vo. Only an incomplete historical partial outline of selected frame and outer lines is available. Labels, internal signs and further lines are missing; the complete image source remains unresolved.
Historically recorded use
Transmitted in the manuscript as a protective sign.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The original scan bearing Salomonis Sigillum on fol. 14r has been visually confirmed; the letters and regional signs remain provisional as an original reference in the absence of a reliable complete transcription and clearly documented photographic rights. 2026-10-09: the canonical original scan was retrieved again directly with HTTP 200 and was byte-identical to the previous archive copy. A font-free partial outline of selected clearly visible major line sections is available separately; all inscriptions and indistinct signs remain untranscribed. The complete historical drawing and the open questions about photographic rights remain unresolved.
Before designing
Only a partial outline of the specific historical sheet. Contains selected, clearly visible large line sections; all inscriptions and the other components explicitly mentioned are absent. Open ends are not joined to form a closed pattern. Stroke width has been editorially standardised; this is not an object-faithful ink texture, a complete reconstruction or a manufacturing or engraving path. No photographic pixels, fonts or signs supplemented from other people’s manuscripts.
Research draft. Only a partial outline of the specific historical sheet. Contains selected, clearly visible large line sections; all inscriptions and the other components explicitly mentioned are absent. Open ends are not joined to form a closed pattern. Stroke width has been editorially standardised; this is not an object-faithful ink texture, a complete reconstruction or a manufacturing or engraving path. No photographic pixels, fonts or signs supplemented from other people’s manuscripts. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Vector template: Only a partial outline of the specific historical sheet. Contains selected, clearly visible large line sections; all inscriptions and the other components explicitly mentioned are absent. Open ends are not joined to form a closed pattern. Stroke width has been editorially standardised; this is not an object-faithful ink texture, a complete reconstruction or a manufacturing or engraving path. No photographic pixels, fonts or signs supplemented from other people’s manuscripts.
Source location: Lbs 143 8vo, fol. 14r; TEI-Surface 32; partial outline selected from the historical seal
Only a partial outline of the specific historical sheet. Contains selected, clearly visible large line sections; all inscriptions and the other components explicitly mentioned are absent. Open ends are not joined to form a closed pattern. Stroke width has been editorially standardised; this is not an object-faithful ink texture, a complete reconstruction or a manufacturing or engraving path. No photographic pixels, fonts or signs supplemented from other people’s manuscripts.
Lbs 143: 17th century, Ægishjálmur and two Christian-Solomonic seals. Huld here gives 1847, differing from the library catalogue’s 1860; the conflict remains unresolved.
Official Surface sequence and original scans visually cross-checked: Ægishjálmur11r, Sanctus Spiritus Sigillum13v, Salomonis Sigillum14r. Library images are not claimed to be openly licensed; TEI availability is restricted, with access for scholarly purposes. For the public Ægishjálmur facsimile, the NorseMap image of the same page, independently designated PDM, is used instead.
Canonical image endpoint linked in TEI fetched directly today with HTTP 200 and archived natively. Private source/contour checking only; no institutional CC/PDM licence for the photographic pixels is documented. The limited contour transfer of the old pattern is separate from the library photograph.
Seal of Solomon in a double ring – Stockholm-Galdrabók, f. 14r
Original image · source evidence
Historical ritual sign
Early modern Icelandic Galdrabók tradition Icelandic manuscript; current holding in Stockholm · Late 16th to 17th century; dating of the multi-hand codex, not a more precise year for the figure
Large double circle with letters and four cross signs in the ring; inside are rod-like signs and two complex groups of signs. Red page lines, traces of parchment and surviving ink remain unchanged.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern Icelandic Galdrabók tradition
Region
Icelandic manuscript; current holding in Stockholm
Date of the evidence
Late 16th to 17th century; dating of the multi-hand codex, not a more precise year for the figure
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Large double circle with letters and four cross signs in the ring; inside are rod-like signs and two complex groups of signs. Red page lines, traces of parchment and surviving ink remain unchanged.
Historically recorded use
The figure is identified in scholarship as Solomon’s Seal within a historical magical manuscript. A ritual instruction does not evidence an actually worn pendant.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
This specific folio belongs to SHM 21284 / ATA F16:26, not to Lbs 143 8vo. It therefore does not fill a gap in the Lbs images. The second Stockholm seal on f. 8r remains only in the private comparison archive; no additional entries based on another witness or image crop.
Before designing
Complete native original capture as a source facsimile; no reconstruction, modernised reading or automatic engraving approval.
Research draft. Complete native original capture as a source facsimile; no reconstruction, modernised reading or automatic engraving approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete native original capture as a source facsimile; no reconstruction, modernised reading or automatic engraving approval.
Source location: SHM 21284; ATA F16:26; f. 14r; ATTACHMENT-0029
73 digitised items; oldest parts from the late 16th century, additions in the 17th century; acquired in Copenhagen in 1682. PDM expressly applies to the specific catalogue object.
Late antique Egyptian protective motif tradition Egypt · 3rd–6th century
Crossed, intertwined ribbon loops in a textile medallion.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Late antique Egyptian protective motif tradition
Region
Egypt
Date of the evidence
3rd–6th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Description
Crossed, intertwined ribbon loops in a textile medallion.
Historically recorded use
Intertwined cross motif with an apotropaic interpretation; also described for domestic interiors and churches.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The object in question is textile. The museum name does not claim a demonstrable origin from King Solomon.
Before designing
Check the band course of medallion 89.18.196 carefully; do not equate it with an Islamic hexagram or a Buddhist endless knot.
Research draft. Complete, visually checked museum image of the specifically linked historical object. Unchanged original JPEG bytes are embedded in the SVG as a raster facsimile; no cropped individual glyph and no traced sigil. The object context and all visible image details are retained. No manufacturing-ready vector paths; engraving or CNC manufacture requires separate assessment. The braid-pattern medallion image is reproduced in full, including the historical museum label and textile fringe; no individually constructed Solomon’s knot. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete, visually checked museum image of the specifically linked historical object. Unchanged original JPEG bytes are embedded in the SVG as a raster facsimile; no cropped individual glyph and no traced sigil. The object context and all visible image details are retained. No manufacturing-ready vector paths; engraving or CNC manufacture requires separate assessment. The braid-pattern medallion image is reproduced in full, including the historical museum label and textile fringe; no individually constructed Solomon’s knot.
Source location: Met object 443401; Inventory 89.18.196; complete main image from the current institutional API, uncropped; original 2233 × 2905 px
Islamic amulet culture Attributed to Egypt · 11th century
Six-pointed star in the context of a Kufic talismanic scroll.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Islamic amulet culture
Region
Attributed to Egypt
Date of the evidence
11th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Description
Six-pointed star in the context of a Kufic talismanic scroll.
Historically recorded use
Printed prayers and Qur'anic texts were rolled up and kept in amulet cases.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The museum calls the star Solomon’s Seal; this evidence does not prove use by the biblical king.
Before designing
Check the exact star and writing variant of scroll 1978.546.32 before drawing; no universal combination with modern sigils.
Research draft. Complete, visually checked museum photograph of the specifically linked historical object. The unaltered original JPEG bytes are embedded in the SVG as a raster facsimile; no isolated cropped glyph and no traced sigil. The object context and all visible image details are retained. No manufacture-ready vector paths; engraving or CNC manufacture requires separate assessment. The historical six-pointed star with its original characters is visible on the paper roll; the writing, wear and colour measurement scale in the photograph are fully retained. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete, visually checked museum photograph of the specifically linked historical object. The unaltered original JPEG bytes are embedded in the SVG as a raster facsimile; no isolated cropped glyph and no traced sigil. The object context and all visible image details are retained. No manufacture-ready vector paths; engraving or CNC manufacture requires separate assessment. The historical six-pointed star with its original characters is visible on the paper roll; the writing, wear and colour measurement scale in the photograph are fully retained.
Source location: Met object 452893; inventory 1978.546.32; complete main capture from the current institutional API, uncropped; original 3000 × 4000 px
French early modern grimoire tradition; Traitté des Esprits du petit payzan Reformée French-speaking; place of manufacture unknown; current location London · Mid-18th century; dating of the specific Wellcome manuscript
A horizontally arranged sequence of connected drawn angles, with a cross at the left edge, loops and an arrow shape pointing upwards to the right. The French Mars section explicitly assigns this sequence of signs, described as a character, to a named spirit and a ritual bearer. Such attributions are historical usage texts, not confirmed effects.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French early modern grimoire tradition; Traitté des Esprits du petit payzan Reformée
Region
French-speaking; place of manufacture unknown; current location London
Date of the evidence
Mid-18th century; dating of the specific Wellcome manuscript
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A horizontally arranged sequence of connected drawn angles, with a cross at the left edge, loops and an arrow shape pointing upwards to the right. The French Mars section explicitly assigns this sequence of signs, described as a character, to a named spirit and a ritual bearer. Such attributions are historical usage texts, not confirmed effects.
Historically recorded use
The French Mars section assigns this sequence of signs, explicitly called a character, to a named spirit and a ritual object. Such attributions are historical usage texts, not confirmed effects.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The Samael section and Son Caractere appear on p. 283. The later joint material description concerns Camael and Samael, not a separate figure. The anonymous French manuscript is institutionally dated to the mid-18th century. Pseudo-Solomon denotes an attribution, not authorship by the ancient Solomon. The sequence of signs attests to a historical ritual instruction; actual efficacy or use as a worn neck amulet is not attested.
Before designing
Unaltered native full-page JPEG embedded in its entirety in the SVG; only the verified figure viewport is visible. Paper, show-through of writing on the reverse and ink traces are retained. No tracing, restored ink losses or engraving approval.
Research draft. The Samael section and Son Caractere are on p. 283. The material statement that follows later concerns Camael and Samael, not a separate figure. The unchanged native full-page JPEG is embedded in full in the SVG; only the checked figure viewport is visible. Paper, show-through writing from the reverse and ink traces are retained. No tracing, added areas of lost ink or engraving approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The Samael section and Son Caractere are on p. 283. The material statement that follows later concerns Camael and Samael, not a separate figure. The unchanged native full-page JPEG is embedded in full in the SVG; only the checked figure viewport is visible. Paper, show-through writing from the reverse and ink traces are retained. No tracing, added areas of lost ink or engraving approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.4667, Traitté des Esprits du petit payzan Reformée, handwritten p. 283; canvas position 299/465; Samael; Mars section
Source location: MS.4667; current work cs5fybkx; Sierra b19145111; second treatise pp. 272–295
Current API record with shelfmark, dating, 21 sigils and PDM link successfully archived with HTTP 200. The old identifier kdp43rqm returned HTTP 404 and is archived only as a failure finding.
The twelve figures used are individually linked to their Canvas, image service and native full-page JPEG. The small presentation preview, 1024 pixels high, is not the full/full image file used here.
Source location: MS.4667; handwritten p. 272; Canvas position 288; image suffix 0288
The complete native original page was actually viewed visually; the handwritten page number and individual name/figure attribution were read from the image.
Source location: MS.4667; manuscript p. 274; Canvas position 290; image suffix 0290
The complete native original page was actually viewed visually; the handwritten page number and individual name/figure attribution were read from the image.
Source location: MS.4667; handwritten p. 283; Canvas position 299; image suffix 0299
The complete native original page was actually viewed visually; the handwritten page number and individual name/figure attribution were read from the image.
Sandby Church: suspected folded amulet with faint cross incisions
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Nordic medieval written amulets Sandby Church, Lolland, Denmark · Medieval according to the museum catalogue; individual year boundaries are absent
Elongated lead strip folded several times. The museum describes faint, possibly cross-shaped incisions on both outer surfaces.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Nordic medieval written amulets
Region
Sandby Church, Lolland, Denmark
Date of the evidence
Medieval according to the museum catalogue; individual year boundaries are absent
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Elongated lead strip folded several times. The museum describes faint, possibly cross-shaped incisions on both outer surfaces.
Historically recorded use
The museum describes it as an amulet or amulet candidate. The surviving form is historically attested; specific spiritual use and efficacy are described only to the extent supported by the individual evidence.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The amuletic function and the reading of the cross are explicitly uncertain. No writing is evidenced on the outside; possible writing inside could only be examined after conservation and unfolding.
Before designing
Unaltered historical museum views with surviving damage, corrosion and any scales. No retouching, and no additions to missing writing or lines. The facsimile provides a source reference and requires a separate manufacturing outline.
Research draft. Repeatedly folded elongated lead strip. On both outer surfaces, the museum describes faintly visible incisions, possibly cross-shaped. The amulet function and the reading as crosses are explicitly uncertain. No characters have been identified on the outside; possible writing on the inside could be examined only after conservation and unfolding. The named object views are placed side by side; this does not assert a historical arrangement of the signs. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Repeatedly folded elongated lead strip. On both outer surfaces, the museum describes faintly visible incisions, possibly cross-shaped. The amulet function and the reading as crosses are explicitly uncertain. No characters have been identified on the outside; possible writing on the inside could be examined only after conservation and unfolding. The named object views are placed side by side; this does not assert a historical arrangement of the signs.
Source location: D 370/2022; DMR-235520, DMR-235521
The amulet function and the reading as a cross are explicitly uncertain. No writing is attested on the outside; any possible writing inside could only be examined after conservation and unfolding. Individual object classification, material, find events and images are taken from the museum raw-data block.
The individual ImageObject in the museum JSON-LD specifies this JPEG URL and CC BY-SA 4.0. Image credit: Rasmus Bak Meng / Nationalmuseet, Danmark. The actual JPEG pixel dimensions are verified; larger TIFF catalogue dimensions are not attributed to the JPEG used.
The individual ImageObject in the museum JSON-LD specifies this JPEG URL and CC BY-SA 4.0. Image credit: Rasmus Bak Meng / Nationalmuseet, Danmark. The actual JPEG pixel dimensions are verified; larger TIFF catalogue dimensions are not attributed to the JPEG used.
Sandegård – lead amulet with impressed traces of writing
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Danish medieval writing and protective culture Sandegård, Bornholm · Medieval (catalogue attribution; no more precise date of manufacture)
Impressed or pushed-through traces of writing are visible on the outer surfaces of a folded lead packet.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Danish medieval writing and protective culture
Region
Sandegård, Bornholm
Date of the evidence
Medieval (catalogue attribution; no more precise date of manufacture)
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Impressed or pushed-through traces of writing are visible on the outer surfaces of a folded lead packet.
Historically recorded use
Classified by the museum as a medieval lead amulet; an individual protective intention has not been fully deciphered.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The catalogue cannot determine, without opening, whether letters or runes are present. This uncertainty remains part of the entry.
Before designing
Unchanged original photographs as image reference. Individual views are shown separately alongside one another; no engraving outline has been added and no manufacturing approval has been given.
Research draft. Without opening it, the catalogue cannot determine whether these are letters or runes. This uncertainty remains part of the entry. Every image is complete and retains its original native JPEG bytes; separate views do not constitute a historical overall form. Presentation files, not TIFF masters. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Without opening it, the catalogue cannot determine whether these are letters or runes. This uncertainty remains part of the entry. Every image is complete and retains its original native JPEG bytes; separate views do not constitute a historical overall form. Presentation files, not TIFF masters.
Source location: D 604/2022; DMR-235699, DMR-235700
Use of the template: CC BY-SA 4.0 with attribution and share-alike
Rasmus Bak Meng / Nationalmuseet, Danmark; D 604/2022; DMR-235699; CC BY-SA 4.0. Rasmus Bak Meng / Nationalmuseet, Danmark; D 604/2022; DMR-235700; CC BY-SA 4.0.
Individual institutional object record. Find, registration and photography dates are not treated as manufacturing dates. Uncertain signs and functional identifications remain qualified.
Sanoi, Sansanoi and Samangalaf on the birth-protection sheet
Gross 027.011.664 / CJA 580865 is the uncut male/female double impression, circa 1780, probably from Fürth. Modern photographs are reserved by copyright; the indexed CJA policy text requires permission for commercial reproduction. Other birth certificates or isolated modern angel signs do not replace this specific print.
Text amulet
Jewish birth amulets Bavaria, probably Fürth · Circa 1780
Angel names, Psalm 121 and the Lilith story in a transmitted printed variant.
Research draftSpecific model required
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Jewish birth amulets
Region
Bavaria, probably Fürth
Date of the evidence
Circa 1780
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Description
Angel names, Psalm 121 and the Lilith story in a transmitted printed variant.
Historically recorded use
Printed sheet for hanging in the room of a mother and newborn.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Wall amulet; neither bodily wearing nor isolated geometric angel sigils are attested by this object.
Before designing
Check Gross 027.011.664; copy spellings exactly from this reference, do not add a modern triple sigil.
Research draft. Gross 027.011.664 / CJA 580865 is the uncut male/female double impression, circa 1780, probably from Fürth. Modern photographs are reserved by copyright; the indexed CJA policy text requires permission for commercial reproduction. Other birth certificates or isolated modern angel signs do not replace this specific print. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Source location: Copyrights: private study, scholarship or research; commercial use only with permission
Indexed institutional text restricts photo reuse and reproduction. Direct retrieval today returns an error page despite HTTP200; this is explicitly not a successful full-text rights statement. No permission for the modern Gross photographs.
Search index evidence – complete source page not yet checked · Checked on:
Sasanian Ctesiphon, Mesopotamia · Approximately the middle of the 1st millennium AD
Rolled bronze and copper container with dark bitumen at the end. The corroded green surface and sealing material are visible in the original photograph.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Sasanian
Region
Ctesiphon, Mesopotamia
Date of the evidence
Approximately the middle of the 1st millennium AD
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Rolled bronze and copper container with dark bitumen at the end. The corroded green surface and sealing material are visible in the original photograph.
Historically recorded use
The container belongs to a group of ten tubes found in a vessel from Ctesiphon. According to the Met, only one tube contained a papyrus fragment; exorcisms and blessings are interpreted as probable contents. This is a find context, not a securely established text for this specimen.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 32.150.95; find group 32.150.94–104, excavation 1931–1932, Maʿaridh II, O.1406a. Of the similarly shaped series examples, only this one complete profile is added here. Neck use and an individual text are not invented.
Before designing
Native museum photograph as a historical reference; damage, writing and present-day photographic condition unaltered. No manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete native JPEG capture without cropping, resampling, retouching or added glyphs. Rolled bronze and copper container with dark bitumen at the end. The corroded green surface and sealing material are visible in the original photograph. Not approved for manufacture. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete native JPEG capture without cropping, resampling, retouching or added glyphs. Rolled bronze and copper container with dark bitumen at the end. The corroded green surface and sealing material are visible in the original photograph. Not approved for manufacture.
Source location: 32.150.95; fully attributed museum photograph
Successfully read primary text from the web tool. The separate native HTML retrieval returned 429 and is archived as an error; it is not used as read licence text.
Sasanian text amulets; precise religious attribution unresolved Mesopotamia, Ctesiphon; present-day Iraq · Approximately mid-1st millennium CE; API 200–699
Corroded cylindrical metal sleeve with green-brown patina and a visible open end; complete native individual photograph.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Sasanian text amulets; precise religious attribution unresolved
Region
Mesopotamia, Ctesiphon; present-day Iraq
Date of the evidence
Approximately mid-1st millennium CE; API 200–699
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Corroded cylindrical metal sleeve with green-brown patina and a visible open end; complete native individual photograph.
Historically recorded use
This rolled metal container belonged to ten amulet capsules found together in an unglazed vessel. The museum reports bitumen seals and a single papyrus fragment found. Blessings or exorcisms are conjectured as the original text content.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 32.150.96, Met object 322409. Only inventory 32.150.96, excavation number O.1406b, is included as a new public variant. No surviving readable text on this specimen is claimed, no Christian, Jewish or Zoroastrian content is added, and no certain use as a worn object is inferred. The nine similar finds are not counted repeatedly.
Before designing
Complete, unaltered native museum photograph; no restoration of historical damage and no manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete native museum image; no raster transformation, drawing additions or manufacturing approval. Only accession number 32.150.96, excavation number O.1406b, is included as a new public variant. No surviving legible text on this example is claimed, no Christian, Jewish or Zoroastrian content is added, and no secure wearing use is inferred. The nine similar finds are not multiplied in the count. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete native museum image; no raster transformation, drawing additions or manufacturing approval. Only accession number 32.150.96, excavation number O.1406b, is included as a new public variant. No surviving legible text on this example is claimed, no Christian, Jewish or Zoroastrian content is added, and no secure wearing use is inferred. The nine similar finds are not multiplied in the count.
Source location: The Metropolitan Museum of Art; 32.150.96; complete individual photograph
Sasanian chalcedony amulet with Middle Persian inscription, Iran, around the 4th century
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Sasanian Iran, inscribed stone amulets Iran · Around the 4th century CE
Sasanian amulet made of chalcedony with an incised depiction and Middle Persian script, Iran, around the 4th century AD. The surviving brown stone is on the left in the museum photograph; on the right is a modern impression to aid reading of the incised surface. The impression is not a second ancient object. The face motif, incised lines, script and surviving losses are documented in the unaltered photograph; no separate translation of the text or identification of a deity is added.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Sasanian Iran, inscribed stone amulets
Region
Iran
Date of the evidence
Around the 4th century CE
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Sasanian amulet made of chalcedony with an incised depiction and Middle Persian script, Iran, around the 4th century AD. The surviving brown stone is on the left in the museum photograph; on the right is a modern impression to aid reading of the incised surface. The impression is not a second ancient object. The face motif, incised lines, script and surviving losses are documented in the unaltered photograph; no separate translation of the text or identification of a deity is added.
Historically recorded use
Catalogued by the museum as a Sasanian amulet with Middle Persian script; no verified translation or specific protective function is given on the individual object page consulted.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 1989.123; the material, Sasanian attribution, Iran and dating are documented in the individual catalogue entry. API 300–400. The photographic comparison of the original with a modern impression is solely to make the engraving visible and is not evidence of a second ancient variant.
Before designing
On the left, brownish engraved chalcedony with a damaged corner; on the right, a grey modern impression with raised lines. Both views are part of a single native institutional photograph. The facsimile contains unmodified native JPEG bytes and the complete photographed image crop. No added graphic and no manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Inventory 1989.123; the material, Sasanian attribution, Iran and dating are attested in the individual catalogue. API 300–400. The photographic juxtaposition of the original with a modern impression serves only to make the engraving visible and does not attest to a second ancient variant. The impression on the right is modern. No translation of the Middle Persian script or identification of a depicted deity is claimed. Native JPEG bytes and the complete image crop are unchanged. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Inventory 1989.123; the material, Sasanian attribution, Iran and dating are attested in the individual catalogue. API 300–400. The photographic juxtaposition of the original with a modern impression serves only to make the engraving visible and does not attest to a second ancient variant. The impression on the right is modern. No translation of the Middle Persian script or identification of a depicted deity is claimed. Native JPEG bytes and the complete image crop are unchanged.
Source location: Inventory 1989.123; complete photographed main view from the individual API record
Source location: Individual inventory 1989.123; object ID 327388; dating, material, origin, native main photograph and isPublicDomain=true
Inventory 1989.123; the material, Sasanian attribution, Iran and dating are documented in the individual catalogue entry. API 300–400. The photographic comparison of the original with a modern impression is solely to make the engraving visible and is not evidence of a second ancient variant.
Source location: Open Access section; CC0 release of the public-domain work images marked accordingly
The general policy alone is not sufficient: each image used is additionally tied to an individual inventory number, its native primaryImage link and isPublicDomain=true. Rights apply to the selected images, not to all Met files as a blanket rule.
Sator palindrome in the Cognosce-Teipsum frontispiece
The current valid complete work response was checked. images=[] alone does not prove that digitisation is absent; therefore all locations and the exactly corresponding IIIF endpoint were also checked. Six limited Image API queries returned no results in total. No claim is made about all images on the internet. A specific original page with unambiguous work/folio identification and image rights. Do not count a normal text formula or another Sator pattern as a closed single image.
Word square
Early modern theosophical tradition German-language textual context · Early 17th century
Red-and-black pen drawing with a Sator palindrome.
Research draftSpecific model required
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern theosophical tradition
Region
German-language textual context
Date of the evidence
Early 17th century
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Red-and-black pen drawing with a Sator palindrome.
Historically recorded use
Symbolic frontispiece to a theosophical treatise on the human being.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Wellcome MS.196: complete work record checked on 2026-10-09; physical copy only, no DigitalLocation, no thumbnail. Associated Sierra IIIF endpoint HTTP404. Specifically scoped Image API queries for shelfmarks and title/formula return zero hits. The original arrangement and hand of the signs remain unseen; other Sator/Christ sheets do not replace this specific witness.
Before designing
Check the named findspot in the original; do not present normalised or freely supplemented texts as the original drawing.
Research draft. The current valid complete work response was checked. images=[] alone does not prove that digitisation is absent; therefore all locations and the exactly corresponding IIIF endpoint were also checked. Six limited Image API queries returned no results in total. No claim is made about all images on the internet. A specific original page with unambiguous work/folio identification and image rights. Do not count a normal text formula or another Sator pattern as a closed single image. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Source location: Work ex8q5ej3; MS.196; red-and-black frontispiece
Complete valid API response read directly and archived: PhysicalLocation only, no DigitalLocation/IIIF and no thumbnail; images, parts and partOf are empty. This finding alone does not claim that no photograph exists anywhere in the world. Six limited Image API queries and the three precisely corresponding Sierra-IIIF endpoints were also checked separately.
The current valid complete work response was checked. images=[] alone does not prove that digitisation is absent; therefore all locations and the exactly corresponding IIIF endpoint were also checked. Six limited Image API queries returned no results in total. No claim is made about all images on the internet. A specific original page with unambiguous work/folio identification and image rights. Do not count a normal text formula or another Sator pattern as a closed single image.
Word square
European manuscript magic Provenance not determined in the brief record · Late 18th century
Sator-Arepo palindrome in an explicitly unusual form.
Research draftSpecific model required
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
European manuscript magic
Region
Provenance not determined in the brief record
Date of the evidence
Late 18th century
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Sator-Arepo palindrome in an explicitly unusual form.
Historically recorded use
Preserved in a collection of magical recipes and blessings.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Wellcome MS.4171: full record checked on 2026-10-09; physical copy only, no DigitalLocation, no thumbnail. Associated Sierra-IIIF endpoint HTTP404. Specifically delimited Image API queries by shelfmark and title/formula return no hits. The original arrangement and hand remain unseen; other Sator/Christus leaves do not replace this particular witness.
Before designing
Check the named findspot in the original; do not present normalised or freely supplemented texts as the original drawing.
Research draft. The current valid complete work response was checked. images=[] alone does not prove that digitisation is absent; therefore all locations and the exactly corresponding IIIF endpoint were also checked. Six limited Image API queries returned no results in total. No claim is made about all images on the internet. A specific original page with unambiguous work/folio identification and image rights. Do not count a normal text formula or another Sator pattern as a closed single image. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Source location: Work k5hwcpuz; MS.4171; folio 20, explicitly unusual Sator form
Complete valid API response read directly and archived: PhysicalLocation only, no DigitalLocation/IIIF and no thumbnail; images, parts and partOf are empty. This finding alone does not claim that no photograph exists anywhere in the world. Six limited Image API queries and the three precisely corresponding Sierra-IIIF endpoints were also checked separately.
French-language Clavicles of Solomon tradition French-language manuscript; place of production unknown; current holding in London · [1725?]; IIIF digitisation c.1725; dating of the specific manuscript is uncertain
A red sequence combines a large double staff, cross forms, a long angular stroke and curved terminal signs. The French manuscript explicitly identifies this individual sequence of signs as characters of Saturn for Saturday. This attests to a historical attribution within a grimoire text; it does not attest to a specific worn necklace amulet or to any effect.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French-language Clavicles of Solomon tradition
Region
French-language manuscript; place of production unknown; current holding in London
Date of the evidence
[1725?]; IIIF digitisation c.1725; dating of the specific manuscript is uncertain
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A red sequence combines a large double staff, cross forms, a long angular stroke and curved terminal signs. The French manuscript explicitly identifies this individual sequence of signs as characters of Saturn for Saturday. This attests to a historical attribution within a grimoire text; it does not attest to a specific worn necklace amulet or to any effect.
Historically recorded use
The French manuscript explicitly identifies this individual sequence of signs as characters of Saturn for Saturday. This attests to a historical attribution within a grimoire text; it does not attest to a specific worn neck amulet or to any effect.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Specific manuscript according to the current API [1725?], c.1725 in the IIIF digitisation; the uncertain dating is not stored as an exact year. The seven planetary weekday lines are disjoint components of the same original page. Each complete red string is retained; its handwritten heading above it can be read in the archived full folio. Individual characters are not extracted as further motifs or normalised as readable modern alphabets.
Before designing
Unchanged native full-page JPEG in the SVG; only a disjoint SVG viewport selects the complete, labelled red planetary-tag character sequence. The associated heading lies outside the viewport and remains in the archived full sheet. No local raster editing, character repair, contour transcription or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Specific manuscript dated [1725?] according to the current API, c.1725 in the IIIF digital facsimile; the uncertain date is not stored as an exact year. The seven planetary-day rows are disjoint components of the same original page. Each complete red sequence of characters is retained; its handwritten heading above can be read in the archived full sheet. Individual characters are not extracted as further motifs or normalised as readable modern alphabets. Unaltered native full-page JPEG in the SVG; a disjoint SVG viewport alone selects the complete labelled red planetary-day sequence. The associated heading lies outside the viewport and is retained in the archived full sheet. No local raster editing, character repair, outline transcription or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Specific manuscript dated [1725?] according to the current API, c.1725 in the IIIF digital facsimile; the uncertain date is not stored as an exact year. The seven planetary-day rows are disjoint components of the same original page. Each complete red sequence of characters is retained; its handwritten heading above can be read in the archived full sheet. Individual characters are not extracted as further motifs or normalised as readable modern alphabets. Unaltered native full-page JPEG in the SVG; a disjoint SVG viewport alone selects the complete labelled red planetary-day sequence. The associated heading lies outside the viewport and is retained in the archived full sheet. No local raster editing, character repair, outline transcription or manufacturing approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.4656, Clavicules de Salomon; handwritten p.156; Canvas position 160/260; separate Saturn/Saturday line; visible heading: Caractères de Saturne au samedy
Renaissance occult philosophy after Agrippa Cologne; Latin European print tradition · 1533; specific print Cologne [Soter]
Angular line returning on itself with an upper terminal circle; the lower terminal circles and parts of the lower stroke are only faintly or discontinuously visible in the original print.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Renaissance occult philosophy after Agrippa
Region
Cologne; Latin European print tradition
Date of the evidence
1533; specific print Cologne [Soter]
Type of evidence
Attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Angular line returning on itself with an upper terminal circle; the lower terminal circles and parts of the lower stroke are only faintly or discontinuously visible in the original print.
Historically recorded use
Independently labelled printed sign in the context of historical planetary talismanic practice. The sign form in this edition is attested; no individual surviving amulet and no modern effect are attested.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The specific Latin inscription was read on the original page. The magic square, planetary sigil, and intelligence and spirit signs are separate printed figures. No modern standard forms or lines completed in modern times have been adopted. The damaged or incomplete printed evidence is retained; missing lower lines are not supplied on the basis of modern Saturn spirit signs.
Before designing
Historically attested individual figure, checked against the image. The complete native institutional IIIF JPEG file remains embedded byte-for-byte in the SVG; only the named original viewport is visible. No local scaling, re-encoding, tracing or additions. Paper, gaps in the print, traces of ink and show-through from writing on the reverse remain unchanged. The facsimile is a historical image source, not a tool or engraving path; manufacture requires separately checked contour preparation. The damaged or incomplete print evidence is retained; missing lower lines are not supplemented using modern Saturn spirit signs.
Research draft. Historically attested individual figure, checked against the image. The complete native institutional IIIF JPEG file remains embedded byte-for-byte in the SVG; only the named original viewport is visible. No local scaling, re-encoding, tracing or additions. Paper, gaps in the print, traces of ink and show-through from writing on the reverse remain unchanged. The facsimile is a historical image source, not a tool or engraving path; manufacture requires separately checked contour preparation. The damaged or incomplete print evidence is retained; missing lower lines are not supplemented using modern Saturn spirit signs. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historically attested individual figure, checked against the image. The complete native institutional IIIF JPEG file remains embedded byte-for-byte in the SVG; only the named original viewport is visible. No local scaling, re-encoding, tracing or additions. Paper, gaps in the print, traces of ink and show-through from writing on the reverse remain unchanged. The facsimile is a historical image source, not a tool or engraving path; manufacture requires separately checked contour preparation. The damaged or incomplete print evidence is retained; missing lower lines are not supplemented using modern Saturn spirit signs.
Source location: Liber II, chapter XXII, printed p. CXLIX: Dæmonij Saturni.
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa, De occulta philosophia libri tres, Köln [Johannes Soter], 1533, Liber II, Kapitel XXII. Stiftung der Werke von C. G. Jung, Zürich / e-rara. DOI 10.3931/e-rara-4309. Public Domain Mark.
Stiftung der Werke von C. G. Jung, Zürich / e-rara
Source location: VD16 ZV 269; DOI 10.3931/e-rara-4309; Liber II, chapter XXII
The current institutional record was read directly and archived. It confirms the specific historical work, its classification and the Public Domain Mark; no modern redrawing.
Stiftung der Werke von C. G. Jung, Zürich / e-rara
Source location: VD16 ZV 269; DOI 10.3931/e-rara-4309; Liber II, chapter XXII
Manifest retrieved directly and archived. The specific canvas identities, native image dimensions and PDM image rights were checked against unchanged full/full JPEGs. Printed Roman page numbers are taken from the images actually viewed, not from a modern pentacle numbering system.
Stiftung der Werke von C. G. Jung, Zürich / e-rara
Source location: Liber II, Chapter XXII; printed p. CXLIX; Canvas 1343362
The specific original page was viewed as a complete native institutional JPEG; the image file was archived unchanged. Attribution and crop were also checked visually.
Stiftung der Werke von C. G. Jung, Zürich / e-rara
Source location: Liber II, Chapter XXII; printed p. CXLVIII; Canvas 1343361
Original page with historical planetary name and ritual correspondences. It serves as textual evidence; the individual signs appear on the following pages. No confirmed modern effect.
Elongated, double-curved printed line with two small circles at the ends.
Historically recorded use
Printed sign in the context of historical planetary talismanism; no single museum amulet is attested.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The associated Latin inscription is visible on the specific original page. The magic square, planet, intelligence and spirit are separate printed figures. What is documented is a specific historical form of a sign, not a surviving amulet with individually established use. The crop follows the 1533 print and does not incorporate lines completed in modern times. The inscription names the Intelligence of Saturn; the adjacent Daemonium-Saturni sign is a different motif.
Before designing
Visually checked specific individual figure from the original 1533 print. The institutional JPEG rendition, 2000 pixels wide, is embedded byte-for-byte unchanged in the SVG; only the named original viewport is visible. Native IIIF canvas size 2550×3675, presentation image 2000×2882. Gaps in the print, paper, stains and show-through of writing on the reverse remain unchanged. No additions based on modern editions and no manufacturing approval; engraving requires separately reviewed outline preparation.
Research draft. Visually verified specific individual figure from the original 1533 print. The institutional JPEG rendition, 2000 pixels wide, remains byte-identical embedded in the SVG; only the named original viewport is visible. Native IIIF canvas size 2550×3675, presentation image 2000×2882. Print gaps, paper, stains and show-through from writing on the reverse remain unchanged. No additions based on modern editions and no manufacturing approval; engraving requires separately checked contour preparation. The caption names the intelligence of Saturn; the adjacent Daemonium-Saturni sign is a different motif. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Visually verified specific individual figure from the original 1533 print. The institutional JPEG rendition, 2000 pixels wide, remains byte-identical embedded in the SVG; only the named original viewport is visible. Native IIIF canvas size 2550×3675, presentation image 2000×2882. Print gaps, paper, stains and show-through from writing on the reverse remain unchanged. No additions based on modern editions and no manufacturing approval; engraving requires separately checked contour preparation. The caption names the intelligence of Saturn; the adjacent Daemonium-Saturni sign is a different motif.
Source location: Liber II, chapter XXII, printed p. CXLIX: Intelligentiæ Saturni.
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa, De occulta philosophia libri tres, Köln [Johannes Soter], 1533, Liber II, Kapitel XXII. Stiftung der Werke von C. G. Jung, Zürich / e-rara. DOI 10.3931/e-rara-4309. Public Domain Mark.
Stiftung der Werke von C. G. Jung, Zürich / e-rara
Source location: VD16 ZV 269; DOI 10.3931/e-rara-4309; Cologne [Soter] 1533
Current institutional catalogue page read directly and archived: printing year 1533, C. G. Jung collection and Public Domain Mark. Not to be conflated with the English printing of 1651 or a modern redrawing.
Stiftung der Werke von C. G. Jung, Zürich / e-rara
Source location: Liber II, Chapter XXII; printed p. CXLIX; Canvas 1343362
The specific original page was viewed directly as an unaltered institutional JPEG. The caption, attribution and complete figure were checked separately; reverse-side writing and printing defects remain visible.
Stiftung der Werke von C. G. Jung, Zürich / e-rara
Source location: Liber II, Chapter XXII; printed p. CXLVIII; Canvas 1343361
Original page concluding the historical planetary talismanic art and giving separate name attributions to planet, intelligence and spirit. The passage reports historical attributions; it is not evidence of modern efficacy or of a surviving individual amulet.
Editorial textual evidence; claims of efficacy are historical attributions. Compare the print variant and corrections before design.
Before designing
Square: fig. 2-27; planetary seal: fig. 2-29. Keep the signs of the intelligence and the spirit separate.
Research draft. Numerical arrangement in Fig. 2-27 read visually and checked against the transmitted row and column totals. A numerical-square component of the catalogue profile; the separate planetary seal and intelligence and spirit signs are not included. Numbers set editorially using bespoke font-free line geometry; not a print facsimile. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Vector template: Numerical arrangement in Fig. 2-27 read visually and checked against the transmitted row and column totals. A numerical-square component of the catalogue profile; the separate planetary seal and intelligence and spirit signs are not included. Numbers set editorially using bespoke font-free line geometry; not a print facsimile.
Source location: Book II, Chapter xxii; Fig. 2-27; only the 3×3 numerical square
Numerical arrangement in Fig. 2-27 read visually and checked against the transmitted row and column totals. A numerical-square component of the catalogue profile; the separate planetary seal and intelligence and spirit signs are not included. Numbers set editorially using bespoke font-free line geometry; not a print facsimile.
Source location: Book II, chap. xxii; figures 2-27 to 2-63
Documents seven planetary squares and associated planetary seals. The planet, intelligence and spirit have distinct signs; they are not freely interchangeable.
Source location: Editorial introduction before Book I
Text follows the 1651 English edition; according to the editor, drawings follow Cologne 1533, with some Hebrew letters corrected according to the critical edition. Not an unaltered facsimile.
Straight-line printed figure crossed obliquely, with four small terminal circles and inner triangular strokes.
Historically recorded use
Printed sign in the context of historical planetary talismanism; no single museum amulet is attested.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The associated Latin inscription is visible on the specific original page. The magic square, planet, intelligence and spirit are separate printed figures. What is attested is a specific historical sign form, not a surviving amulet with individually established use. The crop follows the 1533 print and does not adopt lines completed in modern times. The printed figure is separate from the magic square printed above it on the left.
Before designing
Visually checked specific individual figure from the original 1533 print. The institutional JPEG rendition, 2000 pixels wide, is embedded byte-for-byte unchanged in the SVG; only the named original viewport is visible. Native IIIF canvas size 2550×3675, presentation image 2000×2882. Gaps in the print, paper, stains and show-through of writing on the reverse remain unchanged. No additions based on modern editions and no manufacturing approval; engraving requires separately reviewed outline preparation.
Research draft. Visually verified specific individual figure from the original 1533 print. The institutional JPEG rendition, 2000 pixels wide, remains embedded byte-for-byte in the SVG; only the named original viewport is visible. Native IIIF canvas size 2550×3675, presentation image 2000×2882. Gaps in the print, paper, stains and show-through of writing on the reverse remain unchanged. Nothing has been added from modern editions, and there is no manufacturing approval; engraving requires separately checked contour preparation. The printed figure is separate from the number square printed above it on the left. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Visually verified specific individual figure from the original 1533 print. The institutional JPEG rendition, 2000 pixels wide, remains embedded byte-for-byte in the SVG; only the named original viewport is visible. Native IIIF canvas size 2550×3675, presentation image 2000×2882. Gaps in the print, paper, stains and show-through of writing on the reverse remain unchanged. Nothing has been added from modern editions, and there is no manufacturing approval; engraving requires separately checked contour preparation. The printed figure is separate from the number square printed above it on the left.
Source location: Book II, Chapter XXII, printed p. CXLIX: Saturni.
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa, De occulta philosophia libri tres, Köln [Johannes Soter], 1533, Liber II, Kapitel XXII. Stiftung der Werke von C. G. Jung, Zürich / e-rara. DOI 10.3931/e-rara-4309. Public Domain Mark.
Stiftung der Werke von C. G. Jung, Zürich / e-rara
Source location: VD16 ZV 269; DOI 10.3931/e-rara-4309; Cologne [Soter] 1533
Current institutional catalogue page read directly and archived: printing year 1533, C. G. Jung collection and Public Domain Mark. Not to be conflated with the English printing of 1651 or a modern redrawing.
Stiftung der Werke von C. G. Jung, Zürich / e-rara
Source location: Liber II, Chapter XXII; printed p. CXLIX; Canvas 1343362
The specific original page was viewed directly as an unaltered institutional JPEG. The caption, attribution and complete figure were checked separately; reverse-side writing and printing defects remain visible.
Stiftung der Werke von C. G. Jung, Zürich / e-rara
Source location: Liber II, Chapter XXII; printed p. CXLVIII; Canvas 1343361
Original page concluding the historical planetary talismanic art and giving separate name attributions to planet, intelligence and spirit. The passage reports historical attributions; it is not evidence of modern efficacy or of a surviving individual amulet.
Early modern English-Latin ritual magic English-Latin manuscript; present-day holding in London · Late 16th century (institutional dating of the manuscript)
An angular character crossed diagonally, with an open upper end. The directly inscribed Latin designation Saturnus establishes the historical identification with Saturn. The seven separate lines on the same page are kept spatially distinct; individual amulet efficacy or wearing use is not attested.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern English-Latin ritual magic
Region
English-Latin manuscript; present-day holding in London
Date of the evidence
Late 16th century (institutional dating of the manuscript)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
An angular character crossed diagonally, with an open upper end. The directly inscribed Latin designation Saturnus establishes the historical identification with Saturn. The seven separate lines on the same page are kept spatially distinct; individual amulet efficacy or wearing use is not attested.
Historically recorded use
The directly inscribed Latin designation Saturnus establishes the historical identification with Saturn. The seven separate lines on the same page are retained as spatially disjoint; individual amulet efficacy or wearing use is not evidenced.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Specific manuscript witness MS.110, institutionally dated to the late 16th century. Pseudo-Bacon and Pseudo-Solomon are attributions, not securely established medieval authorship. The modern blue folio numbers are distinguished from the age of the text; verso references follow the adjacent visible recto foliation and the IIIF page sequence. Irregular lines, show-through, losses and original variations in the signs are retained. The complete selected group is a component of this one copy and not a new abstract type of tradition.
Before designing
Unaltered native full-page JPEG within the SVG; only the documented viewport selects the complete historical figure. No added lines, modern replacement glyphs, raster conversion, vector transcription or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Specific manuscript witness MS.110, institutionally dated to the late 16th century. Pseudo-Bacon and Pseudo-Solomon are attributions, not securely established medieval authorship. The modern blue folio numbers are distinguished from the age of the text; verso references follow the adjacent visible recto foliation and the IIIF page sequence. Irregular lines, show-through, losses and original variations in the signs are retained. The complete selected group is a component of this one copy, not a new abstract type of tradition. Unaltered native full-page JPEG in the SVG; only the documented viewport selects the complete historical figure. No added lines, modern substitute glyphs, raster conversion, vector transcription or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Specific manuscript witness MS.110, institutionally dated to the late 16th century. Pseudo-Bacon and Pseudo-Solomon are attributions, not securely established medieval authorship. The modern blue folio numbers are distinguished from the age of the text; verso references follow the adjacent visible recto foliation and the IIIF page sequence. Irregular lines, show-through, losses and original variations in the signs are retained. The complete selected group is a component of this one copy, not a new abstract type of tradition. Unaltered native full-page JPEG in the SVG; only the documented viewport selects the complete historical figure. No added lines, modern substitute glyphs, raster conversion, vector transcription or manufacturing approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.110, f.30r; Canvas position 73/256; labelled line Saturnus
Source location: MS.110; current API p8bhyjys; old ID afsfdgzh (HTTP 410)
Dating and exact Digital Location. Roger Bacon is a pseudo-author attribution; the present binding, early 19th century, is not the date of the writing. Rights: Individual Digital Location links b18937135 with PDM.
Source location: 256 Canvases; historical folio numbers in the image
Images, sequence, dimensions and institutional descriptions of the five component texts. Folios 36–38 incorrectly bound according to the catalogue. Rights: the specific digital surrogate as a whole carries the Public Domain Mark; no transfer of rights from other images.
Unaltered complete institutional JPEG page; historical individual sign located by visible evidence. Rights: PDM for the exactly corresponding IIIF digital surrogate b18937135.
Saturn protective figure against storms – MS.4670, p. 213
Original image · source evidence
Historical pentacle
French Clavicula and pseudo-Solomon tradition French-language volume; now at Wellcome Collection, London · 1796; dating of the specific Wellcome volume MS.4670
Brown inscribed double circle with eight radial arms; opposite ends bear double circles, curved S-shapes, squares and bars divided transversely several times. The historical heading names protection from storms, lightning, hail and flooding, on Saturday under Saturn. The figure is evidence of the protective belief of the time, not of proven protection from the weather.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French Clavicula and pseudo-Solomon tradition
Region
French-language volume; now at Wellcome Collection, London
Date of the evidence
1796; dating of the specific Wellcome volume MS.4670
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Brown inscribed double circle with eight radial arms; opposite ends bear double circles, curved S-shapes, squares and bars divided transversely several times. The historical heading names protection from storms, lightning, hail and flooding, on Saturday under Saturn. The figure is evidence of the protective belief of the time, not of proven protection from the weather.
Historically recorded use
The historical heading names protection from storms, lightning, hail and floods, on Saturday under Saturn. The figure is evidence of the protective belief of the time, not of proven protection from the weather.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The individual Miro image number and CC-BY-DigitalLocation are institutionally linked to MS4670. The page number and individual heading have been checked against the unaltered full image. The figure is a single located component of the same volume, not another surviving amulet object. The specific manuscript is dated to 1796 in the institutional volume catalogue. Pseudo-Solomon and the claimed translation from Hebrew are transmitted attributions; no ancient authorship or surviving Hebrew original is claimed. Historical statements of purpose are not evidence of efficacy.
Before designing
Unchanged native full-page JPEG embedded in the SVG; only the visible figure area is bounded by the viewport. Paper, colours, show-through writing and existing traces are retained. No outline transcription, added lines or approval for engraving.
Research draft. The individual Miro image number and CC-BY-DigitalLocation are institutionally linked to MS4670. The page number and individual heading have been checked against the unaltered full image. The figure is a single, located component of the same volume, not another surviving amulet object. Unaltered native full-page JPEG embedded in the SVG; only the visible figure area is bounded by the viewport. The paper, colours, show-through text and existing traces are retained. No outline transcription, line additions or engraving approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The individual Miro image number and CC-BY-DigitalLocation are institutionally linked to MS4670. The page number and individual heading have been checked against the unaltered full image. The figure is a single, located component of the same volume, not another surviving amulet object. Unaltered native full-page JPEG embedded in the SVG; only the visible figure area is bounded by the viewport. The paper, colours, show-through text and existing traces are retained. No outline transcription, line additions or engraving approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.4670,1796;manuscript p.213;Contre les tempêtes, foudres, grêles & inondations. Le Samedi sous Saturne;Originalaufnahme L0073134
Institutional volume catalogue with a specific shelfmark and year date, 1796. The attribution J. S. Fyot, 1796 is recorded in Volume I; there is no secure individual attribution of the drawings for every sheet of the second volume.
Source location: MS4670; institutional Miro image number L0073134
CC BY 4.0 expressly applies to the individual IIIF image digital item; the catalogue prose describes the volume as a whole, while specific pages/figures are identified from the visible original.
Unaltered full/full JPEG; the individual work metadata explicitly links this image to MS4670. Viewports from different pages are separate and do not overlap.
Saturn protective figure against sorcery and evil spirits – MS.4670, p.211
Original image · source evidence
Historical pentacle
French Clavicula and pseudo-Solomon tradition French-language volume; now at Wellcome Collection, London · 1796; dating of the specific Wellcome volume MS.4670
Brown inscribed double circle with eight radial arms; each arm ends in its own open frame, ring, angle or loop shape. The historical heading names protection against sorcery, bewitchments and possession by evil spirits, on Saturday under Saturn. This is a ritual claim from the time, not confirmation of medical or magical efficacy.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French Clavicula and pseudo-Solomon tradition
Region
French-language volume; now at Wellcome Collection, London
Date of the evidence
1796; dating of the specific Wellcome volume MS.4670
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Brown inscribed double circle with eight radial arms; each arm ends in its own open frame, ring, angle or loop shape. The historical heading names protection against sorcery, bewitchments and possession by evil spirits, on Saturday under Saturn. This is a ritual claim from the time, not confirmation of medical or magical efficacy.
Historically recorded use
The historical heading names protection against sorcery, bewitchments and possession by evil spirits, on Saturday under Saturn. This is a ritual claim from the time, not confirmation of medical or magical efficacy.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The individual Miro image number and CC-BY-DigitalLocation are institutionally linked to MS4670. The page number and individual heading have been checked against the unaltered full image. The figure is a single located component of the same volume, not another surviving amulet object. The specific manuscript is dated to 1796 in the institutional volume catalogue. Pseudo-Solomon and the claimed translation from Hebrew are transmitted attributions; no ancient authorship or surviving Hebrew original is claimed. Historical statements of purpose are not evidence of efficacy.
Before designing
Unchanged native full-page JPEG embedded in the SVG; only the visible figure area is bounded by the viewport. Paper, colours, show-through writing and existing traces are retained. No outline transcription, added lines or approval for engraving.
Research draft. The individual Miro image number and CC-BY-DigitalLocation are institutionally linked to MS4670. The page number and individual heading have been checked against the unaltered full image. The figure is a single, located component of the same volume, not another surviving amulet object. Unaltered native full-page JPEG embedded in the SVG; only the visible figure area is bounded by the viewport. The paper, colours, show-through text and existing traces are retained. No outline transcription, line additions or engraving approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The individual Miro image number and CC-BY-DigitalLocation are institutionally linked to MS4670. The page number and individual heading have been checked against the unaltered full image. The figure is a single, located component of the same volume, not another surviving amulet object. Unaltered native full-page JPEG embedded in the SVG; only the visible figure area is bounded by the viewport. The paper, colours, show-through text and existing traces are retained. No outline transcription, line additions or engraving approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.4670,1796; manuscript p.211; Contre les Sortileges, les charmes, & les possessions des Esprits malins. Le Samedi sous Saturne; original image L0073133
Institutional volume catalogue with a specific shelfmark and year date, 1796. The attribution J. S. Fyot, 1796 is recorded in Volume I; there is no secure individual attribution of the drawings for every sheet of the second volume.
Source location: MS4670; institutional Miro image number L0073133
CC BY 4.0 expressly applies to the individual IIIF image digital item; the catalogue prose describes the volume as a whole, while specific pages/figures are identified from the visible original.
Unaltered full/full JPEG; the individual work metadata explicitly links this image to MS4670. Viewports from different pages are separate and do not overlap.
Saturn talisman for mines and hidden treasures – MS.4670, p.208
Original image · source evidence
Historical pentacle
French Clavicula and pseudo-Solomon tradition French-language volume; now at Wellcome Collection, London · 1796; dating of the specific Wellcome volume MS.4670
Brown double circle with a Latin inscription around it and a hexagram; within it and between its points are individual curved, angular and cross-like signs. The historical page title associates the talisman with the discovery of mines and hidden treasures, and with Saturday under Saturn. This is a transmitted ritual attribution.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French Clavicula and pseudo-Solomon tradition
Region
French-language volume; now at Wellcome Collection, London
Date of the evidence
1796; dating of the specific Wellcome volume MS.4670
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Brown double circle with a Latin inscription around it and a hexagram; within it and between its points are individual curved, angular and cross-like signs. The historical page title associates the talisman with the discovery of mines and hidden treasures, and with Saturday under Saturn. This is a transmitted ritual attribution.
Historically recorded use
The historical page title links the talisman with the discovery of mines and hidden treasures, and with Saturday under Saturn. This is a transmitted ritual attribution.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The individual Miro image number and CC-BY-DigitalLocation are institutionally linked to MS4670. The page number and individual heading have been checked against the unaltered full image. The figure is a single located component of the same volume, not another surviving amulet object. The specific manuscript is dated to 1796 in the institutional volume catalogue. Pseudo-Solomon and the claimed translation from Hebrew are transmitted attributions; no ancient authorship or surviving Hebrew original is claimed. Historical statements of purpose are not evidence of efficacy.
Before designing
Unchanged native full-page JPEG embedded in the SVG; only the visible figure area is bounded by the viewport. Paper, colours, show-through writing and existing traces are retained. No outline transcription, added lines or approval for engraving.
Research draft. The individual Miro image number and CC-BY-DigitalLocation are institutionally linked to MS4670. The page number and individual heading have been checked against the unaltered full image. The figure is a single, located component of the same volume, not another surviving amulet object. Unaltered native full-page JPEG embedded in the SVG; only the visible figure area is bounded by the viewport. The paper, colours, show-through text and existing traces are retained. No outline transcription, line additions or engraving approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The individual Miro image number and CC-BY-DigitalLocation are institutionally linked to MS4670. The page number and individual heading have been checked against the unaltered full image. The figure is a single, located component of the same volume, not another surviving amulet object. Unaltered native full-page JPEG embedded in the SVG; only the visible figure area is bounded by the viewport. The paper, colours, show-through text and existing traces are retained. No outline transcription, line additions or engraving approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.4670,1796; manuscript p.208;Pour la découverte des Minieres & Tresors cachés. Le Samedi sous Saturne;Originalaufnahme L0073132
Institutional volume catalogue with a specific shelfmark and year date, 1796. The attribution J. S. Fyot, 1796 is recorded in Volume I; there is no secure individual attribution of the drawings for every sheet of the second volume.
Source location: MS4670; institutional Miro image number L0073132
CC BY 4.0 expressly applies to the individual IIIF image digital item; the catalogue prose describes the volume as a whole, while specific pages/figures are identified from the visible original.
Unaltered full/full JPEG; the individual work metadata explicitly links this image to MS4670. Viewports from different pages are separate and do not overlap.
French Clavicula and pseudo-Solomon tradition French-language volume; now at Wellcome Collection, London · 1796; dating of the specific Wellcome volume MS.4670
Brown inscribed double circle with a central lozenge, two small side lozenges, a vertical cross-staff and individual curved signs in the open spaces. The page assigns the talisman to revelations and Saturday under Saturn. The specific figure and its historical heading are recorded without claiming that any revelation actually occurred.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French Clavicula and pseudo-Solomon tradition
Region
French-language volume; now at Wellcome Collection, London
Date of the evidence
1796; dating of the specific Wellcome volume MS.4670
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Brown inscribed double circle with a central lozenge, two small side lozenges, a vertical cross-staff and individual curved signs in the open spaces. The page assigns the talisman to revelations and Saturday under Saturn. The specific figure and its historical heading are recorded without claiming that any revelation actually occurred.
Historically recorded use
The page associates the talisman with Revelations and Saturday under Saturn. It records the specific figure and its historical heading, without claiming that an actual revelation took place.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The individual Miro image number and CC-BY-DigitalLocation are institutionally linked to MS4670. The page number and individual heading have been checked against the unaltered full image. The figure is a single located component of the same volume, not another surviving amulet object. The specific manuscript is dated to 1796 in the institutional volume catalogue. Pseudo-Solomon and the claimed translation from Hebrew are transmitted attributions; no ancient authorship or surviving Hebrew original is claimed. Historical statements of purpose are not evidence of efficacy.
Before designing
Unchanged native full-page JPEG embedded in the SVG; only the visible figure area is bounded by the viewport. Paper, colours, show-through writing and existing traces are retained. No outline transcription, added lines or approval for engraving.
Research draft. The individual Miro image number and CC-BY-DigitalLocation are institutionally linked to MS4670. The page number and individual heading have been checked against the unaltered full image. The figure is a single, located component of the same volume, not another surviving amulet object. Unaltered native full-page JPEG embedded in the SVG; only the visible figure area is bounded by the viewport. The paper, colours, show-through text and existing traces are retained. No outline transcription, line additions or engraving approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The individual Miro image number and CC-BY-DigitalLocation are institutionally linked to MS4670. The page number and individual heading have been checked against the unaltered full image. The figure is a single, located component of the same volume, not another surviving amulet object. Unaltered native full-page JPEG embedded in the SVG; only the visible figure area is bounded by the viewport. The paper, colours, show-through text and existing traces are retained. No outline transcription, line additions or engraving approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.4670,1796; manuscript p.212;Pour avoir des Revelations. Le Samedi sous Saturne;original photograph L0073134
Institutional volume catalogue with a specific shelfmark and year date, 1796. The attribution J. S. Fyot, 1796 is recorded in Volume I; there is no secure individual attribution of the drawings for every sheet of the second volume.
Source location: MS4670; institutional Miro image number L0073134
CC BY 4.0 expressly applies to the individual IIIF image digital item; the catalogue prose describes the volume as a whole, while specific pages/figures are identified from the visible original.
Unaltered full/full JPEG; the individual work metadata explicitly links this image to MS4670. Viewports from different pages are separate and do not overlap.
Saturn talisman with frame forms and 23/27 – MS.4670,p.210
Original image · source evidence
Historical pentacle
French Clavicula and pseudo-Solomon tradition French-language volume; now at Wellcome Collection, London · 1796; dating of the specific Wellcome volume MS.4670
Brown labelled double circle around an open frame with curved corners; inside are several small rectangular and elongated signs, with the numbers 23 and 27 outside beside the frame. As a further Saturday figure under Saturn, this follows the treasure-hunting talismans. The visible numbers 23 and 27 are retained; no separate interpretation of their meaning is added.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French Clavicula and pseudo-Solomon tradition
Region
French-language volume; now at Wellcome Collection, London
Date of the evidence
1796; dating of the specific Wellcome volume MS.4670
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Brown labelled double circle around an open frame with curved corners; inside are several small rectangular and elongated signs, with the numbers 23 and 27 outside beside the frame. As a further Saturday figure under Saturn, this follows the treasure-hunting talismans. The visible numbers 23 and 27 are retained; no separate interpretation of their meaning is added.
Historically recorded use
As another Saturday figure under Saturn, this follows the treasure-hunting talismans. The visible numbers 23 and 27 are retained; no separate interpretation of their significance is added.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The individual Miro image number and CC-BY-DigitalLocation are institutionally linked to MS4670. The page number and individual heading have been checked against the unaltered full image. The figure is a single located component of the same volume, not another surviving amulet object. The specific manuscript is dated to 1796 in the institutional volume catalogue. Pseudo-Solomon and the claimed translation from Hebrew are transmitted attributions; no ancient authorship or surviving Hebrew original is claimed. Historical statements of purpose are not evidence of efficacy.
Before designing
Unchanged native full-page JPEG embedded in the SVG; only the visible figure area is bounded by the viewport. Paper, colours, show-through writing and existing traces are retained. No outline transcription, added lines or approval for engraving.
Research draft. The individual Miro image number and CC-BY-DigitalLocation are institutionally linked to MS4670. The page number and individual heading have been checked against the unaltered full image. The figure is a single, located component of the same volume, not another surviving amulet object. Unaltered native full-page JPEG embedded in the SVG; only the visible figure area is bounded by the viewport. The paper, colours, show-through text and existing traces are retained. No outline transcription, line additions or engraving approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The individual Miro image number and CC-BY-DigitalLocation are institutionally linked to MS4670. The page number and individual heading have been checked against the unaltered full image. The figure is a single, located component of the same volume, not another surviving amulet object. Unaltered native full-page JPEG embedded in the SVG; only the visible figure area is bounded by the viewport. The paper, colours, show-through text and existing traces are retained. No outline transcription, line additions or engraving approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.4670,1796; handwritten p.210; Autre Talisman à même intention. Le Samedi sous Saturne; original photograph L0073133
Saturn-Talisman mit Rahmenformen und 23/27 – MS.4670,S.210. 1796; Datierung des konkreten Wellcome-Bands MS.4670. Source: Wellcome Collection. CC BY 4.0; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Darstellungsänderung: begrenzter SVG-Viewport; JPEG unverändert.
Institutional volume catalogue with a specific shelfmark and year date, 1796. The attribution J. S. Fyot, 1796 is recorded in Volume I; there is no secure individual attribution of the drawings for every sheet of the second volume.
Source location: MS4670; institutional Miro image number L0073133
CC BY 4.0 expressly applies to the individual IIIF image digital item; the catalogue prose describes the volume as a whole, while specific pages/figures are identified from the visible original.
Unaltered full/full JPEG; the individual work metadata explicitly links this image to MS4670. Viewports from different pages are separate and do not overlap.
Saturn pentacle with inner circle of signs – Penn f.40r (= 41r)
Original image · source evidence
Historical grimoire pentacle
Latin Clavicula Salomonis manuscript; transmission of the Keys of Solomon European manuscript; place of manufacture unknown; present collection in Philadelphia · 1750–1799; second half of the 18th century, dating of the specific example
Three black concentric circles contain individual staff-like signs, curved forms and separate written characters. The accompanying text mentions the nature of Saturn and a nocturnal invocation in the ritual circle. This is the statement of a historical ritual text; an actual effect is not evidenced.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Latin Clavicula Salomonis manuscript; transmission of the Keys of Solomon
Region
European manuscript; place of manufacture unknown; present collection in Philadelphia
Date of the evidence
1750–1799; second half of the 18th century, dating of the specific example
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Three black concentric circles contain individual staff-like signs, curved forms and separate written characters. The accompanying text mentions the nature of Saturn and a nocturnal invocation in the ritual circle. This is the statement of a historical ritual text; an actual effect is not evidenced.
Historically recorded use
The accompanying text names the nature of Saturn and a nocturnal invocation in the ritual circle. This is the account of a historical ritual text; no actual effect is evidenced.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Dating of this specific Latin copy: 1750–1799. The catalogue attribution to Abraham Colorni does not confirm that he personally produced this later manuscript. The drawing is a localised component of 43 surviving pentacles in the same copy, not a new tradition or a separately surviving worn amulet. Written and corrected foliation differ by one leaf. The changing historical internal numbering is not unified into an invented continuous sequence of 1–43.
Before designing
The completely preserved individual pentacle remains embedded as an unaltered native OPenn web JPEG; only the SVG viewport limits the visible area of the leaf. The separately offered TIFF master was not used. The accompanying text can be read in full on the archived full leaf, although it is partly cut off in the viewport. No addition of lines or letters, outline transcription or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Dating of this specific Latin copy: 1750–1799. The catalogue attribution to Abraham Colorni does not confirm that he personally made this later manuscript. The drawing is a localised component of 43 surviving pentacles in the same copy, not a new tradition or a separately surviving worn amulet. Written and corrected foliation differ by one leaf. The changing historical internal numbering is not standardised into an invented continuous sequence from 1 to 43. The single, fully preserved pentacle is embedded as an unaltered native OPenn web JPEG in the SVG; only the SVG viewport limits the visible area of the leaf. The separately offered TIFF master was not used. The accompanying text can be read in full on the archived full leaf, though it is partly cut off in the viewport. No lines or letters have been added, no outline transcription has been made, and no manufacturing approval is implied. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Dating of this specific Latin copy: 1750–1799. The catalogue attribution to Abraham Colorni does not confirm that he personally made this later manuscript. The drawing is a localised component of 43 surviving pentacles in the same copy, not a new tradition or a separately surviving worn amulet. Written and corrected foliation differ by one leaf. The changing historical internal numbering is not standardised into an invented continuous sequence from 1 to 43. The single, fully preserved pentacle is embedded as an unaltered native OPenn web JPEG in the SVG; only the SVG viewport limits the visible area of the leaf. The separately offered TIFF master was not used. The accompanying text can be read in full on the archived full leaf, though it is partly cut off in the viewport. No lines or letters have been added, no outline transcription has been made, and no manufacturing approval is implied.
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Saturnpentakel mit innerem Zeichenkreis – Penn f.40r (= 41r). Ms. Codex 1673, 1750–1799. University of Pennsylvania, Kislak Center. Public Domain Mark. Katalogmetadaten separat CC BY 4.0.
Specific manuscript witness, second half of the 18th century. Earlier textual transmission and author attribution are not the date when this copy was made.
Saturn pentacle with small face – Penn f.41r (= 42r)
Original image · source evidence
Historical grimoire pentacle
Latin Clavicula Salomonis manuscript; transmission of the Keys of Solomon European manuscript; place of manufacture unknown; present collection in Philadelphia · 1750–1799; second half of the 18th century, dating of the specific example
A small face sits above several lines of words; further free characters are distributed within a double circle. The accompanying text assigns the figure to a spirit of Saturn and to destructive ritual intentions. This historical claim is not confirmed as an effect. This is the statement of a historical ritual text; no actual effect is evidenced.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Latin Clavicula Salomonis manuscript; transmission of the Keys of Solomon
Region
European manuscript; place of manufacture unknown; present collection in Philadelphia
Date of the evidence
1750–1799; second half of the 18th century, dating of the specific example
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A small face sits above several lines of words; further free characters are distributed within a double circle. The accompanying text assigns the figure to a spirit of Saturn and to destructive ritual intentions. This historical claim is not confirmed as an effect. This is the statement of a historical ritual text; no actual effect is evidenced.
Historically recorded use
The accompanying text assigns the figure to a spirit of Saturn and destructive ritual intentions. This historical claim is not confirmed as an effect. This is the statement of a historical ritual text; no actual effect is evidenced.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Dating of this specific Latin copy: 1750–1799. The catalogue attribution to Abraham Colorni does not confirm that he personally produced this later manuscript. The drawing is a localised component of 43 surviving pentacles in the same copy, not a new tradition or a separately surviving worn amulet. Written and corrected foliation differ by one leaf. The changing historical internal numbering is not unified into an invented continuous sequence of 1–43.
Before designing
The completely preserved individual pentacle remains embedded as an unaltered native OPenn web JPEG; only the SVG viewport limits the visible area of the leaf. The separately offered TIFF master was not used. The accompanying text can be read in full on the archived full leaf, although it is partly cut off in the viewport. No addition of lines or letters, outline transcription or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Dating of this specific Latin copy: 1750–1799. The catalogue attribution to Abraham Colorni does not confirm that he personally made this later manuscript. The drawing is a localised component of 43 surviving pentacles in the same copy, not a new tradition or a separately surviving worn amulet. Written and corrected foliation differ by one leaf. The changing historical internal numbering is not standardised into an invented continuous sequence from 1 to 43. The single, fully preserved pentacle is embedded as an unaltered native OPenn web JPEG in the SVG; only the SVG viewport limits the visible area of the leaf. The separately offered TIFF master was not used. The accompanying text can be read in full on the archived full leaf, though it is partly cut off in the viewport. No lines or letters have been added, no outline transcription has been made, and no manufacturing approval is implied. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Dating of this specific Latin copy: 1750–1799. The catalogue attribution to Abraham Colorni does not confirm that he personally made this later manuscript. The drawing is a localised component of 43 surviving pentacles in the same copy, not a new tradition or a separately surviving worn amulet. Written and corrected foliation differ by one leaf. The changing historical internal numbering is not standardised into an invented continuous sequence from 1 to 43. The single, fully preserved pentacle is embedded as an unaltered native OPenn web JPEG in the SVG; only the SVG viewport limits the visible area of the leaf. The separately offered TIFF master was not used. The accompanying text can be read in full on the archived full leaf, though it is partly cut off in the viewport. No lines or letters have been added, no outline transcription has been made, and no manufacturing approval is implied.
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Saturnpentakel mit kleinem Gesicht – Penn f.41r (= 42r). Ms. Codex 1673, 1750–1799. University of Pennsylvania, Kislak Center. Public Domain Mark. Katalogmetadaten separat CC BY 4.0.
Specific manuscript witness, second half of the 18th century. Earlier textual transmission and author attribution are not the date when this copy was made.
Saturn’s stone and Helicon – Atalanta fugiens 1618, Emblem 12
Original image · source evidence
Alchemical-theosophical symbolic image
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art Oppenheim, Germany; place of printing · 1618; first publication of the work 1617
An old male figure flies above a rocky mountain landscape, carrying a tool and a stone. Houses and paths are at the foot of the mountain.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art
Region
Oppenheim, Germany; place of printing
Date of the evidence
1618; first publication of the work 1617
Type of evidence
Textual evidence
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
An old male figure flies above a rocky mountain landscape, carrying a tool and a stone. Houses and paths are at the foot of the mountain.
Historically recorded use
The motto names the stone swallowed by Saturn instead of his son Jupiter and its setting on Helicon. It documents Maier’s early modern mythological use of images. Historical book illustration with epigram and associated discourse; not a documented neck pendant.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
An individually located emblem in the specific 1618 Oppenheimer print; the first publication in 1617 is distinct from this. Part of the same work and the same copy, not an independent amulet object. Individual use as a worn amulet, ancient origin of this graphic and efficacy are not evidenced.
Before designing
Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view with motto, image, epigram, printed page number and side margin notes. Paper, stains, binding shadows and any coloured areas are retained. Institutional presentation resolution 2880×3442; larger master 4291×5129 documented separately. Historical image evidence without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view with motto, image, epigram, printed page number and side margin notes. Paper, stains, binding shadows and any coloured areas are retained. Institutional presentation resolution 2880×3442; larger master 4291×5129 documented separately. Historical image evidence without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view with motto, image, epigram, printed page number and side margin notes. Paper, stains, binding shadows and any coloured areas are retained. Institutional presentation resolution 2880×3442; larger master 4291×5129 documented separately. Historical image evidence without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: QD25 .M354 1618, Emblem 12, printed p. 57; institutional individual inventory 7p88ch50r; Large JPG 2880×3442
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Courtesy of Science History Institute; Michael Maier, Atalanta fugiens (Oppenheim 1618), Emblem 12, S.57; engraver Matthaeus Merian; Public Domain Mark 1.0.
Source location: QD25 .M354 1618; Oppenheim, Johann-Theodor de Bry; complete work with 50 emblems
Copy used from 1618; the work's first publication in 1617 is attested separately. Historical alchemical emblem, epigram and musical context. No evidence for 30 independent works, worn amulets or present-day claims of efficacy. Individual image rights additionally checked for each inventory item.
The motto names the stone swallowed by Saturn instead of his son Jupiter and its placement on Helicon. It documents Maier’s early modern mythological use of imagery. The original title, English institutional counter-label, date 1618 and specific PDM image release correspond to the individual page.
Satyr’s head with animal features and emphatic facial details.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Archaic Italy; Etruscan, Greek and Italic visual traditions
Region
Italy
Date of the evidence
525–480 B.C.
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Satyr’s head with animal features and emphatic facial details.
Historically recorded use
The catalogue discusses links with Dionysus and the possible magical transfer of animal traits. The object is examined as an amber pendant.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Dionysian association and protective function remain typological interpretations. Cracks, surface losses and documented conservation are not photographically supplemented.
Before designing
Unmodified native institutional photographic source; no invented glyph additions, no isolated vector outline and no manufacturing approval. Historical evidence and comparative interpretation remain separate.
Research draft. The Dionysian association and protective function remain typological interpretations. Cracks, surface losses and documented conservation have not been photographically supplemented. Complete original JPEG bytes; losses of lettering and material have not been supplemented. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The Dionysian association and protective function remain typological interpretations. Cracks, surface losses and documented conservation have not been photographically supplemented. Complete original JPEG bytes; losses of lettering and material have not been supplemented.
Source location: 83.AO.202.1; complete view of the main image actually photographed
Scholarly comparison and interpretation are presented separately from secure object form and actual use. Photograph separately from current collection metadata relation.
Eight rays with end signs in the inscription circle.
Historically recorded use
The text mentions poverty and the discovery of guarded treasures.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The statement of purpose is a historical attribution. The German short name is editorial; it is not a claim of efficacy.
Before designing
Check the source drawing and inscription in full before creating a motif drawing; an image link is not a finished engraving template.
Research draft. Visually checked single-figure detail from the historical original. Raster facsimile in an SVG viewport; original JPEG embedded unchanged. Paper/parchment, printing irregularities and show-through are retained. No engraving-ready vector paths; manufacturing requires separately checked vectorisation. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Visually checked single-figure detail from the historical original. Raster facsimile in an SVG viewport; original JPEG embedded unchanged. Paper/parchment, printing irregularities and show-through are retained. No engraving-ready vector paths; manufacturing requires separately checked vectorisation.
Source location: Second numbered pentacle section, handwritten p.14; IIIF Canvas position 185, image 0196
Source location: Work hwqdep8w; MS. 4659; La Clavicule…; mid-18th century; French
Institutional catalogue: French manuscript from the mid-18th century, with numerous pentacles, sigils and inserted parchment leaves. The claim of a translation from Hebrew belongs to the work’s title and is not adopted as a proven source text. Place of manufacture unknown. Twelve selected drawings from the second numbered pentacle section have been individually located visually; statements of purpose are historical attributions made by the manuscript.
Institutional manifest obtained directly; twelve complete, distinguishable drawings viewed in the browser. Page 15 was initially obscured by the loose slip; the complete image is in Canvas 189/Image 0200. Canvas here is a 1-based image position. Page 21 was set aside because its internal drawing is faded/unclear. The German titles are descriptive catalogue labels, not asserted traditional proper names.
Archaic Italy; Etruscan, Greek and Italic visual traditions Italy · 600–575 BC
Boat or ship with small human figures, including a bearded person.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Archaic Italy; Etruscan, Greek and Italic visual traditions
Region
Italy
Date of the evidence
600–575 BC
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Boat or ship with small human figures, including a bearded person.
Historically recorded use
The catalogue discusses prestigious seafaring, Homeric narratives and the voyage of the dead; a magical or amuletic function remains an interpretation.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The figures cannot be securely identified as Odysseus, Menelaus or particular gods. A specific use as protection for seafarers is not documented for this piece.
Before designing
Unmodified native institutional photographic source; no invented glyph additions, no isolated vector outline and no manufacturing approval. Historical evidence and comparative interpretation remain separate.
Research draft. The figures cannot securely be identified as Odysseus, Menelaus or particular gods. A specific use as protection for seafarers is not documented for this piece. Complete original JPEG bytes; losses to the writing and material are not supplied. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The figures cannot securely be identified as Odysseus, Menelaus or particular gods. A specific use as protection for seafarers is not documented for this piece. Complete original JPEG bytes; losses to the writing and material are not supplied.
Source location: 76.AO.76; complete view of the main image actually photographed
Scholarly comparison and interpretation are presented separately from secure object form and actual use. Photograph separately from current collection metadata relation.
Shia Islam Attributed to Iran · Early 18th century
Hand-shaped silver standard bearing the names of the Prophet’s family, the twelve imams and Qur’anic text.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Shia Islam
Region
Attributed to Iran
Date of the evidence
Early 18th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Description
Hand-shaped silver standard bearing the names of the Prophet’s family, the twelve imams and Qur’anic text.
Historically recorded use
Standard for military, royal or religious ceremonies; protective beliefs associated with religious names and prayers.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The catalogue explains the amuletic properties. The form is not evidence of a worn Hamsa piece of jewellery.
Before designing
Examine 1984.504.2 as a distinct Shiite variant; do not conflate it with a Jewish Hand of God or an arbitrary Hand of Fatima graphic.
Research draft. Complete, visually checked museum photograph of the specific linked historical object. Unaltered original JPEG bytes are embedded in the SVG as a raster facsimile; this is neither a cropped individual glyph nor a traced sigil. The object context and all visible image details are retained. No production-ready vector paths; engraving or CNC manufacture requires separate assessment. Image crop, orientation, background and object condition remain exactly as in the original JPEG. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete, visually checked museum photograph of the specific linked historical object. Unaltered original JPEG bytes are embedded in the SVG as a raster facsimile; this is neither a cropped individual glyph nor a traced sigil. The object context and all visible image details are retained. No production-ready vector paths; engraving or CNC manufacture requires separate assessment. Image crop, orientation, background and object condition remain exactly as in the original JPEG.
Source location: Met object 453247; inventory 1984.504.2; complete main image from the current institutional API, uncropped; original 3027 × 4000 px
Egyptian Egypt · Late Period, 26th–31st Dynasty, 664–332 BC
Flat bronze fish form with a long body, segmented fins and a large round loop beneath the front part of the body. The dark patina and traces of corrosion are retained.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Egyptian
Region
Egypt
Date of the evidence
Late Period, 26th–31st Dynasty, 664–332 BC
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Flat bronze fish form with a long body, segmented fins and a large round loop beneath the front part of the body. The dark patina and traces of corrosion are retained.
Historically recorded use
The museum identifies the piece as a fish amulet, Schilbe type. The record does not specify an individual protective purpose.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The species name follows the institutional catalogue identification, not an independent zoological examination. No inscription has been added. Object, inventory, material and dating are tied to the archived API record.
Before designing
Actually observed: elongated fish with a lower loop, dorsal fin, tail and fine surface lines. Unaltered institutional JPEG presentation photograph in the full image frame; not an isolated engraving outline and not manufacturing approval.
Research draft. The species name follows the institutional catalogue identification, not an independent zoological examination. No inscription has been added. Complete institutional presentation image, 1686 pixels wide; larger IIIF master dimensions 3000×1660 documented separately. No local scaling or re-encoding of the embedded JPEG bytes. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The species name follows the institutional catalogue identification, not an independent zoological examination. No inscription has been added. Complete institutional presentation image, 1686 pixels wide; larger IIIF master dimensions 3000×1660 documented separately. No local scaling or re-encoding of the embedded JPEG bytes.
Source location: Inventory 1894.733; institutional main view 75929608-8d68-6e38-201c-b54941aecef4
Art Institute of Chicago. Amulet of a Shilbe Fish, Late Period, Dynasty 26–31 (664–332 BCE), 1894.733. Gift of Henry H. Getty and Charles L. Hutchinson
Source location: Inventory 1894.733; API object 136969; JSON /data[id=136969]
Institutional evidence for an individual object from an archived multi-record API retrieval. Dating, material, provenance and inventory details follow the specific record; source attribution is not an independent scientific authenticity test.
Source location: Open Access Images; CC0 Public Domain Designation
Specific images only when accompanied by the individual is_public_domain=true and the object's image ID. Descriptive API texts separately carry CC BY4; image release is CC0.
Flat canopy with a blue upper section and tiered, coloured hangings. A separate lotus base and parts of the connecting scrollwork remain visible in the located image window.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Buddhist visual tradition
Region
China
Date of the evidence
18th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Flat canopy with a blue upper section and tiered, coloured hangings. A separate lotus base and parts of the connecting scrollwork remain visible in the located image window.
Historically recorded use
Religious good-luck sign on a sutra cover; no documented use of this textile image detail as a worn amulet.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 2012.559, Met object 78284. The museum and surviving photograph identify this component as one of the eight Buddhist auspicious symbols. Only the named textile component is shown; no universal modern symbol form is supplied, and the image gap at Seattle, attested elsewhere, is not filled.
Before designing
Unaltered native museum photograph with an exactly documented image window.
Research draft. Named image section of the sutra cover, with lotus base and partially cropped surrounding decoration; the complete JPEG witness is embedded unaltered. No character reconstruction and no manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Named image section of the sutra cover, with lotus base and partially cropped surrounding decoration; the complete JPEG witness is embedded unaltered. No character reconstruction and no manufacturing approval.
Source location: The Metropolitan Museum of Art; 2012.559; sutra cover 2012.559; central sign, 1 from the left; sutra-umbrella
Source location: CC0 for individually designated public-domain collection images
Institutional CC0 policy read in the web tool on 10 October. The direct native website response was HTTP429 and is not treated as text of a rights notice that was read.
Parasol and pair of fish composed together as a pair above a lotus flower; the context of textile ornament is retained.
Historically recorded use
Buddhist auspicious signs in the brocade of an imperial textile workshop.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The museum text identifies exactly four pairs of signs on this example. Historical evidence of a symbol; no evidence of an individually worn amulet. The pair is a component of the textile already recorded and not a new basic motif or a new museum object.
Before designing
Named historical pair of signs, umbrella and fish pair, on Met 2001.471. Unchanged original JPEG bytes, bounded image frame with textile ground retained. The two intertwined components are shown together; no fully isolated individual signs or Seattle inventory numbers are claimed. No evidenced amulet use and no manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Named historical pair of signs, umbrella and fish pair, on Met 2001.471. Unchanged original JPEG bytes, bounded image frame with textile ground retained. The two intertwined components are shown together; no fully isolated individual signs or Seattle inventory numbers are claimed. No evidenced amulet use and no manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Named historical pair of signs, umbrella and fish pair, on Met 2001.471. Unchanged original JPEG bytes, bounded image frame with textile ground retained. The two intertwined components are shown together; no fully isolated individual signs or Seattle inventory numbers are claimed. No evidenced amulet use and no manufacturing approval.
Source location: Met 2001.471 /62477; DP158225; parasol and pair of fish in the textile
Source location: 2001.471 / Object62477; original photograph DP158225; object description and APIisPublicDomain=true
Independent Chinese object from the 15th century. The museum text names the eight characters in four pairs; the original image and the specific API CC0 release have been visually and institutionally checked.
SAM 33.124.4 (parasol): A targeted current inventory search for 33.124.4 yielded no new individual museum image link; the existing identification remains an older catalogue record. Current museum policy requires publication permission; no individual PDM/CC0/CC-BY(SA) permission. No exact image was actually viewed in this round; no vector contour of this textile has been invented.
Buddhist auspicious signs
Buddhism China · 17th century
Inventory 33.124.4: umbrella.
Research draftSpecific model required
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Buddhism
Region
China
Date of the evidence
17th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Individually inventoried; wearing is not evidenced.
Before designing
SAM 33.124.4 (parasol): A targeted current inventory search for 33.124.4 yielded no new individual museum image link; the existing identification remains an older catalogue record. Current museum policy requires publication permission; no individual PDM/CC0/CC-BY(SA) permission. No exact image was actually viewed in this round; no vector contour of this textile has been invented.
Research draft. SAM 33.124.4 (parasol): A targeted current inventory search for 33.124.4 yielded no new individual museum image link; the existing identification remains an older catalogue record. Current museum policy requires publication permission; no individual PDM/CC0/CC-BY(SA) permission. No exact image was actually viewed in this round; no vector contour of this textile has been invented. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Source location: Image rights; Available photography; Terms; Copyright restrictions
The current museum policy does not provide general open image permission. Publication and reproduction require written permission; low-resolution images for research do not permit publication. Therefore the eight specific textiles 33.124.1–8 remain without publishable images and are not replaced by other ensembles.
Search index evidence – complete source page not yet checked · Checked on:
Source location: Fair use is permitted; Commercial use is prohibited without prior written consent
The museum explicitly distinguishes personal research and non-commercial viewing from use without the relevant permission. No CC0/Public Domain image licence for the product database is inferred from this.
Search index evidence – complete source page not yet checked · Checked on:
Current indexed policy text read; direct retrieval returned 403 or timed out. A personal research view does not constitute open commercial reproduction permission. Specific image permission remains individually unresolved for each inventory number from 33.124.1 to .8.
Search index evidence – complete source page not yet checked · Checked on:
Source location: Reproduction, permission and commercial use
Current indexed text read; direct retrieval returned 403 or timed out. No PDM/CC0/CC-BY(SA) licence for individual images was found, and no permission was requested. No general modern graphic of the Eight Auspicious Symbols used as a substitute.
Search index evidence – complete source page not yet checked · Checked on:
Serpent-legged figure with protective formula – Getty 83.AN.437.48
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Roman Imperial period; Egyptian and Mediterranean image-making/magical glyptics Mediterranean region; the precise place of manufacture of this piece is not established · 2nd–4th century A.D.
Armoured, cock-headed figure with whip and shield; below it, a labelled cartouche-like panel. The museum also documents several lines on the reverse.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Roman Imperial period; Egyptian and Mediterranean image-making/magical glyptics
Region
Mediterranean region; the precise place of manufacture of this piece is not established
Date of the evidence
2nd–4th century A.D.
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Armoured, cock-headed figure with whip and shield; below it, a labelled cartouche-like panel. The museum also documents several lines on the reverse.
Historically recorded use
The museum description reads a plea for protection beneath the figure. This specific evidence in the writing limits the attribution; no present-day protective effect is claimed.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The photograph is presented with its surviving incised lines and panels of writing. No mirrored or normalised engraved form has been added; the publication text names five lines on the reverse, but counts six segments in the expanded scheme. This discrepancy is not silently harmonised.
Before designing
Native institutional museum photograph as a historical reference; no invented glyph additions, isolated vector outline or manufacturing approval. The visible photographed side and the reverse documented only in text remain distinct.
Research draft. The photograph is presented with its surviving incised lines and inscription panels. No supplemented mirror-reversed or normalised engraving form; the publication text mentions five reverse lines, but counts six segments in the written-out scheme. This contradiction is not silently harmonised. Complete original JPEG bytes; losses of script and material are not supplemented. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The photograph is presented with its surviving incised lines and inscription panels. No supplemented mirror-reversed or normalised engraving form; the publication text mentions five reverse lines, but counts six segments in the written-out scheme. This contradiction is not silently harmonised. Complete original JPEG bytes; losses of script and material are not supplemented.
Source location: 83.AN.437.48; complete actually photographed main image view
Source location: 83.AN.437.48; JSON-LD: description, date, material and individual CC0 image credit
Current institutional object metadata from byte-identical archived HTML/JSON-LD; native IIIF Max JPEG checked separately against info.json and actual pixel dimensions. No claim of a complete JavaScript page render.
Source location: Specific image/metadata permission additionally checked for each object
The general institutional CC0 rule can be used only together with an individual object/image relation; the failed image retrieval remains visible in the retrieval report.
Slender amber ram’s head with lattice engraving (Getty 77.AO.81.16)
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Italic amber pendants Italy · 500–400 BCE
Long, slender head with a recessed eye, a side perforation at the nape and an incised grid between the horn and eye. Cracked, granular surface; the catalogue documents treatment with amber oil.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Italic amber pendants
Region
Italy
Date of the evidence
500–400 BCE
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Long, slender head with a recessed eye, a side perforation at the nape and an incised grid between the horn and eye. Cracked, granular surface; the catalogue documents treatment with amber oil.
Historically recorded use
Pierced pendant of a ram-head form discussed as amuletic in the Getty subject catalogue. According to the catalogue reconstruction, suspension at the nape caused the head to hang downwards.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The attribution to the same carver as neighbouring inventory items is a specialist catalogue attribution. Similarity of form proves neither a shared grave find nor a protective function individually known for this wearer.
Before designing
Complete, unaltered institutional main photograph as a raster facsimile in SVG. No outline has been added; no manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Long, slender head with a recessed eye, a lateral neck perforation and an incised grid between horn and eye. Cracked, granular surface; the catalogue documents treatment with amber oil. Attribution of the same carver as for neighbouring inventories is a specialist catalogue attribution. Similarity of form proves neither a shared grave find nor an individually known protective function for this wearer. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Long, slender head with a recessed eye, a lateral neck perforation and an incised grid between horn and eye. Cracked, granular surface; the catalogue documents treatment with amber oil. Attribution of the same carver as for neighbouring inventories is a specialist catalogue attribution. Similarity of form proves neither a shared grave find nor an individually known protective function for this wearer.
Source location: Getty 77.AO.81.16; complete main photograph (one individual object)
Source location: Inventory 77.AO.81.16; current HTML/JSON-LD data
Object identity, material, dating, rights and main image UUID. JSON-LD is part of the freshly loaded HTML response; this is not a claim that the portal was visited in a rendered browser.
Buddhist stupa image tradition Kathmandu Valley / Nepal · 10th–14th century
Metal stupa with a broad rounded domed body, a small square transition and a tall tiered umbrella structure. The round base bears a narrow ornamental band; the native overall image is black and white.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Buddhist stupa image tradition
Region
Kathmandu Valley / Nepal
Date of the evidence
10th–14th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Metal stupa with a broad rounded domed body, a small square transition and a tall tiered umbrella structure. The round base bears a narrow ornamental band; the native overall image is black and white.
Historically recorded use
The museum catalogues the metal object as a model of a stupa. It represents a historical religious architectural form on a small scale. No specific relic contents, personal act of protection or wearing on the body is attested.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 1983.67, Met object 37445. The broad dating 10th–14th century is not narrowed. The simpler model is a distinct inventoried form witness, without replacing the other stupa model with Buddha niches.
Before designing
Unchanged complete native museum image; no reconstruction of damaged details. No manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete native museum photograph, with no raster transformation or reconstruction of old forms. Historical religious image evidence; not approved for manufacture. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete native museum photograph, with no raster transformation or reconstruction of old forms. Historical religious image evidence; not approved for manufacture.
Source location: The Metropolitan Museum of Art; 1983.67; complete selected individual image
Inscribed amulet fragment with framed panels – Met 1971.237.1
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Egypt; medieval Islamic written amulets Attributed to Egypt · 12th century
Damaged paper fragment with printed text fields, ornamental frame and arch-like divisions.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Egypt; medieval Islamic written amulets
Region
Attributed to Egypt
Date of the evidence
12th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Damaged paper fragment with printed text fields, ornamental frame and arch-like divisions.
Historically recorded use
The museum describes it as a fragment of a talismanic scroll. No individual owner or fully preserved protective formula is specified.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The fragmented areas of writing and paper remain as they are. No missing lines, complete original scroll form or exact formula are added.
Before designing
Native institutional object image as a historical image reference; no isolated vector glyph, added inscription or manufacturing approval. The photograph and original form remain separate from later engraving outlines.
Research draft. The fragmented writing and paper areas are retained. No missing lines, complete original scroll form or precise formula is supplied. Original JPEGs are embedded byte-for-byte; no writing or lines have been added. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The fragmented writing and paper areas are retained. No missing lines, complete original scroll form or precise formula is supplied. Original JPEGs are embedded byte-for-byte; no writing or lines have been added.
Source location: Met 1971.237.1; complete selected original view
Title, inventory number, material and dating are checked individually; cultural-historical use is included only to the extent stated in the object description. The linked web text snapshots document the independent, current review of the object pages.
Ancient Egyptian amulets Egypt · c. 664–343 BC (Late Period, 26th–30th Dynasty)
Three-dimensional kneeling figure with one knee raised and arms lifted. The complete museum photograph preserves the base, round upper attachment, damage and perspective.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Ancient Egyptian amulets
Region
Egypt
Date of the evidence
c. 664–343 BC (Late Period, 26th–30th Dynasty)
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Three-dimensional kneeling figure with one knee raised and arms lifted. The complete museum photograph preserves the base, round upper attachment, damage and perspective.
Historically recorded use
In the Heliopolitan creation tradition, Shu embodies air and the separation of heaven and earth. The museum relates the raised arms to this myth and describes the popularity of such amulets in the Late Period.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Specific museum object, Walters 48.1683. Dating and interpretation follow the individual museum record. Earlier use, efficacy and lost signs are not inferred from the photograph.
Before designing
Unaltered, complete original photographs in an SVG facsimile. No reconstructed outline and no manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Three-dimensional kneeling figure with one knee raised and arms lifted. The complete museum photograph preserves the base, round upper element, damage and perspective. Specific museum object, Walters 48.1683. Dating and interpretation follow the individual museum record. Earlier use, efficacy and lost signs are not inferred from the photograph. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Three-dimensional kneeling figure with one knee raised and arms lifted. The complete museum photograph preserves the base, round upper element, damage and perspective. Specific museum object, Walters 48.1683. Dating and interpretation follow the individual museum record. Earlier use, efficacy and lost signs are not inferred from the photograph.
Source location: The Walters Art Museum, 48.1683; complete original view(s)
Ancient Egyptian amulet and image tradition Egypt; specific findspot not established here · Object listing: 378–341 BCE; possibly 30th Dynasty; API year fields differ at 380–340 BCE.
Faience; museum measurement 3.7 × 1.5 cm, diameter 1.8 cm. Frontal photograph of a kneeling figure with raised arms. A distinct transverse fracture or joint line across the lower torso remains visible and unchanged.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Ancient Egyptian amulet and image tradition
Region
Egypt; specific findspot not established here
Date of the evidence
Object listing: 378–341 BCE; possibly 30th Dynasty; API year fields differ at 380–340 BCE.
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Faience; museum measurement 3.7 × 1.5 cm, diameter 1.8 cm. Frontal photograph of a kneeling figure with raised arms. A distinct transverse fracture or joint line across the lower torso remains visible and unchanged.
Historically recorded use
Identified by the museum as an amulet of the god Shu. No specific wearing ritual or promise of protection is inferred for this specimen.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Object display: 378–341 BCE, technical API year fields -380/-340; the period entry mentions only possibly the 30th Dynasty. This discrepancy is not resolved through spurious precision. No restoration history can be proved from the photograph alone.
Before designing
Complete native museum photographs as historical image references; no reconstructed outline and no manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Object listing: 378–341 BC; technical API year fields: -380/-340; the period entry only says possibly the 30th Dynasty. This discrepancy is not resolved by feigned precision. Restoration history cannot be proven from the photograph alone. Native JPEG bytes unaltered; no local raster editing, tracing or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Object listing: 378–341 BC; technical API year fields: -380/-340; the period entry only says possibly the 30th Dynasty. This discrepancy is not resolved by feigned precision. Restoration history cannot be proven from the photograph alone. Native JPEG bytes unaltered; no local raster editing, tracing or manufacturing approval.
Protective sheet against assassins – CAJS 658, 11r
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Jewish practical Kabbalah Turkey · 18th century; the original manuscripts may have been bound into a composite codex around 1800
Page with Hebrew script fields, tabular arrangement and a six-pointed star shape in the upper area.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Jewish practical Kabbalah
Region
Turkey
Date of the evidence
18th century; the original manuscripts may have been bound into a composite codex around 1800
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Page with Hebrew script fields, tabular arrangement and a six-pointed star shape in the upper area.
Historically recorded use
Written amulets intended historically as protection against assassins.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
CAJS Rar Ms 658, formerly Gross Family Collection OT.011.021. The current institutional catalogue assigns the stated content to this specific folio. The date of manufacture of the older manuscript and its later binding remain distinct; no independent new translation of the formulas or names of the signs.
Before designing
A specific, complete digital page witness, not a universally standardised sign. For manufacture, legibility, areas of loss and transfer to material must be assessed separately.
Research draft. Unaltered native institutional web JPEG file in an SVG viewport; no new interpretation of the writing, addition of lost ink or modern replacement form. The larger TIFF masters offered separately are not archived locally for these Penn pages. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Unaltered native institutional web JPEG file in an SVG viewport; no new interpretation of the writing, addition of lost ink or modern replacement form. The larger TIFF masters offered separately are not archived locally for these Penn pages.
Source location: CAJS Rar Ms 658, OPenn 11r, 14209_0024_web.jpg
Jewish practical Kabbalah Turkey · 18th century; the original manuscripts may have been bound into a composite codex around 1800
Text panels and several rows of loops, strokes and star shapes; existing fading remains visible.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Jewish practical Kabbalah
Region
Turkey
Date of the evidence
18th century; the original manuscripts may have been bound into a composite codex around 1800
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Text panels and several rows of loops, strokes and star shapes; existing fading remains visible.
Historically recorded use
Historical amuletic instructions against migraine; the stated intention handed down in the source is not evidence of a medical effect.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
CAJS Rar Ms 658, formerly Gross Family Collection OT.011.021. The current institutional catalogue assigns the stated content to this specific folio. The date of manufacture of the older manuscript and its later binding remain distinct; no independent new translation of the formulas or names of the signs.
Before designing
A specific, complete digital page witness, not a universally standardised sign. For manufacture, legibility, areas of loss and transfer to material must be assessed separately.
Research draft. Unaltered native institutional web JPEG file in an SVG viewport; no new interpretation of the writing, addition of lost ink or modern replacement form. The larger TIFF masters offered separately are not archived locally for these Penn pages. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Unaltered native institutional web JPEG file in an SVG viewport; no new interpretation of the writing, addition of lost ink or modern replacement form. The larger TIFF masters offered separately are not archived locally for these Penn pages.
Source location: CAJS Rar Ms 658, OPenn 106r, 14209_0214_web.jpg
Jewish practical Kabbalah Turkey · 18th century; the original manuscripts may have been bound into a composite codex around 1800
Historically Hebrew-inscribed page. The current digital locator is 104r; the older visible pencil foliation is not presented as an identical new page numbering.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Jewish practical Kabbalah
Region
Turkey
Date of the evidence
18th century; the original manuscripts may have been bound into a composite codex around 1800
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Historically Hebrew-inscribed page. The current digital locator is 104r; the older visible pencil foliation is not presented as an identical new page numbering.
Historically recorded use
Written amulets intended historically as protection against robbers.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
CAJS Rar Ms 658, formerly Gross Family Collection OT.011.021. The current institutional catalogue assigns the stated content to this specific folio. The date of manufacture of the older manuscript and its later binding remain distinct; no independent new translation of the formulas or names of the signs.
Before designing
A specific, complete digital page witness, not a universally standardised sign. For manufacture, legibility, areas of loss and transfer to material must be assessed separately.
Research draft. Unaltered native institutional web JPEG file in an SVG viewport; no new interpretation of the writing, addition of lost ink or modern replacement form. The larger TIFF masters offered separately are not archived locally for these Penn pages. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Unaltered native institutional web JPEG file in an SVG viewport; no new interpretation of the writing, addition of lost ink or modern replacement form. The larger TIFF masters offered separately are not archived locally for these Penn pages.
Source location: CAJS Rar Ms 658, OPenn 104r, 14209_0210_web.jpg
Scandinavian runic traditions Sweden · Museum dating 1250 – 1350; High Middle Ages
Native view of the incised Majestas-Domini depiction on the lead sheet. The other side, bearing a runic prayer, is not illustrated in this package.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Scandinavian runic traditions
Region
Sweden
Date of the evidence
Museum dating 1250 – 1350; High Middle Ages
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Native view of the incised Majestas-Domini depiction on the lead sheet. The other side, bearing a runic prayer, is not illustrated in this package.
Historically recorded use
The object description mentions a Latin prayer for protection for a court and its inhabitants, as well as the Christian pictorial representation on the opposite side.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Individual museum inventory 554468_HST. Based on the current SHM object page and the media specifically associated with it there. The search API contains some differing, obsolete date fields; these are not adopted as dates of manufacture. No new rune reading, free translation of a formula or completion of lost forms.
Before designing
The transmitted state of the object serves as a historical reference. No reconstruction of invisible, folded or damaged areas; transfer for manufacture must be assessed separately.
Research draft. Unchanged native institutional WebP views, complete within an SVG layout; no camera master is claimed and no outline has been reconstructed. Several views are explicitly separate photographs of the same inventory item. Native view of the incised Majestas Domini depiction on the lead sheet. The other side, with a runic prayer, is not illustrated in this package. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Unchanged native institutional WebP views, complete within an SVG layout; no camera master is claimed and no outline has been reconstructed. Several views are explicitly separate photographs of the same inventory item. Native view of the incised Majestas Domini depiction on the lead sheet. The other side, with a runic prayer, is not illustrated in this package.
Source location: 554468_HST; native media 50accb44-3877-44a7-9e0e-9e6a8b028092
Source location: 554468_HST; Acquisition number 33768
Identity, current dating, material, findspot and individual media attribution. Date of manufacture and modern find or acquisition date remain distinct.
Protective figure composed of baboon and bird elements
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Ancient Egyptian amulets and historical symbol forms Egypt · 664–332 BC
Seated faience figure with a rounded body and mixed baboon and bird features.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Ancient Egyptian amulets and historical symbol forms
Region
Egypt
Date of the evidence
664–332 BC
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Seated faience figure with a rounded body and mixed baboon and bird features.
Historically recorded use
Hybrid creature explicitly described by the museum as a protective figure; use of this specific piece as something worn is not documented.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The protective attribution follows the museum title. No specific named deity is invented; the piece remains a historical symbolic form. The date range follows the readable catalogue dating; the differing numerical API values are preserved separately in the evidence record.
Before designing
The evidenced hybrid form is shown unchanged, without adding a modern sigil. CC0 raster reference; not a verified manufacturing file. Engraving or casting requires separately checked outline preparation.
Research draft. The evidenced hybrid form is shown unchanged, without the addition of a modern sigil. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The evidenced hybrid form is shown unchanged, without the addition of a modern sigil.
Source location: Met 17.194.2439; selected original image
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Hybrid protective figure incorporating parts of a baboon and a bird, 17.194.2439; Gift of J. Pierpont Morgan, 1917; Open Access.
Source location: Met 17.194.2439; object 550933; API title, objectDate, medium, geography, images
Directly archived institutional object record for this exact inventory item. Image form also checked visually; named function and attribution only to the extent documented in each case.
Circle with a quartered inner field and inscription.
Historically recorded use
The text connects displaying it with protection during spirit conjuration.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The statement of purpose is a historical attribution. The German short name is editorial; it is not a claim of efficacy.
Before designing
Check the source drawing and inscription in full before creating a motif drawing; an image link is not a finished engraving template.
Research draft. Visually checked single-figure detail from the historical original. Raster facsimile in an SVG viewport; original JPEG embedded unchanged. Paper/parchment, printing irregularities and show-through are retained. No engraving-ready vector paths; manufacturing requires separately checked vectorisation. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Visually checked single-figure detail from the historical original. Raster facsimile in an SVG viewport; original JPEG embedded unchanged. Paper/parchment, printing irregularities and show-through are retained. No engraving-ready vector paths; manufacturing requires separately checked vectorisation.
Source location: Second numbered pentacle section, handwritten p.10; IIIF Canvas position 181, image 0192
Source location: Work hwqdep8w; MS. 4659; La Clavicule…; mid-18th century; French
Institutional catalogue: French manuscript from the mid-18th century, with numerous pentacles, sigils and inserted parchment leaves. The claim of a translation from Hebrew belongs to the work’s title and is not adopted as a proven source text. Place of manufacture unknown. Twelve selected drawings from the second numbered pentacle section have been individually located visually; statements of purpose are historical attributions made by the manuscript.
Institutional manifest obtained directly; twelve complete, distinguishable drawings viewed in the browser. Page 15 was initially obscured by the loose slip; the complete image is in Canvas 189/Image 0200. Canvas here is a 1-based image position. Page 21 was set aside because its internal drawing is faded/unclear. The German titles are descriptive catalogue labels, not asserted traditional proper names.
Early modern European ritual magic and demonology German- and Latin-language manuscript context; current holding in London; place of creation not established · Around 1775; physical catalogue [1775?], IIIF c.1775
Black linear signs appear in four horizontal rows. The forms combine arcs, loops, crosses and rectangular elements; above them is a handwritten heading. The facsimile shows the complete sheet, including its edges and visible folio number.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern European ritual magic and demonology
Region
German- and Latin-language manuscript context; current holding in London; place of creation not established
Date of the evidence
Around 1775; physical catalogue [1775?], IIIF c.1775
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Black linear signs appear in four horizontal rows. The forms combine arcs, loops, crosses and rectangular elements; above them is a handwritten heading. The facsimile shows the complete sheet, including its edges and visible folio number.
Historically recorded use
Drawing sheet from a German- and Latin-language magical compendium. The institutional catalogue describes three pages of magical and Kabbalistic signs and 31 watercolours of demons. This transmission context does not evidence individual use or effect.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
A specific leaf component of a single manuscript, MS.1766; no additional physical inventory for each sign and no new universal tradition. The institutional dating [1775?] on the object page and c.1775 in the IIIF are retained side by side as approximate dates. Anno 1057 is part of the historical title, not a date of manufacture. The folio designation 4r comes from the IIIF label; the current digital position is 11/112. The individual signs and heading are not independently transcribed or normalised here, nor newly assigned to specific beings. Individual ritual practice, wearing it as an amulet and any actual effect of this leaf are not evidenced.
Before designing
Complete native whole-sheet JPEG in an SVG wrapper; margins, visible folio number, ink strokes and signs of ageing are retained. No raster re-encoding, additions, isolated rearrangement or vectorisation. Source reference without an outline draft and without manufacturing approval.
Research draft. A specific leaf component of a single manuscript, MS.1766; no additional physical inventory for each sign and no new universal tradition. The institutional dating [1775?] on the object page and c.1775 in the IIIF are both retained as approximate dates. Anno 1057 is part of the historical title and not a date of manufacture. The folio reference 4r comes from the IIIF label; the present digital image position is 11/112. Individual signs and the heading are not independently transcribed or normalised here, nor newly assigned to particular beings. Individual ritual use, wearing as an amulet and actual effects of this leaf are not evidenced. Complete native whole-leaf JPEG inside an SVG wrapper; page edges, visible leaf number, ink strokes and signs of ageing are retained. No raster re-encoding, additions, isolated rearrangement or vectorisation. Source reference, not a draft outline and not approved for manufacture. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: A specific leaf component of a single manuscript, MS.1766; no additional physical inventory for each sign and no new universal tradition. The institutional dating [1775?] on the object page and c.1775 in the IIIF are both retained as approximate dates. Anno 1057 is part of the historical title and not a date of manufacture. The folio reference 4r comes from the IIIF label; the present digital image position is 11/112. Individual signs and the heading are not independently transcribed or normalised here, nor newly assigned to particular beings. Individual ritual use, wearing as an amulet and actual effects of this leaf are not evidenced. Complete native whole-leaf JPEG inside an SVG wrapper; page edges, visible leaf number, ink strokes and signs of ageing are retained. No raster re-encoding, additions, isolated rearrangement or vectorisation. Source reference, not a draft outline and not approved for manufacture.
Source location: MS.1766; work ug24vw3b; Date and Publication/Creation [1775?]; Online/Public Domain Mark
Institutional object page with shelfmark, uncertain dating [1775?], description of three drawing sheets and 31 demon watercolours, and specific PDM release. The title entry Anno 1057 is not a date of manufacture.
Source location: Work ID ug24vw3b; title, description and image-service identifier b1968583x
Fresh API response connects title, description and physical work ID to the digitised item. This short API response itself contains no date field; the dating is evidenced by the object page and IIIF.
Source location: Digital surrogate b1968583x; MS.1766; Canvas positions 9/112 and 11/112, labels 3r and 4r
A fresh institutional manifest contains the signature MS.1766, dating c.1775, attribution to Wellcome Collection, the specific Public Domain Mark, 112 Canvases and the folio assignments for 3r and 4r. The older digital API ID cvnpwy8d linked in the manifest returns 404 when retrieved individually today; the physical work record and IIIF remain separately evidenced successfully.
European zodiac; medieval Christian calendar tradition Augsburg, Germany (attested manuscript) · Late 12th to early 13th century (this image evidence)
Sagittarius, calendar image.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
European zodiac; medieval Christian calendar tradition
Region
Augsburg, Germany (attested manuscript)
Date of the evidence
Late 12th to early 13th century (this image evidence)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Description
Sagittarius, calendar image.
Historically recorded use
Zodiac image in the calendar of the Claricia Psalter.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The evidence concerns the zodiac motif. It does not establish a wearable amulet or the glyph form used today.
Before designing
Check the historical image variant on fol. 6v; Unicode is only a search/display aid.
Research draft. Visually verified crop of a single figure from the historical original. Raster facsimile in the SVG viewport; original JPEG embedded unchanged. Paper/parchment, printing irregularities and show-through ink are retained. No vector paths ready for engraving; manufacture requires separately verified vectorisation. This manuscript shows a person with a bow. Several adjacent original viewports exclude unrelated neighbouring signs or calendar text; the complete selected figure is retained. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Visually verified crop of a single figure from the historical original. Raster facsimile in the SVG viewport; original JPEG embedded unchanged. Paper/parchment, printing irregularities and show-through ink are retained. No vector paths ready for engraving; manufacture requires separately verified vectorisation. This manuscript shows a person with a bow. Several adjacent original viewports exclude unrelated neighbouring signs or calendar text; the complete selected figure is retained.
Source location: Claricia Psalter, Walters W.26, fol. 6v; zodiac image in the calendar.
Islamic seal and blessing tradition Probably Iran, Nishapur · 10th century
Square steatite seal face with incised writing around the edge and a recessed four-part central field. The published image shows the front.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Islamic seal and blessing tradition
Region
Probably Iran, Nishapur
Date of the evidence
10th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Square steatite seal face with incised writing around the edge and a recessed four-part central field. The published image shows the front.
Historically recorded use
The Arabic owner’s blessing, incised in mirror image, could appear as a mark of ownership when impressed in wax or clay. The museum text also interprets the repeated blessing formula as a wish for good fortune. A faith formula incised later on the reverse may have had a similar function; its purpose remains unclear.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 37.40.38, Met object 449148. The reverse graffito is evidenced only by the museum text and is not visible in this front view. The gap in the catalogue title is retained as [?]; no wording is supplied and there is no evidence of a worn jewellery amulet.
Before designing
Complete, unaltered native museum photograph; no restoration of historical damage and no manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete native museum photograph; no raster transformation, addition of drawing details or manufacturing approval. The reverse graffiti is attested only by the museum text and is not visible in this front view. The lacuna in the catalogue title remains as [?]; no wording has been added and there is no evidence of a worn jewellery amulet. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete native museum photograph; no raster transformation, addition of drawing details or manufacturing approval. The reverse graffiti is attested only by the museum text and is not visible in this front view. The lacuna in the catalogue title remains as [?]; no wording has been added and there is no evidence of a worn jewellery amulet.
Source location: The Metropolitan Museum of Art; 37.40.38; complete individual photograph
Danish medieval writing and protective culture Sejlflod, Jutland · Medieval (catalogue attribution; no more precise date of manufacture)
A thin, repeatedly folded sheet of lead has several lines of runes or runic-like signs on the outside.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Danish medieval writing and protective culture
Region
Sejlflod, Jutland
Date of the evidence
Medieval (catalogue attribution; no more precise date of manufacture)
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A thin, repeatedly folded sheet of lead has several lines of runes or runic-like signs on the outside.
Historically recorded use
Classified by the museum as a medieval lead amulet; an individual protective intention has not been fully deciphered.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The catalogue offers no secure reading. The fold documented photographically is retained; no inner line is added.
Before designing
Unchanged original photographs as image reference. Individual views are shown separately alongside one another; no engraving outline has been added and no manufacturing approval has been given.
Research draft. The catalogue does not offer a secure reading. The fold documented photographically is retained; no inner line is added. Each image is complete and retains its unaltered native JPEG bytes; separate views are not a historical complete form. Presentation files, not TIFF masters. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The catalogue does not offer a secure reading. The fold documented photographically is retained; no inner line is added. Each image is complete and retains its unaltered native JPEG bytes; separate views are not a historical complete form. Presentation files, not TIFF masters.
Source location: D 2424/2025; DMR-263656, DMR-263657
Use of the template: CC BY-SA 4.0 with attribution and share-alike
Liv Rosendal Nielsen / Nationalmuseet, Danmark; D 2424/2025; DMR-263656; CC BY-SA 4.0. Liv Rosendal Nielsen / Nationalmuseet, Danmark; D 2424/2025; DMR-263657; CC BY-SA 4.0.
Individual institutional object record. Find, registration and photography dates are not treated as manufacturing dates. Uncertain signs and functional identifications remain qualified.
Hinduism / worship of Vishnu Indonesia, East Java · 12th–14th century
Shell in the central medallion over a leafy ground, surrounded by ornamental bands.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Hinduism / worship of Vishnu
Region
Indonesia, East Java
Date of the evidence
12th–14th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Shell in the central medallion over a leafy ground, surrounded by ornamental bands.
Historically recorded use
Preparation of ritual implements on a sacrificial tray.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The iconographic Vishnu context is explicitly explained; no amulet function.
Before designing
Check the medallion of 2017.61.2 exactly; retain the sunray interpretation as probable.
Research draft. Complete, visually checked museum photograph of the specific linked historical object. Unaltered original JPEG bytes are embedded in the SVG as a raster facsimile; this is neither a cropped individual glyph nor a traced sigil. The object context and all visible image details are retained. No production-ready vector paths; engraving or CNC manufacture requires separate assessment. Image crop, orientation, background and object condition remain exactly as in the original JPEG. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete, visually checked museum photograph of the specific linked historical object. Unaltered original JPEG bytes are embedded in the SVG as a raster facsimile; this is neither a cropped individual glyph nor a traced sigil. The object context and all visible image details are retained. No production-ready vector paths; engraving or CNC manufacture requires separate assessment. Image crop, orientation, background and object condition remain exactly as in the original JPEG.
Source location: Met object 715081; Inventory 2017.61.2; complete primary record from the current institutional API, uncropped; original 4000 × 3000 px
Shinjūkyō – Japanese mirror of the cosmos of gods and animals
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Japanese Kofun period; Chinese cosmology and Shinto reception Japan · 4th–5th century (object text); API numerical values 400–600
Round bronze mirror with a central boss, relief images of deities and mythical animals, and concentric bands.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Japanese Kofun period; Chinese cosmology and Shinto reception
Region
Japan
Date of the evidence
4th–5th century (object text); API numerical values 400–600
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Round bronze mirror with a central boss, relief images of deities and mythical animals, and concentric bands.
Historically recorded use
The museum description explains the religious use of mirrors in Shinto and the transfer of Chinese mirror designs to Japan.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The precise individual ceremony for this example remains unknown. The dating text 4th–5th century and the differing numerical API range 400–600 are not treated as equivalent.
Before designing
Native institutional original photograph embedded unchanged; complete view or precisely localised component of a scroll. No new isolated signs, no local upscaling and no missing strokes added. A raster facsimile is not an engraving-ready outline.
Research draft. The precise individual ceremony for this example remains unknown. The dating text ‘4th–5th century’ and the differing numerical API range 400–600 are not equated. Original JPEG bytes and documented pixel viewport remain unchanged. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The precise individual ceremony for this example remains unknown. The dating text ‘4th–5th century’ and the differing numerical API range 400–600 are not equated. Original JPEG bytes and documented pixel viewport remain unchanged.
Source location: Met 1975.268.383; complete current primary original view
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Mirror (Shinjūkyō) Based on Han Dynasty Prototype with Cosmological Design, 1975.268.383; The Harry G. C. Packard Collection of Asian Art, Gift of Harry G. C. Packard, and Purchase, Fletcher, Rogers, Harris Brisbane Dick, and Louis V. Bell Funds, Joseph Pulitzer Bequest, and The Annenberg Fund Inc. Gift, 1975; Open Access.
Source location: Met 1975.268.383; object 44835; current object description and specific native original photograph
The current object page was read via web access, the Met object API was fully archived, and the individual original photograph was visually checked. Unattested ways of wearing the object or private protective effects have not been added. Text and API dating remain separate where they differ.
Source location: Open Access images under CC0; the specific isPublicDomain status is given in the individual object metadata
For each image, the release is combined with the current object API and the Public-Domain designation on the specific object page. Open metadata alone does not imply rights to third-party photographs.
Jewish Hebrew amulet tradition Origin unknown; current holdings Yale, USA · c. 18th century; institutional dating
Parchment sheet with a large pair of lions around the crowned upper oval, a script-menorah motif in the centre and further Hebrew script fields. Traces of age remain visible.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Jewish Hebrew amulet tradition
Region
Origin unknown; current holdings Yale, USA
Date of the evidence
c. 18th century; institutional dating
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Parchment sheet with a large pair of lions around the crowned upper oval, a script-menorah motif in the centre and further Hebrew script fields. Traces of age remain visible.
Historically recorded use
Catalogued as a personal protective amulet; the Shiviti composition also points to religious devotional images.
Complete native original capture as a source facsimile; no reconstruction, modernised reading or automatic engraving approval.
Research draft. Complete native original capture as a source facsimile; no reconstruction, modernised reading or automatic engraving approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete native original capture as a source facsimile; no reconstruction, modernised reading or automatic engraving approval.
Ancient Egyptian amulets and historical symbol forms Egypt · 664–332 BC
Kneeling faience figure with raised arms and a large round form above the head.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Ancient Egyptian amulets and historical symbol forms
Region
Egypt
Date of the evidence
664–332 BC
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Kneeling faience figure with raised arms and a large round form above the head.
Historically recorded use
Deity amulet, identified by the catalogue as Shu.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The deity’s name follows the museum. No specific personal wish for protection or uncatalogued inscription has been added. The date range follows the legible catalogue dating; the differing numerical API values are preserved separately in the evidence record.
Before designing
Original complete figure; no worn body details added. CC0 raster reference; not a checked manufacturing file. A separately checked contour preparation is required for engraving or casting.
Research draft. Complete original figure; no reconstruction of abraded body details. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete original figure; no reconstruction of abraded body details.
Source location: Met 04.2.372; selected original photograph
Source location: Met 04.2.372; object 545347; API title, objectDate, medium, geography, images
Directly archived institutional object record for this exact inventory item. Image form also checked visually; named function and attribution only to the extent documented in each case.
Source location: ANVI 37; VD 16 ZV 22511; DOI 10.3931/e-rara-8789; Aphorismus XVII, pp. 26–31
Catalogue: Basel, Peter Perna,1575. Seven different Character figures of the Olympic spirits are present in this print. This demonstrates their transmission in 1575, not ancient authorship or a documented worn pendant.
Manifest received directly and six original pages viewed in the browser: Aratron 26, Bethor 27, Phaleg 28, Och 29, Hagith and Ophiel 30, Phul 31. Image positions 30–35 are not printed pages. The historical name attribution is recorded for each figure, without adopting modern redrawings.
Seven-field wheel of the Liber Alze – Musaeum Hermeticum 1678
Original image · source evidence
Alchemical-theosophical symbolic image
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art Frankfurt am Main, Germany; place of printing · 1678; specific copy used; partial imprint 1677
A wheel with seven numbered image fields, rays and planetary symbols surrounds a bearded head. Triangular frames, Corpus, Anima and Spiritus lettering, and motifs from nature and figures surround the wheel.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art
Region
Frankfurt am Main, Germany; place of printing
Date of the evidence
1678; specific copy used; partial imprint 1677
Type of evidence
Textual evidence
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A wheel with seven numbered image fields, rays and planetary symbols surrounds a bearded head. Triangular frames, Corpus, Anima and Spiritus lettering, and motifs from nature and figures surround the wheel.
Historically recorded use
Specific alchemical diagram on the title page of the anonymously attributed De Lapide Philosophico perbreve opusculum, called LIBER ALZE here. Partial imprint 1677 in the 1678 volume. No particular Basilius author or standardised modern Azoth seal is claimed. Historical book illustration; actual use as a neck pendant is not attested.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Individually located historical print component of the specific 1678 copy, not a new independent historical text and not an evidenced worn amulet. Effect and suitability for manufacture are not established. Visible partial imprint 1677, distinct from the year of the complete volume, 1678; not equated with the first creation of the image form.
Before designing
Complete, unaltered institutional full-page JPEG view, 2880×3151px. The separately offered larger master, 4701×5143px, was not provided as the downloaded file. Image, writing, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile, not a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete, unaltered institutional full-page JPEG view, 2880×3151px. The separately offered larger master, 4701×5143px, was not provided as the downloaded file. Image, writing, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile, not a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete, unaltered institutional full-page JPEG view, 2880×3151px. The separately offered larger master, 4701×5143px, was not provided as the downloaded file. Image, writing, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile, not a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: QD25 .M87315 1678; unpaginated; viewer index 25, asset wh246t29n; Large JPG 2880×3151
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Courtesy of Science History Institute; Musaeum Hermeticum Reformatum et Amplificatum, used edition 1678; QD25 .M87315 1678; unpaginiert; Viewerindex 25, Asset wh246t29n; Public Domain Mark 1.0.
Source location: QD25 .M87315 1678; Frankfurt am Main, Hermann à Sande
Specific complete volume with 70 institutional digital images. Main title and catalogue date 1678; several bound component titles bear 1677. The 30 images captured are components of this single volume. The transmitted author names are attributions in the printed work; no confirmed biography of a medieval monk.
Specific alchemical diagram on the title page of the anonymously attributed De Lapide Philosophico perbreve opusculum, referred to here as LIBER ALZE. Partial imprint 1677 in the 1678 volume. No claim is made for a particular Basilius author or a standardised modern Azoth seal. Specific image file of the identified PDM volume; viewer member, own download and individual PDM download display checked. No non-existent individual catalogue page invented.
Names of the Seven Sleepers as a calligraphic ship
Original image · source evidence
Calligraphic sign
Ottoman-Islamic protective calligraphy Turkey · 1180 AH / 1766–67 CE
Ship’s hull made from the names of the Seven Sleepers and their dog.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Ottoman-Islamic protective calligraphy
Region
Turkey
Date of the evidence
1180 AH / 1766–67 CE
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Description
Ship’s hull made from the names of the Seven Sleepers and their dog.
Historically recorded use
Image calligraphy with names from a religious tradition understood to be protective.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The sheet by Abd al-Qadir Hisari is not an attested wearable pendant; treat the Christian prehistory of the story separately.
Before designing
Check the composition of 2003.241; the writing must not be reinterpreted as a freely drawn ship.
Research draft. Complete, visually checked museum photograph of the specific linked historical object. Unaltered original JPEG bytes are embedded in the SVG as a raster facsimile; this is neither a cropped individual glyph nor a traced sigil. The object context and all visible image details are retained. No production-ready vector paths; engraving or CNC manufacture requires separate assessment. Image crop, orientation, background and object condition remain exactly as in the original JPEG. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete, visually checked museum photograph of the specific linked historical object. Unaltered original JPEG bytes are embedded in the SVG as a raster facsimile; this is neither a cropped individual glyph nor a traced sigil. The object context and all visible image details are retained. No production-ready vector paths; engraving or CNC manufacture requires separate assessment. Image crop, orientation, background and object condition remain exactly as in the original JPEG.
Source location: Met object 454611; Inventory 2003.241; complete main photograph from the current institutional API, uncropped; original 3893 × 3459 px
Icelandic Christian manuscript magic Iceland · 17th century
Incomplete partial outline; the complete image source remains unknown. Innsigli heilags anda in Lbs 143 8vo. Only an incomplete historical partial outline of selected frame and outer lines is available. Labels, internal signs and further lines are missing; the complete image source remains unknown.
Research draftSource-based vector template
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Icelandic Christian manuscript magic
Region
Iceland
Date of the evidence
17th century
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Description
Incomplete partial outline; the complete image source remains unknown. Innsigli heilags anda in Lbs 143 8vo. Only an incomplete historical partial outline of selected frame and outer lines is available. Labels, internal signs and further lines are missing; the complete image source remains unknown.
Historically recorded use
A seal drawing in a predominantly protective textual context.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Original scan of Sanctus Spiritus Sigillum on fol. 13v visually confirmed. Letters, ring inscription and signs in the rays are not supplemented without a checked full transcription; institutional photo rights are not evidenced as open. 2026-10-09: canonical original scan retrieved directly again with HTTP 200 and byte-for-byte identical to the existing archive. A separately available, independently drawn, font-free partial outline covers selected clearly visible sections of larger lines; all inscriptions and indistinct signs remain untranscribed. The complete historical drawing and the open photo rights remain unresolved.
Before designing
Only a partial outline of the specific historical sheet. Contains selected, clearly visible large line sections; all inscriptions and the other components explicitly mentioned are absent. Open ends are not joined to form a closed pattern. Stroke width has been editorially standardised; this is not an object-faithful ink texture, a complete reconstruction or a manufacturing or engraving path. No photographic pixels, fonts or signs supplemented from other people’s manuscripts.
Research draft. Only a partial outline of the specific historical sheet. Contains selected, clearly visible large line sections; all inscriptions and the other components explicitly mentioned are absent. Open ends are not joined to form a closed pattern. Stroke width has been editorially standardised; this is not an object-faithful ink texture, a complete reconstruction or a manufacturing or engraving path. No photographic pixels, fonts or signs supplemented from other people’s manuscripts. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Vector template: Only a partial outline of the specific historical sheet. Contains selected, clearly visible large line sections; all inscriptions and the other components explicitly mentioned are absent. Open ends are not joined to form a closed pattern. Stroke width has been editorially standardised; this is not an object-faithful ink texture, a complete reconstruction or a manufacturing or engraving path. No photographic pixels, fonts or signs supplemented from other people’s manuscripts.
Source location: Lbs 143 8vo, fol. 13v; TEI-Surface 31; partial outline selected from the historical seal
Only a partial outline of the specific historical sheet. Contains selected, clearly visible large line sections; all inscriptions and the other components explicitly mentioned are absent. Open ends are not joined to form a closed pattern. Stroke width has been editorially standardised; this is not an object-faithful ink texture, a complete reconstruction or a manufacturing or engraving path. No photographic pixels, fonts or signs supplemented from other people’s manuscripts.
Lbs 143: 17th century, Ægishjálmur and two Christian-Solomonic seals. Huld here gives 1847, differing from the library catalogue’s 1860; the conflict remains unresolved.
Official Surface sequence and original scans visually cross-checked: Ægishjálmur11r, Sanctus Spiritus Sigillum13v, Salomonis Sigillum14r. Library images are not claimed to be openly licensed; TEI availability is restricted, with access for scholarly purposes. For the public Ægishjálmur facsimile, the NorseMap image of the same page, independently designated PDM, is used instead.
Canonical image endpoint linked in TEI fetched directly today with HTTP 200 and archived natively. Private source/contour checking only; no institutional CC/PDM licence for the photographic pixels is documented. The limited contour transfer of the old pattern is separate from the library photograph.
Seal amulet in the form of a reclining fox, inventory 1983.314.21, c. 3500–2900 BC
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Late Uruk to Jemdet Nasr period Mesopotamia or south-western Iran · c. 3500–2900 BC
Seal amulet in the form of a recumbent fox from Mesopotamia or south-western Iran, around 3500–2900 BC. The mustard-yellow marble forms a folded body and a head facing right with prominent round eyes. Inventory 1983.314.21 is another historical example of the already attested fox form; it is recorded as a specific object variant. The alternative provenance is retained, and no special magical significance is added.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Late Uruk to Jemdet Nasr period
Region
Mesopotamia or south-western Iran
Date of the evidence
c. 3500–2900 BC
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Seal amulet in the form of a recumbent fox from Mesopotamia or south-western Iran, around 3500–2900 BC. The mustard-yellow marble forms a folded body and a head facing right with prominent round eyes. Inventory 1983.314.21 is another historical example of the already attested fox form; it is recorded as a specific object variant. The alternative provenance is retained, and no special magical significance is added.
Historically recorded use
Catalogued by the museum as a fox-shaped seal amulet; the structured object inventory also records a cord hole.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Separate inventory number 1983.314.21 and its own native main image; not the same object as 86.11.253. The title and material entry, Marble, mustard color, come from the museum. The two fox objects evidence variants of the same form and do not count as two newly invented basic symbols.
Before designing
Yellowish recumbent animal sculpture with head to the right and circular eyes visible from the front; the native institutional side view is retained in full. The facsimile contains unaltered native JPEG bytes and the complete photographed image area. No added graphic and no manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Its own inventory 1983.314.21 and its own native main image; not the same object as 86.11.253. The title and material description Marble, mustard color are from the museum. The two fox objects document variants of the same form and are not counted as two newly invented basic symbols. Separate inventory of the same fox form, not a new independent basic motif. Provenance is alternative, protective function not specified. Native JPEG bytes and complete image area unchanged. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Its own inventory 1983.314.21 and its own native main image; not the same object as 86.11.253. The title and material description Marble, mustard color are from the museum. The two fox objects document variants of the same form and are not counted as two newly invented basic symbols. Separate inventory of the same fox form, not a new independent basic motif. Provenance is alternative, protective function not specified. Native JPEG bytes and complete image area unchanged.
Source location: Inventory 1983.314.21; complete photographed principal view from the individual API record
Source location: Individual inventory 1983.314.21; object ID 326741; dating, material, origin, native primary image and isPublicDomain=true
Separate inventory number 1983.314.21 and its own native main image; not the same object as 86.11.253. The title and material entry, Marble, mustard color, come from the museum. The two fox objects evidence variants of the same form and do not count as two newly invented basic symbols.
Source location: Open Access section; CC0 release of the public-domain work images marked accordingly
The general policy alone is not sufficient: each image used is additionally tied to an individual inventory number, its native primaryImage link and isPublicDomain=true. Rights apply to the selected images, not to all Met files as a blanket rule.
Seal amulet in the form of a reclining fox, Inventory 86.11.253, c. 3500–2900 BC
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Late Uruk to Jemdet Nasr period Iran or Mesopotamia · c. 3500–2900 BC
Seal amulet in the form of a recumbent fox from Iran or Mesopotamia, around 3500–2900 BC. The light-coloured, locally damaged stone object shows an animal in profile, with its head facing left and tail curled back. The museum identifies the material as calcite and marks the colour as green with a question mark. This uncertainty and the alternative provenance are retained. It is a distinct historical inventory within the fox form, without an invented protective meaning.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Late Uruk to Jemdet Nasr period
Region
Iran or Mesopotamia
Date of the evidence
c. 3500–2900 BC
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Seal amulet in the form of a recumbent fox from Iran or Mesopotamia, around 3500–2900 BC. The light-coloured, locally damaged stone object shows an animal in profile, with its head facing left and tail curled back. The museum identifies the material as calcite and marks the colour as green with a question mark. This uncertainty and the alternative provenance are retained. It is a distinct historical inventory within the fox form, without an invented protective meaning.
Historically recorded use
The museum catalogues the object as a fox-shaped seal amulet and records a cord hole. No specific protective effect or wearer is attested.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 86.11.253, the title Fox Seal Amulet, and the Late Uruk to Jemdet Nasr context and dating are institutionally attested. The raw material field Calcite, green (?) is retained. The main photograph shows the animal form; a seal surface that has not been assessed is not traced.
Before designing
A pale, broken or weathered recumbent animal form with head to the left and tail to the right. The actual surviving side view is archived in full. The facsimile contains unchanged native JPEG bytes and the complete photographed image area. No added graphic and no approval for manufacture.
Research draft. Inventory 86.11.253, the title Fox seal amulet, the Late Uruk to Jemdet Nasr context and the dating are institutionally attested. The raw material field Calcite, green (?) is retained. The main photograph shows the animal form; an unevaluated seal surface is not traced. Green is already uncertain in the source. Iran or Mesopotamia are alternative attributions. No interpretation of an unevaluated underside. Native JPEG bytes and complete image crop unchanged. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Inventory 86.11.253, the title Fox seal amulet, the Late Uruk to Jemdet Nasr context and the dating are institutionally attested. The raw material field Calcite, green (?) is retained. The main photograph shows the animal form; an unevaluated seal surface is not traced. Green is already uncertain in the source. Iran or Mesopotamia are alternative attributions. No interpretation of an unevaluated underside. Native JPEG bytes and complete image crop unchanged.
Source location: Inventory 86.11.253; complete photographed main view from the individual API record
Source location: Individual inventory 86.11.253; object ID 321880; dating, material, origin, native primary image and isPublicDomain=true
Inventory 86.11.253, the title Fox Seal Amulet, and the Late Uruk to Jemdet Nasr context and dating are institutionally attested. The raw material field Calcite, green (?) is retained. The main photograph shows the animal form; a seal surface that has not been assessed is not traced.
Source location: Open Access section; CC0 release of the public-domain work images marked accordingly
The general policy alone is not sufficient: each image used is additionally tied to an individual inventory number, its native primaryImage link and isPublicDomain=true. Rights apply to the selected images, not to all Met files as a blanket rule.
Seal amulet in the form of a recumbent bovine, c. 3500–2900 BCE
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Late Uruk to Jemdet Nasr period Iran or Mesopotamia · c. 3500–2900 BC
Small stone seal amulet with a recumbent bovine animal from Iran or Mesopotamia, around 3500–2900 BC. The folded animal body and head turned to the right are modelled in relief; the eyes appear as drilled hollows. The museum uses the general term bovid and identifies the material as greenish-grey onyx marble. No narrower species identification, deity attribution or specific protective effect is inferred from the animal form.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Late Uruk to Jemdet Nasr period
Region
Iran or Mesopotamia
Date of the evidence
c. 3500–2900 BC
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Small stone seal amulet with a recumbent bovine animal from Iran or Mesopotamia, around 3500–2900 BC. The folded animal body and head turned to the right are modelled in relief; the eyes appear as drilled hollows. The museum uses the general term bovid and identifies the material as greenish-grey onyx marble. No narrower species identification, deity attribution or specific protective effect is inferred from the animal form.
Historically recorded use
Catalogued by the museum as a seal amulet in the form of a recumbent bovine animal; a cord hole has been measured. No particular deity or animal species has been established.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 86.11.254; both possible provenances, the general cattle-animal form and the date come from the individual object source. The photographed three-dimensional form is evidenced; the additional view offered by the museum was not downloaded or visually assessed here.
Before designing
Compact, recumbent animal body, head to the right, two prominent round eye depressions and folded legs; greyish stone against an unchanged light background. The facsimile contains unchanged native JPEG bytes and the complete photographed image area. No added graphic and no manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Inventory 86.11.254; both possible provenances, the general bovid form and the date come from the individual object source. The photographed three-dimensional form is evidenced; the additional view offered by the museum was not downloaded or visually assessed here. Bovid denotes an animal family; no specific cattle species or deity is added. Unphotographed parts are left uninterpreted. Native JPEG bytes and the complete image crop are unchanged. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Inventory 86.11.254; both possible provenances, the general bovid form and the date come from the individual object source. The photographed three-dimensional form is evidenced; the additional view offered by the museum was not downloaded or visually assessed here. Bovid denotes an animal family; no specific cattle species or deity is added. Unphotographed parts are left uninterpreted. Native JPEG bytes and the complete image crop are unchanged.
Source location: Inventory 86.11.254; complete photographed main view from the individual API record
Source location: Individual inventory 86.11.254; object ID 321881; dating, material, provenance, native main image and isPublicDomain=true
Inventory 86.11.254; both possible provenances, the general cattle-animal form and the date come from the individual object source. The photographed three-dimensional form is evidenced; the additional view offered by the museum was not downloaded or visually assessed here.
Source location: Open Access section; CC0 release of the public-domain work images marked accordingly
The general policy alone is not sufficient: each image used is additionally tied to an individual inventory number, its native primaryImage link and isPublicDomain=true. Rights apply to the selected images, not to all Met files as a blanket rule.
Early modern Christian ritual and angel magic England; Dee tradition · Late 16th century according to the catalogue; surviving disks first mentioned in 1692
Complex seal with names and geometric signs.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern Christian ritual and angel magic
Region
England; Dee tradition
Date of the evidence
Late 16th century according to the catalogue; surviving disks first mentioned in 1692
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Description
Complex seal with names and geometric signs.
Historically recorded use
Wax seal in the context of Dee’s show-stones and ritual table.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Ritual apparatus, not an attested neck amulet. The object catalogue considers manufacture during Dee’s lifetime not entirely certain; it distinguishes the manuscript drawing from the surviving object.
Before designing
Compare large disc 1838,1232.90.a against manuscript and object; do not confuse with smaller .b/.c.
Research draft. Original photograph of the large, complexly inscribed wax disc British Museum 1838,1232.90.a (23.2 cm according to the object catalogue), shown in oblique perspective with surviving signs of use. Not a manuscript drawing, not the small partial object .b/.c, and not an idealised reconstruction of the sigils. Ritual equipment; no evidence that it was a neck amulet. The museum catalogue dates it to the late 16th century, explicitly leaving open whether it was made during Dee’s lifetime; the discs are first mentioned in 1692. CC0 photograph by Vassil; raster facsimile without manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Original photograph of the large, complexly inscribed wax disc British Museum 1838,1232.90.a (23.2 cm according to the object catalogue), shown in oblique perspective with surviving signs of use. Not a manuscript drawing, not the small partial object .b/.c, and not an idealised reconstruction of the sigils. Ritual equipment; no evidence that it was a neck amulet. The museum catalogue dates it to the late 16th century, explicitly leaving open whether it was made during Dee’s lifetime; the discs are first mentioned in 1692. CC0 photograph by Vassil; raster facsimile without manufacturing approval.
Source location: British Museum 1838,1232.90.a / OA.105; Vassil, 26.07.2013; native 2408×1812
The museum text distinguishes a large seal disc beneath a viewing stone from smaller discs beneath table legs. The unproven Cotton provenance mentioned in the text concerns the crystal ball; check the individual object catalogue for the wax discs.
Catalogue dating: late 16th century; the discs were first mentioned in 1692. It is explicitly not entirely certain that they were made during Dee’s lifetime.
Search index evidence – complete source page not yet checked · Checked on:
Sigillum Sielentium Artis – Gemma Sapientiae, p. 59
Original image · source evidence
Historical sigils
German-language alchemy and Christian theosophy German-speaking area of transmission; place of origin not established · c. 1735? (catalogue dating)
Two double-headed eagles above a small geometric figure; the original heading and accompanying text remain visible.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
German-language alchemy and Christian theosophy
Region
German-speaking area of transmission; place of origin not established
Date of the evidence
c. 1735? (catalogue dating)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Two double-headed eagles above a small geometric figure; the original heading and accompanying text remain visible.
Historically recorded use
Symbolic illustration in an alchemical-theosophical manuscript.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Specific handwritten page of MS.2492. The date around 1735 is inferred and is not presented as an exactly established year. Thematic parallels with later Rosicrucian panels do not prove an identical image version.
Before designing
Complete original view of the handwritten p. 59, with context and surviving inscriptions. No translation of hard-to-read letters and no idealised geometry added. Historical visual symbolism, not evidence of a worn amulet; raster facsimile without manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete original view of the handwritten p. 59, with context and surviving inscriptions. No translation of hard-to-read letters and no idealised geometry added. Historical visual symbolism, not evidence of a worn amulet; raster facsimile without manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete original view of the handwritten p. 59, with context and surviving inscriptions. No translation of hard-to-read letters and no idealised geometry added. Historical visual symbolism, not evidence of a worn amulet; raster facsimile without manufacturing approval.
Source location: MS.2492, p. 59; b19294578_0062.jp2; native 4017×5796
Source location: MS.2492; dating 1735?; description and digitised copy b19294578
Historical German-language alchemical-theosophical pictorial witness. The date of around 1735 is a catalogue estimate; it is not recorded as an amulet proven to have been worn.
Source location: MS.2492, manuscript p. 59; Canvas index 61, image 62; unchanged JPEG view at native dimensions
Primary digital image witness of the named page; the IIIF manifest b19294578 is explicitly marked Public Domain Mark. Modern letterforms and additions are absent.
Norse tradition Sigtuna, Sweden · Late 11th century
Copper amulet with repeated formulae and three i-signs.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Norse tradition
Region
Sigtuna, Sweden
Date of the evidence
Late 11th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Description
Copper amulet with repeated formulae and three i-signs.
Historically recorded use
Warding off illness through an incantatory inscription.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
U Fv1933;134. the Þórr/þurs reading and disease term are disputed; no present-day medical effect is claimed.
Before designing
Use as a reference object; check the complete rune reading and drawing against the object edition before designing.
Research draft. Both complete inscription sides of the specific runic plate SHM19692 / U Fv1933;134. Two unchanged institutional original JPEGs are arranged one above the other as separate SVG viewports; grey background and scale partly hidden, with no object edge or inscription cropped. No mirroring, redrawing or completing damaged runes. The modern white inventory inscription remains visible as photographic context. The museum names both individual images as CC BY4.0 and Gabriel Hildebrand. No definitive new reading of the disputed inscription and no manufacturing-ready vector paths. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Both complete inscription sides of the specific runic plate SHM19692 / U Fv1933;134. Two unchanged institutional original JPEGs are arranged one above the other as separate SVG viewports; grey background and scale partly hidden, with no object edge or inscription cropped. No mirroring, redrawing or completing damaged runes. The modern white inventory inscription remains visible as photographic context. The museum names both individual images as CC BY4.0 and Gabriel Hildebrand. No definitive new reading of the disputed inscription and no manufacturing-ready vector paths.
Source location: SHM19692 /364424_HST, runic identifier U Fv1933;134; two fully preserved object views, MediaBE24D0B3-FE4A-4C17-B767-6632E9265D5D and9DE03B7B-9603-4EB7-8FB0-5018341DE38C.
Source location: Runbleck364424_HST; Acquisition number 19692; Other number U Fv1933;134; MediaBE24D0B3-FE4A-4C17-B767-6632E9265D5D and9DE03B7B-9603-4EB7-8FB0-5018341DE38C
Object identity institutionally confirmed by matching rune identifier and inventory number. Both original images visually checked; individual image pages name photographer Gabriel Hildebrand, 21.09.2011, and explicitly state CC BY4.0. The metadata licence CC0 is separate. The museum dating 400–1250 is broader than the runological narrowing in the existing profile; no change to the historical text reading.
Gilt silver box with niello, hinge and side loops; a seated ruler figure in the frame.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Iran; medieval amulet cases
Region
Iran
Date of the evidence
11th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Gilt silver box with niello, hinge and side loops; a seated ruler figure in the frame.
Historically recorded use
Inventoried as an amulet case. The historical publication discusses containers of this group as intended for written amulets, while also noting fragrance substances as a possible content.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
No original contents of this individual specimen are attested. No specific Qur’anic verses or fragrance actually preserved inside it are claimed. The existing private reference met-ref-452861 remains linked separately.
Before designing
Native institutional object image as a historical image reference; no isolated vector glyph, added inscription or manufacturing approval. The photograph and original form remain separate from later engraving outlines.
Research draft. An original content for this individual example is not attested. No specific Quranic verses or fragrance actually preserved inside it are claimed. The existing private reference met-ref-452861 remains linked separately. Original JPEGs are embedded byte-for-byte; no writing or lines have been added. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: An original content for this individual example is not attested. No specific Quranic verses or fragrance actually preserved inside it are claimed. The existing private reference met-ref-452861 remains linked separately. Original JPEGs are embedded byte-for-byte; no writing or lines have been added.
Source location: Met 1978.415; complete selected original view
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Amulet Case, 1978.415; Purchase, Rogers Fund, The Friends of the Islamic Department Fund, and Richard Ettinghausen and Edward Ablat Gifts, 1978; Open Access.
Title, inventory number, material and dating are checked individually; cultural-historical use is included only to the extent stated in the object description. The linked web text snapshots document the independent, current review of the object pages.
Source location: Cat. 35, Silver Amulet Case, p. 66; 1978.415
Institutional search-index text describes a hinge, a ruler scene, written amulets as possible contents, and alternatively the use of this group for fragrance. Full PDF retrieval was not completed by the web tool because of its size, 18.8 MiB; therefore no claim is made of having retrieved the complete PDF text.
Search index evidence – complete source page not yet checked · Checked on:
Ancient Egyptian Egypt, Thebes, Deir el-Bahri, tomb TT 117; Met excavation 1926–27 · Third Intermediate Period to Late Period, c. 1080–343 BC according to the text; differing API values −1070/−1070
Small blue-green sistrum-shaped object with a handle, face area and openwork upper frame. Accretions, wear and the complete outer form are retained in the original photograph.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Ancient Egyptian
Region
Egypt, Thebes, Deir el-Bahri, tomb TT 117; Met excavation 1926–27
Date of the evidence
Third Intermediate Period to Late Period, c. 1080–343 BC according to the text; differing API values −1070/−1070
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Small blue-green sistrum-shaped object with a handle, face area and openwork upper frame. Accretions, wear and the complete outer form are retained in the original photograph.
Historically recorded use
The museum identifies the miniature object as a sistrum amulet and records its excavation from tomb TT 117. This does not establish that it was a functional musical instrument.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
No additional deity identification or specific protective formula has been inferred from the form. Excavation years are not manufacture dates. The written-out period and the numerical API dates remain separate; the precise dating within the period is open. The existing private reference remains linked unchanged.
Before designing
Complete native museum view as source evidence; not an isolated or production-ready engraving outline.
Research draft. Unaltered complete original JPEG; one view, not a view from all sides. No addition of lost forms, outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Unaltered complete original JPEG; one view, not a view from all sides. No addition of lost forms, outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: 27.3.605; complete native primary view from the museum
Egyptian Egypt · Third Intermediate Period, about 1069–664 BC
Blue-green faience figure of a seated, lion-headed goddess with a sistrum and staff. The front view shows the hands, the long robe and the base. Emily Teeter’s detailed catalogue (2025), cat. 78, identifies this specific inventory object as Sekhmet.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Egyptian
Region
Egypt
Date of the evidence
Third Intermediate Period, about 1069–664 BC
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Blue-green faience figure of a seated, lion-headed goddess with a sistrum and staff. The front view shows the hands, the long robe and the base. Emily Teeter’s detailed catalogue (2025), cat. 78, identifies this specific inventory object as Sekhmet.
Historically recorded use
Deity amulet with a suspension fitting. The scholarly museum catalogue identifies the figure as Sekhmet and discusses the sistrum in connection with her relationship to Bastet.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The title and scholarly catalogue name Sekhmet, whereas the shorter API description names Bastet. This source discrepancy is not silently reconciled. The API’s numeric start date is -1070, compared with about 1069 in the dating text. The throne sides described in the catalogue are not fully visible in the selected front view. The object, inventory number, material and dating are tied to the archived API record.
Before designing
Actually seen: blue seated figure with an animal head, both arms in front of the body, a long robe and a rectangular base. Unaltered institutional JPEG presentation image showing the complete image area; not an isolated engraving outline and not manufacturing approval.
Research draft. The title and scholarly catalogue name Sekhmet, whereas the shorter API description names Bastet. This difference between sources is not silently harmonised. Numerical API start date -1070 compared with approximately 1069 in the dating text. The throne sides described in the catalogue are not fully visible in the selected frontal view. Complete institutional presentation photograph 1686 pixels wide; larger IIIF master dimensions 4364×5819 documented separately. No local scaling or re-encoding of the embedded JPEG bytes. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The title and scholarly catalogue name Sekhmet, whereas the shorter API description names Bastet. This difference between sources is not silently harmonised. Numerical API start date -1070 compared with approximately 1069 in the dating text. The throne sides described in the catalogue are not fully visible in the selected frontal view. Complete institutional presentation photograph 1686 pixels wide; larger IIIF master dimensions 4364×5819 documented separately. No local scaling or re-encoding of the embedded JPEG bytes.
Source location: Inventory 1892.51; institutional main view 3f5e800e-777c-8feb-d07e-28f61714568c
Art Institute of Chicago. Amulet of Sekhmet, Third Intermediate Period (about 1069–664 BCE), 1892.51. Gift of Henry H. Getty, Charles L. Hutchinson, and Norman W. Harris
Source location: Inventory 1892.51; API object 135831; JSON /data[id=135831]
Institutional evidence for an individual object from an archived multi-record API retrieval. Dating, material, provenance and inventory details follow the specific record; source attribution is not an independent scientific authenticity test.
Source location: Open Access Images; CC0 Public Domain Designation
Specific images only when accompanied by the individual is_public_domain=true and the object's image ID. Descriptive API texts separately carry CC BY4; image release is CC0.
Source location: Cat.78, Inventory1892.51, PDF pages2–5
Scholarly catalogue for object identity and classification; brief original factual summary. The catalogue text is licensed under CC BY-NC4; its PDF images are not reproduced as image files.
Scaraboid with possible sphinx in modern setting (Walters 57.1529)
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Syro-Palestinian scaraboids Near East; Syro-Palestinian motif context according to the museum · Stone: 9th–7th century BCE; silver setting: modern
Underside with an incised hybrid creature and raised tail; identification as a falcon-headed sphinx remains uncertain. Reverse with parallel and angled strokes. The silver setting and red inventory inscription are not part of the ancient signs.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Syro-Palestinian scaraboids
Region
Near East; Syro-Palestinian motif context according to the museum
Date of the evidence
Stone: 9th–7th century BCE; silver setting: modern
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Underside with an incised hybrid creature and raised tail; identification as a falcon-headed sphinx remains uncertain. Reverse with parallel and angled strokes. The silver setting and red inventory inscription are not part of the ancient signs.
Historically recorded use
The museum presents an amuletic rather than an administrative seal function as a possibility. The association of divine and royal power is its historical interpretation of the motif, not a confirmed effect or definitive identification.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Specific museum object, Walters 57.1529. Dating and interpretation follow the individual museum record. Earlier use, efficacy and lost signs are not inferred from the photograph.
Before designing
Unaltered, complete original photographs in an SVG facsimile. No reconstructed outline and no manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Underside with an incised hybrid creature and raised tail; its possible identification as a falcon-headed sphinx remains uncertain. Reverse with parallel and angled strokes. The silver setting and red inventory inscription are not part of the ancient marks. Specific museum object, Walters 57.1529. Dating and interpretation follow the individual museum record. No earlier use, efficacy or lost marks are inferred from the photograph. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Underside with an incised hybrid creature and raised tail; its possible identification as a falcon-headed sphinx remains uncertain. Reverse with parallel and angled strokes. The silver setting and red inventory inscription are not part of the ancient marks. Specific museum object, Walters 57.1529. Dating and interpretation follow the individual museum record. No earlier use, efficacy or lost marks are inferred from the photograph.
Source location: The Walters Art Museum, 57.1529; complete original view(s)
Ancient Egyptian religion Egypt · Evidence dated c. 1760–1670 BC; Middle Kingdom
Beetle body with a flat, inscribable underside.
Research draftSource-based vector template
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Ancient Egyptian religion
Region
Egypt
Date of the evidence
Evidence dated c. 1760–1670 BC; Middle Kingdom
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Description
Beetle body with a flat, inscribable underside.
Historically recorded use
Worn protective amulet with the additional potential to seal clay closures.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Met 22.1.341 from Lisht; the official’s name is uncertain because of a damaged inscription.
Before designing
Check the specific historical variant and object image against a source before using it; do not design a newly combined sigil.
Research draft. Source-based dorsal contour of the specifically attested scarab 22.1.341. Visible head/thorax segments and wing-case suture transferred from the second museum photograph. Modern red inventory inscription omitted; the damaged hieroglyphic inscription on the underside is neither invented nor combined with the upper side. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Vector template: Source-based dorsal contour of the specifically attested scarab 22.1.341. Visible head/thorax segments and wing-case suture transferred from the second museum photograph. Modern red inventory inscription omitted; the damaged hieroglyphic inscription on the underside is neither invented nor combined with the upper side.
Source location: 22.1.341; dorsal overhead view, second object image
Source-based dorsal contour of the specifically attested scarab 22.1.341. Visible head/thorax segments and wing-case suture transferred from the second museum photograph. Modern red inventory inscription omitted; the damaged hieroglyphic inscription on the underside is neither invented nor combined with the upper side.
Skeleton on a covered table – attributed to Basilius, Key 4, Musaeum 1678
Original image · source evidence
Alchemical-theosophical symbolic image
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art Frankfurt am Main, Germany; place of printing · 1678; specific copy used
A skeleton stands on a cloth-covered table. A candle, trees and buildings stand in the landscape beside it.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art
Region
Frankfurt am Main, Germany; place of printing
Date of the evidence
1678; specific copy used
Type of evidence
Textual evidence
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A skeleton stands on a cloth-covered table. A candle, trees and buildings stand in the landscape beside it.
Historically recorded use
Located as Key 4 in the printed sequence of Twelve Keys under the attribution to Basilius Valentinus. Image and text form an alchemical book allegory; interpretations of substances beyond this are not freely added. Historical book illustration; actual use as a neck pendant is not evidenced.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
A historically located printed component of the specific 1678 example; not a new independent historical text and not an evidenced worn amulet. Efficacy and suitability for manufacture are not evidenced. The transmitted author’s name is given as a title attribution; no identity as a medieval monk or dating of this image to the 15th century is confirmed.
Before designing
Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view, 2880×2750px. The larger master, 5240×5003px, offered separately, was not provided as a downloaded file. Image, text, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view, 2880×2750px. The larger master, 5240×5003px, offered separately, was not provided as a downloaded file. Image, text, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view, 2880×2750px. The larger master, 5240×5003px, offered separately, was not provided as a downloaded file. Image, text, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: QD25 .M87315 1678; attribution to Basilius, Clavis 4, printed p. 400; viewer index 48, individual inventory 5h73px346; Large JPG 2880×2750
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Courtesy of Science History Institute; Musaeum Hermeticum Reformatum et Amplificatum, used edition 1678; QD25 .M87315 1678; Basilius-Zuschreibung, Clavis 4, gedruckte S. 400; Viewerindex 48, Einzelinventar 5h73px346; Public Domain Mark 1.0.
Source location: QD25 .M87315 1678; Frankfurt am Main, Hermann à Sande
Specific complete volume with 70 institutional digital images. Main title and catalogue date 1678; several bound component titles bear 1677. The 30 images captured are components of this single volume. The transmitted author names are attributions in the printed work; no confirmed biography of a medieval monk.
Source location: QD25 .M87315 1678; attribution to Basilius, Clavis 4, printed p. 400; viewer index 48, individual inventory 5h73px346
Located as key 4 in the printed sequence of Twelve Keys attributed to Basilius Valentinus. Image and text form an alchemical book allegory; no further interpretations of substances are added without evidence. Checked against the institution’s individual metadata with PDM.
Norse Viking-age pendant tradition Skjern, Jutland, Denmark · Viking Age according to the museum catalogue; no more precise individual year dating given
Well-preserved bronze hammer. Three ridges separate the loop from the conical shaft; the head has a curved lower end with a point. The catalogue gives its measurements as 3.94×3.26 cm.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Norse Viking-age pendant tradition
Region
Skjern, Jutland, Denmark
Date of the evidence
Viking Age according to the museum catalogue; no more precise individual year dating given
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Well-preserved bronze hammer. Three ridges separate the loop from the conical shaft; the head has a curved lower end with a point. The catalogue gives its measurements as 3.94×3.26 cm.
Historically recorded use
Historical hammer-shaped bronze pendant with a suspension loop, identified by the museum as a Thor’s hammer. No specific personal wish for protection is documented for this individual piece.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The specific Skjern specimen has no documented hmar-is inscription. It remains a distinct variant of the form and is not presented as an image of the Købelev find C 40005.
Before designing
Photographed surviving original form with wear, folds, perforation and any broken edges. No addition of invisible parts of lettering and no invented geometric reconstruction. The source-based photographic view is a checked reference, not yet a manufacturing outline.
Research draft. The two identified views of the same historical find are shown with unaltered JPEG bytes. The specific Skjern example has no documented hmar-is inscription. It remains a distinct variant of form and is not presented as an image of the Købelev find C 40005. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The two identified views of the same historical find are shown with unaltered JPEG bytes. The specific Skjern example has no documented hmar-is inscription. It remains a distinct variant of form and is not presented as an image of the Købelev find C 40005.
The specific Skjern specimen has no documented hmar-is inscription. It remains a distinct variant form and is not presented as an image of the Købelev find C 40005. Specific material, find and object details come from the institutional raw data for this object page.
Source location: DO-14362; C 43319; front/outside a
Image-specific JSON-LD names the actual JPEG URL and CC BY-SA 4.0. Søren Greve / Nationalmuseet, Danmark. The original file and its native pixel dimensions are retained separately; the TIFF resolution stated in the catalogue is not applied to the supplied JPEG. The image is recorded on the object page of this inventory.
Source location: DO-14363; C 43319; reverse/exterior side b
Image-specific JSON-LD names the actual JPEG URL and CC BY-SA 4.0. Søren Greve / Nationalmuseet, Danmark. The original file and its native pixel dimensions are retained separately; the TIFF resolution stated in the catalogue is not applied to the supplied JPEG. The image is recorded on the object page of this inventory.
Skjoldhøjvej Skjoldelev – folded lead amulet with cross
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Danish medieval writing and protective culture Skjoldelev, Jutland · Medieval (catalogue attribution; no more precise date of manufacture)
A folded lead sheet bears an incised cross on the outside. Both surfaces and the fold are preserved in the original photograph.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Danish medieval writing and protective culture
Region
Skjoldelev, Jutland
Date of the evidence
Medieval (catalogue attribution; no more precise date of manufacture)
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A folded lead sheet bears an incised cross on the outside. Both surfaces and the fold are preserved in the original photograph.
Historically recorded use
Classified by the museum as a medieval lead amulet; an individual protective intention has not been fully deciphered.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The incising does not establish a specific named saint or protective attribution. No concealed text has been demonstrated.
Before designing
Unchanged original photographs as image reference. Individual views are shown separately alongside one another; no engraving outline has been added and no manufacturing approval has been given.
Research draft. The incision does not establish a specific named saint or protective attribution. No concealed text has been demonstrated. Each image in full and with its native JPEG bytes unchanged; separate views are not a historical complete form. Presentation files, not TIFF masters. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The incision does not establish a specific named saint or protective attribution. No concealed text has been demonstrated. Each image in full and with its native JPEG bytes unchanged; separate views are not a historical complete form. Presentation files, not TIFF masters.
Source location: D 716/2024; DMR-255911, DMR-255912
Use of the template: CC BY-SA 4.0 with attribution and share-alike
Nationalmuseet, Danmark (Fotograf nicht genannt) / Nationalmuseet, Danmark; D 716/2024; DMR-255911; CC BY-SA 4.0. Nationalmuseet, Danmark (Fotograf nicht genannt) / Nationalmuseet, Danmark; D 716/2024; DMR-255912; CC BY-SA 4.0.
Individual institutional object record. Find, registration and photography dates are not treated as manufacturing dates. Uncertain signs and functional identifications remain qualified.
Nordic Migration Period Skodborg, Southern Jutland, Denmark · 440–560 CE (iconographic dating in RuneS)
B-bracteate with circumferential runic inscription; the available photograph shows one side of the object with a stamped figure.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Nordic Migration Period
Region
Skodborg, Southern Jutland, Denmark
Date of the evidence
440–560 CE (iconographic dating in RuneS)
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
B-bracteate with circumferential runic inscription; the available photograph shows one side of the object with a stamped figure.
Historically recorded use
Gold pendant with a repeated runic formula interpreted as a wish for good luck.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
RuneS reads auja/alawin three times and a disputed final sequence. The caption identifies inventory 20880 at the bottom left in the depot photograph; only the visible side is shown there. No invisible runes are added.
Before designing
Unaltered institutional photograph of the object, exactly the bracteate identified at the bottom left. Not a crop from another object in storage and not a generated reading of the invisible inscription side.
Research draft. Unchanged institutional object photograph, exactly the bracteate named at the bottom left. Not a crop of another object in storage and no generated reading of the invisible inscription side. Unchanged JPEG bytes; only the SVG viewport limits the image crop. No manufacturing path. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Unchanged institutional object photograph, exactly the bracteate named at the bottom left. Not a crop of another object in storage and no generated reading of the invisible inscription side. Unchanged JPEG bytes; only the SVG viewport limits the image crop. No manufacturing path.
Source location: Nationalmuseet 20880 / IK 161; DO-1698, object at bottom left
Use of the template: CC BY-SA 4.0 with attribution and share-alike
Lennart Larsen? / Nationalmuseet, Danmark; DO-1698, Depotfund fra Skodborg, Brakteat 20880 links unten. CC BY-SA 4.0; Fragezeichen der Museumszuschreibung erhalten.
RuneS / Niedersächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen
Source location: IK 161 / KJ105 / DR BR8; inventory 20880; dating 440–560
Describes the B bracteate and the threefold AUJA/Alawin text. Interpretation as a wish for good fortune remains a scholarly reading. The contextual photograph is not a legible image of the inscription side.
Source location: DO-1698, caption: Ned. tv. B-brakteat af guld (20880); Photographer Lennart Larsen?
The specific bracteate is institutionally identified at the bottom left of the depot photograph. The image record and JSON-LD link to CC BY-SA 4.0; no rights to other Natmus photographs are claimed. The JPEG resolution actually supplied, 957×1280, differs from the TIFF metadata resolution of 1383×1851.
European zodiac; medieval Christian calendar tradition Augsburg, Germany (attested manuscript) · Late 12th to early 13th century (this image evidence)
Scorpio, calendar image.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
European zodiac; medieval Christian calendar tradition
Region
Augsburg, Germany (attested manuscript)
Date of the evidence
Late 12th to early 13th century (this image evidence)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Description
Scorpio, calendar image.
Historically recorded use
Zodiac image in the calendar of the Claricia Psalter.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The evidence concerns the zodiac motif. It does not establish a wearable amulet or the glyph form used today.
Before designing
Check the historical image variant on fol. 6r; Unicode is only a search/display aid.
Research draft. Visually checked single-figure crop of the historical original. Raster facsimile in the SVG viewport; original JPEG embedded unchanged. Paper/parchment, printing irregularities and see-through ink are retained. No vector paths ready for engraving; manufacture requires separately checked vectorisation. The historical scorpion depiction has an unusual animal form. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Visually checked single-figure crop of the historical original. Raster facsimile in the SVG viewport; original JPEG embedded unchanged. Paper/parchment, printing irregularities and see-through ink are retained. No vector paths ready for engraving; manufacture requires separately checked vectorisation. The historical scorpion depiction has an unusual animal form.
Source location: Claricia Psalter, Walters W.26, fol. 6r; zodiac image in the calendar.
Historical coin with a pictorial zodiac sign, Scorpio; the image reproduces the coin face actually preserved.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Mughal Empire; zodiac signs on coins
Region
India; partly Agra
Date of the evidence
1621; 1030 AH
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Historical coin with a pictorial zodiac sign, Scorpio; the image reproduces the coin face actually preserved.
Historically recorded use
The museum description identifies the zodiac sign as indicating the month of striking and expressly rules out original talismanic manufacture.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Historical evidence of signs only, not a worn amulet and not a prediction of personality. The written-out inscription date and, where applicable, broader numerical API limits remain documented separately.
Before designing
Native institutional object image as a historical image reference; no isolated vector glyph, added inscription or manufacturing approval. The photograph and original form remain separate from later engraving outlines.
Research draft. Historical drawing evidence only, not a worn amulet and not a personality prediction. The written-out inscription dating and any broader numerical API limits remain documented separately. Original JPEGs are embedded byte-for-byte; no lettering or lines have been added. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historical drawing evidence only, not a worn amulet and not a personality prediction. The written-out inscription dating and any broader numerical API limits remain documented separately. Original JPEGs are embedded byte-for-byte; no lettering or lines have been added.
Source location: Met 99.35.7405; complete selected original view
Title, inventory number, material and dating are checked individually; cultural-historical use is included only to the extent stated in the object description. The linked web text snapshots document the independent, current review of the object pages.
Scorpion with magical reverse inscription – Getty 85.AN.370.32
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Roman Mediterranean region; magical gems Roman Mediterranean; specific ancient findspot not stated · 100–250 AD
Oval yellow jasper gem engraved with a scorpion, eight legs, pincers and a curved tail.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Roman Mediterranean region; magical gems
Region
Roman Mediterranean; specific ancient findspot not stated
Date of the evidence
100–250 AD
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Oval yellow jasper gem engraved with a scorpion, eight legs, pincers and a curved tail.
Historically recorded use
Described as a magical gem in the Getty catalogue; a specific ancient owner and a complete individual use history are lacking.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The institutional description links the other side with a three-line magical formula, as a variant of ωρθμενχινιαμβων. The image source shows the scorpion side, not the reverse inscription; that inscription is neither added nor reinterpreted as a modern zodiac sign.
Before designing
Unchanged original photograph as the source image. Surface wear, missing strokes and broken edges remain visible; no generative completion and no approval for engraving.
Research draft. The institutional description links the other side with a three-line magical formula, as a variant of ωρθμενχινιαμβων. The image source shows the scorpion side, not the inscription on the reverse; the inscription is neither added nor reinterpreted as a modern zodiac sign. Complete original JPEG bytes; no redrawn inscription or shape. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The institutional description links the other side with a three-line magical formula, as a variant of ωρθμενχινιαμβων. The image source shows the scorpion side, not the inscription on the reverse; the inscription is neither added nor reinterpreted as a modern zodiac sign. Complete original JPEG bytes; no redrawn inscription or shape.
Source location: 85.AN.370.32; complete image page, native IIIF max JPEG
The current HTML retrieval contains the institutional JSON-LD object description, inventory number, dating, specific image UUID and CC0. No retrieval of a rendered JavaScript object page is claimed; a supplementary institutional search index/Getty partner cross-check confirms the identity.
Skovlænge – lead amulet with a fragment of Christian text
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Danish medieval writing and protective culture Skovlænge, Lolland · Medieval (catalogue attribution; no more precise date of manufacture)
An unusually unfolded lead tablet bears crosses and minuscule writing. The catalogue considers that it may begin an invocation in the name of the Father.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Danish medieval writing and protective culture
Region
Skovlænge, Lolland
Date of the evidence
Medieval (catalogue attribution; no more precise date of manufacture)
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
An unusually unfolded lead tablet bears crosses and minuscule writing. The catalogue considers that it may begin an invocation in the name of the Father.
Historically recorded use
Classified by the museum as a medieval lead amulet; an individual protective intention has not been fully deciphered.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The description mentions minuscule letters, while a catalogue keyword says runes. This metadata contradiction remains visible; no continuation of the formula is invented.
Before designing
Unchanged original photographs as image reference. Individual views are shown separately alongside one another; no engraving outline has been added and no manufacturing approval has been given.
Research draft. The description refers to minuscule letters, while a catalogue keyword says runes. This metadata discrepancy remains visible; no continuation of the formula is invented. Each image is complete and retains its original native JPEG bytes; separate views do not constitute a historical overall form. Presentation files, not TIFF masters. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The description refers to minuscule letters, while a catalogue keyword says runes. This metadata discrepancy remains visible; no continuation of the formula is invented. Each image is complete and retains its original native JPEG bytes; separate views do not constitute a historical overall form. Presentation files, not TIFF masters.
Source location: D 684/2024; DMR-255679, DMR-255680
Use of the template: CC BY-SA 4.0 with attribution and share-alike
Nationalmuseet, Danmark (Fotograf nicht genannt) / Nationalmuseet, Danmark; D 684/2024; DMR-255679; CC BY-SA 4.0. Nationalmuseet, Danmark (Fotograf nicht genannt) / Nationalmuseet, Danmark; D 684/2024; DMR-255680; CC BY-SA 4.0.
Individual institutional object record. Find, registration and photography dates are not treated as manufacturing dates. Uncertain signs and functional identifications remain qualified.
Early Nordic visual and written tradition Skovsborg, Viborg County, Denmark · Bracteate evidence from the Migration Period; no specific dating given in the image record
Two die-identical B-bracteates with several figures, photographed together under inventory CCXCIX. The image source identifies the scene as the death of Balder.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early Nordic visual and written tradition
Region
Skovsborg, Viborg County, Denmark
Date of the evidence
Bracteate evidence from the Migration Period; no specific dating given in the image record
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Two die-identical B-bracteates with several figures, photographed together under inventory CCXCIX. The image source identifies the scene as the death of Balder.
Historically recorded use
Historically documented gold pendant with a stamped image field. A specific protective effect or particular ritual is not demonstrated for this individual piece by the cited object records.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
One profile variant comprises the pair catalogued together; the two examples are not counted as two newly researched motifs. The death of Balder is the museum’s interpretation. The general bracteate context of the 5th–6th centuries does not replace an object-specific date.
Before designing
The model is the surviving museum photograph, including wear and damage. No modern addition of missing lines, and no conversion of unclear runes or letter imitations into an invented readable formula.
Research draft. Unaltered museum JPEG bytes are embedded in an SVG image crop. Photograph of the surviving object; neither a drawn reconstruction nor an AI-generated symbol. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Unaltered museum JPEG bytes are embedded in an SVG image crop. Photograph of the surviving object; neither a drawn reconstruction nor an AI-generated symbol.
Source location: DO-14066, both stamp-identical bracteates CCXCIX together
Image record names two die-identical B-bracteates and interprets the motif as Balder’s death. No historical date range is given on this image page; 2016 is a photograph/catalogue date. The image record and image-specific JSON-LD refer to CC BY-SA 4.0. The photographer and actual JPEG resolution are recorded in the symbol manifest; TIFF metadata refer to a different original file.
Source location: Esrum bracteate, find 1672; general description of bracteates
Institutional description: gold bracteates are pendant ornaments of the 5th–6th centuries, inspired by Roman coins. This is a context for the type, not an individual date for all the bracteates recorded here. Odin/Balder is explicitly described as a probable interpretation for Esrum.
Skrivergården Lee – perforated lead with incised crosses
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Danish medieval writing and protective culture Skrivergården Lee, Jutland · Medieval (catalogue attribution; no more precise date of manufacture)
A small lead plate has a round perforation near the upper edge. Several cross-like incisions, some partly reminiscent of a four, are present on one face.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Danish medieval writing and protective culture
Region
Skrivergården Lee, Jutland
Date of the evidence
Medieval (catalogue attribution; no more precise date of manufacture)
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A small lead plate has a round perforation near the upper edge. Several cross-like incisions, some partly reminiscent of a four, are present on one face.
Historically recorded use
Classified by the museum as a medieval lead amulet; an individual protective intention has not been fully deciphered.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
No securely legible inscription or individually attested protective purpose. The photographer is not named in the media information; the institutional CC-BY-SA-4.0 attribution is documented.
Before designing
Unchanged original photographs as image reference. Individual views are shown separately alongside one another; no engraving outline has been added and no manufacturing approval has been given.
Research draft. No securely legible inscription or individually attested protective intention. The photographer is not named in the media information; the institutional CC-BY-SA-4.0 attribution is documented. Each image is complete and retains its unchanged native JPEG bytes; separate views are not a historical overall form. Presentation files, not TIFF masters. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: No securely legible inscription or individually attested protective intention. The photographer is not named in the media information; the institutional CC-BY-SA-4.0 attribution is documented. Each image is complete and retains its unchanged native JPEG bytes; separate views are not a historical overall form. Presentation files, not TIFF masters.
Source location: D 530/2023; DMR-249833, DMR-249834
Use of the template: CC BY-SA 4.0 with attribution and share-alike
Nationalmuseet, Danmark (Fotograf nicht genannt) / Nationalmuseet, Danmark; D 530/2023; DMR-249833; CC BY-SA 4.0. Nationalmuseet, Danmark (Fotograf nicht genannt) / Nationalmuseet, Danmark; D 530/2023; DMR-249834; CC BY-SA 4.0.
Individual institutional object record. Find, registration and photography dates are not treated as manufacturing dates. Uncertain signs and functional identifications remain qualified.
Sletmadevej – early lead amulet with a famul-dei remnant
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Danish medieval writing and protective culture Sletmadevej, Jutland · Early Middle Ages (catalogue attribution; no more precise dating)
A lead amulet classified as early medieval bears Latin minuscule lettering. The museum catalogue identifies the remains of a phrase for a person in the service of God.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Danish medieval writing and protective culture
Region
Sletmadevej, Jutland
Date of the evidence
Early Middle Ages (catalogue attribution; no more precise dating)
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A lead amulet classified as early medieval bears Latin minuscule lettering. The museum catalogue identifies the remains of a phrase for a person in the service of God.
Historically recorded use
Fragmentarily attested Christian prayer or incantation practice on a lead amulet.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The fragmentary expression does not allow a secure determination of gender or name. The year 2024 in the inventory number is not a date of manufacture.
Before designing
Unchanged original photographs as image reference. Individual views are shown separately alongside one another; no engraving outline has been added and no manufacturing approval has been given.
Research draft. The fragmentary wording does not allow a secure identification of gender or name. The year 2024 in the inventory number is not a production date. Each capture is complete and retains its original native JPEG bytes; separate views do not constitute a historical complete form. Presentation files, not TIFF masters. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The fragmentary wording does not allow a secure identification of gender or name. The year 2024 in the inventory number is not a production date. Each capture is complete and retains its original native JPEG bytes; separate views do not constitute a historical complete form. Presentation files, not TIFF masters.
Source location: D 1310/2024; DMR-258611, DMR-258612
Use of the template: CC BY-SA 4.0 with attribution and share-alike
Christian Abayon Møller Petersen / Nationalmuseet, Danmark; D 1310/2024; DMR-258611; CC BY-SA 4.0. Christian Abayon Møller Petersen / Nationalmuseet, Danmark; D 1310/2024; DMR-258612; CC BY-SA 4.0.
Individual institutional object record. Find, registration and photography dates are not treated as manufacturing dates. Uncertain signs and functional identifications remain qualified.
Son and guide on the mountain – Lambspring, figure 12, Musaeum 1678
Original image · source evidence
Alchemical-theosophical symbolic image
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art Frankfurt am Main, Germany; place of printing · 1678; specific copy used; partial imprint 1677
An older winged figure and a younger man stand on a high rocky summit. The sun, moon and stars are above the landscape.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art
Region
Frankfurt am Main, Germany; place of printing
Date of the evidence
1678; specific copy used; partial imprint 1677
Type of evidence
Textual evidence
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
An older winged figure and a younger man stand on a high rocky summit. The sun, moon and stars are above the landscape.
Historically recorded use
The text names the son and leader on the mountain as spirit and soul; the cosmic attributes remain in the original book image. Historical book illustration; use as an actual pendant is not evidenced.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Individually localised historical printed component of the specific 1678 copy, not a new independent historical text and not an attested worn amulet. Efficacy and suitability for manufacture have not been demonstrated. Visible partial imprint 1677, distinct from the year of the complete volume, 1678; not to be equated with the first creation of the image form. The transmitted author’s name is given as an attribution in the title; no identity as a medieval monk or dating of this image to the 15th century is confirmed.
Before designing
Complete, unaltered institutional full-page JPEG view, 2880×3151px. The separately offered larger master, 4701×5143px, was not provided as the downloaded file. Image, writing, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile, not a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete, unaltered institutional full-page JPEG view, 2880×3151px. The separately offered larger master, 4701×5143px, was not provided as the downloaded file. Image, writing, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile, not a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete, unaltered institutional full-page JPEG view, 2880×3151px. The separately offered larger master, 4701×5143px, was not provided as the downloaded file. Image, writing, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile, not a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: QD25 .M87315 1678; Lambsprinck De Lapide Philosophico, figure 12, p. 365; viewer index 39, asset mg74qn10n; Large JPG 2880×3151
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Courtesy of Science History Institute; Musaeum Hermeticum Reformatum et Amplificatum, used edition 1678; QD25 .M87315 1678; Lambsprinck De Lapide Philosophico, Figur 12, S. 365; Viewerindex 39, Asset mg74qn10n; Public Domain Mark 1.0.
Source location: QD25 .M87315 1678; Frankfurt am Main, Hermann à Sande
Specific complete volume with 70 institutional digital images. Main title and catalogue date 1678; several bound component titles bear 1677. The 30 images captured are components of this single volume. The transmitted author names are attributions in the printed work; no confirmed biography of a medieval monk.
Source location: QD25 .M87315 1678; Lambsprinck De Lapide Philosophico, figure 12, p. 365; viewer index 39, asset mg74qn10n
The text names the Son and the Guide on the mountain as spirit and soul; the cosmic attributes are retained in the original book image. Specific image file for the identified PDM volume; viewer membership, own download and individual PDM download display checked. No non-existent individual catalogue page invented.
Sol and Luna by the Dragon – Atalanta fugiens 1618, Emblem 25
Original image · source evidence
Alchemical-theosophical symbolic image
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art Oppenheim, Germany; place of printing · 1618; first publication of the work 1617
A figure with a sun for a head and a figure with a crescent moon are raising clubs to strike a winged dragon. Two archers stand farther back in the landscape.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art
Region
Oppenheim, Germany; place of printing
Date of the evidence
1618; first publication of the work 1617
Type of evidence
Textual evidence
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A figure with a sun for a head and a figure with a crescent moon are raising clubs to strike a winged dragon. Two archers stand farther back in the landscape.
Historically recorded use
The motto names the sun and moon as the dragon’s brother and sister. The upper printed heading is in fact DISCURSUS XXV; the epigram and the institutional individual inventory identify the image as Emblem 25. Historical book illustration with epigram and associated discourse; no attested neck pendant.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Individually located emblem in the specific 1618 Oppenheimer edition; the first publication in 1617 is distinct from this. Part of the same work and the same copy, not an independent amulet object. Individual wearing as an amulet, ancient origin of this image and efficacy are not evidenced. The printed page heading reads DISCURSUS XXV, while the epigram and institutional emblem title confirm the image identification.
Before designing
Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view with motto, image, epigram, printed page number and side margin notes. Paper, stains, binding shadows and any coloured areas are retained. Institutional presentation resolution 2880×3442; larger master 4291×5129 documented separately. Historical image evidence without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view with motto, image, epigram, printed page number and side margin notes. Paper, stains, binding shadows and any coloured areas are retained. Institutional presentation resolution 2880×3442; larger master 4291×5129 documented separately. Historical image evidence without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view with motto, image, epigram, printed page number and side margin notes. Paper, stains, binding shadows and any coloured areas are retained. Institutional presentation resolution 2880×3442; larger master 4291×5129 documented separately. Historical image evidence without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: QD25 .M354 1618, Emblem 25, printed p. 109; institutional individual inventory n009w307x; Large JPG 2880×3442
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Courtesy of Science History Institute; Michael Maier, Atalanta fugiens (Oppenheim 1618), Emblem 25, S.109; engraver Matthaeus Merian; Public Domain Mark 1.0.
Source location: QD25 .M354 1618; Oppenheim, Johann-Theodor de Bry; complete work with 50 emblems
Copy used from 1618; the work's first publication in 1617 is attested separately. Historical alchemical emblem, epigram and musical context. No evidence for 30 independent works, worn amulets or present-day claims of efficacy. Individual image rights additionally checked for each inventory item.
The motto names the Sun and Moon as brother and sister of the dragon. The upper printed heading is indeed DISCURSUS XXV; the epigram and the institutional individual inventory locate the image as Emblem25. The original title, English institutional counter-label, dating 1618 and specific PDM image licence agree with the individual page.
Sol and Luna in the Water – Atalanta fugiens 1618, Emblem 34
Original image · source evidence
Alchemical-theosophical symbolic image
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art Oppenheim, Germany; place of printing · 1618; specific copy used
Figures with sun and moon heads embrace in the water before a cave. A naked figure floats above them in clouds; another person stands on the shore.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art
Region
Oppenheim, Germany; place of printing
Date of the evidence
1618; specific copy used
Type of evidence
Textual evidence
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Figures with sun and moon heads embrace in the water before a cave. A naked figure floats above them in clouds; another person stands on the shore.
Historically recorded use
The motto links conception in a bath, birth in the air and whitening on a mountain; the names and ideas of transformation are identified as historical textual statements. Historical book illustration; actual use as a neck pendant is not attested.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Individually located historical printed component from the specific 1618 copy, not a new independent historical text and not an attested worn amulet. Effect and suitability for manufacture are not established. Work first published in 1617; the print used here is from 1618.
Before designing
Complete unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view 2880×3442px. The separately offered larger master 4291×5129px was not supplied as a downloaded file. Image, writing, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view 2880×3442px. The separately offered larger master 4291×5129px was not supplied as a downloaded file. Image, writing, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view 2880×3442px. The separately offered larger master 4291×5129px was not supplied as a downloaded file. Image, writing, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: QD25 .M354 1618; Emblem 34, printed p. 145; individual inventory h415pb292; Large JPG 2880×3442
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Courtesy of Science History Institute; Atalanta fugiens, used edition 1618; QD25 .M354 1618; Emblem 34, gedruckte S. 145; Einzelinventar h415pb292; Public Domain Mark 1.0.
The same specifically identified copy as for the 30 emblems already included; this batch adds only the remaining 20 individual sheets. First publication in 1617 and the edition used, 1618, are distinguished.
The motto links conception in a bath, birth in the air and whitening on a mountain; the names and ideas of transformation are identified as historical textual statements. Individual institutional metadata checked against PDM.
Sol and Luna with a cock and hen – Atalanta fugiens 1618, Emblem 30
Original image · source evidence
Alchemical-theosophical symbolic image
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art Oppenheim, Germany; place of printing · 1618; first publication of the work 1617
A naked male figure with a sun for a head faces a naked female figure with a moon for a head. A cock and hen are between and in front of them.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art
Region
Oppenheim, Germany; place of printing
Date of the evidence
1618; first publication of the work 1617
Type of evidence
Textual evidence
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A naked male figure with a sun for a head faces a naked female figure with a moon for a head. A cock and hen are between and in front of them.
Historically recorded use
The motto compares the sun’s need for the moon with the relationship between cock and hen. The evidence documents alchemical Sol-Luna imagery. Historical book illustration with epigram and accompanying discourse; no documented neck pendant.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
An individually located emblem in the specific 1618 Oppenheimer print; the first publication in 1617 is distinct from this. Part of the same work and the same copy, not an independent amulet object. Individual use as a worn amulet, ancient origin of this graphic and efficacy are not evidenced.
Before designing
Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view with motto, image, epigram, printed page number and side margin notes. Paper, stains, binding shadows and any coloured areas are retained. Institutional presentation resolution 2880×3442; larger master 4291×5129 documented separately. Historical image evidence without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view with motto, image, epigram, printed page number and side margin notes. Paper, stains, binding shadows and any coloured areas are retained. Institutional presentation resolution 2880×3442; larger master 4291×5129 documented separately. Historical image evidence without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view with motto, image, epigram, printed page number and side margin notes. Paper, stains, binding shadows and any coloured areas are retained. Institutional presentation resolution 2880×3442; larger master 4291×5129 documented separately. Historical image evidence without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: QD25 .M354 1618, Emblem 30, printed p. 129; individual institutional inventory 76537223h; Large JPG 2880×3442
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Courtesy of Science History Institute; Michael Maier, Atalanta fugiens (Oppenheim 1618), Emblem 30, S.129; engraver Matthaeus Merian; Public Domain Mark 1.0.
Source location: QD25 .M354 1618; Oppenheim, Johann-Theodor de Bry; complete work with 50 emblems
Copy used from 1618; the work's first publication in 1617 is attested separately. Historical alchemical emblem, epigram and musical context. No evidence for 30 independent works, worn amulets or present-day claims of efficacy. Individual image rights additionally checked for each inventory item.
The motto contrasts the sun’s need for the moon with the relationship between cock and hen. The evidence documents the alchemical Sol-Luna imagery. The original title, English institutional counter-label, date 1618 and specific PDM image clearance correspond to the individual page.
Late medieval German astronomical-astrological manuscript illustration Ulm or Augsburg, Germany; institutional attribution · Shortly after 1464
Crowned, bearded rider with an orb and cross; his red banner bears a sun face. The armoured or bridled pale horse and the rider are set within a gold-coloured framed picture field; handwritten lines of text appear below.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Late medieval German astronomical-astrological manuscript illustration
Region
Ulm or Augsburg, Germany; institutional attribution
Date of the evidence
Shortly after 1464
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Crowned, bearded rider with an orb and cross; his red banner bears a sun face. The armoured or bridled pale horse and the rider are set within a gold-coloured framed picture field; handwritten lines of text appear below.
Historically recorded use
Planetary depiction in a medical-astronomical miscellany manuscript containing astrological and divinatory material. Individual amulet use is not documented.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The historical personification of the sun follows the institutional object title. The image shows red and gold-coloured areas; the golden-yellow colour of the sun mentioned in the Getty essay is an attribution, not a claim that the clothing is exclusively golden yellow. The planetary group belongs to a shared codex; six photographed pages are on four leaves. Saturn is excluded from the import because of the fragmentary image view.
Before designing
Complete, unaltered institutional page capture with image, text and margin as a raster facsimile in the SVG. No local cropping, new outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Crowned, bearded rider with orb and cross; his red flag bears a sun face. The armoured or bridled light-coloured horse and rider are set in a gold-coloured framed picture field; handwritten lines of text appear below. The historical personification of the sun follows the institutional object title. The image shows red and gold-coloured areas; the gold-yellow sun colour mentioned in the Getty essay is an attribution, not a claim that the clothing is exclusively gold-yellow. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Crowned, bearded rider with orb and cross; his red flag bears a sun face. The armoured or bridled light-coloured horse and rider are set in a gold-coloured framed picture field; handwritten lines of text appear below. The historical personification of the sun follows the institutional object title. The image shows red and gold-coloured areas; the gold-yellow sun colour mentioned in the Getty essay is an attribution, not a claim that the clothing is exclusively gold-yellow.
Source location: Getty Ms. Ludwig XII 8, fol. 47; complete institutional page capture
Source location: Ms. Ludwig XII 8 (83.MO.137), fol. 47
Directly retrieved HTML/JSON-LD: page inventory, folio side, material and date. The web reader returned only the JavaScript shell; no rendered portal visit is claimed.
French-language Clavicles of Solomon tradition French-language manuscript; place of production unknown; current holding in London · [1725?]; IIIF digitisation c.1725; dating of the specific manuscript is uncertain
A red sequence of signs links bowl-like forms, tall double strokes, angles and curved letter forms. The French manuscript explicitly identifies this particular sequence of signs as characters of the Sun for Sunday. This documents a historical attribution within a grimoire text; it does not document a specific worn neck amulet or an effect.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French-language Clavicles of Solomon tradition
Region
French-language manuscript; place of production unknown; current holding in London
Date of the evidence
[1725?]; IIIF digitisation c.1725; dating of the specific manuscript is uncertain
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A red sequence of signs links bowl-like forms, tall double strokes, angles and curved letter forms. The French manuscript explicitly identifies this particular sequence of signs as characters of the Sun for Sunday. This documents a historical attribution within a grimoire text; it does not document a specific worn neck amulet or an effect.
Historically recorded use
The French manuscript explicitly labels this individual sequence of signs as characters of the Sun for Sunday. This documents a historical attribution within a grimoire text; it does not provide evidence for a specific worn neck amulet or for an effect.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Specific manuscript according to the current API [1725?], c.1725 in the IIIF digitisation; the uncertain dating is not stored as an exact year. The seven planetary weekday lines are disjoint components of the same original page. Each complete red string is retained; its handwritten heading above it can be read in the archived full folio. Individual characters are not extracted as further motifs or normalised as readable modern alphabets.
Before designing
Unchanged native full-page JPEG in the SVG; only a disjoint SVG viewport selects the complete, labelled red planetary-tag character sequence. The associated heading lies outside the viewport and remains in the archived full sheet. No local raster editing, character repair, contour transcription or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Specific manuscript dated [1725?] according to the current API, c.1725 in the IIIF digital facsimile; the uncertain date is not stored as an exact year. The seven planetary-day rows are disjoint components of the same original page. Each complete red sequence of characters is retained; its handwritten heading above can be read in the archived full sheet. Individual characters are not extracted as further motifs or normalised as readable modern alphabets. Unaltered native full-page JPEG in the SVG; a disjoint SVG viewport alone selects the complete labelled red planetary-day sequence. The associated heading lies outside the viewport and is retained in the archived full sheet. No local raster editing, character repair, outline transcription or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Specific manuscript dated [1725?] according to the current API, c.1725 in the IIIF digital facsimile; the uncertain date is not stored as an exact year. The seven planetary-day rows are disjoint components of the same original page. Each complete red sequence of characters is retained; its handwritten heading above can be read in the archived full sheet. Individual characters are not extracted as further motifs or normalised as readable modern alphabets. Unaltered native full-page JPEG in the SVG; a disjoint SVG viewport alone selects the complete labelled red planetary-day sequence. The associated heading lies outside the viewport and is retained in the archived full sheet. No local raster editing, character repair, outline transcription or manufacturing approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.4656, Clavicules de Salomon; manuscript p.156; Canvas position 160/260; separate Sun/Sunday row; visible heading: Caractères du Soleil au dimanche
Long diagonal impression line with a small curved upper end, a returning lower angle and a small lower terminal circle.
Historically recorded use
Independently labelled printed sign in the context of historical planetary talismanic practice. The sign form in this edition is attested; no individual surviving amulet and no modern effect are attested.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The specific Latin inscription was read on the original page. The magic square, planetary seal, and intelligence and spirit signs are separate printed figures. No modern standard forms or modernly completed lines have been adopted. The faint upper curved terminal and figures showing through from the reverse remain visible as evidence.
Before designing
Historically verified individual figure. The complete native institutional IIIF-JPEG file remains embedded byte-for-byte in the SVG; only the specified original viewport is visible. No local scaling, re-encoding, tracing or additions. Paper, print gaps, ink traces and show-through from writing on the reverse remain unchanged. The facsimile is a historical image source, not a tool or engraving path; production requires a separately reviewed contour preparation. The faint upper curved terminal and show-through figures on the reverse remain visible as evidence.
Research draft. Historically verified individual figure. The complete native institutional IIIF-JPEG file remains embedded byte-for-byte in the SVG; only the specified original viewport is visible. No local scaling, re-encoding, tracing or additions. Paper, print gaps, ink traces and show-through from writing on the reverse remain unchanged. The facsimile is a historical image source, not a tool or engraving path; production requires a separately reviewed contour preparation. The faint upper curved terminal and show-through figures on the reverse remain visible as evidence. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historically verified individual figure. The complete native institutional IIIF-JPEG file remains embedded byte-for-byte in the SVG; only the specified original viewport is visible. No local scaling, re-encoding, tracing or additions. Paper, print gaps, ink traces and show-through from writing on the reverse remain unchanged. The facsimile is a historical image source, not a tool or engraving path; production requires a separately reviewed contour preparation. The faint upper curved terminal and show-through figures on the reverse remain visible as evidence.
Source location: Liber II, chapter XXII, printed p. CL: Dæmonij Solis.
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa, De occulta philosophia libri tres, Köln [Johannes Soter], 1533, Liber II, Kapitel XXII. Stiftung der Werke von C. G. Jung, Zürich / e-rara. DOI 10.3931/e-rara-4309. Public Domain Mark.
Stiftung der Werke von C. G. Jung, Zürich / e-rara
Source location: VD16 ZV 269; DOI 10.3931/e-rara-4309; Liber II, chapter XXII
The current institutional record was read directly and archived. It confirms the specific historical work, its classification and the Public Domain Mark; no modern redrawing.
Stiftung der Werke von C. G. Jung, Zürich / e-rara
Source location: VD16 ZV 269; DOI 10.3931/e-rara-4309; Liber II, chapter XXII
Manifest retrieved directly and archived. The specific canvas identities, native image dimensions and PDM image rights were checked against unchanged full/full JPEGs. Printed Roman page numbers are taken from the images actually viewed, not from a modern pentacle numbering system.
Stiftung der Werke von C. G. Jung, Zürich / e-rara
Source location: Liber II, Chapter XXII; printed p. CL; Canvas 1343363
The specific original page was viewed as a complete native institutional JPEG; the image file was archived unchanged. Attribution and crop were also checked visually.
Stiftung der Werke von C. G. Jung, Zürich / e-rara
Source location: Liber II, Chapter XXII; printed p. CXLVIII; Canvas 1343361
Original page with historical planetary name and ritual correspondences. It serves as textual evidence; the individual signs appear on the following pages. No confirmed modern effect.
Angular printed line with two small terminal circles and one long diagonal section.
Historically recorded use
Printed sign in the context of historical planetary talismanism; no single museum amulet is attested.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The associated Latin inscription is visible on the specific original page. The magic square, planet, intelligence and spirit are separate printed figures. What is evidenced is a specific historical form of a sign, not a surviving amulet with individually verified use. The crop follows the 1533 print and does not include any lines completed in modern times. The figure is the intelligence sign of the Sun; the spirit printed to its right is separate.
Before designing
Visually checked specific individual figure from the original 1533 print. The institutional JPEG rendition, 2000 pixels wide, is embedded byte-for-byte unchanged in the SVG; only the named original viewport is visible. Native IIIF canvas size 2550×3675, presentation image 2000×2882. Gaps in the print, paper, stains and show-through of writing on the reverse remain unchanged. No additions based on modern editions and no manufacturing approval; engraving requires separately reviewed outline preparation.
Research draft. Visually checked actual individual figure from the original 1533 print. The institutional JPEG rendition, 2000 pixels wide, remains embedded in the SVG byte-for-byte unchanged; only the named original viewport is visible. Native IIIF canvas size 2550×3675, presentation image 2000×2882. Print gaps, paper, stains and show-through from the reverse remain unchanged. No additions based on modern editions and no manufacturing approval; engraving requires separately checked contour preparation. The figure is the intelligence sign of the Sun; the spirit printed to its right is separate. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Visually checked actual individual figure from the original 1533 print. The institutional JPEG rendition, 2000 pixels wide, remains embedded in the SVG byte-for-byte unchanged; only the named original viewport is visible. Native IIIF canvas size 2550×3675, presentation image 2000×2882. Print gaps, paper, stains and show-through from the reverse remain unchanged. No additions based on modern editions and no manufacturing approval; engraving requires separately checked contour preparation. The figure is the intelligence sign of the Sun; the spirit printed to its right is separate.
Source location: Liber II, chapter XXII, printed p. CL: Intelligentiæ Solis.
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa, De occulta philosophia libri tres, Köln [Johannes Soter], 1533, Liber II, Kapitel XXII. Stiftung der Werke von C. G. Jung, Zürich / e-rara. DOI 10.3931/e-rara-4309. Public Domain Mark.
Stiftung der Werke von C. G. Jung, Zürich / e-rara
Source location: VD16 ZV 269; DOI 10.3931/e-rara-4309; Cologne [Soter] 1533
Current institutional catalogue page read directly and archived: printing year 1533, C. G. Jung collection and Public Domain Mark. Not to be conflated with the English printing of 1651 or a modern redrawing.
Stiftung der Werke von C. G. Jung, Zürich / e-rara
Source location: Liber II, Chapter XXII; printed p. CL; Canvas 1343363
The specific original page was viewed directly as an unaltered institutional JPEG. The caption, attribution and complete figure were checked separately; reverse-side writing and printing defects remain visible.
Stiftung der Werke von C. G. Jung, Zürich / e-rara
Source location: Liber II, Chapter XXII; printed p. CXLVIII; Canvas 1343361
Original page concluding the historical planetary talismanic art and giving separate name attributions to planet, intelligence and spirit. The passage reports historical attributions; it is not evidence of modern efficacy or of a surviving individual amulet.
Editorial textual evidence; claims of efficacy are historical attributions. Compare the print variant and corrections before design.
Before designing
Square: Fig. 2-42; planetary seal: Fig. 2-44. Keep the signs of the intelligence and the spirit separate.
Research draft. Numerical arrangement in Fig. 2-42 read visually and checked against the transmitted row and column sums. Number-square component of the catalogue profile; the separate planetary seal and the intelligence and spirit signs are not included. Numbers set editorially using custom line geometry without fonts; not a print facsimile. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Vector template: Numerical arrangement in Fig. 2-42 read visually and checked against the transmitted row and column sums. Number-square component of the catalogue profile; the separate planetary seal and the intelligence and spirit signs are not included. Numbers set editorially using custom line geometry without fonts; not a print facsimile.
Source location: Book II, chapter xxii; fig. 2-42; only the 6×6 magic square
Numerical arrangement in Fig. 2-42 read visually and checked against the transmitted row and column sums. Number-square component of the catalogue profile; the separate planetary seal and the intelligence and spirit signs are not included. Numbers set editorially using custom line geometry without fonts; not a print facsimile.
Source location: Book II, chap. xxii; figures 2-27 to 2-63
Documents seven planetary squares and associated planetary seals. The planet, intelligence and spirit have distinct signs; they are not freely interchangeable.
Source location: Editorial introduction before Book I
Text follows the 1651 English edition; according to the editor, drawings follow Cologne 1533, with some Hebrew letters corrected according to the critical edition. Not an unaltered facsimile.
Diagonal cross with four terminal circles and four joined corner points with open curved sections.
Historically recorded use
Printed sign in the context of historical planetary talismanism; no single museum amulet is attested.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The associated Latin inscription is visible on the specific original page. The magic square, planet, intelligence and spirit are separate printed figures. What is attested is a specific historical form of a sign, not a surviving amulet with individually established use. The excerpt follows the 1533 print and does not adopt lines completed in modern times. The visible gaps in arcs and corner connections are part of this specific printed evidence; they are not modern corrections.
Before designing
Visually checked specific individual figure from the original 1533 print. The institutional JPEG rendition, 2000 pixels wide, is embedded byte-for-byte unchanged in the SVG; only the named original viewport is visible. Native IIIF canvas size 2550×3675, presentation image 2000×2882. Gaps in the print, paper, stains and show-through of writing on the reverse remain unchanged. No additions based on modern editions and no manufacturing approval; engraving requires separately reviewed outline preparation.
Research draft. Visually checked specific individual figure from the original print of 1533. The institutional JPEG rendition, 2000 pixels wide, remains embedded byte-for-byte in the SVG; only the named original viewport is visible. Native IIIF canvas size 2550×3675, presentation image 2000×2882. Gaps in the print, paper, stains and show-through of writing on the reverse remain unchanged. No additions based on modern editions and no manufacturing approval; engraving requires separately checked contour preparation. The visible gaps in arcs and corner joins are part of this specific print evidence; no modern correction. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Visually checked specific individual figure from the original print of 1533. The institutional JPEG rendition, 2000 pixels wide, remains embedded byte-for-byte in the SVG; only the named original viewport is visible. Native IIIF canvas size 2550×3675, presentation image 2000×2882. Gaps in the print, paper, stains and show-through of writing on the reverse remain unchanged. No additions based on modern editions and no manufacturing approval; engraving requires separately checked contour preparation. The visible gaps in arcs and corner joins are part of this specific print evidence; no modern correction.
Source location: Liber II, Chapter XXII, printed p. CL: Solis.
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa, De occulta philosophia libri tres, Köln [Johannes Soter], 1533, Liber II, Kapitel XXII. Stiftung der Werke von C. G. Jung, Zürich / e-rara. DOI 10.3931/e-rara-4309. Public Domain Mark.
Stiftung der Werke von C. G. Jung, Zürich / e-rara
Source location: VD16 ZV 269; DOI 10.3931/e-rara-4309; Cologne [Soter] 1533
Current institutional catalogue page read directly and archived: printing year 1533, C. G. Jung collection and Public Domain Mark. Not to be conflated with the English printing of 1651 or a modern redrawing.
Stiftung der Werke von C. G. Jung, Zürich / e-rara
Source location: Liber II, Chapter XXII; printed p. CL; Canvas 1343363
The specific original page was viewed directly as an unaltered institutional JPEG. The caption, attribution and complete figure were checked separately; reverse-side writing and printing defects remain visible.
Stiftung der Werke von C. G. Jung, Zürich / e-rara
Source location: Liber II, Chapter XXII; printed p. CXLVIII; Canvas 1343361
Original page concluding the historical planetary talismanic art and giving separate name attributions to planet, intelligence and spirit. The passage reports historical attributions; it is not evidence of modern efficacy or of a surviving individual amulet.
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art Oppenheim, Germany; place of printing · 1618; specific copy used
A large globe stands between the sun, moon and a circle of small stars. A dark shadowed area lies to the right of the globe.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art
Region
Oppenheim, Germany; place of printing
Date of the evidence
1618; specific copy used
Type of evidence
Textual evidence
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A large globe stands between the sun, moon and a circle of small stars. A dark shadowed area lies to the right of the globe.
Historically recorded use
The motto links sun and shadow with the completion of the alchemical work; it is a historical cosmological image, not an independent zodiacal sigil. Historical book illustration; actual use as a neck pendant is not attested.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Individually located historical printed component from the specific 1618 copy, not a new independent historical text and not an attested worn amulet. Effect and suitability for manufacture are not established. Work first published in 1617; the print used here is from 1618.
Before designing
Complete unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view 2880×3442px. The separately offered larger master 4291×5129px was not supplied as a downloaded file. Image, writing, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view 2880×3442px. The separately offered larger master 4291×5129px was not supplied as a downloaded file. Image, writing, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view 2880×3442px. The separately offered larger master 4291×5129px was not supplied as a downloaded file. Image, writing, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: QD25 .M354 1618; Emblem 45, printed p. 189; individual inventory vq27zp23r; Large JPG 2880×3442
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Courtesy of Science History Institute; Atalanta fugiens, used edition 1618; QD25 .M354 1618; Emblem 45, gedruckte S. 189; Einzelinventar vq27zp23r; Public Domain Mark 1.0.
The same specifically identified copy as for the 30 emblems already included; this batch adds only the remaining 20 individual sheets. First publication in 1617 and the edition used, 1618, are distinguished.
The motto connects sun and shadow with the completion of the alchemical work; it is a historical cosmological image, not an independent zodiacal seal. Individual institutional metadata checked against PDM.
Sun, peacock and double-headed figure – Khunrath 1609, plate 6
Original image · source evidence
Alchemical-theosophical symbolic image
Christian Kabbalistic theosophy and early modern alchemy Hanau, Germany; place of printing · 1609; title page states 1602
Text-filled circular diagram with the sun above clouds, a peacock, a two-headed figure and the earth on the vertical central axis.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Christian Kabbalistic theosophy and early modern alchemy
Region
Hanau, Germany; place of printing
Date of the evidence
1609; title page states 1602
Type of evidence
Textual evidence
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Text-filled circular diagram with the sun above clouds, a peacock, a two-headed figure and the earth on the vertical central axis.
Historically recorded use
Symbolic illustration in an alchemical-theosophical book. Individual use of the book illustration as an amulet is not attested.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Specific engraving of the 1609 print. The date 1602 on the title is not accepted as the actual year of publication. No universal protective effect, ancient origin or association with a modern standard seal form is claimed.
Before designing
Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG view of the opened historical print. Fold lines, paper, shadows and all original inscriptions are preserved. The resolution of the presentation view limits the legibility of fine text; larger institutional masters exist separately. Historical image evidence, not a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG view of the opened historical print. Fold lines, paper, shadows and all original inscriptions are preserved. The resolution of the presentation view limits the legibility of fine text; larger institutional masters exist separately. Historical image evidence, not a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG view of the opened historical print. Fold lines, paper, shadows and all original inscriptions are preserved. The resolution of the presentation view limits the legibility of fine text; larger institutional masters exist separately. Historical image evidence, not a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: Hanau 1609; shelfmark QD25 .K486 1609; title gives 1602, actual publication 1609
Historical Christian Kabbalistic and alchemical print with individually catalogued engravings. No source attests to wearing these complete book images as amulets. Specific image rights: Public Domain Mark 1.0.
Source location: Amphitheatrum 1609, Plate 6; Member 2j62s487q
Individual image witness and institutional description; specific PDM release. Unaltered institutional Large-JPEG presentation (2880 pixels wide), distinct from the considerably larger TIFF/Full-sized-JPEG master. The plate number identifies this institutional copy.
Early modern English-Latin ritual magic English-Latin manuscript; present-day holding in London · Late 16th century (institutional dating of the manuscript)
A broad, dark-filled U-like form with short upper ends. The directly inscribed Latin designation Sol secures its historical identification with the sun. The seven separate lines on the same page are retained spatially disjoint; individual amulet efficacy or use as a wearable object is not evidenced.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern English-Latin ritual magic
Region
English-Latin manuscript; present-day holding in London
Date of the evidence
Late 16th century (institutional dating of the manuscript)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A broad, dark-filled U-like form with short upper ends. The directly inscribed Latin designation Sol secures its historical identification with the sun. The seven separate lines on the same page are retained spatially disjoint; individual amulet efficacy or use as a wearable object is not evidenced.
Historically recorded use
The directly inscribed Latin designation Sol secures the historical identification with the Sun. The seven separate lines on the same page are kept spatially distinct; individual amulet efficacy or wearing use is not evidenced.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Specific manuscript witness MS.110, institutionally dated to the late 16th century. Pseudo-Bacon and Pseudo-Solomon are attributions, not securely established medieval authorship. The modern blue folio numbers are distinguished from the age of the text; verso references follow the adjacent visible recto foliation and the IIIF page sequence. Irregular lines, show-through, losses and original variations in the signs are retained. The complete selected group is a component of this one copy and not a new abstract type of tradition.
Before designing
Unaltered native full-page JPEG within the SVG; only the documented viewport selects the complete historical figure. No added lines, modern replacement glyphs, raster conversion, vector transcription or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Specific manuscript witness MS.110, institutionally dated to the late 16th century. Pseudo-Bacon and Pseudo-Solomon are attributions, not securely established medieval authorship. The modern blue folio numbers are distinguished from the age of the text; verso references follow the adjacent visible recto foliation and the IIIF page sequence. Irregular lines, show-through, losses and original variations in the signs are retained. The complete selected group is a component of this one copy, not a new abstract type of tradition. Unaltered native full-page JPEG in the SVG; only the documented viewport selects the complete historical figure. No added lines, modern substitute glyphs, raster conversion, vector transcription or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Specific manuscript witness MS.110, institutionally dated to the late 16th century. Pseudo-Bacon and Pseudo-Solomon are attributions, not securely established medieval authorship. The modern blue folio numbers are distinguished from the age of the text; verso references follow the adjacent visible recto foliation and the IIIF page sequence. Irregular lines, show-through, losses and original variations in the signs are retained. The complete selected group is a component of this one copy, not a new abstract type of tradition. Unaltered native full-page JPEG in the SVG; only the documented viewport selects the complete historical figure. No added lines, modern substitute glyphs, raster conversion, vector transcription or manufacturing approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.110, f.30r; Canvas position 73/256; labelled line Sol
Source location: MS.110; current API p8bhyjys; old ID afsfdgzh (HTTP 410)
Dating and exact Digital Location. Roger Bacon is a pseudo-author attribution; the present binding, early 19th century, is not the date of the writing. Rights: Individual Digital Location links b18937135 with PDM.
Source location: 256 Canvases; historical folio numbers in the image
Images, sequence, dimensions and institutional descriptions of the five component texts. Folios 36–38 incorrectly bound according to the catalogue. Rights: the specific digital surrogate as a whole carries the Public Domain Mark; no transfer of rights from other images.
Unaltered complete institutional JPEG page; historical individual sign located by visible evidence. Rights: PDM for the exactly corresponding IIIF digital surrogate b18937135.
English-Latin Balemyn seal tradition Manuscript from the Lightfoot Collection; held today in London · Mid-17th century (institutional dating)
A small face with fine rays sits in the inner circle; broad marginal characters fill the outer band. Historical planetary seal group, attributed on the page itself to the Balemyn text. The following text discusses drawing and engraving planetary seals; this does not establish that an individual museum amulet was actually worn.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
English-Latin Balemyn seal tradition
Region
Manuscript from the Lightfoot Collection; held today in London
Date of the evidence
Mid-17th century (institutional dating)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A small face with fine rays sits in the inner circle; broad marginal characters fill the outer band. Historical planetary seal group, attributed on the page itself to the Balemyn text. The following text discusses drawing and engraving planetary seals; this does not establish that an individual museum amulet was actually worn.
Historically recorded use
Historical group of planetary seals, attributed on the sheet itself to the Balemyn text. The following text discusses drawing and engraving planetary seals; this does not establish that an individual museum amulet was actually worn.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Specific new manuscript witness MS.426, institutionally dated to the mid-17th century. Lightfoot is probably the compiler; Balemyn remains a transmitted spelling of a name, without an invented author identification. Drawing folio visibly marked pencil p. 24, followed by text p. 33; Canvas17/89 is not a folio number. The differing pagination transition is retained. Seven localised circles in this single ensemble are individual image variants, not seven newly arisen traditions. The radiant face provides the historical solar-image reference; no effect or wearing function is claimed.
Before designing
Complete selected circle in the unaltered native full-page JPEG. Rectangular viewports may retain small margins of neighbouring circles in their corners; these are not masked or painted over. The circular figures are neither moved nor supplemented. No raster re-encoding, new outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Specific new manuscript witness MS.426, institutionally dated to the mid-17th century. Lightfoot is probably the compiler; Balemyn remains a transmitted spelling of a name, without an invented author identification. The drawing page is visibly marked in pencil p. 24, followed by text p. 33; Canvas17/89 is not a folio number. The differing pagination transition is retained. Seven located circles in this one ensemble are distinct image variants, not seven newly arisen traditions. The radiant face provides the historical link to solar imagery; no effect or wearing function is claimed. Complete selected circle in the unchanged native full-page JPEG. Rectangular viewports may retain small edges of neighbouring circles in their corners; these are not masked or painted over. The circular figures are neither moved nor supplemented. No raster re-encoding, new outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Specific new manuscript witness MS.426, institutionally dated to the mid-17th century. Lightfoot is probably the compiler; Balemyn remains a transmitted spelling of a name, without an invented author identification. The drawing page is visibly marked in pencil p. 24, followed by text p. 33; Canvas17/89 is not a folio number. The differing pagination transition is retained. Seven located circles in this one ensemble are distinct image variants, not seven newly arisen traditions. The radiant face provides the historical link to solar imagery; no effect or wearing function is claimed. Complete selected circle in the unchanged native full-page JPEG. Rectangular viewports may retain small edges of neighbouring circles in their corners; these are not masked or painted over. The circular figures are neither moved nor supplemented. No raster re-encoding, new outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.426; drawing sheet, visible pencil p. 24; Canvas position 17/89; solar circular seal; next text visible on p. 33.
The statement of purpose is a historical attribution. The German short name is editorial; it is not a claim of efficacy.
Before designing
Check the source drawing and inscription in full before creating a motif drawing; an image link is not a finished engraving template.
Research draft. Visually checked single-figure detail from the historical original. Raster facsimile in an SVG viewport; original JPEG embedded unchanged. Paper/parchment, printing irregularities and show-through are retained. No engraving-ready vector paths; manufacturing requires separately checked vectorisation. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Visually checked single-figure detail from the historical original. Raster facsimile in an SVG viewport; original JPEG embedded unchanged. Paper/parchment, printing irregularities and show-through are retained. No engraving-ready vector paths; manufacturing requires separately checked vectorisation.
Source location: Second numbered pentacle section, handwritten p.22; IIIF Canvas position 196, image 0207
Source location: Work hwqdep8w; MS. 4659; La Clavicule…; mid-18th century; French
Institutional catalogue: French manuscript from the mid-18th century, with numerous pentacles, sigils and inserted parchment leaves. The claim of a translation from Hebrew belongs to the work’s title and is not adopted as a proven source text. Place of manufacture unknown. Twelve selected drawings from the second numbered pentacle section have been individually located visually; statements of purpose are historical attributions made by the manuscript.
Institutional manifest obtained directly; twelve complete, distinguishable drawings viewed in the browser. Page 15 was initially obscured by the loose slip; the complete image is in Canvas 189/Image 0200. Canvas here is a 1-based image position. Page 21 was set aside because its internal drawing is faded/unclear. The German titles are descriptive catalogue labels, not asserted traditional proper names.
Solar ritual circle on the foldout – MS.4670,Faltblatt
Original image · source evidence
Historical ritual diagram
French Clavicula and pseudo-Solomon tradition French-language volume; now at Wellcome Collection, London · 1796; dating of the specific Wellcome volume MS.4670
Green diamond and inner square frame around several concentric inscribed circles; red crosses, four circular fields at the diamond’s points and an inscribed passage leading sideways from the inner circle. The folded sheet explains a circle for an invocation of solar spirits and relates the name fields to the hour of the day and the season. It is a historical ritual diagram; use as a worn amulet is not evidenced.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French Clavicula and pseudo-Solomon tradition
Region
French-language volume; now at Wellcome Collection, London
Date of the evidence
1796; dating of the specific Wellcome volume MS.4670
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Green diamond and inner square frame around several concentric inscribed circles; red crosses, four circular fields at the diamond’s points and an inscribed passage leading sideways from the inner circle. The folded sheet explains a circle for an invocation of solar spirits and relates the name fields to the hour of the day and the season. It is a historical ritual diagram; use as a worn amulet is not evidenced.
Historically recorded use
The folding sheet explains a circle for an invocation of solar spirits and relates the name fields to the hour of the day and the season. It is a historical ritual diagram; use as a worn amulet is not evidenced.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The individual Miro image number and CC-BY-DigitalLocation are institutionally linked to MS4670. The fold-out and its solar circle appear before the title page; the four outer circle fields, name rings and side passage remain fully visible. The specific manuscript is dated to 1796 in the institutional volume catalogue. Pseudo-Solomon and the claimed translation from Hebrew are transmitted attributions; no ancient authorship or surviving Hebrew original is claimed. Historical statements of purpose are not evidence of efficacy.
Before designing
Unchanged native full-page JPEG embedded in the SVG; only the visible figure area is bounded by the viewport. Paper, colours, show-through writing and existing traces are retained. No outline transcription, added lines or approval for engraving.
Research draft. The individual Miro image number and CC-BY-DigitalLocation are institutionally linked to MS4670. The folded sheet and its solar circle are before the title page; the four outer circle fields, name rings and side passage remain fully visible. The unaltered native full-page JPEG is embedded in the SVG; only the visible figure area is bounded by the viewport. The paper, colours, show-through writing and existing traces are retained. No outline transcription, lines added or engraving approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The individual Miro image number and CC-BY-DigitalLocation are institutionally linked to MS4670. The folded sheet and its solar circle are before the title page; the four outer circle fields, name rings and side passage remain fully visible. The unaltered native full-page JPEG is embedded in the SVG; only the visible figure area is bounded by the viewport. The paper, colours, show-through writing and existing traces are retained. No outline transcription, lines added or engraving approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.4670,1796; unpaginated folded leaf before the title page, De Constructione Circuli; original photograph L0073024
Sonnen-Ritualkreis auf dem Faltblatt – MS.4670,Faltblatt. 1796; Datierung des konkreten Wellcome-Bands MS.4670. Source: Wellcome Collection. CC BY 4.0; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Darstellungsänderung: begrenzter SVG-Viewport; JPEG unverändert.
Institutional volume catalogue with a specific shelfmark and year date, 1796. The attribution J. S. Fyot, 1796 is recorded in Volume I; there is no secure individual attribution of the drawings for every sheet of the second volume.
Source location: MS4670; institutional Miro image number L0073024
CC BY 4.0 expressly applies to the individual IIIF image digital item; the catalogue prose describes the volume as a whole, while specific pages/figures are identified from the visible original.
Unaltered full/full JPEG; the individual work metadata explicitly links this image to MS4670. Viewports from different pages are separate and do not overlap.
French Clavicula and pseudo-Solomon tradition French-language volume; now at Wellcome Collection, London · 1796; dating of the specific Wellcome volume MS.4670
Golden-yellow concentric name circles with a quartered centre and Alpha and Omega; the surrounding texts differ from the neighbouring summer figure. This separate page identifies the figure as a Sunday pentacle under the sun in autumn. Summer and autumn are catalogued as two explicitly named variants in the same historical manuscript.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French Clavicula and pseudo-Solomon tradition
Region
French-language volume; now at Wellcome Collection, London
Date of the evidence
1796; dating of the specific Wellcome volume MS.4670
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Golden-yellow concentric name circles with a quartered centre and Alpha and Omega; the surrounding texts differ from the neighbouring summer figure. This separate page identifies the figure as a Sunday pentacle under the sun in autumn. Summer and autumn are catalogued as two explicitly named variants in the same historical manuscript.
Historically recorded use
This page itself identifies the figure as a Sunday pentacle under the Sun in autumn. Summer and autumn are recorded as two explicitly named variants of the same historical manuscript.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The individual Miro image number and CC-BY-DigitalLocation are institutionally linked to MS4670. The page number and individual heading have been checked against the unaltered full image. The figure is a single located component of the same volume, not another surviving amulet object. The specific manuscript is dated to 1796 in the institutional volume catalogue. Pseudo-Solomon and the claimed translation from Hebrew are transmitted attributions; no ancient authorship or surviving Hebrew original is claimed. Historical statements of purpose are not evidence of efficacy.
Before designing
Unchanged native full-page JPEG embedded in the SVG; only the visible figure area is bounded by the viewport. Paper, colours, show-through writing and existing traces are retained. No outline transcription, added lines or approval for engraving.
Research draft. The individual Miro image number and CC-BY-DigitalLocation are institutionally linked to MS4670. The page number and individual heading have been checked against the unaltered full image. The figure is a single, located component of the same volume, not another surviving amulet object. Unaltered native full-page JPEG embedded in the SVG; only the visible figure area is bounded by the viewport. The paper, colours, show-through text and existing traces are retained. No outline transcription, line additions or engraving approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The individual Miro image number and CC-BY-DigitalLocation are institutionally linked to MS4670. The page number and individual heading have been checked against the unaltered full image. The figure is a single, located component of the same volume, not another surviving amulet object. Unaltered native full-page JPEG embedded in the SVG; only the visible figure area is bounded by the viewport. The paper, colours, show-through text and existing traces are retained. No outline transcription, line additions or engraving approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.4670,1796; manuscript p.245;Pentacule du Dimanche Sous le Soleil en Automne;original photograph L0073150
Sonnenpentakel für den Herbst – MS.4670,S.245. 1796; Datierung des konkreten Wellcome-Bands MS.4670. Source: Wellcome Collection. CC BY 4.0; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Darstellungsänderung: begrenzter SVG-Viewport; JPEG unverändert.
Institutional volume catalogue with a specific shelfmark and year date, 1796. The attribution J. S. Fyot, 1796 is recorded in Volume I; there is no secure individual attribution of the drawings for every sheet of the second volume.
Source location: MS4670; institutional Miro image number L0073150
CC BY 4.0 expressly applies to the individual IIIF image digital item; the catalogue prose describes the volume as a whole, while specific pages/figures are identified from the visible original.
Unaltered full/full JPEG; the individual work metadata explicitly links this image to MS4670. Viewports from different pages are separate and do not overlap.
French Clavicula and pseudo-Solomon tradition French-language volume; now at Wellcome Collection, London · 1796; dating of the specific Wellcome volume MS.4670
Golden-yellow concentric name circles with crossed centre lines, small crosses and Alpha and Omega in the centre. The manuscript explicitly identifies this variant as a Sunday pentacle under the Sun in summer. The seasonally assigned name fields are preserved in the original.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French Clavicula and pseudo-Solomon tradition
Region
French-language volume; now at Wellcome Collection, London
Date of the evidence
1796; dating of the specific Wellcome volume MS.4670
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Golden-yellow concentric name circles with crossed centre lines, small crosses and Alpha and Omega in the centre. The manuscript explicitly identifies this variant as a Sunday pentacle under the Sun in summer. The seasonally assigned name fields are preserved in the original.
Historically recorded use
The manuscript explicitly describes this variant as a Sunday pentacle under the Sun in summer. The seasonally assigned name fields are preserved in the original.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The individual Miro image number and CC-BY-DigitalLocation are institutionally linked to MS4670. The page number and individual heading have been checked against the unaltered full image. The figure is a single located component of the same volume, not another surviving amulet object. The specific manuscript is dated to 1796 in the institutional volume catalogue. Pseudo-Solomon and the claimed translation from Hebrew are transmitted attributions; no ancient authorship or surviving Hebrew original is claimed. Historical statements of purpose are not evidence of efficacy.
Before designing
Unchanged native full-page JPEG embedded in the SVG; only the visible figure area is bounded by the viewport. Paper, colours, show-through writing and existing traces are retained. No outline transcription, added lines or approval for engraving.
Research draft. The individual Miro image number and CC-BY-DigitalLocation are institutionally linked to MS4670. The page number and individual heading have been checked against the unaltered full image. The figure is a single, located component of the same volume, not another surviving amulet object. Unaltered native full-page JPEG embedded in the SVG; only the visible figure area is bounded by the viewport. The paper, colours, show-through text and existing traces are retained. No outline transcription, line additions or engraving approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The individual Miro image number and CC-BY-DigitalLocation are institutionally linked to MS4670. The page number and individual heading have been checked against the unaltered full image. The figure is a single, located component of the same volume, not another surviving amulet object. Unaltered native full-page JPEG embedded in the SVG; only the visible figure area is bounded by the viewport. The paper, colours, show-through text and existing traces are retained. No outline transcription, line additions or engraving approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.4670,1796; handwritten p.244;Pentacule du Dimanche Sous le Soleil en Eté;Originalaufnahme L0073150
Sonnenpentakel für den Sommer – MS.4670,S.244. 1796; Datierung des konkreten Wellcome-Bands MS.4670. Source: Wellcome Collection. CC BY 4.0; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Darstellungsänderung: begrenzter SVG-Viewport; JPEG unverändert.
Institutional volume catalogue with a specific shelfmark and year date, 1796. The attribution J. S. Fyot, 1796 is recorded in Volume I; there is no secure individual attribution of the drawings for every sheet of the second volume.
Source location: MS4670; institutional Miro image number L0073150
CC BY 4.0 expressly applies to the individual IIIF image digital item; the catalogue prose describes the volume as a whole, while specific pages/figures are identified from the visible original.
Unaltered full/full JPEG; the individual work metadata explicitly links this image to MS4670. Viewports from different pages are separate and do not overlap.
Solar pentacle with five inner signs – MS.4670,p.62
Original image · source evidence
Historical pentacle
French Clavicula and pseudo-Solomon tradition French-language volume; now at Wellcome Collection, London · 1796; dating of the specific Wellcome volume MS.4670
Gold-yellow double circle with red Latin inscription around it; five larger gold-coloured lettering and loop signs stand inside, with a small terminal cross with circles at the upper edge. The manuscript assigns this figure to Sunday and the Sun, and claims that spirits obey at the sight of the pentacle. This statement is recorded as a historical ritual purpose, not a confirmed effect.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French Clavicula and pseudo-Solomon tradition
Region
French-language volume; now at Wellcome Collection, London
Date of the evidence
1796; dating of the specific Wellcome volume MS.4670
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Gold-yellow double circle with red Latin inscription around it; five larger gold-coloured lettering and loop signs stand inside, with a small terminal cross with circles at the upper edge. The manuscript assigns this figure to Sunday and the Sun, and claims that spirits obey at the sight of the pentacle. This statement is recorded as a historical ritual purpose, not a confirmed effect.
Historically recorded use
The manuscript associates this figure with Sunday and the Sun, and claims that spirits obey at the sight of the pentacle. This statement is recorded as a historical ritual purpose, not as a confirmed effect.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The individual Miro image number and CC-BY-DigitalLocation are institutionally linked to MS4670. The page number and individual heading have been checked against the unaltered full image. The figure is a single located component of the same volume, not another surviving amulet object. The specific manuscript is dated to 1796 in the institutional volume catalogue. Pseudo-Solomon and the claimed translation from Hebrew are transmitted attributions; no ancient authorship or surviving Hebrew original is claimed. Historical statements of purpose are not evidence of efficacy.
Before designing
Unchanged native full-page JPEG embedded in the SVG; only the visible figure area is bounded by the viewport. Paper, colours, show-through writing and existing traces are retained. No outline transcription, added lines or approval for engraving.
Research draft. The individual Miro image number and CC-BY-DigitalLocation are institutionally linked to MS4670. The page number and individual heading have been checked against the unaltered full image. The figure is a single, located component of the same volume, not another surviving amulet object. Unaltered native full-page JPEG embedded in the SVG; only the visible figure area is bounded by the viewport. The paper, colours, show-through text and existing traces are retained. No outline transcription, line additions or engraving approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The individual Miro image number and CC-BY-DigitalLocation are institutionally linked to MS4670. The page number and individual heading have been checked against the unaltered full image. The figure is a single, located component of the same volume, not another surviving amulet object. Unaltered native full-page JPEG embedded in the SVG; only the visible figure area is bounded by the viewport. The paper, colours, show-through text and existing traces are retained. No outline transcription, line additions or engraving approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.4670,1796; manuscript p.62;Tous les Esprits obéissent à la vue de ce Pent. au Dimanche sous le Soleil;original photograph L0073059
Sonnenpentakel mit fünf Binnenzeichen – MS.4670,S.62. 1796; Datierung des konkreten Wellcome-Bands MS.4670. Source: Wellcome Collection. CC BY 4.0; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Darstellungsänderung: begrenzter SVG-Viewport; JPEG unverändert.
Institutional volume catalogue with a specific shelfmark and year date, 1796. The attribution J. S. Fyot, 1796 is recorded in Volume I; there is no secure individual attribution of the drawings for every sheet of the second volume.
Source location: MS4670; institutional Miro image number L0073059
CC BY 4.0 expressly applies to the individual IIIF image digital item; the catalogue prose describes the volume as a whole, while specific pages/figures are identified from the visible original.
Unaltered full/full JPEG; the individual work metadata explicitly links this image to MS4670. Viewports from different pages are separate and do not overlap.
Solar pentacle with sword, cup and heart – Penn f.59r (= 60r)
Original image · source evidence
Historical grimoire pentacle
Latin Clavicula Salomonis manuscript; transmission of the Keys of Solomon European manuscript; place of manufacture unknown; present collection in Philadelphia · 1750–1799; second half of the 18th century, dating of the specific example
A horizontal sword lies above a cup and a heart pierced by an arrow. A crescent and additional signs fill the circle. The accompanying text mentions the nature of the sun and the subduing of the pride of spirits. This is the statement of a historical ritual text; no actual effect is evidenced.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Latin Clavicula Salomonis manuscript; transmission of the Keys of Solomon
Region
European manuscript; place of manufacture unknown; present collection in Philadelphia
Date of the evidence
1750–1799; second half of the 18th century, dating of the specific example
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A horizontal sword lies above a cup and a heart pierced by an arrow. A crescent and additional signs fill the circle. The accompanying text mentions the nature of the sun and the subduing of the pride of spirits. This is the statement of a historical ritual text; no actual effect is evidenced.
Historically recorded use
The accompanying text names the nature of the Sun and the subduing of the spirits’ pride. This is the statement of a historical ritual text; no actual effect is evidenced.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Dating of this specific Latin copy: 1750–1799. The catalogue attribution to Abraham Colorni does not confirm that he personally produced this later manuscript. The drawing is a localised component of 43 surviving pentacles in the same copy, not a new tradition or a separately surviving worn amulet. Written and corrected foliation differ by one leaf. The changing historical internal numbering is not unified into an invented continuous sequence of 1–43.
Before designing
The completely preserved individual pentacle remains embedded as an unaltered native OPenn web JPEG; only the SVG viewport limits the visible area of the leaf. The separately offered TIFF master was not used. The accompanying text can be read in full on the archived full leaf, although it is partly cut off in the viewport. No addition of lines or letters, outline transcription or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Dating of this specific Latin copy: 1750–1799. The catalogue attribution to Abraham Colorni does not confirm that he personally made this later manuscript. The drawing is a localised component of 43 surviving pentacles in the same copy, not a new tradition or a separately surviving worn amulet. Written and corrected foliation differ by one leaf. The changing historical internal numbering is not standardised into an invented continuous sequence from 1 to 43. The single, fully preserved pentacle is embedded as an unaltered native OPenn web JPEG in the SVG; only the SVG viewport limits the visible area of the leaf. The separately offered TIFF master was not used. The accompanying text can be read in full on the archived full leaf, though it is partly cut off in the viewport. No lines or letters have been added, no outline transcription has been made, and no manufacturing approval is implied. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Dating of this specific Latin copy: 1750–1799. The catalogue attribution to Abraham Colorni does not confirm that he personally made this later manuscript. The drawing is a localised component of 43 surviving pentacles in the same copy, not a new tradition or a separately surviving worn amulet. Written and corrected foliation differ by one leaf. The changing historical internal numbering is not standardised into an invented continuous sequence from 1 to 43. The single, fully preserved pentacle is embedded as an unaltered native OPenn web JPEG in the SVG; only the SVG viewport limits the visible area of the leaf. The separately offered TIFF master was not used. The accompanying text can be read in full on the archived full leaf, though it is partly cut off in the viewport. No lines or letters have been added, no outline transcription has been made, and no manufacturing approval is implied.
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Sonnenpentakel mit Schwert, Becher und Herz – Penn f.59r (= 60r). Ms. Codex 1673, 1750–1799. University of Pennsylvania, Kislak Center. Public Domain Mark. Katalogmetadaten separat CC BY 4.0.
Specific manuscript witness, second half of the 18th century. Earlier textual transmission and author attribution are not the date when this copy was made.
Rectangular setting with openwork ornament and damaged enamel roundels. The native reverse image shows a six-pointed star within a ring.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Spanish, Islamic
Region
Spain
Date of the evidence
14th–15th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Rectangular setting with openwork ornament and damaged enamel roundels. The native reverse image shows a six-pointed star within a ring.
Historically recorded use
The Walters catalogue interprets the gilded copper setting probably as an amulet case, presumably for Qur’anic text on parchment. The outer writing may be Arabic or pseudo-Arabic. Both qualifications remain part of the historical profile.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 44.151. No surviving contents or secure translation of the outer inscription is documented. The star is described as a specific image element, not as proof of a particular Jewish owner.
Before designing
Native museum photograph as a historical reference; damage, writing and present-day photographic condition unaltered. No manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete native JPEG images side by side without cropping, resampling, retouching or added glyphs. Rectangular setting with openwork decoration and damaged round enamel panels. The native reverse image shows a six-pointed star within a ring. Not approved for manufacture. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete native JPEG images side by side without cropping, resampling, retouching or added glyphs. Rectangular setting with openwork decoration and damaged round enamel panels. The native reverse image shows a six-pointed star within a ring. Not approved for manufacture.
Source location: 44.151; fully attributed museum image
Spanish reliquary jewel with Crucifixion and rock-crystal cylinder
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Catholic veneration of relics in Spain Spain · 16th century
Gold two-storey case with suspension loop, enamelled Crucifixion group, figures on the sides and transparent cylinder. The complete front view also preserves signs of use and the existing inscription.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Catholic veneration of relics in Spain
Region
Spain
Date of the evidence
16th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Gold two-storey case with suspension loop, enamelled Crucifixion group, figures on the sides and transparent cylinder. The complete front view also preserves signs of use and the existing inscription.
Historically recorded use
Small, portable reliquary in architectural form. The museum describes an inlay venerated as a cross relic and a capsule containing an alleged sponge relic. Such precious objects brought together personal devotion and costly ornamentation.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Met object 193674, inventory 17.190.887. This does not prove the provenance of the fragments venerated as wood of the Cross and sponge. Historical relic beliefs are not a confirmed effect; the museum documents religious jewellery, not an individual magical rite.
Before designing
Complete native original capture(s), embedded unchanged in the SVG. The facsimile is not an engraving outline; it is not approved for manufacture.
Research draft. Gold two-storey case with a suspension loop, an enamelled Crucifixion group, figures at the sides and a transparent cylinder. The complete front view preserves signs of use and the existing inscription. This does not prove the provenance of the fragments venerated as wood of the Cross and sponge. Historical relic beliefs are not confirmed effects; the museum attests to religious jewellery, not an individual magical rite. Original bytes unchanged, no raster transformation or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Gold two-storey case with a suspension loop, an enamelled Crucifixion group, figures at the sides and a transparent cylinder. The complete front view preserves signs of use and the existing inscription. This does not prove the provenance of the fragments venerated as wood of the Cross and sponge. Historical relic beliefs are not confirmed effects; the museum attests to religious jewellery, not an individual magical rite. Original bytes unchanged, no raster transformation or manufacturing approval.
Source location: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 17.190.887; complete individual museum view
Fresh native API response: object identity, raw dating, dimensions, material, specific image URLs and isPublicDomain. Editorial reading additionally checked against the object page.
Institutional object page retained today via the web reader; text and public-domain evidence. The web reader’s crawl age is visible in the archived extract.
China, Six Dynasties period (220–589 CE) China · c. 317–400 CE
Bronze mirror with Xiwangmu and Dongwanggong identified by the museum, image panels and surrounding inscription. The mythological connection between Yin and Yang is a historical religious interpretation. The surviving inscription is not newly translated; no use as a jewellery amulet is attested.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
China, Six Dynasties period (220–589 CE)
Region
China
Date of the evidence
c. 317–400 CE
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Bronze mirror with Xiwangmu and Dongwanggong identified by the museum, image panels and surrounding inscription. The mythological connection between Yin and Yang is a historical religious interpretation. The surviving inscription is not newly translated; no use as a jewellery amulet is attested.
Historically recorded use
Bronze mirror with Xiwangmu and Dongwanggong, identified as such by the museum, picture panels and a surrounding inscription.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The mythological connection between Yin and Yang is a historical religious interpretation. The surviving inscription is not newly translated; no use as a jewellery amulet is attested.
Before designing
Dark, round mirror plate with a central boss, figural relief zones, small square panels and a band of writing. Original photograph as a complete facsimile; no manufacturing approval and no added contours.
Research draft. The mythological connection between Yin and Yang is a historical religious interpretation. The surviving inscription is not newly translated; no use as a jewellery amulet is evidenced. All native JPEG bytes and the full image area remain unchanged. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The mythological connection between Yin and Yang is a historical religious interpretation. The surviving inscription is not newly translated; no use as a jewellery amulet is evidenced. All native JPEG bytes and the full image area remain unchanged.
Source location: 1983.213; complete view of the main image as actually photographed
Source location: Individual inventory 1983.213; object ID 151373; title, date, culture, material and image link
The mythological connection between Yin and Yang is a historical religious interpretation. The surviving inscription is not newly translated; no use as a jewellery amulet is attested.
Jewish amulet practice Qalyub, Egypt? According to the catalogue, the designation mentioned in the text may also refer to a family name. · 11th–13th century?
Three large lines written in mirror writing on an elongated paper fragment. The lower edge is irregularly torn; missing areas are not filled in.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Jewish amulet practice
Region
Qalyub, Egypt? According to the catalogue, the designation mentioned in the text may also refer to a family name.
Date of the evidence
11th–13th century?
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Three large lines written in mirror writing on an elongated paper fragment. The lower edge is irregularly torn; missing areas are not filled in.
Historically recorded use
A sheet catalogued as a talisman, with large mirror-written Hebrew characters and prayer formulae.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Halper 453, Cairo Genizah Collection; paper, 17.8 × 39.3 cm. Dating and interpretation of the place remain explicitly uncertain. The catalogued formulae are not simplified into a modern, invented combination of signs.
Before designing
The native digital image shows the surviving historical state, with areas of loss and its original scan orientation.
Research draft. Unaltered native institutional web JPEG file in an SVG viewport; no new interpretation of the writing, addition of lost ink or modern replacement form. The larger TIFF masters offered separately are not archived locally for these Penn pages. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Unaltered native institutional web JPEG file in an SVG viewport; no new interpretation of the writing, addition of lost ink or modern replacement form. The larger TIFF masters offered separately are not archived locally for these Penn pages.
Late Byzantine Christian goldsmithing Byzantine sphere · 1200–1400; present-day suspension loop is modern
Gold cross with rounded end panels, fine looped filigree, granulation and pearls at the centre. The native frontal photograph also shows the present-day upper suspension loop.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Late Byzantine Christian goldsmithing
Region
Byzantine sphere
Date of the evidence
1200–1400; present-day suspension loop is modern
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Gold cross with rounded end panels, fine looped filigree, granulation and pearls at the centre. The native frontal photograph also shows the present-day upper suspension loop.
Historically recorded use
The museum describes a cross with filigree, granulation and wire patterns as typical late Byzantine work. The cross form incorporates earlier Byzantine forms.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Met object 476543, inventory 2005.38. According to the museum’s measurements, the loop is modern and is not presented as a medieval construction. Personal protective use and the original owner are not documented.
Before designing
Complete native original capture(s), embedded unchanged in the SVG. The facsimile is not an engraving outline; it is not approved for manufacture.
Research draft. Gold cross with rounded terminal fields, delicate looped filigree, granulation and pearls at the centre. The native front photograph also shows the present upper suspension loop. According to the museum measurements, the loop is modern and is not presented as a medieval construction. Individual protective use and the original owner are not documented. Original bytes unchanged; no raster transformation or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Gold cross with rounded terminal fields, delicate looped filigree, granulation and pearls at the centre. The native front photograph also shows the present upper suspension loop. According to the museum measurements, the loop is modern and is not presented as a medieval construction. Individual protective use and the original owner are not documented. Original bytes unchanged; no raster transformation or manufacturing approval.
Source location: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2005.38; complete individual museum view
Fresh native API response: object identity, raw dating, dimensions, material, specific image URLs and isPublicDomain. Editorial reading additionally checked against the object page.
Institutional object page retained today via the web reader; text and public-domain evidence. The web reader’s crawl age is visible in the archived extract.
The actual book edition Rawson The Art of Tantra 1973 was found to be institutionally catalogued. The IA file directory marks the PDF, OCR and images as private; Figure 65 was not seen. A second IA catalogue entry with the same name has no book files. No access-restricted file was requested; the original inventory and a freely usable image witness of this Nepal image remain unresolved.
Yantras
Tantric Hinduism Nepal · c. 1700
Cloth image with deities; triangular fields red. Reference: Rawson, The Art of Tantra [11], fig. 65.
Research draftSpecific model required
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Tantric Hinduism
Region
Nepal
Date of the evidence
c. 1700
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Cloth image with deities; triangular fields red. Reference: Rawson, The Art of Tantra [11], fig. 65.
Historically recorded use
Religious diagram for meditation.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The object remains bibliographically evidenced by Huet; the original plate and inventory have not been securely located. Extended research review on 2026-10-05 distinguishes historical originals from modern mathematical Sri Yantra constructions. Chiodo 2021 documents research limits and provides no image witness of this example.
Before designing
The actual book edition Rawson The Art of Tantra 1973 was found to be institutionally catalogued. The IA file directory marks the PDF, OCR and images as private; Figure 65 was not seen. A second IA catalogue entry with the same name has no book files. No access-restricted file was requested; the original inventory and a freely usable image witness of this Nepal image remain unresolved.
Research draft. The actual book edition Rawson The Art of Tantra 1973 was found to be institutionally catalogued. The IA file directory marks the PDF, OCR and images as private; Figure 65 was not seen. A second IA catalogue entry with the same name has no book files. No access-restricted file was requested; the original inventory and a freely usable image witness of this Nepal image remain unresolved. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Académie des sciences, Comptes Rendus Mathématique
Source location: Volume 359 (2021), pp. 384–385, §1.1; PDF pages 8–9; historical questions in relation to modern constructions
Research evidence concerning unresolved questions of origin and depiction. Not an image witness to the three specific Rawson/Mookerjee objects; modern mathematical drawings are not used as historical models.
Internet Archive, institutioneller Bibliotheksbestand
Source location: 1973 edition; sought image witness Figure 65 according to Huet; access-restricted-item=true
Metadata and file listing actually checked. Unencrypted PDF, OCR and image files are marked private; the encrypted PDF offered alongside them is not a freely readable image. No access-restricted files were requested. Figure 65 was not seen here and was not replaced by another Nepalese painting.
Source location: Section 1.5, historical examples, references to works by Mookerjee and Rawson
The three existing bibliographic references are historical starting points. The modern computer constructions and discussion of orientation in this essay are not presented as images of old objects.
Tantric Hinduism India, Rajasthan · late 18th century
Incomplete partial outline; the complete image source remains unknown. Old Sri Yantra painting from Rajasthan, illustrated as plate 7 in Mookerjee’s Tantra Art; late 18th century, private collection. A partial outline of the six large triangles is available.
Research draftSource-based vector template
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Tantric Hinduism
Region
India, Rajasthan
Date of the evidence
late 18th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Incomplete partial outline; the complete image source remains unknown. Old Sri Yantra painting from Rajasthan, illustrated as plate 7 in Mookerjee’s Tantra Art; late 18th century, private collection. A partial outline of the six large triangles is available.
Historically recorded use
Religious diagram for meditation.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The original published image witness was identified and actually viewed in ASI book scan 68892. Mookerjee gives Rajasthan, late 18th century and private ownership. The current inventory number and object dimensions remain unknown; 1971 is the publication year of the image witness, not the object date.
Before designing
Original image actually located: Mookerjee Tantra Art, printed 1971, plate 7, printed page 22/PDF page 30, description printed page 53/PDF page 61. Rajasthan, late 18th century, private collection. The partial outline made here includes only six visible large triangles. Three small central triangles, the centre point, lotus, circular border, four-gate frame and colours are missing; no complete image gap has been filled. The book photograph remains private without an open licence.
Research draft. Original image actually located: Mookerjee Tantra Art, printed 1971, plate 7, printed page 22/PDF page 30, description printed page 53/PDF page 61. Rajasthan, late 18th century, private collection. The partial outline made here includes only six visible large triangles. Three small central triangles, the centre point, lotus, circular border, four-gate frame and colours are missing; no complete image gap has been filled. The book photograph remains private without an open licence. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Vector template: Original image actually located: Mookerjee Tantra Art, printed 1971, plate 7, printed page 22/PDF page 30, description printed page 53/PDF page 61. Rajasthan, late 18th century, private collection. The partial outline made here includes only six visible large triangles. Three small central triangles, the centre point, lotus, circular border, four-gate frame and colours are missing; no complete image gap has been filled. The book photograph remains private without an open licence.
Source location: Plate 7, printed page 22/PDF page 30, ASI book 68892, printed edition 1971; six large triangles in the historical image
Original image actually located: Mookerjee Tantra Art, printed 1971, plate 7, printed page 22/PDF page 30, description printed page 53/PDF page 61. Rajasthan, late 18th century, private collection. The partial outline made here includes only six visible large triangles. Three small central triangles, the centre point, lotus, circular border, four-gate frame and colours are missing; no complete image gap has been filled. The book photograph remains private without an open licence.
Académie des sciences, Comptes Rendus Mathématique
Source location: Volume 359 (2021), pp. 384–385, §1.1; PDF pages 8–9; historical questions in relation to modern constructions
Research evidence concerning unresolved questions of origin and depiction. Not an image witness to the three specific Rawson/Mookerjee objects; modern mathematical drawings are not used as historical models.
Source location: Section 1.5, historical examples, references to works by Mookerjee and Rawson
The three existing bibliographic references are historical starting points. The modern computer constructions and discussion of orientation in this essay are not presented as images of old objects.
Original image actually located: Mookerjee Tantra Art, printed 1971, plate 51, printed page 79/PDF page 87, description printed page 80/PDF page 88. South India, 17th–18th century, private ownership. TRIS document 00535175 shows the same image witness with publisher copyright and watermark. Wear and shadow are visible in the middle of the freely available book scan; no repaired complete outline and no public raster photograph.
Yantras
Tantric Hinduism South India · 17th–18th century
Sri Yantra copper plate from South India, 17th–18th century, published as plate 51 in Mookerjees Tantra Art; geometric centre with pronounced wear.
Research draftSpecific model required
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Tantric Hinduism
Region
South India
Date of the evidence
17th–18th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Sri Yantra copper plate from South India, 17th–18th century, published as plate 51 in Mookerjees Tantra Art; geometric centre with pronounced wear.
Historically recorded use
Religious diagram for meditation.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The original published image witness was located and image-checked in the ASI book scan 68892. Mookerjee gives copper, southern India, 17th–18th century and private ownership. The TRIS image matches the same image witness and states Copyright Image With Publisher; current inventory number and original dimensions are unknown.
Before designing
Original image actually located: Mookerjee Tantra Art, printed 1971, plate 51, printed page 79/PDF page 87, description printed page 80/PDF page 88. South India, 17th–18th century, private ownership. TRIS document 00535175 shows the same image witness with publisher copyright and watermark. Wear and shadow are visible in the middle of the freely available book scan; no repaired complete outline and no public raster photograph.
Research draft. Original image actually located: Mookerjee Tantra Art, printed 1971, plate 51, printed page 79/PDF page 87, description printed page 80/PDF page 88. South India, 17th–18th century, private ownership. TRIS document 00535175 shows the same image witness with publisher copyright and watermark. Wear and shadow are visible in the middle of the freely available book scan; no repaired complete outline and no public raster photograph. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Académie des sciences, Comptes Rendus Mathématique
Source location: Volume 359 (2021), pp. 384–385, §1.1; PDF pages 8–9; historical questions in relation to modern constructions
Research evidence concerning unresolved questions of origin and depiction. Not an image witness to the three specific Rawson/Mookerjee objects; modern mathematical drawings are not used as historical models.
Image and inscription directly examined: copper plate, South India, 17th–18th century, private collection. The photograph shows central wear and shadows; it does not provide secure evidence for a complete, consistently legible outline. The modern book edition is protected by copyright; no public raster asset.
Archive display actually viewed: Copyright Image With Publisher. Native WebP 800×776 with central TRIS watermark seen and privately archived unchanged. Comparison with Mookerjee plate 51 matches the frame, border motifs and worn centre; no free photographic permission, no completion of concealed strokes.
Source location: Section 1.5, historical examples, references to works by Mookerjee and Rawson
The three existing bibliographic references are historical starting points. The modern computer constructions and discussion of orientation in this essay are not presented as images of old objects.
Stavnsager: C-bracteate IK 647 with border inscription
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Early Nordic visual and written tradition Stavnsager, Hørning Parish, Randers, Denmark · About 440–560 AD; iconographic dating according to RuneS
C-bracteate of gold with a large head, animal depiction and long encircling inscription band. The edge is damaged in the lower right section.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early Nordic visual and written tradition
Region
Stavnsager, Hørning Parish, Randers, Denmark
Date of the evidence
About 440–560 AD; iconographic dating according to RuneS
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
C-bracteate of gold with a large head, animal depiction and long encircling inscription band. The edge is damaged in the lower right section.
Historically recorded use
Historically documented gold pendant with a stamped image field. A specific protective effect or particular ritual is not demonstrated for this individual piece by the cited object records.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
RuneS identifies the object as incomplete and the rune reading as uncertain. The source offers no reliable translation; the photograph must not replace missing edge signs with freely chosen runes.
Before designing
The model is the surviving museum photograph, including wear and damage. No modern addition of missing lines, and no conversion of unclear runes or letter imitations into an invented readable formula.
Research draft. Unaltered museum JPEG bytes are embedded in an SVG image crop. Photograph of the surviving object; neither a drawn reconstruction nor an AI-generated symbol. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Unaltered museum JPEG bytes are embedded in an SVG image crop. Photograph of the surviving object; neither a drawn reconstruction nor an AI-generated symbol.
RuneS / Niedersächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen
Source location: IK 647; C 38872; 440–560
Single find from 2012, incomplete; older runes or uncertain rune signs, without a secure translation. The RuneS data licence CC BY-SA 4.0 does not replace an image licence; the museum photograph used is the one separately checked in each case.
Source location: Image DO-11079; inventory C 38872
The specific image file is named do_C38872.tif. The inventory attribution and historical dating are additionally confirmed by RuneS. The image record and image-specific JSON-LD refer to CC BY-SA 4.0. The photographer and actual JPEG resolution are recorded in the symbol manifest; TIFF metadata refers to a different original file.
Early Nordic visual and written tradition Stavnsager, Hørning Parish, Randers, Denmark · Approx. 375–550 CE according to RuneS; museum term 375–540
Gold D-bracteate with a stylised animal image and a sequence transliterated by RuneS as aalul.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early Nordic visual and written tradition
Region
Stavnsager, Hørning Parish, Randers, Denmark
Date of the evidence
Approx. 375–550 CE according to RuneS; museum term 375–540
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Gold D-bracteate with a stylised animal image and a sequence transliterated by RuneS as aalul.
Historically recorded use
Historically documented gold pendant with a stamped image field. A specific protective effect or particular ritual is not demonstrated for this individual piece by the cited object records.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
AALUL is the catalogued reading of this object. It is not shortened to the better-known ALU formula without philological evidence. The individual effect is unknown; two slightly differing dating statements remain cited.
Before designing
The model is the surviving museum photograph, including wear and damage. No modern addition of missing lines, and no conversion of unclear runes or letter imitations into an invented readable formula.
Research draft. Unaltered museum JPEG bytes are embedded in an SVG image crop. Photograph of the surviving object; neither a drawn reconstruction nor an AI-generated symbol. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Unaltered museum JPEG bytes are embedded in an SVG image crop. Photograph of the surviving object; neither a drawn reconstruction nor an AI-generated symbol.
RuneS / Niedersächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen
Source location: IK 649; C 38874; 375–550, archaeologically dated
Elder Futhark, transliterated as aalul, but no secure translation. Inventory and image page are explicitly linked. The RuneS data licence CC BY-SA 4.0 does not replace an image licence; the separately checked museum photograph is used.
Source location: Image DO-14067; Inventory C 38874
D-bracteate with animal and runes. The museum period, 375–540, is broader than the archaeological RuneS interval, 375–550; the differences are not silently standardised. The image dataset and image-specific JSON-LD refer to CC BY-SA 4.0. The photographer and actual JPEG resolution are recorded in the symbol manifest; TIFF metadata refers to a different original file.
Early Nordic visual and written tradition Stavnsager, south of Randers, Denmark · Older Germanic Iron Age; catalogue period 375–540 AD
D-bracteate in gold with a highly stylised bird, curled image lines, dotted sections and a pendant loop.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early Nordic visual and written tradition
Region
Stavnsager, south of Randers, Denmark
Date of the evidence
Older Germanic Iron Age; catalogue period 375–540 AD
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
D-bracteate in gold with a highly stylised bird, curled image lines, dotted sections and a pendant loop.
Historically recorded use
Historically documented gold pendant with a stamped image field. A specific protective effect or particular ritual is not demonstrated for this individual piece by the cited object records.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The bird motif, inventory and find region are named institutionally. The evidence does not securely identify the bird as Odin’s raven and supplies no protective formula.
Before designing
The model is the surviving museum photograph, including wear and damage. No modern addition of missing lines, and no conversion of unclear runes or letter imitations into an invented readable formula.
Research draft. Unaltered museum JPEG bytes are embedded in an SVG image crop. Photograph of the surviving object; neither a drawn reconstruction nor an AI-generated symbol. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Unaltered museum JPEG bytes are embedded in an SVG image crop. Photograph of the surviving object; neither a drawn reconstruction nor an AI-generated symbol.
Source location: Image DO-14068; inventory C 38873
Explicit museum evidence for a D-bracteate with a bird from Stavnsager; historical catalogue period 375–540. The image date 2016 is not the date of creation. The image record and image-specific JSON-LD refer to CC BY-SA 4.0. The photographer and actual JPEG resolution are recorded in the symbol manifest; TIFF metadata describes a different original file.
Ancient Egyptian amulets and historical symbol forms Egypt · 664–30 BC
Standing human-shaped faience figure with a cat's head and arms held along the sides of the body.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Ancient Egyptian amulets and historical symbol forms
Region
Egypt
Date of the evidence
664–30 BC
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Standing human-shaped faience figure with a cat's head and arms held along the sides of the body.
Historically recorded use
Deity figure identified in the catalogue as an amulet of Bastet.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The figure is an anthropomorphic Bastet variant; it is not equated with a seated pure cat amulet or with a certain Sakhmet.
Before designing
Original photograph of the complete standing figure. CC0 raster reference; not a verified manufacturing file. A separately checked contour preparation is required for engraving or casting.
Research draft. Original photograph of the complete standing figure. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Original photograph of the complete standing figure.
Source location: Met 44.4.37; selected original photograph
Source location: Met 44.4.37; object 546244; API title, objectDate, medium, geography, images
Directly archived institutional object record for this exact inventory item. Image form also checked visually; named function and attribution only to the extent documented in each case.
Standing draped figure before a tall aureole on a circular, radially segmented base. Two floral arrangements flank the central lotus pedestal.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Buddhist visual tradition
Region
Japan
Date of the evidence
Around 1400
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Standing draped figure before a tall aureole on a circular, radially segmented base. Two floral arrangements flank the central lotus pedestal.
Historically recorded use
The bronze plate belongs to the tradition of Kakebotoke hung in Buddhist temples and Shinto shrines. Its origin in ritual mirrors explains its disc shape. Use as a body amulet is not attested.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 25.215.98, Met object 60020. The current object title names no specific deity. The standing figure actually visible is therefore not identified as Amida or as a seated Buddha.
Before designing
Unchanged complete native museum image; no reconstruction of damaged details. No manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete native museum photograph, with no raster transformation or reconstruction of old forms. Historical religious image evidence; not approved for manufacture. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete native museum photograph, with no raster transformation or reconstruction of old forms. Historical religious image evidence; not approved for manufacture.
Source location: The Metropolitan Museum of Art; 25.215.98; complete selected individual photograph
Source location: CC0 for individually designated public-domain collection images
Institutional CC0 policy read in the web tool on 10 October. The direct native website response was HTTP429 and is not treated as text of a rights notice that was read.
Standing clothed woman, whose hand grasps the fabric of her garment.
Historically recorded use
The Getty catalogue describes a pendant and interprets the small Kore, among other things, in connection with birth, fertility and possible protection in life and the grave.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Identification as Artemis or Leto is a hypothesis. The image gesture alone does not prove a particular ritual; according to the museum, the region of manufacture was southern Italy or Etruria. Dating conflict: current Collection 600–500 B.C., scholarly catalogue 525–500 B.C.. No common numerical year range is established without a reasoned resolution.
Before designing
Unmodified native institutional photographic source; no invented glyph additions, no isolated vector outline and no manufacturing approval. Historical evidence and comparative interpretation remain separate.
Research draft. The identification as Artemis or Leto is a hypothesis. The image gesture alone does not prove a specific ritual; according to the museum, the region of manufacture is southern Italy or Etruria. Dating conflict: current Collection 600–500 B.C., scholarly catalogue 525–500 B.C.. No common numerical date range is set without a reasoned resolution. Complete original JPEG bytes; losses of writing and material are not supplemented. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The identification as Artemis or Leto is a hypothesis. The image gesture alone does not prove a specific ritual; according to the museum, the region of manufacture is southern Italy or Etruria. Dating conflict: current Collection 600–500 B.C., scholarly catalogue 525–500 B.C.. No common numerical date range is set without a reasoned resolution. Complete original JPEG bytes; losses of writing and material are not supplemented.
Source location: 76.AO.77; complete main image view actually photographed
Scholarly comparison and interpretation are presented separately from secure object form and actual use. Photograph separately from current collection metadata relation.
Ancient Egyptian amulets and historical symbol forms Egypt · 664–30 BC
Standing human-shaped figure with a canid head and short kilt.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Ancient Egyptian amulets and historical symbol forms
Region
Egypt
Date of the evidence
664–30 BC
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Standing human-shaped figure with a canid head and short kilt.
Historically recorded use
Later deity figure identified by the museum as an Anubis amulet.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The anthropomorphic overall figure is a different specific historical variant from the early ivory head; no new basic motifs are claimed on the basis of the change of material. The numerical range follows the legible catalogue dating; the differing numerical API values are retained separately in the evidence record.
Before designing
Original photograph with the surviving proportions and damage. CC0 raster reference; not a verified manufacturing file. Engraving or casting requires separately verified contour preparation.
Research draft. Original photograph with proportions and damage retained. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Original photograph with proportions and damage retained.
Source location: Met 04.2.151; selected original image
Source location: Met 04.2.151; object 548208; API title, objectDate, medium, geography, images
Directly archived institutional object record for this exact inventory item. Image form also checked visually; named function and attribution only to the extent documented in each case.
Stone amulet with ring-shaped indentation, Iran, 3rd millennium BC
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Iran, Early Bronze Age Iran · 3rd millennium BC
Small white stone amulet from Iran, Early Bronze Age, 3rd millennium BC, inventory 55.65.8. The greyscale image shows an irregularly pointed body with a large ring-shaped depression near one end. The museum title uses the general term amulet and does not give a securely established species or deity identification. The original file actually offered is only 800 × 475 pixels; it remains unchanged and is not presented as a high-resolution master.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Iran, Early Bronze Age
Region
Iran
Date of the evidence
3rd millennium BC
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Small white stone amulet from Iran, Early Bronze Age, 3rd millennium BC, inventory 55.65.8. The greyscale image shows an irregularly pointed body with a large ring-shaped depression near one end. The museum title uses the general term amulet and does not give a securely established species or deity identification. The original file actually offered is only 800 × 475 pixels; it remains unchanged and is not presented as a high-resolution master.
Historically recorded use
Catalogued by the museum as an amulet from the Early Bronze Age in Iran; further historical functions are not explained on the object page consulted.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory, white stone material and dating are institutionally documented; API -3000 to -2000. The low native image resolution limits fine interpretations of outline or writing. No modern comparison symbol replaces the surviving form.
Before designing
Small irregular stone shape with a pointed end and a round ring-shaped depression; native greyscale photograph measuring only 800 × 475 pixels. The facsimile contains unchanged native JPEG bytes and the complete photographed image area. No added graphic and no manufacturing approval.
Research draft. The inventory, white stone material and dating are institutionally documented; API dates it to -3000 to -2000. The low native image resolution limits interpretations of fine outlines or writing. No modern comparative symbol replaces the surviving form. Only 800 × 475 native pixels; no reliable identification of an animal or deity and no outline added. Native JPEG bytes and complete image crop unchanged. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The inventory, white stone material and dating are institutionally documented; API dates it to -3000 to -2000. The low native image resolution limits interpretations of fine outlines or writing. No modern comparative symbol replaces the surviving form. Only 800 × 475 native pixels; no reliable identification of an animal or deity and no outline added. Native JPEG bytes and complete image crop unchanged.
Source location: Inventory 55.65.8; complete photographed main view from the individual API record
Source location: Individual inventory 55.65.8; object ID 324425; dating, material, origin, native main photograph and isPublicDomain=true
Inventory, white stone material and dating are institutionally documented; API -3000 to -2000. The low native image resolution limits fine interpretations of outline or writing. No modern comparison symbol replaces the surviving form.
Source location: Open Access section; CC0 release of the public-domain work images marked accordingly
The general policy alone is not sufficient: each image used is additionally tied to an individual inventory number, its native primaryImage link and isPublicDomain=true. Rights apply to the selected images, not to all Met files as a blanket rule.
European zodiac; medieval Christian calendar tradition Augsburg, Germany (attested manuscript) · Late 12th to early 13th century (this image evidence)
Capricorn, calendar image.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
European zodiac; medieval Christian calendar tradition
Region
Augsburg, Germany (attested manuscript)
Date of the evidence
Late 12th to early 13th century (this image evidence)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Description
Capricorn, calendar image.
Historically recorded use
Zodiac image in the calendar of the Claricia Psalter.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The evidence concerns the zodiac motif. It does not establish a wearable amulet or the glyph form used today.
Before designing
Check the historical image variant on fol. 7r; Unicode is only a search/display aid.
Research draft. Visually checked single-figure detail from the historical original. Raster facsimile in an SVG viewport; original JPEG embedded unchanged. Paper/parchment, printing irregularities and show-through are retained. No engraving-ready vector paths; manufacturing requires separately checked vectorisation. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Visually checked single-figure detail from the historical original. Raster facsimile in an SVG viewport; original JPEG embedded unchanged. Paper/parchment, printing irregularities and show-through are retained. No engraving-ready vector paths; manufacturing requires separately checked vectorisation.
Source location: Claricia Psalter, Walters W.26, fol. 7r; zodiac image in the calendar.
Ancient Egyptian amulets and historical symbol forms Egypt · c. 1550–1300 BCE
Turquoise-coloured reclining animal figure in faience with a large backward-curling horn on a flat base.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Ancient Egyptian amulets and historical symbol forms
Region
Egypt
Date of the evidence
c. 1550–1300 BCE
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Turquoise-coloured reclining animal figure in faience with a large backward-curling horn on a flat base.
Historically recorded use
Capricorn form catalogued as a design amulet; the title names a crocodile and a fish on the inscribed side.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The selected side view shows the Capricorn, not the signs named in the title on the other side. These are not traced from the title. The numerical range follows the legible catalogue dating; the differing numerical API values are preserved separately in the evidence record.
Before designing
Viewport on the complete Capricorn; original pixels, including surface and damage, unchanged. CC0 raster reference; not a verified manufacturing file. Engraving or casting requires separately verified contour preparation.
Research draft. Viewport showing the complete Capricorn; original pixels, including surface and damage, unchanged. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Viewport showing the complete Capricorn; original pixels, including surface and damage, unchanged.
Source location: Met 26.7.50; selected original photograph
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Ibex-Shaped Design Amulet Inscribed With A Crocodile and A Fish, 26.7.50; Purchase, Edward S. Harkness Gift, 1926; Open Access.
Source location: Met 26.7.50; object 544071; API title, objectDate, medium, geography, images
Directly archived institutional object record for this exact inventory item. Image form also checked visually; named function and attribution only to the extent documented in each case.
Ancient Near Eastern animal, seal and protective forms Byblos; modern-day Lebanon · c. 2000–1785 BC
Compact fish form with incised body divisions and a short tail section, documented in an older black-and-white photograph.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Ancient Near Eastern animal, seal and protective forms
Region
Byblos; modern-day Lebanon
Date of the evidence
c. 2000–1785 BC
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Compact fish form with incised body divisions and a short tail section, documented in an older black-and-white photograph.
Historically recorded use
Stone object of the Middle Bronze Age, catalogued by the museum as a fish amulet.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Byblos is in present-day Lebanon; the object is not presented as Mesopotamian or as an image of a specific deity.
Before designing
Viewport on the complete fish in the historical museum photograph; the scale of the full photograph is retained in the unchanged original. CC0 raster reference; not a verified manufacturing file. A separately verified contour preparation is required for engraving or casting.
Research draft. Viewport showing the complete fish in the historical museum photograph; the scale of the full photograph remains intact in the unmodified original. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Viewport showing the complete fish in the historical museum photograph; the scale of the full photograph remains intact in the unmodified original.
Source location: Met 23.10.6; selected original photograph
Source location: Met 23.10.6; object 322525; API title, objectDate, medium, geography, images
Directly archived institutional object record for this exact inventory item. Image form also checked visually; named function and attribution only to the extent documented in each case.
Egypt, Late Period (715–332 BCE), Dynasty 26 or later Egypt · 664–525 BC according to the data text
Almost square turquoise-blue block with rounded, irregular edges and raised signs. Several horizontal forms lie on the left, with a longer vertical pictorial element on the right. Abrasion and dark inclusions are retained.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Egypt, Late Period (715–332 BCE), Dynasty 26 or later
Region
Egypt
Date of the evidence
664–525 BC according to the data text
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Almost square turquoise-blue block with rounded, irregular edges and raised signs. Several horizontal forms lie on the left, with a longer vertical pictorial element on the right. Abrasion and dark inclusions are retained.
Historically recorded use
The catalogue describes the small faience object as a stamp-seal amulet. The photograph attests to a relief surface bearing signs; without a secure reading, neither a personal name nor a protective formula is translated.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 1914.781, 1.7 × 1.8 cm. The older private reference is retained unchanged and linked here. The institutional dating text gives 664–525 BCE; the cultural attribution, 26th Dynasty or later, is broader and is not used as a more precise supplementary date. No mirror-reversed seal impression has been invented, and no damaged hieroglyphs have been supplemented.
Before designing
Complete native museum photograph as a historical reference; no retouching, glyph additions or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Almost square turquoise-blue block with rounded, irregular edges and raised signs. Several horizontal forms lie on the left, with a longer vertical image component on the right. Abrasion and dark inclusions are retained. Native photo bytes completely unchanged. No manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Almost square turquoise-blue block with rounded, irregular edges and raised signs. Several horizontal forms lie on the left, with a longer vertical image component on the right. Abrasion and dark inclusions are retained. Native photo bytes completely unchanged. No manufacturing approval.
Nordic historical amulet and image traditions Stenmagle West, Zealand, Denmark · Viking Age according to the individual museum title
Gilded silver pendant with a pointed chin, round eyes and a marked nose. Three narrow horizontal bars extend from below the nose; the upper loop is partly broken off.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Nordic historical amulet and image traditions
Region
Stenmagle West, Zealand, Denmark
Date of the evidence
Viking Age according to the individual museum title
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Gilded silver pendant with a pointed chin, round eyes and a marked nose. Three narrow horizontal bars extend from below the nose; the upper loop is partly broken off.
Historically recorded use
Historically attested figurative/jewellery image. Individual use for protection or healing is not demonstrated by the available object evidence.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The resemblance of the ridges to whiskers is the museum’s formal description. The figure is not identified as a particular deity or definitively as an animal head; personal amulet use is not documented.
Before designing
Unaltered historical museum views with surviving damage, corrosion and any scales. No retouching, and no additions to missing writing or lines. The facsimile provides a source reference and requires a separate manufacturing outline.
Research draft. Gilt silver pendant with a pointed chin, round eyes and a marked nose. Three narrow horizontal ridges extend from below the nose; the upper loop is partly broken off. The resemblance of the ridges to whiskers is the museum’s description of the form. The figure is not identified as a particular deity or definitively as an animal head; personal amulet use is not documented. The named object views are placed side by side; this does not claim that they formed a historical arrangement of signs. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Gilt silver pendant with a pointed chin, round eyes and a marked nose. Three narrow horizontal ridges extend from below the nose; the upper loop is partly broken off. The resemblance of the ridges to whiskers is the museum’s description of the form. The figure is not identified as a particular deity or definitively as an animal head; personal amulet use is not documented. The named object views are placed side by side; this does not claim that they formed a historical arrangement of signs.
The resemblance of the ridges to whiskers is the museum’s description of the form. The figure is not identified as a particular deity or definitively as an animal’s head; personal use as an amulet is not documented. The individual object classification, material, find circumstances and images are taken from the museum’s raw data block.
The individual ImageObject in the museum JSON-LD names this JPEG URL and CC BY-SA 4.0. Image credit: Litharenia Polychronopoulou / Nationalmuseet, Danmark. The actual JPEG pixel dimensions have been checked; larger TIFF catalogue dimensions are not applied to the JPEG used.
The individual ImageObject in the museum JSON-LD names this JPEG URL and CC BY-SA 4.0. Image credit: Litharenia Polychronopoulou / Nationalmuseet, Danmark. The actual JPEG pixel dimensions have been checked; larger TIFF catalogue dimensions are not applied to the JPEG used.
Stenstrup Syd – lead amulet with uncertain runic remains
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Danish medieval writing and protective culture Stenstrup Syd, Zealand · Medieval (catalogue attribution; no more precise date of manufacture)
The outer sides of a folded lead tablet are preserved to differing degrees; on one side, the museum considers the possibility of individual runes and separator dots.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Danish medieval writing and protective culture
Region
Stenstrup Syd, Zealand
Date of the evidence
Medieval (catalogue attribution; no more precise date of manufacture)
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
The outer sides of a folded lead tablet are preserved to differing degrees; on one side, the museum considers the possibility of individual runes and separator dots.
Historically recorded use
Classified by the museum as a medieval lead amulet; an individual protective intention has not been fully deciphered.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The reading is uncertain and very short. Neither a name nor a complete protective text can be reliably inferred from it.
Before designing
Unchanged original photographs as image reference. Individual views are shown separately alongside one another; no engraving outline has been added and no manufacturing approval has been given.
Research draft. The reading is uncertain and very short. Neither a name nor a complete protective text can reliably be inferred from it. Each image is complete and retains its unchanged native JPEG bytes; separate views are not a historical overall form. Presentation files, not TIFF masters. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The reading is uncertain and very short. Neither a name nor a complete protective text can reliably be inferred from it. Each image is complete and retains its unchanged native JPEG bytes; separate views are not a historical overall form. Presentation files, not TIFF masters.
Source location: D 1019/2022; DMR-237462, DMR-237463
Use of the template: CC BY-SA 4.0 with attribution and share-alike
Rasmus Bak Meng / Nationalmuseet, Danmark; D 1019/2022; DMR-237462; CC BY-SA 4.0. Rasmus Bak Meng / Nationalmuseet, Danmark; D 1019/2022; DMR-237463; CC BY-SA 4.0.
Individual institutional object record. Find, registration and photography dates are not treated as manufacturing dates. Uncertain signs and functional identifications remain qualified.
European zodiac; medieval Christian calendar tradition Augsburg, Germany (attested manuscript) · Late 12th to early 13th century (this image evidence)
Taurus, calendar image.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
European zodiac; medieval Christian calendar tradition
Region
Augsburg, Germany (attested manuscript)
Date of the evidence
Late 12th to early 13th century (this image evidence)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Description
Taurus, calendar image.
Historically recorded use
Zodiac image in the calendar of the Claricia Psalter.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The evidence concerns the zodiac motif. It does not establish a wearable amulet or the glyph form used today.
Before designing
Check the historical image variant on fol. 3r; Unicode is only a search/display aid.
Research draft. Visually checked single-figure detail from the historical original. Raster facsimile in an SVG viewport; original JPEG embedded unchanged. Paper/parchment, printing irregularities and show-through are retained. No engraving-ready vector paths; manufacturing requires separately checked vectorisation. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Visually checked single-figure detail from the historical original. Raster facsimile in an SVG viewport; original JPEG embedded unchanged. Paper/parchment, printing irregularities and show-through are retained. No engraving-ready vector paths; manufacturing requires separately checked vectorisation.
Source location: Claricia Psalter, Walters W.26, fol. 3r; zodiac image in the calendar.
Historical coin bearing a pictorial zodiac sign of Taurus; the image reproduces the coin face that has actually survived.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Mughal Empire; zodiac signs on coins
Region
India; partly Agra
Date of the evidence
1619; 1028 AH
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Historical coin bearing a pictorial zodiac sign of Taurus; the image reproduces the coin face that has actually survived.
Historically recorded use
The museum description identifies the zodiac sign as indicating the month of striking and expressly rules out original talismanic manufacture.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Historical evidence of signs only, not a worn amulet and not a prediction of personality. The written-out inscription date and, where applicable, broader numerical API limits remain documented separately.
Before designing
Native institutional object image as a historical image reference; no isolated vector glyph, added inscription or manufacturing approval. The photograph and original form remain separate from later engraving outlines.
Research draft. Historical drawing evidence only, not a worn amulet and not a personality prediction. The written-out inscription dating and any broader numerical API limits remain documented separately. Original JPEGs are embedded byte-for-byte; no lettering or lines have been added. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historical drawing evidence only, not a worn amulet and not a personality prediction. The written-out inscription dating and any broader numerical API limits remain documented separately. Original JPEGs are embedded byte-for-byte; no lettering or lines have been added.
Source location: Met 99.35.7402; complete selected original view
Title, inventory number, material and dating are checked individually; cultural-historical use is included only to the extent stated in the object description. The linked web text snapshots document the independent, current review of the object pages.
Early modern transmission of magical gem images Antwerp; current collection at Museum Plantin-Moretus · 1657 (printing date of the image witness)
A long-legged bird stands with its head lowered on an elongated reptile. Both are shown within the same oval. The CBd identifies the animals as a stork and a lizard; no specific healing effect or reverse is evidenced by this.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern transmission of magical gem images
Region
Antwerp; current collection at Museum Plantin-Moretus
Date of the evidence
1657 (printing date of the image witness)
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A long-legged bird stands with its head lowered on an elongated reptile. Both are shown within the same oval. The CBd identifies the animals as a stork and a lizard; no specific healing effect or reverse is evidenced by this.
Historically recorded use
Antiquarian documentation of an image transmitted as a gem motif. No evidence that this paper sheet itself served as a worn amulet.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Historical printed witness from 1657, recorded in the scholarly gem catalogue as a transmitted drawing. The printing date confirms the historical transmission of the image; it does not independently prove the depicted stone’s age, authenticity or personal use as an amulet. The designation as a gem motif does not attribute a guaranteed effect.
Before designing
Unaltered native museum JPEG in SVG with a documented crop of the complete numbered image group. Related pages remain visible together. No added lines or substitute letters; historical image reference without vector transcription and without manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Historical printed witness of 1657, recorded in the scholarly gem catalogue as a transmitted drawing. The print date confirms the historical transmission of the image; it does not independently prove the age or authenticity of the stone depicted, or its personal use as an amulet. Calling it a gem motif does not attribute a guaranteed effect. Unaltered native museum JPEG embedded in the SVG, with a documented crop of the complete numbered image group. Related pages remain visible together. No added lines or substitute letters; historical image reference without vector transcription and without manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historical printed witness of 1657, recorded in the scholarly gem catalogue as a transmitted drawing. The print date confirms the historical transmission of the image; it does not independently prove the age or authenticity of the stone depicted, or its personal use as an amulet. Calling it a gem motif does not attribute a guaranteed effect. Unaltered native museum JPEG embedded in the SVG, with a documented crop of the complete numbered image group. Related pages remain visible together. No added lines or substitute letters; historical image reference without vector transcription and without manufacturing approval.
Source location: Museum Plantin-Moretus, PK.OP.07413; Tabula IV, figure 18; CBd-2789
Storvorde – lead amulet with Latin minuscule letters
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Danish medieval writing and protective culture Storvorde, Jutland · Medieval (catalogue attribution; no more precise date of manufacture)
Several lines of Latin minuscule script appear on the outer surfaces. The museum identifies, among other things, the words nomine and sanctis.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Danish medieval writing and protective culture
Region
Storvorde, Jutland
Date of the evidence
Medieval (catalogue attribution; no more precise date of manufacture)
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Several lines of Latin minuscule script appear on the outer surfaces. The museum identifies, among other things, the words nomine and sanctis.
Historically recorded use
Fragmentarily attested Christian prayer or incantation practice on a lead amulet.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
A blessing or incantation formula is therefore conjectured. The text is fragmentary and is not supplemented to form a standardised prayer.
Before designing
Unchanged original photographs as image reference. Individual views are shown separately alongside one another; no engraving outline has been added and no manufacturing approval has been given.
Research draft. A blessing or incantation formula is therefore suspected. The text is fragmentary and is not supplemented to make a standardised prayer. Each capture is complete and retains its native JPEG bytes unchanged; separate views do not constitute a historical complete form. Presentation files, not TIFF masters. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: A blessing or incantation formula is therefore suspected. The text is fragmentary and is not supplemented to make a standardised prayer. Each capture is complete and retains its native JPEG bytes unchanged; separate views do not constitute a historical complete form. Presentation files, not TIFF masters.
Source location: D 1005/2022; DMR-237494, DMR-237495
Use of the template: CC BY-SA 4.0 with attribution and share-alike
Rasmus Bak Meng / Nationalmuseet, Danmark; D 1005/2022; DMR-237494; CC BY-SA 4.0. Rasmus Bak Meng / Nationalmuseet, Danmark; D 1005/2022; DMR-237495; CC BY-SA 4.0.
Individual institutional object record. Find, registration and photography dates are not treated as manufacturing dates. Uncertain signs and functional identifications remain qualified.
Radiant-crowned bird with star – print 1657, IV 17
Original image · source evidence
Historical gemstone depiction
Early modern transmission of magical gem images Antwerp; current collection at Museum Plantin-Moretus · 1657 (printing date of the image witness)
A long-necked bird bears a halo of rays; a star and individual signs appear beside it in the oval image field. The interpretation as a phoenix remains explicitly uncertain. The CBd mentions vowels and a possible further sign; no modern astrological attribution is added.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern transmission of magical gem images
Region
Antwerp; current collection at Museum Plantin-Moretus
Date of the evidence
1657 (printing date of the image witness)
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A long-necked bird bears a halo of rays; a star and individual signs appear beside it in the oval image field. The interpretation as a phoenix remains explicitly uncertain. The CBd mentions vowels and a possible further sign; no modern astrological attribution is added.
Historically recorded use
Antiquarian documentation of an image transmitted as a gem motif. No evidence that this paper sheet itself served as a worn amulet.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Historical printed witness from 1657, recorded in the scholarly gem catalogue as a transmitted drawing. The printing date confirms the historical transmission of the image; it does not independently prove the depicted stone’s age, authenticity or personal use as an amulet. The designation as a gem motif does not attribute a guaranteed effect.
Before designing
Unaltered native museum JPEG in SVG with a documented crop of the complete numbered image group. Related pages remain visible together. No added lines or substitute letters; historical image reference without vector transcription and without manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Historical printed witness of 1657, recorded in the scholarly gem catalogue as a transmitted drawing. The print date confirms the historical transmission of the image; it does not independently prove the age or authenticity of the stone depicted, or its personal use as an amulet. Calling it a gem motif does not attribute a guaranteed effect. Unaltered native museum JPEG embedded in the SVG, with a documented crop of the complete numbered image group. Related pages remain visible together. No added lines or substitute letters; historical image reference without vector transcription and without manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historical printed witness of 1657, recorded in the scholarly gem catalogue as a transmitted drawing. The print date confirms the historical transmission of the image; it does not independently prove the age or authenticity of the stone depicted, or its personal use as an amulet. Calling it a gem motif does not attribute a guaranteed effect. Unaltered native museum JPEG embedded in the SVG, with a documented crop of the complete numbered image group. Related pages remain visible together. No added lines or substitute letters; historical image reference without vector transcription and without manufacturing approval.
Source location: Museum Plantin-Moretus, PK.OP.07413; Tabula IV, figure 17; CBd-2788
Sumerian, Early Dynastic Nippur, Mesopotamia · About 2900–2350 BCE
Flat, light-coloured bird in profile with two perforations. Body, head and tail form an abstract animal outline; the photographic image does not allow a confident species identification.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Sumerian, Early Dynastic
Region
Nippur, Mesopotamia
Date of the evidence
About 2900–2350 BCE
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Flat, light-coloured bird in profile with two perforations. Body, head and tail form an abstract animal outline; the photographic image does not allow a confident species identification.
Historically recorded use
The museum describes the Early Dynastic shell pendant as an amulet in the shape of a bird. The attribution to Nippur and the dating are collection records. No particular bird name, god or sphere of protection is specified in this individual object record.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 59.41.44. The museum’s designation ‘amulet’ is retained; specific ritual acts and personal meanings remain open.
Before designing
Native museum photograph as a historical reference; damage, writing and present-day photographic condition unaltered. No manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete native JPEG photograph with no cropping, resampling, retouching or added glyphs. Flat, light-coloured bird in profile with two perforations. The body, head and tail form an abstract animal outline; the photograph does not allow the species to be identified with certainty. Not approved for manufacture. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete native JPEG photograph with no cropping, resampling, retouching or added glyphs. Flat, light-coloured bird in profile with two perforations. The body, head and tail form an abstract animal outline; the photograph does not allow the species to be identified with certainty. Not approved for manufacture.
Source location: 59.41.44; fully attributed museum photograph
Successfully read primary text from the web tool. The separate native HTML retrieval returned 429 and is archived as an error; it is not used as read licence text.
Sumerian amulet seal in the shape of a bull, c. 3250 BC
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Mesopotamia, Sumerian, Iraq, Early Bronze Age I (c. 3300–3000 BCE) Sumer, Mesopotamia, Iraq · c. 3250 BCE
Bull-shaped amulet seal made of limestone with black eye inlays; the museum describes two running animals as an incised motif on the underside. The image shows the bull’s body, not the underside design. The latter is not added as an image reconstruction. The description as an amulet seal does not entail a securely known individual protective meaning.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Mesopotamia, Sumerian, Iraq, Early Bronze Age I (c. 3300–3000 BCE)
Region
Sumer, Mesopotamia, Iraq
Date of the evidence
c. 3250 BCE
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Bull-shaped amulet seal made of limestone with black eye inlays; the museum describes two running animals as an incised motif on the underside. The image shows the bull’s body, not the underside design. The latter is not added as an image reconstruction. The description as an amulet seal does not entail a securely known individual protective meaning.
Historically recorded use
Bull-shaped amulet seal made of limestone with black eye inlays; the museum identifies two running animals as the engraved underside motif.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The photograph shows the bull’s body, not the underside drawing. This is not supplemented with an image reconstruction. The designation as an amulet seal does not establish a securely known individual protective meaning.
Before designing
Pale recumbent stone bull with dark inlaid eyes, a short horn area and carefully traced body contours; no underside visible. Original image as a complete facsimile; no manufacturing approval and no added outlines.
Research draft. The photograph shows the bull’s body, not the underside design. The latter is not added as an image reconstruction. The designation as an amulet seal does not establish a securely known individual protective meaning. All native JPEG bytes and the full image crop remain unchanged. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The photograph shows the bull’s body, not the underside design. The latter is not added as an image reconstruction. The designation as an amulet seal does not establish a securely known individual protective meaning. All native JPEG bytes and the full image crop remain unchanged.
Source location: 1981.7; complete main view actually photographed
Source location: Individual inventory 1981.7; object ID 150515; title, dating, culture, material and image link
The photograph shows the bull’s body, not the underside drawing. This is not supplemented with an image reconstruction. The designation as an amulet seal does not establish a securely known individual protective meaning.
Sumerian amulet practices of the Early Dynastic period Mesopotamia · c. 2900–2700 BC; Early Dynastic I
Small demon’s head carved from agate, with emphasised forehead, eye areas, nose and mouth.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Sumerian amulet practices of the Early Dynastic period
Region
Mesopotamia
Date of the evidence
c. 2900–2700 BC; Early Dynastic I
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Small demon’s head carved from agate, with emphasised forehead, eye areas, nose and mouth.
Historically recorded use
Explicitly catalogued by the museum as a demon-head amulet; specific ritual use and manner of wearing are not explained in the object record.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The identification follows the museum’s naming. The head is not identified as Pazuzu or Humbaba; this specific identification is not supported by this source.
Before designing
Complete head with its irregular contours preserved. The unaltered photograph evidences the specific object, not an invented abstract demon sigil. CC0 raster reference; not a verified manufacturing file. Engraving or casting requires separately verified contour preparation.
Research draft. Complete head with its irregular outlines preserved. The unchanged photograph documents the specific object, not an invented abstract demonic sigil. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete head with its irregular outlines preserved. The unchanged photograph documents the specific object, not an invented abstract demonic sigil.
Source location: Met 41.160.209; primary object photograph
Small resting duck with raised neck, forward-facing head and banded shell material. An opening in the upper body and the highly simplified contours remain visible.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Sumerian
Region
Mesopotamia / Nippur
Date of the evidence
c. 2700–2600 BC
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Small resting duck with raised neck, forward-facing head and banded shell material. An opening in the upper body and the highly simplified contours remain visible.
Historically recorded use
The Met lists this duck object as a Sumerian amulet from Nippur. The resting bird form belongs to the surviving corpus of early animal amulets. The record does not evidence an individual deity, an associated ritual or a specific protective formula.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 62.70.67, object 325472. The animal identification follows the museum title. Modern interpretations such as a soul animal, good luck on a journey or a fixed elemental attribution have not been added.
Before designing
Complete native museum photograph as a historical reference; damage and present-day photographic elements remain visible. No contour reconstruction, no production approval.
Research draft. Unchanged complete native museum image; no raster transformation or addition of old outlines. Historical reference, not manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Unchanged complete native museum image; no raster transformation or addition of old outlines. Historical reference, not manufacturing approval.
Source location: The Metropolitan Museum of Art; 62.70.67; 325472
The actually read single-object text from the web tool on use and limits of interpretation. A separate ordinary native HTML retrieval returned 429 and is archived only as an error response.
Source location: CC0 for individually designated public-domain images
Freshly read institutional CC0 primary text from the web tool. Individual rights attribution was additionally checked in each archived individual object API record.
Small calf with a broadly formed head and legs grouped into block-like shapes. The light-coloured stone surface shows weathering and discolouration.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Sumerian
Region
Mesopotamia / Nippur
Date of the evidence
c. 2700–2600 BC
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Small calf with a broadly formed head and legs grouped into block-like shapes. The light-coloured stone surface shows weathering and discolouration.
Historically recorded use
The Met describes the small animal figure as a calf amulet from the Sumerian Nippur assemblage. The bodily modelled animal form is preserved; no individual cultic identification or protective intention is explained. The material identification is also explicitly uncertain at the museum.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 62.70.63, object 325468. The current material description is Quartzite (?). The question mark is retained in the title and metadata; a healing or family amulet is not attested.
Before designing
Complete native museum photograph as a historical reference; damage and present-day photographic elements remain visible. No contour reconstruction, no production approval.
Research draft. Unchanged complete native museum image; no raster transformation or addition of old outlines. Historical reference, not manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Unchanged complete native museum image; no raster transformation or addition of old outlines. Historical reference, not manufacturing approval.
Source location: The Metropolitan Museum of Art; 62.70.63; 325468
The actually read single-object text from the web tool on use and limits of interpretation. A separate ordinary native HTML retrieval returned 429 and is archived only as an error response.
Source location: CC0 for individually designated public-domain images
Freshly read institutional CC0 primary text from the web tool. Individual rights attribution was additionally checked in each archived individual object API record.
Flat cow form in blue lapis lazuli overlaid with brown, with a projecting head and incised body details. Abrasion and inclusions in the material remain visible.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Sumerian
Region
Mesopotamia
Date of the evidence
c. 2900–2350 BC
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Flat cow form in blue lapis lazuli overlaid with brown, with a projecting head and incised body details. Abrasion and inclusions in the material remain visible.
Historically recorded use
The Met catalogues this flat cow object made of lapis lazuli as a Sumerian amulet. What survives is an early animal form, whose material and individual inventory identity are established. The catalogue does not assign a named deity or a specific modern animal meaning to this particular piece.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 59.41.45, object 324875. The designation ‘cow’ and the amulet classification come from the museum. A general identification with Inanna or an individual promise of fertility would be unsupported.
Before designing
Complete native museum photograph as a historical reference; damage and present-day photographic elements remain visible. No contour reconstruction, no production approval.
Research draft. Unchanged complete native museum image; no raster transformation or addition of old outlines. Historical reference, not manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Unchanged complete native museum image; no raster transformation or addition of old outlines. Historical reference, not manufacturing approval.
Source location: The Metropolitan Museum of Art; 59.41.45; 324875
The actually read single-object text from the web tool on use and limits of interpretation. A separate ordinary native HTML retrieval returned 429 and is archived only as an error response.
Source location: CC0 for individually designated public-domain images
Freshly read institutional CC0 primary text from the web tool. Individual rights attribution was additionally checked in each archived individual object API record.
Flat cow in profile with incised lines marking the legs and body, and a perforation in the body. The light-coloured shell surface is discoloured in places.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Sumerian
Region
Mesopotamia / Nippur
Date of the evidence
c. 2700–2600 BC
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Flat cow in profile with incised lines marking the legs and body, and a perforation in the body. The light-coloured shell surface is discoloured in places.
Historically recorded use
The museum catalogues the small cow made from shell as a Sumerian amulet from the Nippur collection. The animal form and an attachment opening are preserved. The individual catalogue makes no statement about a specific act of protection or a particular wearer.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 62.70.60, object 325465. Material and individual form distinguish this piece from the lapis lazuli example 59.41.45; this establishes a specific object variant, not a new magical meaning.
Before designing
Complete native museum photograph as a historical reference; damage and present-day photographic elements remain visible. No contour reconstruction, no production approval.
Research draft. Unchanged complete native museum image; no raster transformation or addition of old outlines. Historical reference, not manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Unchanged complete native museum image; no raster transformation or addition of old outlines. Historical reference, not manufacturing approval.
Source location: The Metropolitan Museum of Art; 62.70.60; 325465
The actually read single-object text from the web tool on use and limits of interpretation. A separate ordinary native HTML retrieval returned 429 and is archived only as an error response.
Source location: CC0 for individually designated public-domain images
Freshly read institutional CC0 primary text from the web tool. Individual rights attribution was additionally checked in each archived individual object API record.
Sumerian shell amulet with a face, c. 2600–2350 BCE
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Sumer, Early Dynastic III period Mesopotamia · Circa 2600–2350 BC
Sumerian amulet made of shell material, with a face modelled in relief, Mesopotamia, c. 2600–2350 BC. The close-up shows large round eyes, a long nose, a curved mouth and lateral projections. The museum assigns the piece to Early Dynastic III and gives its dimensions as approximately 1.27 × 1.27 cm. The face is visible, but the particular deity is not named in the individual source consulted.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Sumer, Early Dynastic III period
Region
Mesopotamia
Date of the evidence
Circa 2600–2350 BC
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Sumerian amulet made of shell material, with a face modelled in relief, Mesopotamia, c. 2600–2350 BC. The close-up shows large round eyes, a long nose, a curved mouth and lateral projections. The museum assigns the piece to Early Dynastic III and gives its dimensions as approximately 1.27 × 1.27 cm. The face is visible, but the particular deity is not named in the individual source consulted.
Historically recorded use
Catalogued by the museum as a Sumerian amulet made of shell material; no specific deity, personal wearer or individual protective function is attested.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Own inventory 55.65.11; Sumerian culture, Mesopotamia, the material Shell and the dating are institutionally documented. The native main photograph is a close-up of this small individual object, not a separately made modern face symbol. The additional reverse photograph was not downloaded or assessed.
Before designing
Pale shell carving with a frontal face, two round eyes, a long nose and a curved mouth; photographed very close, with its own image edge unchanged. The facsimile contains unaltered native JPEG bytes and the complete photographed image area. No added graphics and no manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Own inventory 55.65.11; Sumerian culture, Mesopotamia, material Shell and dating are institutionally attested. The native main photograph is a close-up of this small individual object, not a separately made modern face symbol. The additional reverse photograph was not downloaded or assessed. A complete native photographic image crop is not a guarantee that all sides of the object are shown. No deity identification or tracing of an unseen reverse. Native JPEG bytes and complete image crop unchanged. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Own inventory 55.65.11; Sumerian culture, Mesopotamia, material Shell and dating are institutionally attested. The native main photograph is a close-up of this small individual object, not a separately made modern face symbol. The additional reverse photograph was not downloaded or assessed. A complete native photographic image crop is not a guarantee that all sides of the object are shown. No deity identification or tracing of an unseen reverse. Native JPEG bytes and complete image crop unchanged.
Source location: Inventory 55.65.11; complete photographed main view from the individual API record
Source location: Individual inventory 55.65.11; object ID 324428; dating, material, provenance, native primary capture and isPublicDomain=true
Own inventory 55.65.11; Sumerian culture, Mesopotamia, the material Shell and the dating are institutionally documented. The native main photograph is a close-up of this small individual object, not a separately made modern face symbol. The additional reverse photograph was not downloaded or assessed.
Source location: Open Access section; CC0 release of the public-domain work images marked accordingly
The general policy alone is not sufficient: each image used is additionally tied to an individual inventory number, its native primaryImage link and isPublicDomain=true. Rights apply to the selected images, not to all Met files as a blanket rule.
Sumerian stone amulet with symmetrical projections
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Sumerian; Early Dynastic I period according to the museum Mesopotamia; catalogue names Nimrud/Kalhu · Around 2900–2700 BC
Light-coloured, flat stone form with a central perforation and two upper projections extending to the sides.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Sumerian; Early Dynastic I period according to the museum
Region
Mesopotamia; catalogue names Nimrud/Kalhu
Date of the evidence
Around 2900–2700 BC
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Light-coloured, flat stone form with a central perforation and two upper projections extending to the sides.
Historically recorded use
Described as an amulet; the original wearer, animal species and individual use are unknown.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The provenance entry Nimrud/Kalhu is documented as a current catalogue field, not newly substantiated as a secure Early Dynastic find context. No animal or deity identification is invented.
Before designing
Native institutional object image as a historical image reference; no isolated vector glyph, added inscription or manufacturing approval. The photograph and original form remain separate from later engraving outlines.
Research draft. The provenance Nimrud/Kalhu is documented as a current catalogue field, not newly established as a secure Early Dynastic find context. No animal or deity identification is invented. Original JPEGs are embedded byte-for-byte; no writing or lines are added. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The provenance Nimrud/Kalhu is documented as a current catalogue field, not newly established as a secure Early Dynastic find context. No animal or deity identification is invented. Original JPEGs are embedded byte-for-byte; no writing or lines are added.
Source location: Met 58.31.23; complete selected original view
Title, inventory number, material and dating are checked individually; cultural-historical use is included only to the extent stated in the object description. The linked web text snapshots document the independent, current review of the object pages.
A compact reclining ram of pale stone, with a curled horn and legs gathered together. Roughness and chips remain visible in the complete museum photograph.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Sumerian
Region
Mesopotamia / Nippur
Date of the evidence
c. 2700–2600 BC
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A compact reclining ram of pale stone, with a curled horn and legs gathered together. Roughness and chips remain visible in the complete museum photograph.
Historically recorded use
The Met catalogues the reclining animal as a Sumerian ram amulet from Nippur. The shape of the horns and the squat body attest to a specific early depiction of an animal. No special protective effect or secure cultic identification of this example is recorded.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 62.70.68, object 325473. The museum entry names the material only as Stone. No more precise identification of the stone or retrospective interpretation as a fertility object is invented.
Before designing
Complete native museum photograph as a historical reference; damage and present-day photographic elements remain visible. No contour reconstruction, no production approval.
Research draft. Unchanged complete native museum image; no raster transformation or addition of old outlines. Historical reference, not manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Unchanged complete native museum image; no raster transformation or addition of old outlines. Historical reference, not manufacturing approval.
Source location: The Metropolitan Museum of Art; 62.70.68; 325473
The actually read single-object text from the web tool on use and limits of interpretation. A separate ordinary native HTML retrieval returned 429 and is archived only as an error response.
Source location: CC0 for individually designated public-domain images
Freshly read institutional CC0 primary text from the web tool. Individual rights attribution was additionally checked in each archived individual object API record.
Susanna blessing on a Middle English healing scroll
Original image · source evidence
Christian text amulet
Medieval Christian blessing tradition England; linguistic classification · Around 1400?
Verso-side blessing of Susanna with a reference to Gabriel on an incomplete scroll.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Medieval Christian blessing tradition
Region
England; linguistic classification
Date of the evidence
Around 1400?
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Verso-side blessing of Susanna with a reference to Gabriel on an incomplete scroll.
Historically recorded use
Blessing for ailments described as worms, ulcers and gout.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The source mentions medical blessings; wearing it as a neck amulet is not attested.
Before designing
Check the named findspot in the original; do not present normalised or freely supplemented texts as the original drawing.
Research draft. Lower scroll section of the verso with the Susanna rubric visibly preserved and the following text. Not a complete text edition or a transcription into a new script. Unaltered JPEG bytes; documented SVG viewport only. Raster facsimile, not CNC or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Lower scroll section of the verso with the Susanna rubric visibly preserved and the following text. Not a complete text edition or a transcription into a new script. Unaltered JPEG bytes; documented SVG viewport only. Raster facsimile, not CNC or manufacturing approval.
Source location: MS.410; b19483211, verso ms_410_0002.JP2; lower section from the Susanna rubric
Source location: MS.410; b19483211, verso ms_410_0002.JP2; lower section from the Susanna rubric
Complete unchanged JPEG4154×19297 embedded. Visually located Susanna rubric and the following lower text; no reconstruction of lost or abraded writing.
Nordic medieval written amulets Sværdborg, Zealand, Denmark · Medieval according to the museum catalogue; no individual year dating given
Approximately square lead amulet with inscriptions on both sides and a perforation along one edge. The catalogue names AGLA and minuscule letters; the plate measures 1.9×1.7 cm.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Nordic medieval written amulets
Region
Sværdborg, Zealand, Denmark
Date of the evidence
Medieval according to the museum catalogue; no individual year dating given
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Approximately square lead amulet with inscriptions on both sides and a perforation along one edge. The catalogue names AGLA and minuscule letters; the plate measures 1.9×1.7 cm.
Historically recorded use
Inscribed lead amulet bearing the sequence AGLA, explicitly specified by the museum. No claim is made about its specific individual use beyond the object identification.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
AGLA is the documented catalogue reading of this specific find. The partly indistinct strokes are not replaced by a modern font sigil or an invented expanded formula.
Before designing
Photographed surviving original form with wear, folds, perforation and any broken edges. No addition of invisible parts of lettering and no invented geometric reconstruction. The source-based photographic view is a checked reference, not yet a manufacturing outline.
Research draft. The two designated views of the same historical find are shown with unchanged JPEG bytes. AGLA is the documented catalogue reading of this specific find. The partly unclear strokes are not replaced with a modern font seal or a freely invented expanded formula. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The two designated views of the same historical find are shown with unchanged JPEG bytes. AGLA is the documented catalogue reading of this specific find. The partly unclear strokes are not replaced with a modern font seal or a freely invented expanded formula.
Source location: D 574/2019; DMR-226883, DMR-226884
AGLA is the documented catalogue reading of this specific find. The partly illegible strokes are not replaced with a modern font sigil or a freely invented expanded formula. Specific material, find and object details come from the institution’s raw data for this object page.
Source location: DMR-226883; D 574/2019; front/exterior side a
Image-specific JSON-LD names the actual JPEG URL and CC BY-SA 4.0. Søren Greve / Nationalmuseet, Danmark. The original file and its native pixel dimensions are retained separately; the TIFF resolution stated in the catalogue is not applied to the supplied JPEG. The image is recorded on the object page of this inventory.
Source location: DMR-226884; D 574/2019; reverse/exterior side b
Image-specific JSON-LD names the actual JPEG URL and CC BY-SA 4.0. Søren Greve / Nationalmuseet, Danmark. The original file and its native pixel dimensions are retained separately; the TIFF resolution stated in the catalogue is not applied to the supplied JPEG. The image is recorded on the object page of this inventory.
Syro-Phoenicia, Lebanon Syro-Phoenicia; Lebanon according to the museum · Around 500 BC
Standing golden deity figure on a narrow rectangular base. It wears a tall flower-like headdress, beard, broad collar and pleated kilt. One hand rests in front of the torso, the other hangs at the side.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Syro-Phoenicia, Lebanon
Region
Syro-Phoenicia; Lebanon according to the museum
Date of the evidence
Around 500 BC
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Standing golden deity figure on a narrow rectangular base. It wears a tall flower-like headdress, beard, broad collar and pleated kilt. One hand rests in front of the torso, the other hangs at the side.
Historically recorded use
The collection identifies the gold piece as a Nefertem amulet and assigns it to Syro-Phoenicia. This establishes a specific ancient adoption of an Egyptian divine figure; the individual purpose or any particular healing function of this piece is not documented.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 1985.78, 3.9 × 1.2 × 1.7 cm. The museum specifies gold and solid casting by the lost-wax process. The dating to around 500 BC and the provenance follow the individual catalogue entry; they are not refined by independent stylistic analysis. No writing or magical formula is evidenced in the photograph examined.
Before designing
Complete native museum photograph as a historical reference; no retouching, glyph additions or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Standing golden divine figure on a narrow rectangular base. It wears a tall, flower-like headdress, beard, broad collar and pleated kilt. One hand rests in front of the torso, the other hangs at the side. Native photo bytes entirely unchanged. No manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Standing golden divine figure on a narrow rectangular base. It wears a tall, flower-like headdress, beard, broad collar and pleated kilt. One hand rests in front of the torso, the other hangs at the side. Native photo bytes entirely unchanged. No manufacturing approval.
Södra Åsum: large C-bracteate with runic inscription
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Early Nordic visual and written tradition Åsums by, Södra Åsum, Skåne, Sweden · Approx. 400–550 CE according to SHM; RuneS 440–560 CE.
Large gold C-bracteate with a small image field and broad, densely stamped ornament zones. RuneS records an “I write” reading with an uncertain interpretation of the name.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early Nordic visual and written tradition
Region
Åsums by, Södra Åsum, Skåne, Sweden
Date of the evidence
Approx. 400–550 CE according to SHM; RuneS 440–560 CE.
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Large gold C-bracteate with a small image field and broad, densely stamped ornament zones. RuneS records an “I write” reading with an uncertain interpretation of the name.
Historically recorded use
Historically documented gold pendant with a stamped image field. A specific protective effect or particular ritual is not demonstrated for this individual piece by the cited object records.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Uncertain readings Akaz/Fākaz are not made into a confirmed name for a magic sign. According to RuneS, the object is incomplete, while the inscription is complete. SHM 400–550 and RuneS 440–560 remain separate.
Before designing
The model is the surviving museum photograph, including wear and damage. No modern addition of missing lines, and no conversion of unclear runes or letter imitations into an invented readable formula.
Research draft. Unaltered museum JPEG bytes are embedded in an SVG image crop. Photograph of the surviving object; neither a drawn reconstruction nor an AI-generated symbol. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Unaltered museum JPEG bytes are embedded in an SVG image crop. Photograph of the surviving object; neither a drawn reconstruction nor an AI-generated symbol.
Source location: Individual media image 192096AB-5172-4487-9376-AC6B6673CE9C; complete surviving object
RuneS / Niedersächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen
Source location: IK 11 / KJ 131 / DR BR64; RuneS 440–560
Object, find region, rune type and dating limits. The differing historical catalogue intervals are explicitly set out alongside one another. The RuneS data licence CC BY-SA 4.0 does not replace an image licence; the museum image used is the one separately checked for each case.
Statens historiska museer / Historiska museet, Sverige
Source location: 108900_HST; acquisition number 7128; IK 11 / KJ 131 / DR BR64; dating 400–550
Institutional object catalogue with find region, inventory number and historical dating. Text metadata CC0; the photographs independently carry CC BY 4.0.
Statens historiska museer / Historiska museet, Sverige
Source location: Media 192096AB-5172-4487-9376-AC6B6673CE9C; 108900_HST; acquisition number 7128
Photographer Ulf Bruxe / Historiska museet/SHM; explicitly CC BY 4.0 International. The photo date is a date of capture and is not treated as the historical date of creation.
Sønderholm By – runic lead amulet with cross strokes
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Danish medieval writing and protective culture Sønderholm village, Jutland · Medieval (catalogue attribution; no more precise date of manufacture)
A folded lead sheet has clearly visible runes with cross-strokes or links. A rolled edge is visible on one surface.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Danish medieval writing and protective culture
Region
Sønderholm village, Jutland
Date of the evidence
Medieval (catalogue attribution; no more precise date of manufacture)
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A folded lead sheet has clearly visible runes with cross-strokes or links. A rolled edge is visible on one surface.
Historically recorded use
Classified by the museum as a medieval lead amulet; an individual protective intention has not been fully deciphered.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Some signs are legible, but the sequence has no certain linguistic meaning. Cross-like strokes may also be parts of rune forms.
Before designing
Unchanged original photographs as image reference. Individual views are shown separately alongside one another; no engraving outline has been added and no manufacturing approval has been given.
Research draft. Individual signs are legible, but the sequence has no certain linguistic meaning. Cross-like strokes may also be parts of rune forms. Each capture is complete and retains its native JPEG bytes unchanged; separate views are not a historical overall form. Presentation files, not TIFF masters. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Individual signs are legible, but the sequence has no certain linguistic meaning. Cross-like strokes may also be parts of rune forms. Each capture is complete and retains its native JPEG bytes unchanged; separate views are not a historical overall form. Presentation files, not TIFF masters.
Source location: D 828/2022; DMR-237569, DMR-237570
Use of the template: CC BY-SA 4.0 with attribution and share-alike
Rasmus Bak Meng / Nationalmuseet, Danmark; D 828/2022; DMR-237569; CC BY-SA 4.0. Rasmus Bak Meng / Nationalmuseet, Danmark; D 828/2022; DMR-237570; CC BY-SA 4.0.
Individual institutional object record. Find, registration and photography dates are not treated as manufacturing dates. Uncertain signs and functional identifications remain qualified.
Germanic runic script Reference: Gotland · Elder Futhark; check model dating separately
Sign s.
Research draftSource-based vector template
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Germanic runic script
Region
Reference: Gotland
Date of the evidence
Elder Futhark; check model dating separately
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Description
Sign s.
Historically recorded use
Written signs
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Historical letter; the normalised older form of the name is reconstructed. No individual amulet effect is inferred from the name.
Before designing
Unicode shows a normalised letter form. For manufacture, select a specific historical character variant and check it against the find.
Research draft. Normalised editorial letterform ᛊ (U+16CA); line geometry set by hand without a font, not copied from a font file. Do not present as a faithful Kylver facsimile or as an individually evidenced amulet sign. Names are reconstructed; no individual magical effect is inferred. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Vector template: Normalised editorial letterform ᛊ (U+16CA); line geometry set by hand without a font, not copied from a font file. Do not present as a faithful Kylver facsimile or as an individually evidenced amulet sign. Names are reconstructed; no individual magical effect is inferred.
Source location: G 88 / Kylver; sequence A I, sign 16; normalised Unicode character U+16CA
Normalised editorial letterform ᛊ (U+16CA); line geometry set by hand without a font, not copied from a font file. Do not present as a faithful Kylver facsimile or as an individually evidenced amulet sign. Names are reconstructed; no individual magical effect is inferred.
Niedersächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, RuneS
Source location: Signs 11458–11482; sequence A I
Scholarly names and transliterations; the names are catalogue designations, not recorded explanations of the names in the ancient incision. Kylver places p before ï and d before o.
Tairona figure pendant with projecting bird ornament
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Tairona Colombia; Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta · 900–1600 CE
Cast gold human figure with large bird ornament and loops on the back; complete front and back views.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Tairona
Region
Colombia; Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta
Date of the evidence
900–1600 CE
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Cast gold human figure with large bird ornament and loops on the back; complete front and back views.
Historically recorded use
A status symbol and possibly a religious sign; the museum description gives ruler, supernatural ancestor or ritual transformation as alternative interpretations.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
None of these interpretations is presented as a definitive identification. The broad dating range extends into the colonial period; no blanket claim of pre-Columbian manufacture is made.
Before designing
Native museum captures as source references; independent views without additions or new symbolic interpretations.
Research draft. None of these interpretations is presented as a definitive identification. The broad dating range extends into the colonial period; no claim is made that it was universally made before Columbus. JPEG renditions remain unchanged in their native bytes; no local raster editing or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: None of these interpretations is presented as a definitive identification. The broad dating range extends into the colonial period; no claim is made that it was universally made before Columbus. JPEG renditions remain unchanged in their native bytes; no local raster editing or manufacturing approval.
Source location: 69.7.10; complete native museum images
Golden anthropomorphic figure with a lip ornament and two upside-down bats in the headdress.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Colombia, Tairona
Region
Colombia
Date of the evidence
900–1550
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Golden anthropomorphic figure with a lip ornament and two upside-down bats in the headdress.
Historically recorded use
Historical image symbolism of a figure pendant; the figures described as caciques are, according to the museum, not securely understood in terms of their meaning.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Modern Bribri ideas from the comparative text are not adopted as evidence for the meaning of this Tairona object. No secure deity or ruler identity.
Before designing
Native museum captures as source references; independent views without additions or new symbolic interpretations.
Research draft. Modern Bribri views in the comparative text are not adopted as proof of the meaning of this Tairona object. No secure identification of a deity or ruler. JPEG renderings remain unchanged in their native bytes; no local raster editing or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Modern Bribri views in the comparative text are not adopted as proof of the meaning of this Tairona object. No secure identification of a deity or ruler. JPEG renderings remain unchanged in their native bytes; no local raster editing or manufacturing approval.
Source location: 1998.3; complete native museum photographs
Talisman drawing with two cross arms – Ms. Codex 1699, p. 79
Original image · source evidence
Historical talisman drawing
Rainsford collection of English-Italian ritual texts Great Britain?; place of manufacture uncertain; present collection in Philadelphia · 1750–1799 (specific manuscript)
Two crossbars of different widths intersect a long staff. Ring and planetary signs appear on the bars; the upper tip ends in a small ring. The institutional catalogue describes the two drawn forms on this page as talismans. This evidences a historical drawing in Rainsford’s collected manuscript, not a surviving worn amulet.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Rainsford collection of English-Italian ritual texts
Region
Great Britain?; place of manufacture uncertain; present collection in Philadelphia
Date of the evidence
1750–1799 (specific manuscript)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Two crossbars of different widths intersect a long staff. Ring and planetary signs appear on the bars; the upper tip ends in a small ring. The institutional catalogue describes the two drawn forms on this page as talismans. This evidences a historical drawing in Rainsford’s collected manuscript, not a surviving worn amulet.
Historically recorded use
The institutional catalogue describes the two drawn forms on this page as talismans. This is evidence of a historical drawing in Rainsford’s collection manuscript, not of a surviving worn amulet.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Dating of the specific copy: 1750–1799; not an ancient work by Enoch or an assured authorship by Albertus Magnus. The page contains a pseudepigraphic ritual heading; its attribution is not accepted as proof of provenance. Two disjoint components of the same folio, not two new traditions.
Before designing
Unaltered native full-page JPEG within the SVG; only the documented viewport selects the complete historical figure. No added lines, modern replacement glyphs, raster conversion, vector transcription or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Dating of the specific copy 1750–1799; no evidence of an ancient date for Enoch or secure authorship by Albertus Magnus. The page contains a pseudepigraphic ritual heading; its attribution is not accepted as proof of origin. Two separate components of the same leaf, not two new traditions. Unchanged native full-page JPEG in the SVG; only the documented viewport selects the complete historical figure. No added lines, modern replacement glyphs, raster conversion, vector transcription or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Dating of the specific copy 1750–1799; no evidence of an ancient date for Enoch or secure authorship by Albertus Magnus. The page contains a pseudepigraphic ritual heading; its attribution is not accepted as proof of origin. Two separate components of the same leaf, not two new traditions. Unchanged native full-page JPEG in the SVG; only the documented viewport selects the complete historical figure. No added lines, modern replacement glyphs, raster conversion, vector transcription or manufacturing approval.
Source location: Ms. Codex 1699, manuscript p. 79; OPenn surface-ms-codex-1699-83; native 5212_0082_web.jpg; talisman drawing with two cross arms
Manuscript in Charles Rainsford’s hand, 1750–1799; the catalogue mentions drawings of talismans on p. 79. Rights: images and work PDM; modern metadata separately CC BY 4.0.
Source location: p. 79; surface-ms-codex-1699-83;5212_0082
Date range 1750–1799, Rainsford’s hand; native web JPEG 1458×1800, separate from the TIFF 4651×5741. Rights: individual TEI states images + manuscript content PDM; metadata CC BY 4.0.
Tamdrup – Lead amulet with elf conjuration D1534/2022
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Danish medieval writing and protective culture Tamdrup, Jutland · Medieval (catalogue attribution; no more precise date of manufacture)
Independent folded lead amulet with a Latin incantation. The museum catalogue identifies a formula against elves and a plea not to harm a servant of God.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Danish medieval writing and protective culture
Region
Tamdrup, Jutland
Date of the evidence
Medieval (catalogue attribution; no more precise date of manufacture)
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Independent folded lead amulet with a Latin incantation. The museum catalogue identifies a formula against elves and a plea not to harm a servant of God.
Historically recorded use
Fragmentarily attested Christian prayer or incantation practice on a lead amulet.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The reading is only partly preserved. The historical incantation is documented as evidence of belief and writing, without any claim of efficacy.
Before designing
Unchanged original photographs as image reference. Individual views are shown separately alongside one another; no engraving outline has been added and no manufacturing approval has been given.
Research draft. The reading is only partially preserved. The historical invocation is documented as evidence of belief and writing, without any claim of efficacy. Each image is complete and retains its unchanged native JPEG bytes; separate views do not represent a historical complete form. Presentation files, not TIFF masters. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The reading is only partially preserved. The historical invocation is documented as evidence of belief and writing, without any claim of efficacy. Each image is complete and retains its unchanged native JPEG bytes; separate views do not represent a historical complete form. Presentation files, not TIFF masters.
Source location: D 1534/2022; DMR-243692, DMR-243693
Use of the template: CC BY-SA 4.0 with attribution and share-alike
Rasmus Bak Meng / Nationalmuseet, Danmark; D 1534/2022; DMR-243692; CC BY-SA 4.0. Rasmus Bak Meng / Nationalmuseet, Danmark; D 1534/2022; DMR-243693; CC BY-SA 4.0.
Individual institutional object record. Find, registration and photography dates are not treated as manufacturing dates. Uncertain signs and functional identifications remain qualified.
Danish medieval writing and protective culture Tamdrup, Jutland · Medieval (catalogue attribution; no more precise date of manufacture)
A multiply folded strip of lead contains remnants of Latin text that, according to the museum, mention demons, God the Father, Christ and eyes, among other things.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Danish medieval writing and protective culture
Region
Tamdrup, Jutland
Date of the evidence
Medieval (catalogue attribution; no more precise date of manufacture)
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A multiply folded strip of lead contains remnants of Latin text that, according to the museum, mention demons, God the Father, Christ and eyes, among other things.
Historically recorded use
Fragmentarily attested Christian prayer or incantation practice on a lead amulet.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
A connection with protection from illness is an interpretation of the fragmentary text. An outer section is missing; D1533/2022 remains separate from the second Tamdrup amulet.
Before designing
Unchanged original photographs as image reference. Individual views are shown separately alongside one another; no engraving outline has been added and no manufacturing approval has been given.
Research draft. An association with protection from illness is an interpretation of the fragmentary text. An outer part is missing; D1533/2022 remains separate from the second Tamdrup amulet. Each image is complete and retains its unchanged native JPEG bytes; separate views are not a historical complete form. Presentation files, not TIFF masters. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: An association with protection from illness is an interpretation of the fragmentary text. An outer part is missing; D1533/2022 remains separate from the second Tamdrup amulet. Each image is complete and retains its unchanged native JPEG bytes; separate views are not a historical complete form. Presentation files, not TIFF masters.
Source location: D 1533/2022; DMR-243686, DMR-243712
Use of the template: CC BY-SA 4.0 with attribution and share-alike
Rasmus Bak Meng / Nationalmuseet, Danmark; D 1533/2022; DMR-243686; CC BY-SA 4.0. Rasmus Bak Meng / Nationalmuseet, Danmark; D 1533/2022; DMR-243712; CC BY-SA 4.0.
Individual institutional object record. Find, registration and photography dates are not treated as manufacturing dates. Uncertain signs and functional identifications remain qualified.
Tantalus formula as a descending triangle – Getty 83.AN.437.50
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Roman Imperial period; Egyptian and Mediterranean image-making/magical glyptics Mediterranean region; the precise place of manufacture of this piece is not established · 2nd–4th century A.D.
Fragment with lines of writing that shorten step by step, a downward-pointing triangle and a figure with a lion’s head at the side.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Roman Imperial period; Egyptian and Mediterranean image-making/magical glyptics
Region
Mediterranean region; the precise place of manufacture of this piece is not established
Date of the evidence
2nd–4th century A.D.
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Fragment with lines of writing that shorten step by step, a downward-pointing triangle and a figure with a lion’s head at the side.
Historically recorded use
A descending Greek incantation and a fleeing lion-headed figure attest to a specific magical written image. The museum gives two different translation approaches.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
According to the museum, the gem was reworked to a smaller format after breaking. Its original appearance and lost lines are not reconstructed. Readings as a thirsty viper or as an address to Tantalus remain alternatives; an individual medical use has not been demonstrated.
Before designing
Native institutional museum photograph as a historical reference; no invented glyph additions, isolated vector outline or manufacturing approval. The visible photographed side and the reverse documented only in text remain distinct.
Research draft. According to the museum, the gem was reworked into a smaller format after breaking. Its original appearance and lost lines are not reconstructed. Readings as a thirsty viper or as an address to Tantalus remain alternatives; an individual medical use has not been evidenced. Complete original JPEG bytes; losses to the writing and material are not supplemented. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: According to the museum, the gem was reworked into a smaller format after breaking. Its original appearance and lost lines are not reconstructed. Readings as a thirsty viper or as an address to Tantalus remain alternatives; an individual medical use has not been evidenced. Complete original JPEG bytes; losses to the writing and material are not supplemented.
Source location: 83.AN.437.50; complete, actually photographed main image view
Source location: 83.AN.437.50; JSON-LD: description, date, material and individual CC0 image credit
Current institutional object metadata from byte-identical archived HTML/JSON-LD; native IIIF Max JPEG checked separately against info.json and actual pixel dimensions. No claim of a complete JavaScript page render.
Source location: Specific image/metadata permission additionally checked for each object
The general institutional CC0 rule can be used only together with an individual object/image relation; the failed image retrieval remains visible in the retrieval report.
Buddhist visual tradition Tibet / Himalaya · About the 16th–18th century
Round clay plaque with a seated Tara on a lotus base, plant forms at the sides and writing around the edge. The figure and border are worn away in several places.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Buddhist visual tradition
Region
Tibet / Himalaya
Date of the evidence
About the 16th–18th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Round clay plaque with a seated Tara on a lotus base, plant forms at the sides and writing around the edge. The figure and border are worn away in several places.
Historically recorded use
The museum classifies the type as a Tsa-tsa acquired at pilgrimage sites. Tara is described there as a goddess who protects and leads to liberation. This general religious interpretation does not establish that this specific example was used in a particular protective rite.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 30.76.151, Met object 38839. The Tara attribution follows the museum. The surrounding characters are not normalised or presented as a mantra inscription fully read here.
Before designing
Unchanged complete native museum image; no reconstruction of damaged details. No manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete native museum photograph, with no raster transformation or reconstruction of old forms. Historical religious image evidence; not approved for manufacture. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete native museum photograph, with no raster transformation or reconstruction of old forms. Historical religious image evidence; not approved for manufacture.
Source location: The Metropolitan Museum of Art; 30.76.151; complete selected single image
Source location: CC0 for individually designated public-domain collection images
Institutional CC0 policy read in the web tool on 10 October. The direct native website response was HTTP429 and is not treated as text of a rights notice that was read.
Ancient Egyptian religion Egypt · Evidence 664–332 BC; Late Period
Composite figure with hippopotamus, lion, crocodile and human features.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Ancient Egyptian religion
Region
Egypt
Date of the evidence
Evidence 664–332 BC; Late Period
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Description
Composite figure with hippopotamus, lion, crocodile and human features.
Historically recorded use
The goddess was invoked for protection during pregnancy and childbirth; her image was also used in funerary rebirth.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Met 04.2.365; historical beliefs about protection, not a present-day promise of efficacy.
Before designing
Check the specific historical variant and object image against a source before using it; do not design a newly combined sigil.
Research draft. Complete, visually checked museum photograph of the specific linked historical object. Unaltered original JPEG bytes are embedded in the SVG as a raster facsimile; this is neither a cropped individual glyph nor a traced sigil. The object context and all visible image details are retained. No production-ready vector paths; engraving or CNC manufacture requires separate assessment. Image crop, orientation, background and object condition remain exactly as in the original JPEG. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete, visually checked museum photograph of the specific linked historical object. Unaltered original JPEG bytes are embedded in the SVG as a raster facsimile; this is neither a cropped individual glyph nor a traced sigil. The object context and all visible image details are retained. No production-ready vector paths; engraving or CNC manufacture requires separate assessment. Image crop, orientation, background and object condition remain exactly as in the original JPEG.
Source location: Met object 545344; inventory 04.2.365; complete primary image from the current institutional API, uncropped; original 3032 × 3791 px
Egyptian amulet tradition of the Ptolemaic or Roman period Egypt; exact findspot not stated · 100 BC–AD 100; Ptolemaic or Roman period
Small figure facing left, made of dark brown, white, blue and yellowish glass, with a large ring loop above the head. The broad light photographic background is retained in full.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Egyptian amulet tradition of the Ptolemaic or Roman period
Region
Egypt; exact findspot not stated
Date of the evidence
100 BC–AD 100; Ptolemaic or Roman period
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Small figure facing left, made of dark brown, white, blue and yellowish glass, with a large ring loop above the head. The broad light photographic background is retained in full.
Historically recorded use
The Met catalogue explicitly identifies the small glass figure as a Taweret amulet. The upper loop is evidence of a form that could be suspended; no individual wearer or specific ritual context is documented.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 10.130.2807. The identification of the deities comes from the museum title. This image variant supplements met-ref-570505 and is not counted as another independent inventory object. No body details or individual promises of healing have been added.
Before designing
Unchanged, complete native museum view(s), including background and present-day damage. Historical facsimile; separate outline preparation and manufacturing review required.
Research draft. Small left-facing figure in dark brown, white, blue and yellowish glass, with a large ring loop above the head. The broad, light-coloured photographic background is retained in full. Unaltered, complete native museum view(s), including background and present-day damage. Historical facsimile; separate outline preparation and manufacturing review required. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Small left-facing figure in dark brown, white, blue and yellowish glass, with a large ring loop above the head. The broad, light-coloured photographic background is retained in full. Unaltered, complete native museum view(s), including background and present-day damage. Historical facsimile; separate outline preparation and manufacturing review required.
Source location: 10.130.2807; 1 complete native museum view(s)
Taíno Dominican Republic; Caribbean · 13th–15th century
Small squatting anthropomorphic stone figure; front and back views with museum inventory number.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Taíno
Region
Dominican Republic; Caribbean
Date of the evidence
13th–15th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Small squatting anthropomorphic stone figure; front and back views with museum inventory number.
Historically recorded use
The museum description associates such pendants with Taíno leaders and healers; the motif refers to zemí as the spiritual and life-giving power of deities and ancestors.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Zemí is not reduced to a single deity or to the modern concept of a healing stone. No medical effect is claimed; the specific individual identity of the figure remains open.
Before designing
Native museum captures as source references; independent views without additions or new symbolic interpretations.
Research draft. Zemí is not reduced to a single deity or to a modern concept of healing stone. No medical effect is claimed; the figure’s specific individual identity remains open. JPEG renderings unchanged in their native bytes; no local raster editing or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Zemí is not reduced to a single deity or to a modern concept of healing stone. No medical effect is claimed; the figure’s specific individual identity remains open. JPEG renderings unchanged in their native bytes; no local raster editing or manufacturing approval.
Source location: 1982.48.7; complete native museum images
Jewish material amulet culture; historical printed witness Venice according to The Jewish Museum; publication in Danzig · probably 18th century; historical reproduction in print [1933]
Rendered historical book illustration [1933]: silver amulet with a multi-tiered temple structure, loop and lower ornament, reproduced in full from the historical printed figure arranged at the side.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Jewish material amulet culture; historical printed witness
Region
Venice according to The Jewish Museum; publication in Danzig
Date of the evidence
probably 18th century; historical reproduction in print [1933]
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Rendered historical book illustration [1933]: silver amulet with a multi-tiered temple structure, loop and lower ornament, reproduced in full from the historical printed figure arranged at the side.
Historically recorded use
The museum text and printed catalogue explain a plea for healing and the name of God, Shaddai. The explanation is taken from the sources; there is no independent Hebrew transcription and no evidence of efficacy.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
PDM is our catalogue attribution of the institutional public-domain designation Domena publiczna, not a CC-PDM licence specified by the provider. Historical book image in the print catalogued as [1933], not a present-day JM Museum photograph. The current museum text explicitly links JM inventory D 3 with 1933 No. 3 / Plate 1. Native DjVu source archived unchanged; lossless local document conversion and complete figure crop, without interpreting writing, completing damage or drawing shapes.
Before designing
Historical photographic print witness used as a reference. The print's sideways orientation is retained; this is neither a drawn design nor manufacturing approval.
Research draft. PDM is our catalogue attribution of the institutional public-domain designation Domena publiczna, not a CC-PDM licence specified by the provider. Historical book image in the print catalogued as [1933], not a present-day JM Museum photograph. The current museum text explicitly links JM inventory D 3 with 1933 No. 3 / Plate 1. Native DjVu source archived unchanged; lossless local document conversion and complete figure crop, without interpreting writing, completing damage or drawing shapes. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: PDM is our catalogue attribution of the institutional public-domain designation Domena publiczna, not a CC-PDM licence specified by the provider. Historical book image in the print catalogued as [1933], not a present-day JM Museum photograph. The current museum text explicitly links JM inventory D 3 with 1933 No. 3 / Plate 1. Native DjVu source archived unchanged; lossless local document conversion and complete figure crop, without interpreting writing, completing damage or drawing shapes.
Source location: PBC edition 31170; plate 1, figure 3; scan 35; historical JM inventory D 3
Source location: Accession Number and pub_references: [1933], no. 3, plate 1
Current object identity and explicit historical print reference; contemporary museum photographs are not reused or licensed under the PBC book permission.
Source location: Copyright/Permissions and conditional Public-Domain rule
No blanket clearance for current JM photographs; the new asset comes exclusively from the historical PBC print individually declared to be in the public domain.
Terracotta mandala of the eight Bodhisattvas – Gupta period
Original image · source evidence
Ritual diagram
Indian Buddhism; Gupta period India (probably Uttar Pradesh) · 6th century
Rounded plaque with a central Buddha figure and attendant figures arranged in tiers; losses to the relief remain visible.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Indian Buddhism; Gupta period
Region
India (probably Uttar Pradesh)
Date of the evidence
6th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Rounded plaque with a central Buddha figure and attendant figures arranged in tiers; losses to the relief remain visible.
Historically recorded use
Moulded terracotta plaque identified by the museum as a mandala of the eight Bodhisattvas.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Uttar Pradesh is recorded only as a probable place of origin. The brief catalogue names neither an individual wearer nor a specific Dharani; figures are not re-identified using modern tables.
Before designing
Native institutional original photograph embedded unchanged; complete view or precisely localised component of a scroll. No new isolated signs, no local upscaling and no missing strokes added. A raster facsimile is not an engraving-ready outline.
Research draft. Uttar Pradesh is listed only as a probable origin. The brief catalogue names neither an individual wearer nor a specific Dharani; figures are not re-identified using modern tables. Unaltered original JPEG bytes and documented pixel viewport. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Uttar Pradesh is listed only as a probable origin. The brief catalogue names neither an individual wearer nor a specific Dharani; figures are not re-identified using modern tables. Unaltered original JPEG bytes and documented pixel viewport.
Source location: Met 33.50.11; complete current primary original view
Source location: Met 33.50.11; object 38204; current object description and specific native original photograph
The current object page was read via web access, the Met object API was fully archived, and the individual original photograph was visually checked. Unattested ways of wearing the object or private protective effects have not been added. Text and API dating remain separate where they differ.
Source location: Open Access images under CC0; the specific isPublicDomain status is given in the individual object metadata
For each image, the release is combined with the current object API and the Public-Domain designation on the specific object page. Open metadata alone does not imply rights to third-party photographs.
Incomplete partial outline; the complete image source remains unavailable. Gilded bronze pendant with a short runic inscription. Only an incomplete historical partial outline is available: limited transferred outer contour of the front and clearly visible triangular ornament. The identifying inscription hmar : is remains in the catalogue note; damaged individual runes are not completed, nor is a complete facsimile claimed. The complete image source remains unavailable.
Research draftSource-based vector template
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Norse tradition
Region
Lolland, Denmark
Date of the evidence
900–1000 AD
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Description
Incomplete partial outline; the complete image source remains unavailable. Gilded bronze pendant with a short runic inscription. Only an incomplete historical partial outline is available: limited transferred outer contour of the front and clearly visible triangular ornament. The identifying inscription hmar : is remains in the catalogue note; damaged individual runes are not completed, nor is a complete facsimile claimed. The complete image source remains unavailable.
Historically recorded use
Worn hammer-shaped pendant.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Syd 18: hmar : is identifies a hammer. Exact inventory C 40005, Nationalmuseet DO-417575; RuneS Fund 1764 dated 900–1000. Newly located museum photograph DO-138842 was viewed privately for identity verification; the individual media rights entry currently returns HTTP 404, and the object page lists no open photo licence. Therefore, no public photographic reference and no replacement with another Thor’s hammer. 2026-10-09: Limited transferred outer contour of the front and clearly visible triangular ornament. The identifying inscription hmar : is remains in the catalogue note; damaged individual runes are not supplemented or presented as a complete facsimile. Photo pixels, modern caption, supplemented rune, imagined loop opening, corrosion spots. The modern photograph remains private; the only public reference is a limited line transfer of our own, not an open photo release and not manufacturing approval. Inventory C40005/DO417575, RuneS1764,900–1000; hmar : is denotes this hammer; the s is reversed. No complete runic transcription.
Before designing
Limited transferred outer contour of the front and securely visible triangular ornament. The identifying inscription hmar : is remains in the catalogue note; damaged individual runes are not added or claimed as a complete facsimile. Photograph pixels, modern label, added rune, imagined loop opening, corrosion spots.
Research draft. Limited transferred outer contour of the obverse and clearly visible triangular ornament. The identifying inscription hmar : is remains in the catalogue note; damaged individual runes are neither supplemented nor claimed as a complete facsimile. Photographic pixels, modern lettering, supplemented rune, imagined eyelet opening, corrosion spots. An original, font-free line transfer of an old form; no modern image has been used. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Vector template: Limited transferred outer contour of the obverse and clearly visible triangular ornament. The identifying inscription hmar : is remains in the catalogue note; damaged individual runes are neither supplemented nor claimed as a complete facsimile. Photographic pixels, modern lettering, supplemented rune, imagined eyelet opening, corrosion spots. An original, font-free line transfer of an old form; no modern image has been used.
Source location: C40005, DO138842 front photograph; overall contour and incised triangle only
Limited transferred outer contour of the obverse and clearly visible triangular ornament. The identifying inscription hmar : is remains in the catalogue note; damaged individual runes are neither supplemented nor claimed as a complete facsimile. Photographic pixels, modern lettering, supplemented rune, imagined eyelet opening, corrosion spots. An original, font-free line transfer of an old form; no modern image has been used.
Source location: C 40005; DO-417575; associated medium DO-138842
The exact object raw record describes the form, rune sequence and find. The page cites DO-138842 / DO_417575_a.tif, but shows no open licence specific to the image. The public JPEG endpoint is accessible; the associated individual media-rights record returns HTTP 404. The photograph was therefore viewed privately only for identity verification and was not embedded in a public template.
RuneS / Niedersächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen
Source location: Syd 18; C 40005; 900–1000; hmar : is
Archaeological dating and RuneS attribution of the gilded bronze pendant. The current page contains no usable view of its own original photograph; the general RuneS data licence does not grant permission to use a separate museum photograph.
Ancient Egyptian amulet and image tradition Egypt; specific findspot not established here · Possibly Egyptian Late Period (Saite), c. 712–332 BC; API date fields differ: 700–300 BC.
Faience, 3.5 × 0.8 × 0.8 cm. Two separate, slightly different frontal photographs show the same narrow standing figure with a long beak, hanging arms, apron and base. They are not front and back.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Ancient Egyptian amulet and image tradition
Region
Egypt; specific findspot not established here
Date of the evidence
Possibly Egyptian Late Period (Saite), c. 712–332 BC; API date fields differ: 700–300 BC.
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Faience, 3.5 × 0.8 × 0.8 cm. Two separate, slightly different frontal photographs show the same narrow standing figure with a long beak, hanging arms, apron and base. They are not front and back.
Historically recorded use
Described by the museum as a Thoth amulet (Thoth). The specific historical example is documented without claiming a particular protective or wisdom-related purpose.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The possible Late Period dating of c. 712–332 BC conflicts with the technical API year fields -700/-300; the raw data are kept separate. Two image files and one inventory record make one entry. No worn details have been reconstructed.
Before designing
Complete native museum photographs as historical image references; no reconstructed outline and no manufacturing approval.
Research draft. The possible Late Period dating, c. 712–332 BC, conflicts with the technical API year fields -700/-300; the raw data are kept separate. Two image files and one inventory number form one entry. No reconstruction of worn details. Native JPEG bytes unchanged; no local raster editing, tracing or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The possible Late Period dating, c. 712–332 BC, conflicts with the technical API year fields -700/-300; the raw data are kept separate. Two image files and one inventory number form one entry. No reconstruction of worn details. Native JPEG bytes unchanged; no local raster editing, tracing or manufacturing approval.
Thoth with staff and ankh – Roman gem Getty 83.AN.437.55
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Roman Imperial period; Egyptian and Mediterranean image-making/magical glyptics Mediterranean region; the precise place of manufacture of this piece is not established · 1st century A.D.
Ibis-headed Thoth stands in profile on a ground line and, according to the museum description, carries a staff and an ankh.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Roman Imperial period; Egyptian and Mediterranean image-making/magical glyptics
Region
Mediterranean region; the precise place of manufacture of this piece is not established
Date of the evidence
1st century A.D.
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Ibis-headed Thoth stands in profile on a ground line and, according to the museum description, carries a staff and an ankh.
Historically recorded use
Historical evidence for images of Egyptian deities in Roman glyptic art; no individual talismanic use in the object description examined.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Included as historical_symbol_only. The general ancient attestation of Egyptian deities on rings does not automatically make this particular stone a healing amulet. No invented magical inscription has been added.
Before designing
Native institutional museum photograph as a historical reference; no invented glyph additions, isolated vector outline or manufacturing approval. The visible photographed side and the reverse documented only in text remain distinct.
Research draft. Included as historical_symbol_only. The general ancient tradition of Egyptian deities on rings does not automatically make this particular stone a healing amulet. No invented magical inscription is added. Complete original JPEG bytes; no losses of writing or material are supplemented. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Included as historical_symbol_only. The general ancient tradition of Egyptian deities on rings does not automatically make this particular stone a healing amulet. No invented magical inscription is added. Complete original JPEG bytes; no losses of writing or material are supplemented.
Source location: 83.AN.437.55; complete photograph of the actual main image view
Source location: 83.AN.437.55; JSON-LD: description, date, material and individual CC0 image attribution
Current institutional object metadata from byte-identical archived HTML/JSON-LD; native IIIF Max JPEG checked separately against info.json and actual pixel dimensions. No claim of a complete JavaScript page render.
Source location: Specific image/metadata permission additionally checked for each object
The general institutional CC0 rule can be used only together with an individual object/image relation; the failed image retrieval remains visible in the retrieval report.
Ancient Egyptian amulets and historical symbol forms Egypt · c. 2110–2030 BC
Seated baboon-like figure with a conspicuous perforation, documented in an older black-and-white photograph.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Ancient Egyptian amulets and historical symbol forms
Region
Egypt
Date of the evidence
c. 2110–2030 BC
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Seated baboon-like figure with a conspicuous perforation, documented in an older black-and-white photograph.
Historically recorded use
Early ivory object identified by the museum as a Thoth amulet.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Thoth follows the museum’s naming; this form is not to be equated with an ibis-headed Thoth or a modern winged symbol. The date range follows the readable catalogue dating; the differing numerical API values are preserved separately in the evidence record.
Before designing
Historical black-and-white photograph at its limited resolution; no artificially added facial details. CC0 raster reference; not a verified manufacturing file. A separately verified outline preparation is required for engraving or casting.
Research draft. Historical black-and-white photograph at its limited resolution; no artificially added facial details. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historical black-and-white photograph at its limited resolution; no artificially added facial details.
Source location: Met 65.46.4; selected original photograph
Source location: Met 65.46.4; object 545855; API title, objectDate, medium, geography, images
Directly archived institutional object record for this exact inventory item. Image form also checked visually; named function and attribution only to the extent documented in each case.
Ilkhanid-Islamic architecture Iran, probably Kashan · 13th–14th century
Eight-pointed lustre tile with surrounding inscription.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Ilkhanid-Islamic architecture
Region
Iran, probably Kashan
Date of the evidence
13th–14th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Description
Eight-pointed lustre tile with surrounding inscription.
Historically recorded use
Architectural decoration with a section of Qur’anic verse 2:255, regarded as protective.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The protective interpretation concerns the Throne Verse; the star shape alone has no generally proven amuletic meaning.
Before designing
Check tile 41.165.13 as the exact template; clearly state that the written text and architectural medium remain open in the transfer.
Research draft. Complete, visually checked museum photograph of the specifically linked historical object. Unaltered original JPEG bytes are embedded in the SVG as a raster facsimile; this is neither a cropped individual glyph nor a traced sigil. The object context and all visible image details are retained. There are no production-ready vector paths; engraving or CNC manufacture requires separate review. The institution’s main photograph shows the surviving star tile together with its original inscription. Parts of the tile edges already lie outside the frame in the photograph; missing areas are not filled in. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete, visually checked museum photograph of the specifically linked historical object. Unaltered original JPEG bytes are embedded in the SVG as a raster facsimile; this is neither a cropped individual glyph nor a traced sigil. The object context and all visible image details are retained. There are no production-ready vector paths; engraving or CNC manufacture requires separate review. The institution’s main photograph shows the surviving star tile together with its original inscription. Parts of the tile edges already lie outside the frame in the photograph; missing areas are not filled in.
Source location: Met object 450429; inventory 41.165.13; complete primary image from the current institutional API, uncropped; original 1424 × 1404 px
Germanic runic script Reference: Gotland · Elder Futhark; check model dating separately
Character þ.
Research draftSource-based vector template
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Germanic runic script
Region
Reference: Gotland
Date of the evidence
Elder Futhark; check model dating separately
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Description
Character þ.
Historically recorded use
Written signs
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Historical letter; the normalised older form of the name is reconstructed. No individual amulet effect is inferred from the name.
Before designing
Unicode shows a normalised letter form. For manufacture, select a specific historical character variant and check it against the find.
Research draft. Normalised editorial letterform ᚦ (U+16A6); hand-set, font-free line geometry, not taken from a font file. Do not present as an object-faithful Kylver facsimile or an individually attested amulet sign. Names are reconstructed; no individual magical effect is inferred. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Vector template: Normalised editorial letterform ᚦ (U+16A6); hand-set, font-free line geometry, not taken from a font file. Do not present as an object-faithful Kylver facsimile or an individually attested amulet sign. Names are reconstructed; no individual magical effect is inferred.
Source location: G 88 / Kylver; sequence A I, sign 3; normalised Unicode letter U+16A6
Normalised editorial letterform ᚦ (U+16A6); hand-set, font-free line geometry, not taken from a font file. Do not present as an object-faithful Kylver facsimile or an individually attested amulet sign. Names are reconstructed; no individual magical effect is inferred.
Niedersächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, RuneS
Source location: Signs 11458–11482; sequence A I
Scholarly names and transliterations; the names are catalogue designations, not recorded explanations of the names in the ancient incision. Kylver places p before ï and d before o.
Tibetan ga’u amulet case with turquoise – Chicago 1980.657
Original image · source evidence
Amulet
Tibet Tibet · 18th century
Silver Tibetan container with a tiered cross-like outer form, turquoise inlay and richly articulated front. Tubular or rounded attachment elements are positioned at the top and bottom.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Tibet
Region
Tibet
Date of the evidence
18th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Silver Tibetan container with a tiered cross-like outer form, turquoise inlay and richly articulated front. Tubular or rounded attachment elements are positioned at the top and bottom.
Historically recorded use
The museum lists the object as an amulet container belonging to a woman, Ga’u. The specific historical contents and an individual wearer are not named in the record consulted.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The container is concrete material evidence; the surviving front view does not allow any claim about unseen contents or a particular enclosed formula. The object, inventory, material and dating are tied to the archived API record.
Before designing
Actually seen: entire decorated front with turquoise, rows of metal beads and attachment components. Unaltered institutional JPEG presentation photograph in the full image frame; not an isolated engraving outline and not manufacturing approval.
Research draft. The container is concrete material evidence; the surviving front view does not allow any conclusion about unseen contents or a particular enclosed formula. Complete institutional presentation image, 1686 pixels wide; larger IIIF master dimensions 2358×2253 documented separately. No local scaling or re-encoding of the embedded JPEG bytes. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The container is concrete material evidence; the surviving front view does not allow any conclusion about unseen contents or a particular enclosed formula. Complete institutional presentation image, 1686 pixels wide; larger IIIF master dimensions 2358×2253 documented separately. No local scaling or re-encoding of the embedded JPEG bytes.
Source location: Inventory 1980.657; institutional main view b6932cd4-d56d-05bc-0869-6fa657f1a1dc
Source location: Inventory 1980.657; API object 60929; JSON /data[id=60929]
Institutional evidence for an individual object from an archived multi-record API retrieval. Dating, material, provenance and inventory details follow the specific record; source attribution is not an independent scientific authenticity test.
Source location: Open Access Images; CC0 Public Domain Designation
Specific images only when accompanied by the individual is_public_domain=true and the object's image ID. Descriptive API texts separately carry CC BY4; image release is CC0.
Concrete print with applied colour. Inventory 51.156.2.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Tibetan Buddhism
Region
Tibet
Date of the evidence
17th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Concrete print with applied colour. Inventory 51.156.2.
Historically recorded use
Historical mandala on a printed and painted hanging scroll.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Museum designation “Lamaist Mandala”; no unspecified central deity has been added. No portable amulet use is attested.
Before designing
Check only the variant of inventory 51.156.2 as a model. Compare image details and outline against the museum image before drawing; no modern composite motif.
Research draft. Complete, visually checked museum photograph of the specific linked historical object. Unaltered original JPEG bytes are embedded in the SVG as a raster facsimile; this is neither a cropped individual glyph nor a redrawn sigil. The object context and all visible image details are retained. No vector paths suitable for manufacture; engraving or CNC manufacture requires separate assessment. The specific mandala/ritual-object variant remains visible with all its image figures, edge areas and material details; no schematic modern substitute drawing. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete, visually checked museum photograph of the specific linked historical object. Unaltered original JPEG bytes are embedded in the SVG as a raster facsimile; this is neither a cropped individual glyph nor a redrawn sigil. The object context and all visible image details are retained. No vector paths suitable for manufacture; engraving or CNC manufacture requires separate assessment. The specific mandala/ritual-object variant remains visible with all its image figures, edge areas and material details; no schematic modern substitute drawing.
Source location: Met object 38072; Inventory 51.156.2; complete main image from the current institutional API, uncropped; original 2372 × 4000 px
Tibetan ritual or votive sword hilt with Kirtimukha (Met 2016.702) – dating uncertain
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Tibetan Buddhist ritual and protective iconography Tibet; museum cultural attribution · Possibly 15th–16th century; API search range 1400–1600 (uncertain dating)
Large gilded copper-alloy handle with a three-dimensional Kirtimukha at the lower end and engraved head and tendril motifs on both sides. Both complete original photographs show the surviving handle together with its modern museum mount; no blade is depicted.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Tibetan Buddhist ritual and protective iconography
Region
Tibet; museum cultural attribution
Date of the evidence
Possibly 15th–16th century; API search range 1400–1600 (uncertain dating)
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Large gilded copper-alloy handle with a three-dimensional Kirtimukha at the lower end and engraved head and tendril motifs on both sides. Both complete original photographs show the surviving handle together with its modern museum mount; no blade is depicted.
Historically recorded use
The Met classifies the surviving hilt as belonging to a ritual or votive sword. The precise historical ceremony associated with this example is not specified. The specific object description identifies the lion-like Kirtimukha at the bottom of the hilt as a sign of vigilance, protection and good fortune. It identifies the engraved heads on both sides as wet skulls and dry skulls of the iconography of Tibetan wrathful protective deities.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Explicitly dated possibly 15th–16th century; do not turn this into a certain date. Only the hilt survives and is depicted; do not reconstruct a missing blade. No portable amulet function is claimed. No independent attribution of the individual heads to named deities. The symbolic interpretations are attributed to the museum; no independent reading of inscriptions, reconstruction or promise of efficacy.
Before designing
Unaltered native original photographs as historical reference. No engraving outlines, no reconstruction of writing and no manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Large gilded copper-alloy hilt with a sculptural Kirtimukha at the lower end and engraved head and vine motifs on both sides. Both complete original photographs show the preserved hilt together with a modern museum mount; no blade is depicted. Dating is explicitly possibly 15th–16th century; do not make it certain. Only the hilt survives and is depicted; do not reconstruct a missing blade. No portable amulet function is claimed. No independent attribution of individual heads to named deities. The symbolic interpretations are attributed to the museum; no independent inscription reading, reconstruction or promise of efficacy. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Large gilded copper-alloy hilt with a sculptural Kirtimukha at the lower end and engraved head and vine motifs on both sides. Both complete original photographs show the preserved hilt together with a modern museum mount; no blade is depicted. Dating is explicitly possibly 15th–16th century; do not make it certain. Only the hilt survives and is depicted; do not reconstruct a missing blade. No portable amulet function is claimed. No independent attribution of individual heads to named deities. The symbolic interpretations are attributed to the museum; no independent inscription reading, reconstruction or promise of efficacy.
Source location: 2016.702; two complete native original captures
Source location: CC0 policy for public-domain artwork images
Institutional rights statement, checked alongside the individual public-domain information on the three object pages and APIs. No blanket CC0 release of curatorial descriptive texts is claimed.
Tibetan ritual sword hilt as Sword of Wisdom (Met 2017.161)
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Tibetan Buddhist ritual and protective iconography Tibet; museum cultural attribution · 16th–17th century; separate API search interval 1501–1700
One-piece cast copper-alloy handle with a three-lobed pommel, two rows of stylised lotus leaves and a lion-like mask terminal. Complete front and back are available as unaltered native museum photographs.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Tibetan Buddhist ritual and protective iconography
Region
Tibet; museum cultural attribution
Date of the evidence
16th–17th century; separate API search interval 1501–1700
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
One-piece cast copper-alloy handle with a three-lobed pommel, two rows of stylised lotus leaves and a lion-like mask terminal. Complete front and back are available as unaltered native museum photographs.
Historically recorded use
The Met interprets this hilt as the sword of wisdom: it symbolically cuts through ignorance and drives away demons of negative thoughts and actions. The description names ritual contexts involving Manjushri, Padmasambhava and Palden Lhamo, as well as depictions of such swords among protective deities. It interprets the three-lobed pommel as probably a Three-Eyed Gem from the group of Seven Gems; at the lower hilt it identifies a Kirtimukha mask.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The interpretation of the pommel as such remains explicitly probable. Only the hilt survives; no blade has been added. Individual ritual actions involving this example and its wearing as an amulet are not evidenced. The symbolism given is a museum interpretation, not an empirical effect. Separate inventory entry alongside Met 2016.702: a related object variant on the same ritual-sword theme, not a new tradition. No independent reading of the writing or reconstruction.
Before designing
Unaltered original photographs as historical reference; no blade added, no engraving outlines and no approval for manufacture.
Research draft. Copper-alloy hilt cast in one piece, with a three-lobed pommel, two rows of stylised lotus leaves and a lion-like mask finial. Complete front and back views are available as unaltered native museum photographs. The interpretation of the pommel is explicitly tentative. Only the hilt survives; no blade has been added. Individual ritual actions involving this example and its wearing as an amulet are not attested. The symbolism stated is a museum interpretation, not an empirical effect. Separate inventory entry alongside Met 2016.702: a related object variant within the same ritual-sword theme, not a new tradition. No independent reading of the inscription or reconstruction. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Copper-alloy hilt cast in one piece, with a three-lobed pommel, two rows of stylised lotus leaves and a lion-like mask finial. Complete front and back views are available as unaltered native museum photographs. The interpretation of the pommel is explicitly tentative. Only the hilt survives; no blade has been added. Individual ritual actions involving this example and its wearing as an amulet are not attested. The symbolism stated is a museum interpretation, not an empirical effect. Separate inventory entry alongside Met 2016.702: a related object variant within the same ritual-sword theme, not a new tradition. No independent reading of the inscription or reconstruction.
Source location: 2017.161; two complete native original photographs
Source location: CC0 policy for public-domain artwork images
Institutional rights statement together with an individual Public Domain designation; no blanket CC0 release of the curatorial description texts is claimed.
Small, elongated animal form made of stone, with a perforation and a rounded muzzle.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Syria; Early Bronze Age
Region
Syria
Date of the evidence
Around 3000 BC
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Small, elongated animal form made of stone, with a perforation and a rounded muzzle.
Historically recorded use
The museum describes the object as an amulet. The animal species, individual use and protective function are not specified further.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The photograph description does not identify a specific animal species or deity. The existing private reference record is an object link, not an additional core motif.
Before designing
Native institutional object image as a historical image reference; no isolated vector glyph, added inscription or manufacturing approval. The photograph and original form remain separate from later engraving outlines.
Research draft. The photograph description does not identify a specific animal species or deity. The existing private reference record is an object link, not an additional core motif. Original JPEGs are embedded byte-for-byte; no writing or lines are added. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The photograph description does not identify a specific animal species or deity. The existing private reference record is an object link, not an additional core motif. Original JPEGs are embedded byte-for-byte; no writing or lines are added.
Source location: Met 51.82.4; complete selected original view
Title, inventory number, material and dating are checked individually; cultural-historical use is included only to the extent stated in the object description. The linked web text snapshots document the independent, current review of the object pages.
Zodiac and seven planets as a pair of pages – print 1657, XX 83
Original image · source evidence
Historical gemstone depiction
Early modern transmission of Greek-Egyptian gem images Antwerp; current collection at Museum Plantin-Moretus · 1657 (printing date of the image witness)
The left oval depiction has an outer zodiac and an inner ring with signs. The right shows seven personified planets. The two views paired by a printed graphic linking element remain a single entry.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern transmission of Greek-Egyptian gem images
Region
Antwerp; current collection at Museum Plantin-Moretus
Date of the evidence
1657 (printing date of the image witness)
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
The left oval depiction has an outer zodiac and an inner ring with signs. The right shows seven personified planets. The two views paired by a printed graphic linking element remain a single entry.
Historically recorded use
Antiquarian documentation of a figure transmitted as a magical gem. No evidence that this sheet of paper served as a worn amulet.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Historical printed witness from 1657. The CBd records the figure in question as a drawing of a magical gem whose present whereabouts are unknown. The date applies to the print; the age, authenticity and personal use of the stone depicted are not separately confirmed here. Print and surviving ancient object remain distinct forms of evidence. No individual planets have been extracted and no glyphs normalised; the entire two-sided depiction is brought together.
Before designing
Unaltered native museum JPEG in SVG, with a documented crop of the complete numbered figure. No added lines or replacement letters; a historical image reference without vector transcription and without manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Historical printed witness from 1657. The CBd records the relevant figure as a drawing of a magical gemma of unknown present whereabouts. The date applies to the print; the age, authenticity and personal use of the stone depicted are not separately confirmed here. The print and the surviving ancient object remain distinct forms of evidence. No individual planets have been extracted and no glyphs normalised; the complete two-sided depiction is presented together. Unaltered native museum JPEG in the SVG, with a documented crop of the complete numbered figure. No lines or substitute letters added; historical image reference without vector transcription and without manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historical printed witness from 1657. The CBd records the relevant figure as a drawing of a magical gemma of unknown present whereabouts. The date applies to the print; the age, authenticity and personal use of the stone depicted are not separately confirmed here. The print and the surviving ancient object remain distinct forms of evidence. No individual planets have been extracted and no glyphs normalised; the complete two-sided depiction is presented together. Unaltered native museum JPEG in the SVG, with a documented crop of the complete numbered figure. No lines or substitute letters added; historical image reference without vector transcription and without manufacturing approval.
Source location: Museum Plantin-Moretus, PK.OP.07429; Tabula XX, figure 83; CBd-2840
Printed evidence from 1657 and an associated individual image; PDM individually on the manifest/Canvas, no statement about the age of a missing original stone.
Printed evidence from 1657 and an associated individual image; PDM individually on the manifest/Canvas, no statement about the age of a missing original stone.
Zodiac Man – Sciathericum microcosmicum, Miotte/Kircher [1646]
Original image · source evidence
Historical astrological symbol chart
Early modern European astrology and microcosm/macrocosm ideas [Rome], according to the catalogue attribution; present-day collection in London · [1646], date in square brackets according to Wellcome Collection
A standing man appears at the centre of an oval panel, surrounded by planetary tables, zodiac signs and bodily correspondences labelled with letters. Four labelled corner fields and two scrolls form part of the complete composition. The unchanged overall image retains the print margins, ageing of the paper and existing damage.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern European astrology and microcosm/macrocosm ideas
Region
[Rome], according to the catalogue attribution; present-day collection in London
Date of the evidence
[1646], date in square brackets according to Wellcome Collection
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A standing man appears at the centre of an oval panel, surrounded by planetary tables, zodiac signs and bodily correspondences labelled with letters. Four labelled corner fields and two scrolls form part of the complete composition. The unchanged overall image retains the print margins, ageing of the paper and existing damage.
Historically recorded use
The engraving depicts historical astrological relationships between the planets, zodiac and human body. The inscription names Sciathericum microcosmicum and places the depiction within a framework of scrolls. It is evidence of an early modern astrological cosmology; use of this sheet as a worn amulet is not evidenced.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Wellcome catalogues the place and year of production in square brackets: [Rome] : [1646]. This attribution is retained; the numerical year fields are search values only, based on the catalogue dating, and are not an independently proven exact date. Pierre Miotte and Athanasius Kircher are named as contributors. The Latin statements and bodily correspondences are documented as historical ideas, not as medical or scientific effects. No evidence of a worn protective object, and no individual signs isolated as independent amulets.
Before designing
A complete native IIIF JPEG in an SVG reference frame. No drawing reconstruction, no cropping, no engraving-ready outlines.
Research draft. A standing man appears at the centre of an oval panel, surrounded by planetary tables, zodiac signs and body correspondences labelled with letters. Four labelled corner fields and two text bands form part of the complete composition. The unchanged complete capture retains the printed margins, paper ageing and existing damage. Historical astrological depiction; no confirmed bodily effect and no documented worn amulet. Date [1646] according to the catalogue. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: A standing man appears at the centre of an oval panel, surrounded by planetary tables, zodiac signs and body correspondences labelled with letters. Four labelled corner fields and two text bands form part of the complete composition. The unchanged complete capture retains the printed margins, paper ageing and existing damage. Historical astrological depiction; no confirmed bodily effect and no documented worn amulet. Date [1646] according to the catalogue.
Chinese bone work from the Shang period China; precise findspot and place of manufacture not stated · 13th–12th century BCE (institutional object dating)
Elongated carved bone object with sculpted, articulated animal forms and a curled section at the upper end. The museum photograph shows brown surfaces, reddish areas, depressions and signs of ageing against a light background. The identification as a tiger comes from the object catalogue; the image is retained in full.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Chinese bone work from the Shang period
Region
China; precise findspot and place of manufacture not stated
Date of the evidence
13th–12th century BCE (institutional object dating)
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Elongated carved bone object with sculpted, articulated animal forms and a curled section at the upper end. The museum photograph shows brown surfaces, reddish areas, depressions and signs of ageing against a light background. The identification as a tiger comes from the object catalogue; the image is retained in full.
Historically recorded use
The museum describes the piece as a tiger amulet. The curatorial description suggests personal jewellery and compares animal forms and ornaments with motifs on bronze vessels. No specific use as a protective object, individual wearing practice or particular effect has been demonstrated for this individual object.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
A physical museum object, inventory 50.46.300.1, institutional object ID 17604. The date 13th-12th century BCE applies to the specific object; the broader Shang dynasty period is not adopted as a more precise date. The museum description treats several bone objects together; its suggestion of personal jewellery is not turned into a confirmed ritual function. No find provenance, inscription, animal species for the bone material or conservation colour determination is added.
Before designing
Unaltered complete museum JPEG in an SVG wrapper; no cropping, raster re-encoding, reconstruction or vectorisation. Historical source reference only; a usable design outline and manufacturing approval are absent.
Research draft. One physical museum object, Inventory50.46.300.1, institutional object ID17604. The dating13th-12th century BCE applies to this specific object; the broader Shang dynasty period is not adopted as a more precise date. The museum description discusses several bone objects together; its suggestion of personal adornment is not turned into a certain ritual function. No find provenance, inscription, animal species of the bone material or conservator's colour determination is added. Unchanged complete museum JPEG in an SVG wrapper; no cropping, raster recoding, reconstruction or vectorisation. Historical source reference only; a usable design outline and manufacturing approval are absent. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: One physical museum object, Inventory50.46.300.1, institutional object ID17604. The dating13th-12th century BCE applies to this specific object; the broader Shang dynasty period is not adopted as a more precise date. The museum description discusses several bone objects together; its suggestion of personal adornment is not turned into a certain ritual function. No find provenance, inscription, animal species of the bone material or conservator's colour determination is added. Unchanged complete museum JPEG in an SVG wrapper; no cropping, raster recoding, reconstruction or vectorisation. Historical source reference only; a usable design outline and manufacturing approval are absent.
Source location: Minneapolis Institute of Art, Inventory 50.46.300.1, Object 17604; complete museum image mia_5033050_full.jpg
Source location: Sections Copyright and Image Access and Use; explicitly Public Domain / CC PDM
Institutional rights information already read in full in the web tool, archived as a clearly labelled observation. A later direct HTML retrieval returned 429 and was not repeated; no successfully downloaded rights HTML is claimed.
Publicly served website code attests to the association of the API image fields with the complete original download and of Public Domain with the specific PDM address; this is not independent historical evidence for the object.
Nordic historical amulet and image traditions Tingstrup, Jutland, Denmark · Viking Age according to the museum catalogue; no individual year dating
Tinned-bronze pendant in the form of a helmet with a high crest. A male face with a long chin, interpreted as a beard, and oval lateral projections are preserved.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Nordic historical amulet and image traditions
Region
Tingstrup, Jutland, Denmark
Date of the evidence
Viking Age according to the museum catalogue; no individual year dating
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Tinned-bronze pendant in the form of a helmet with a high crest. A male face with a long chin, interpreted as a beard, and oval lateral projections are preserved.
Historically recorded use
The museum describes it as an amulet or amulet candidate. The surviving form is historically attested; specific spiritual use and efficacy are described only to the extent supported by the individual evidence.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
A possible suspension fitting is preserved in the comb. The designation as an amulet comes from the museum text; neither Odin nor any particular warrior is individually identified.
Before designing
Unaltered historical museum views with surviving damage, corrosion and any scales. No retouching, and no additions to missing writing or lines. The facsimile provides a source reference and requires a separate manufacturing outline.
Research draft. Tinned bronze helmet-shaped pendant with a high crest. A male face with a long chin, interpreted as a beard, and oval lateral projections are preserved. A possible suspension fitting survives in the crest. The identification as an amulet comes from the museum text; neither Odin nor a particular warrior is individually identified. The named object views are placed side by side; this is not an asserted historical arrangement of signs. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Tinned bronze helmet-shaped pendant with a high crest. A male face with a long chin, interpreted as a beard, and oval lateral projections are preserved. A possible suspension fitting survives in the crest. The identification as an amulet comes from the museum text; neither Odin nor a particular warrior is individually identified. The named object views are placed side by side; this is not an asserted historical arrangement of signs.
A possible suspension fitting survives in the comb. The designation as an amulet comes from the museum text; neither Odin nor a particular warrior has been individually identified. Individual object classification, material, find events and images are taken from the museum raw-data block.
The individual ImageObject in the museum JSON-LD specifies this JPEG URL and CC BY-SA 4.0. Image credit: Anne-Louisa Howardsen / Nationalmuseet, Danmark. The actual JPEG pixel dimensions are checked; larger TIFF catalogue dimensions are not applied to the JPEG used.
The individual ImageObject in the museum JSON-LD specifies this JPEG URL and CC BY-SA 4.0. Image credit: Anne-Louisa Howardsen / Nationalmuseet, Danmark. The actual JPEG pixel dimensions are checked; larger TIFF catalogue dimensions are not applied to the JPEG used.
Tjurkö I/Målen: C-bracteate with maker’s inscription
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Early Nordic visual and written tradition Tjurkö/Målen, Blekinge, Sweden · Approx. 400–550 CE according to SHM; RuneS 440–560 CE.
Gold C-bracteate with head-and-animal image and longer runic inscription. RuneS reads a sentence about making the runes for a named person.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early Nordic visual and written tradition
Region
Tjurkö/Målen, Blekinge, Sweden
Date of the evidence
Approx. 400–550 CE according to SHM; RuneS 440–560 CE.
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Gold C-bracteate with head-and-animal image and longer runic inscription. RuneS reads a sentence about making the runes for a named person.
Historically recorded use
Historically documented gold pendant with a stamped image field. A specific protective effect or particular ritual is not demonstrated for this individual piece by the cited object records.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The reading as a making/dedication inscription evidences the use of writing, but not a universal magical formula. SHM dates it to 400–550, RuneS iconographically to 440–560. The find in 1817 and the museum’s acquisition in 1848 are different events.
Before designing
The model is the surviving museum photograph, including wear and damage. No modern addition of missing lines, and no conversion of unclear runes or letter imitations into an invented readable formula.
Research draft. Unaltered museum JPEG bytes are embedded in an SVG image crop. Photograph of the surviving object; neither a drawn reconstruction nor an AI-generated symbol. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Unaltered museum JPEG bytes are embedded in an SVG image crop. Photograph of the surviving object; neither a drawn reconstruction nor an AI-generated symbol.
Source location: Individual media record ACDF1878-0178-4AE2-B5FA-7387A7FCCF66; complete surviving object
RuneS / Niedersächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen
Source location: IK 184 / KJ 136 / DR BR75; RuneS 440–560
Object, find region, rune type and dating limits. The differing historical catalogue intervals are explicitly set out alongside one another. The RuneS data licence CC BY-SA 4.0 does not replace an image licence; the museum image used is the one separately checked for each case.
Statens historiska museer / Historiska museet, Sverige
Source location: 108984_HST; acquisition number 1453; IK 184 / KJ 136 / DR BR75; dating 400–550
Institutional object catalogue with find region, inventory number and historical dating. Text metadata CC0; the photographs independently carry CC BY 4.0.
Statens historiska museer / Historiska museet, Sverige
Source location: Media ACDF1878-0178-4AE2-B5FA-7387A7FCCF66; 108984_HST; acquisition number 1453
Photographer Christer Åhlin / Historiska museet/SHM; explicitly CC BY 4.0 International. The photograph date is the date of the photograph and is not treated as the date of historical creation.
Tjørnebygård – lead amulet with minuscule letters and runes
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Danish medieval writing and protective culture Tjørnebygård, Lolland · Medieval (catalogue attribution; no more precise date of manufacture)
A strip folded several times is partly opened on the outside. The museum catalogue distinguishes several lines of Latin minuscule and framed lines of runes.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Danish medieval writing and protective culture
Region
Tjørnebygård, Lolland
Date of the evidence
Medieval (catalogue attribution; no more precise date of manufacture)
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A strip folded several times is partly opened on the outside. The museum catalogue distinguishes several lines of Latin minuscule and framed lines of runes.
Historically recorded use
Classified by the museum as a medieval lead amulet; an individual protective intention has not been fully deciphered.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Readings as names or abbreviations remain proposals. The photographs show the documented open state; they do not permit reconstruction of all concealed layers.
Before designing
Unchanged original photographs as image reference. Individual views are shown separately alongside one another; no engraving outline has been added and no manufacturing approval has been given.
Research draft. Readings as names or abbreviations remain proposals. The photographs show the documented opened state; they do not permit reconstruction of all concealed layers. Each image is complete and retains its unaltered native JPEG bytes; separate views are not a historical overall form. Presentation files, not TIFF masters. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Readings as names or abbreviations remain proposals. The photographs show the documented opened state; they do not permit reconstruction of all concealed layers. Each image is complete and retains its unaltered native JPEG bytes; separate views are not a historical overall form. Presentation files, not TIFF masters.
Source location: D 724/2022; DMR-236321, DMR-236324
Use of the template: CC BY-SA 4.0 with attribution and share-alike
Rasmus Bak Meng / Nationalmuseet, Danmark; D 724/2022; DMR-236321; CC BY-SA 4.0. Rasmus Bak Meng / Nationalmuseet, Danmark; D 724/2022; DMR-236324; CC BY-SA 4.0.
Individual institutional object record. Find, registration and photography dates are not treated as manufacturing dates. Uncertain signs and functional identifications remain qualified.
TLV mirror with four directional spirits, Han period
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
China, Han dynasty (202 BCE–220 CE) China · 9–100 CE
Han mirror with a square and circular arrangement; the museum identifies the tiger, dragon, red bird and tortoise-snake creature as directional spirits. The cosmological image arrangement is attested; universal modern claims of protection or use of this mirror as a worn amulet are not. The inscriptions are not newly read.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
China, Han dynasty (202 BCE–220 CE)
Region
China
Date of the evidence
9–100 CE
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Han mirror with a square and circular arrangement; the museum identifies the tiger, dragon, red bird and tortoise-snake creature as directional spirits. The cosmological image arrangement is attested; universal modern claims of protection or use of this mirror as a worn amulet are not. The inscriptions are not newly read.
Historically recorded use
Han mirror with square and circular arrangement; the museum identifies the tiger, dragon, red bird and tortoise-snake creature as directional spirits.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
A cosmological image arrangement is evidenced; universal modern claims of protection or use of this mirror as a worn amulet are not. Inscriptions are not reinterpreted.
Before designing
Round patinated mirror plate with a square centre, TLV-shaped lines, small animal reliefs and a broad encircling ornamental band. Original capture as a complete facsimile; no manufacturing approval and no added outlines.
Research draft. A cosmological pictorial arrangement is attested; universal modern claims of protection or use of this mirror as a worn amulet are not. Inscriptions are not newly read. All native JPEG bytes and the full image frame remain unchanged. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: A cosmological pictorial arrangement is attested; universal modern claims of protection or use of this mirror as a worn amulet are not. Inscriptions are not newly read. All native JPEG bytes and the full image frame remain unchanged.
Source location: 1995.301; full main image view actually photographed
Source location: Individual inventory 1995.301; object ID 159110; title, date, culture, material and image link
A cosmological image arrangement is evidenced; universal modern claims of protection or use of this mirror as a worn amulet are not. Inscriptions are not reinterpreted.
Tofteagre – runic fragment with possible beginning of the Pater
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Danish medieval writing and protective culture Tofteagre, Zealand · Medieval (catalogue attribution; no more precise date of manufacture)
A lead fragment is inscribed on one face and largely smooth on the other. The museum catalogue considers the runes to be the beginning of the Latin word Pater.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Danish medieval writing and protective culture
Region
Tofteagre, Zealand
Date of the evidence
Medieval (catalogue attribution; no more precise date of manufacture)
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A lead fragment is inscribed on one face and largely smooth on the other. The museum catalogue considers the runes to be the beginning of the Latin word Pater.
Historically recorded use
Classified by the museum as a medieval lead amulet; an individual protective intention has not been fully deciphered.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The reading of the word is probable but not certain. An unusual rune is discussed as a possible special form; this does not provide a basis for reconstructing a complete Lord’s Prayer.
Before designing
Unchanged original photographs as image reference. Individual views are shown separately alongside one another; no engraving outline has been added and no manufacturing approval has been given.
Research draft. The word identification is probable but not certain. An unusual rune is discussed as a possible special form; no complete Lord’s Prayer is reconstructed from it. Every photograph is complete and retains its native JPEG bytes unchanged; separate views are not a historical whole. Presentation files, not TIFF masters. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The word identification is probable but not certain. An unusual rune is discussed as a possible special form; no complete Lord’s Prayer is reconstructed from it. Every photograph is complete and retains its native JPEG bytes unchanged; separate views are not a historical whole. Presentation files, not TIFF masters.
Source location: D 344/2022; DMR-234687, DMR-234688
Use of the template: CC BY-SA 4.0 with attribution and share-alike
Rasmus Bak Meng / Nationalmuseet, Danmark; D 344/2022; DMR-234687; CC BY-SA 4.0. Rasmus Bak Meng / Nationalmuseet, Danmark; D 344/2022; DMR-234688; CC BY-SA 4.0.
Individual institutional object record. Find, registration and photography dates are not treated as manufacturing dates. Uncertain signs and functional identifications remain qualified.
Tophoniel Pentacle with Serpent Body – Penn f.78r (= 79r)
Original image · source evidence
Historical grimoire pentacle
Latin Clavicula Salomonis manuscript; transmission of the Keys of Solomon European manuscript; place of manufacture unknown; present collection in Philadelphia · 1750–1799; second half of the 18th century, dating of the specific example
A long S-shaped body with a dragon-like head coils beside a small human profile. A crescent and a star appear to the right and above. The accompanying text names Tophoniel, protection from harmful magic, and knowledge of herbs and gemstones. This is the statement of a historical ritual text; no actual effect is evidenced.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Latin Clavicula Salomonis manuscript; transmission of the Keys of Solomon
Region
European manuscript; place of manufacture unknown; present collection in Philadelphia
Date of the evidence
1750–1799; second half of the 18th century, dating of the specific example
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A long S-shaped body with a dragon-like head coils beside a small human profile. A crescent and a star appear to the right and above. The accompanying text names Tophoniel, protection from harmful magic, and knowledge of herbs and gemstones. This is the statement of a historical ritual text; no actual effect is evidenced.
Historically recorded use
The accompanying text mentions Tophoniel, protection from harmful magic, and knowledge of herbs and gemstones. This is the claim of a historical ritual text; no actual effect is evidenced.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Dating of this specific Latin copy: 1750–1799. The catalogue attribution to Abraham Colorni does not confirm that he personally produced this later manuscript. The drawing is a localised component of 43 surviving pentacles in the same copy, not a new tradition or a separately surviving worn amulet. Written and corrected foliation differ by one leaf. The changing historical internal numbering is not unified into an invented continuous sequence of 1–43.
Before designing
The completely preserved individual pentacle remains embedded as an unaltered native OPenn web JPEG; only the SVG viewport limits the visible area of the leaf. The separately offered TIFF master was not used. The accompanying text can be read in full on the archived full leaf, although it is partly cut off in the viewport. No addition of lines or letters, outline transcription or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Dating of this specific Latin copy: 1750–1799. The catalogue attribution to Abraham Colorni does not confirm that he personally made this later manuscript. The drawing is a localised component of 43 surviving pentacles in the same copy, not a new tradition or a separately surviving worn amulet. Written and corrected foliation differ by one leaf. The changing historical internal numbering is not standardised into an invented continuous sequence from 1 to 43. The single, fully preserved pentacle is embedded as an unaltered native OPenn web JPEG in the SVG; only the SVG viewport limits the visible area of the leaf. The separately offered TIFF master was not used. The accompanying text can be read in full on the archived full leaf, though it is partly cut off in the viewport. No lines or letters have been added, no outline transcription has been made, and no manufacturing approval is implied. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Dating of this specific Latin copy: 1750–1799. The catalogue attribution to Abraham Colorni does not confirm that he personally made this later manuscript. The drawing is a localised component of 43 surviving pentacles in the same copy, not a new tradition or a separately surviving worn amulet. Written and corrected foliation differ by one leaf. The changing historical internal numbering is not standardised into an invented continuous sequence from 1 to 43. The single, fully preserved pentacle is embedded as an unaltered native OPenn web JPEG in the SVG; only the SVG viewport limits the visible area of the leaf. The separately offered TIFF master was not used. The accompanying text can be read in full on the archived full leaf, though it is partly cut off in the viewport. No lines or letters have been added, no outline transcription has been made, and no manufacturing approval is implied.
Source location: Penn Ms. Codex 1673, Clavicula Salomonis Regis; written leaf 78r, corrected OPenn foliation 79r (TEI: 78r =79r); single image 5170_0166_web.jpg; surface surface-ms-codex-1673-167
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Tophoniel-Pentakel mit Schlangenkörper – Penn f.78r (= 79r). Ms. Codex 1673, 1750–1799. University of Pennsylvania, Kislak Center. Public Domain Mark. Katalogmetadaten separat CC BY 4.0.
Specific manuscript witness, second half of the 18th century. Earlier textual transmission and author attribution are not the date when this copy was made.
Gate to the philosophical rose garden – Atalanta fugiens 1618, Emblem 27
Original image · source evidence
Alchemical-theosophical symbolic image
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art Oppenheim, Germany; place of printing · 1618; first publication of the work 1617
A man stands before the closed gate of a walled garden. Ordered beds, trees and paths are visible behind the gate.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art
Region
Oppenheim, Germany; place of printing
Date of the evidence
1618; first publication of the work 1617
Type of evidence
Textual evidence
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A man stands before the closed gate of a walled garden. Ordered beds, trees and paths are visible behind the gate.
Historically recorded use
The motto compares entering the philosophical rose garden without a key with walking without feet. The image is evidence of an alchemical allegory of access. Historical book illustration with epigram and associated discourse; no evidenced neck pendant.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
An individually located emblem in the specific 1618 Oppenheimer print; the first publication in 1617 is distinct from this. Part of the same work and the same copy, not an independent amulet object. Individual use as a worn amulet, ancient origin of this graphic and efficacy are not evidenced.
Before designing
Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view with motto, image, epigram, printed page number and side margin notes. Paper, stains, binding shadows and any coloured areas are retained. Institutional presentation resolution 2880×3442; larger master 4291×5129 documented separately. Historical image evidence without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view with motto, image, epigram, printed page number and side margin notes. Paper, stains, binding shadows and any coloured areas are retained. Institutional presentation resolution 2880×3442; larger master 4291×5129 documented separately. Historical image evidence without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view with motto, image, epigram, printed page number and side margin notes. Paper, stains, binding shadows and any coloured areas are retained. Institutional presentation resolution 2880×3442; larger master 4291×5129 documented separately. Historical image evidence without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: QD25 .M354 1618, Emblem 27, printed p. 117; individual institutional inventory qj72p802g; Large JPG 2880×3442
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Courtesy of Science History Institute; Michael Maier, Atalanta fugiens (Oppenheim 1618), Emblem 27, S.117; engraver Matthaeus Merian; Public Domain Mark 1.0.
Source location: QD25 .M354 1618; Oppenheim, Johann-Theodor de Bry; complete work with 50 emblems
Copy used from 1618; the work's first publication in 1617 is attested separately. Historical alchemical emblem, epigram and musical context. No evidence for 30 independent works, worn amulets or present-day claims of efficacy. Individual image rights additionally checked for each inventory item.
The motto compares entering the philosophical rose garden without a key to walking without feet. The image evidence is an alchemical allegory of access. The original title, English institutional counter-title, date of 1618 and specific PDM image release accord with the individual page.
Christian Kabbalistic theosophy and early modern alchemy Hanau, Germany; place of printing · 1609; title page states 1602
Inscribed rock gateway with radially arranged text panels, steps and entering figures in a landscape.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Christian Kabbalistic theosophy and early modern alchemy
Region
Hanau, Germany; place of printing
Date of the evidence
1609; title page states 1602
Type of evidence
Textual evidence
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Inscribed rock gateway with radially arranged text panels, steps and entering figures in a landscape.
Historically recorded use
Symbolic illustration in an alchemical-theosophical book. Individual use of the book illustration as an amulet is not attested.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Specific engraving of the 1609 print. The date 1602 on the title is not accepted as the actual year of publication. No universal protective effect, ancient origin or association with a modern standard seal form is claimed.
Before designing
Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG view of the opened historical print. Fold lines, paper, shadows and all original inscriptions are preserved. The resolution of the presentation view limits the legibility of fine text; larger institutional masters exist separately. Historical image evidence, not a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG view of the opened historical print. Fold lines, paper, shadows and all original inscriptions are preserved. The resolution of the presentation view limits the legibility of fine text; larger institutional masters exist separately. Historical image evidence, not a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG view of the opened historical print. Fold lines, paper, shadows and all original inscriptions are preserved. The resolution of the presentation view limits the legibility of fine text; larger institutional masters exist separately. Historical image evidence, not a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: Hanau 1609; shelfmark QD25 .K486 1609; title gives 1602, actual publication 1609
Historical Christian Kabbalistic and alchemical print with individually catalogued engravings. No source attests to wearing these complete book images as amulets. Specific image rights: Public Domain Mark 1.0.
Source location: Amphitheatrum 1609, plate 3; Member 4b29b601h
Individual image witness and institutional description; specific PDM release. Unaltered institutional Large-JPEG presentation (2880 pixels wide), distinct from the considerably larger TIFF/Full-sized-JPEG master. The plate number identifies this institutional copy.
Portable French leather case for a Vincent reliquary
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Late medieval Christian relic veneration France · Around 1400; modern core and end pieces in the present ensemble
Elongated closed leather case with carrying loop, embossed surfaces and faint traces of gilding. The reference shows the casing; the reliquary plaque also discussed in the catalogue is not shown uncovered.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Late medieval Christian relic veneration
Region
France
Date of the evidence
Around 1400; modern core and end pieces in the present ensemble
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Elongated closed leather case with carrying loop, embossed surfaces and faint traces of gilding. The reference shows the casing; the reliquary plaque also discussed in the catalogue is not shown uncovered.
Historically recorded use
According to the museum, the small fitted case and its associated reliquary were intended to be carried on the body. A connection with Vincent of Saragossa is one possible interpretation of the ensemble.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Met object 469996, inventory 1984.24.2. Inventory 1984.24.2 is the case; the associated reliquary bears 1984.24.1. The wooden cores and silver terminals are explicitly described as modern in the museum text. The case is not presented as an ancient amulet or as an entirely medieval ensemble.
Before designing
Complete native original capture(s), embedded unchanged in the SVG. The facsimile is not an engraving outline; it is not approved for manufacture.
Research draft. Elongated closed leather case with a carrying loop, embossed surfaces and faint traces of gilding. The source shows the case; the reliquary plaque also discussed in the catalogue is not exposed. Inventory 1984.24.2 is the case; the associated reliquary bears the number 1984.24.1. The museum text explicitly describes the wooden cores and silver end pieces as modern. The case is not presented as an ancient amulet or as a wholly medieval ensemble. Original bytes unchanged; no raster transformation or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Elongated closed leather case with a carrying loop, embossed surfaces and faint traces of gilding. The source shows the case; the reliquary plaque also discussed in the catalogue is not exposed. Inventory 1984.24.2 is the case; the associated reliquary bears the number 1984.24.1. The museum text explicitly describes the wooden cores and silver end pieces as modern. The case is not presented as an ancient amulet or as a wholly medieval ensemble. Original bytes unchanged; no raster transformation or manufacturing approval.
Source location: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1984.24.2; complete individual museum view
Fresh native API response: object identity, raw dating, dimensions, material, specific image URLs and isPublicDomain. Editorial reading additionally checked against the object page.
Institutional object page retained today via the web reader; text and public-domain evidence. The web reader’s crawl age is visible in the archived extract.
Jewish amulet practice Orient; no precise place of manufacture specified institutionally · 11th–13th century?
A surviving sheet of paper with Hebrew and Aramaic text fields; damage and faded ink remain visible.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Jewish amulet practice
Region
Orient; no precise place of manufacture specified institutionally
Date of the evidence
11th–13th century?
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A surviving sheet of paper with Hebrew and Aramaic text fields; damage and faded ink remain visible.
Historically recorded use
Two written amulet instructions, one for a desired dream and one for love. According to the catalogue, prayers are to be written and worn; the second text, predominantly Aramaic, is to be written on an egg.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Halper 457; paper 24.8 × 16.8 cm, 23 lines. The two sections described by the institution are presented together as one specific page. The extant witness is the written instruction, not a surviving inscribed egg. The contradictory information about the verso is not resolved through our own reconstruction.
Before designing
A complete native view of the surviving recto; no tracing of the formulae and no addition of lost text.
Research draft. Unaltered native institutional web JPEG file in an SVG viewport; no new interpretation of the writing, addition of lost ink or modern replacement form. The larger TIFF masters offered separately are not archived locally for these Penn pages. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Unaltered native institutional web JPEG file in an SVG viewport; no new interpretation of the writing, addition of lost ink or modern replacement form. The larger TIFF masters offered separately are not archived locally for these Penn pages.
Dream pentacle with two halves of a sign – Penn f.49r (= 50r)
Original image · source evidence
Historical grimoire pentacle
Latin Clavicula Salomonis manuscript; transmission of the Keys of Solomon European manuscript; place of manufacture unknown; present collection in Philadelphia · 1750–1799; second half of the 18th century, dating of the specific example
A horizontal line divides the circle into two halves. The numbers 1 to 3 are above, 4 to 6 below; two central characters and curved marginal signs complete the figure. The accompanying text connects the pentacle with dream visions and the biblical Jacob’s ladder. No ladder is drawn in the figure itself. This is the statement of a historical ritual text; no actual effect is evidenced.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Latin Clavicula Salomonis manuscript; transmission of the Keys of Solomon
Region
European manuscript; place of manufacture unknown; present collection in Philadelphia
Date of the evidence
1750–1799; second half of the 18th century, dating of the specific example
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A horizontal line divides the circle into two halves. The numbers 1 to 3 are above, 4 to 6 below; two central characters and curved marginal signs complete the figure. The accompanying text connects the pentacle with dream visions and the biblical Jacob’s ladder. No ladder is drawn in the figure itself. This is the statement of a historical ritual text; no actual effect is evidenced.
Historically recorded use
The accompanying text connects the pentacle with dream visions and the biblical Ladder of Jacob. No ladder is drawn in the figure itself. This is the claim of a historical ritual text; no actual effect is evidenced.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Dating of this specific Latin copy: 1750–1799. The catalogue attribution to Abraham Colorni does not confirm that he personally produced this later manuscript. The drawing is a localised component of 43 surviving pentacles in the same copy, not a new tradition or a separately surviving worn amulet. Written and corrected foliation differ by one leaf. The changing historical internal numbering is not unified into an invented continuous sequence of 1–43.
Before designing
The completely preserved individual pentacle remains embedded as an unaltered native OPenn web JPEG; only the SVG viewport limits the visible area of the leaf. The separately offered TIFF master was not used. The accompanying text can be read in full on the archived full leaf, although it is partly cut off in the viewport. No addition of lines or letters, outline transcription or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Dating of this specific Latin copy: 1750–1799. The catalogue attribution to Abraham Colorni does not confirm that he personally made this later manuscript. The drawing is a localised component of 43 surviving pentacles in the same copy, not a new tradition or a separately surviving worn amulet. Written and corrected foliation differ by one leaf. The changing historical internal numbering is not standardised into an invented continuous sequence from 1 to 43. The single, fully preserved pentacle is embedded as an unaltered native OPenn web JPEG in the SVG; only the SVG viewport limits the visible area of the leaf. The separately offered TIFF master was not used. The accompanying text can be read in full on the archived full leaf, though it is partly cut off in the viewport. No lines or letters have been added, no outline transcription has been made, and no manufacturing approval is implied. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Dating of this specific Latin copy: 1750–1799. The catalogue attribution to Abraham Colorni does not confirm that he personally made this later manuscript. The drawing is a localised component of 43 surviving pentacles in the same copy, not a new tradition or a separately surviving worn amulet. Written and corrected foliation differ by one leaf. The changing historical internal numbering is not standardised into an invented continuous sequence from 1 to 43. The single, fully preserved pentacle is embedded as an unaltered native OPenn web JPEG in the SVG; only the SVG viewport limits the visible area of the leaf. The separately offered TIFF master was not used. The accompanying text can be read in full on the archived full leaf, though it is partly cut off in the viewport. No lines or letters have been added, no outline transcription has been made, and no manufacturing approval is implied.
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Traum-Pentakel mit zwei Zeichenhälften – Penn f.49r (= 50r). Ms. Codex 1673, 1750–1799. University of Pennsylvania, Kislak Center. Public Domain Mark. Katalogmetadaten separat CC BY 4.0.
Specific manuscript witness, second half of the 18th century. Earlier textual transmission and author attribution are not the date when this copy was made.
Troelseby I – lead amulet with Latin incantation to the elves
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Danish medieval writing and protective culture Troelseby, Lolland · 12th–15th century (dating range given in the museum notice)
Opened lead strip with several old fold lines. The museum catalogue describes a Latin incantation against male and female elves, with crosses delimiting the text.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Danish medieval writing and protective culture
Region
Troelseby, Lolland
Date of the evidence
12th–15th century (dating range given in the museum notice)
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Opened lead strip with several old fold lines. The museum catalogue describes a Latin incantation against male and female elves, with crosses delimiting the text.
Historically recorded use
Christian incantation against elves understood to be harmful; historical religious practice.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The text reading is from the museum; it cannot be fully checked independently from the surviving presentation photograph. The selected photograph shows one surface of the strip.
Before designing
Unchanged original photographs as image reference. Individual views are shown separately alongside one another; no engraving outline has been added and no manufacturing approval has been given.
Research draft. The text reading is supplied by the museum; it cannot be fully checked independently against the surviving presentation image. The selected image shows one surface of the strip. Each image is complete and retains its unchanged native JPEG bytes; separate views are not a historical overall form. Presentation files, not TIFF masters. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The text reading is supplied by the museum; it cannot be fully checked independently against the surviving presentation image. The selected image shows one surface of the strip. Each image is complete and retains its unchanged native JPEG bytes; separate views are not a historical overall form. Presentation files, not TIFF masters.
Individual institutional object record. Find, registration and photography dates are not treated as manufacturing dates. Uncertain signs and functional identifications remain qualified.
Troelseby I – fragmentary lead amulet with minuscule letters
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Danish medieval writing and protective culture Troelseby, Lolland · Medieval (catalogue attribution; no more precise date of manufacture)
Very thin, open lead sheet with heavily broken edges. The museum catalogue identifies nine lines in minuscule script.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Danish medieval writing and protective culture
Region
Troelseby, Lolland
Date of the evidence
Medieval (catalogue attribution; no more precise date of manufacture)
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Very thin, open lead sheet with heavily broken edges. The museum catalogue identifies nine lines in minuscule script.
Historically recorded use
Classified by the museum as a medieval lead amulet; an individual protective intention has not been fully deciphered.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The inscription has not been deciphered in terms of its content; part of the surface was covered by soil deposits at the time of description. Independent object D832/2021, not D246/2016.
Before designing
Unchanged original photographs as image reference. Individual views are shown separately alongside one another; no engraving outline has been added and no manufacturing approval has been given.
Research draft. The inscription has not been deciphered for meaning; one area was partly covered with soil deposits when described. Separate object D832/2021, not D246/2016. Each image is complete and retains its unchanged native JPEG bytes; separate views are not a historical overall form. Presentation files, not TIFF masters. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The inscription has not been deciphered for meaning; one area was partly covered with soil deposits when described. Separate object D832/2021, not D246/2016. Each image is complete and retains its unchanged native JPEG bytes; separate views are not a historical overall form. Presentation files, not TIFF masters.
Source location: D 832/2021; DMR-232657, DMR-232658
Use of the template: CC BY-SA 4.0 with attribution and share-alike
Rasmus Bak Meng / Nationalmuseet, Danmark; D 832/2021; DMR-232657; CC BY-SA 4.0. Rasmus Bak Meng / Nationalmuseet, Danmark; D 832/2021; DMR-232658; CC BY-SA 4.0.
Individual institutional object record. Find, registration and photography dates are not treated as manufacturing dates. Uncertain signs and functional identifications remain qualified.
Buddhist visual tradition Tibet / Himalaya · About the 16th–18th century
Pointed-arch dark clay plaque with a central standing figure, numerous arms at the sides and a stepped base. Cracks, abrasion and faint details remain visible and unaltered.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Buddhist visual tradition
Region
Tibet / Himalaya
Date of the evidence
About the 16th–18th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Pointed-arch dark clay plaque with a central standing figure, numerous arms at the sides and a stepped base. Cracks, abrasion and faint details remain visible and unaltered.
Historically recorded use
Such moulded clay images were made at sacred centres and taken away by pilgrims for veneration or deposited as votive offerings. This example attests to the movement of religious images, without evidence that it was attached to the body.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 38.80.5, Met object 38848. “Thousand-armed” is the museum’s iconographic title, not a number actually counted on the small relief. No indistinct hand or inscription has been added.
Before designing
Unchanged complete native museum image; no reconstruction of damaged details. No manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete native museum photograph, with no raster transformation or reconstruction of old forms. Historical religious image evidence; not approved for manufacture. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete native museum photograph, with no raster transformation or reconstruction of old forms. Historical religious image evidence; not approved for manufacture.
Source location: The Metropolitan Museum of Art; 38.80.5; complete selected individual photograph
Source location: CC0 for individually designated public-domain collection images
Institutional CC0 policy read in the web tool on 10 October. The direct native website response was HTTP429 and is not treated as text of a rights notice that was read.
Central Region Costa Rica; Central Region · 300–700 CE
Three-dimensional jadeite pendant with a long beak, folded arms and a side perforation.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Central Region
Region
Costa Rica; Central Region
Date of the evidence
300–700 CE
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Three-dimensional jadeite pendant with a long beak, folded arms and a side perforation.
Historically recorded use
The museum interprets the combination of toucan and upright human posture as possibly depicting a mask or a figure of transformation.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Masking and transformation remain possible interpretations. Prestige is evidenced; an individual magical protective effect is not.
Before designing
Native museum captures as source references; independent views without additions or new symbolic interpretations.
Research draft. Masking and transformation remain possible interpretations. Prestige is evidenced, but an individual magical protective effect is not. JPEG renditions remain unchanged in their native bytes; no local raster editing or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Masking and transformation remain possible interpretations. Prestige is evidenced, but an individual magical protective effect is not. JPEG renditions remain unchanged in their native bytes; no local raster editing or manufacturing approval.
Source location: 1979.206.1138; complete native museum photographs
Ancient Egyptian religion Egypt · Evidence ca. 1550–1080 BC; New Kingdom
Knot sign; an attested piece of red jasper.
Research draftSource-based vector template
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Ancient Egyptian religion
Region
Egypt
Date of the evidence
Evidence ca. 1550–1080 BC; New Kingdom
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Description
Knot sign; an attested piece of red jasper.
Historically recorded use
Intended to be worn around the neck of the deceased as protection by Isis in the afterlife.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Met 00.4.39 from Abydos. The museum says its early meaning is unknown and explains a prescription in the Book of the Dead.
Before designing
Check the specific historical variant and object image against a source before using it; do not design a newly combined sigil.
Research draft. Editorially simplified front outline based on the specifically documented Isis-knot amulet 00.4.39. Visible loop, hanging side bands, central shaft and selected incised band boundaries derived from the museum photograph. No new combination of signs; not a pixel-perfect object facsimile. Museum photograph: Anna-Marie Kellen; the object page identifies it as Public Domain. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Vector template: Editorially simplified front outline based on the specifically documented Isis-knot amulet 00.4.39. Visible loop, hanging side bands, central shaft and selected incised band boundaries derived from the museum photograph. No new combination of signs; not a pixel-perfect object facsimile. Museum photograph: Anna-Marie Kellen; the object page identifies it as Public Domain.
Source location: 00.4.39; main photograph, front view
Editorially simplified front outline based on the specifically documented Isis-knot amulet 00.4.39. Visible loop, hanging side bands, central shaft and selected incised band boundaries derived from the museum photograph. No new combination of signs; not a pixel-perfect object facsimile. Museum photograph: Anna-Marie Kellen; the object page identifies it as Public Domain.
Egyptian Egypt · Late Period, 26th Dynasty, 664–525 BC
Blue faience form with an upper loop, arcs hanging down at the sides and a wider lower part. The museum treats the association with folded fabric as an interpretation.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Egyptian
Region
Egypt
Date of the evidence
Late Period, 26th Dynasty, 664–525 BC
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Blue faience form with an upper loop, arcs hanging down at the sides and a wider lower part. The museum treats the association with folded fabric as an interpretation.
Historically recorded use
The museum text describes the Tyet type as an amulet associated with Isis, often attached around a mummy’s neck.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Typological funerary use is not evidence of a particular burial of this example. No modern universal knot magic is added. Object, inventory, material and dating are tied to the archived API record.
Before designing
Actually seen: complete blue Tyet front view with incised internal lines. Unaltered institutional JPEG presentation image in the complete image area; neither an isolated engraving outline nor manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Typological funerary use is not evidence of a particular burial of this example. No modern universal knot magic is added. Complete institutional presentation photograph, 1686 pixels wide; larger IIIF master dimensions 5668×7357 documented separately. No local scaling or re-encoding of the embedded JPEG bytes. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Typological funerary use is not evidence of a particular burial of this example. No modern universal knot magic is added. Complete institutional presentation photograph, 1686 pixels wide; larger IIIF master dimensions 5668×7357 documented separately. No local scaling or re-encoding of the embedded JPEG bytes.
Source location: Inventory 1892.86; institutional main view 73d71d39-e4b7-1217-d5fc-bc9cce6d6375
Art Institute of Chicago. Tyet (Isis Knot) Amulet, Late Period, Dynasty 26 (664–525 BCE), 1892.86. Gift of Charles L. Hutchinson, Henry H. Getty, and Norman W. Harris
Source location: Inventory 1892.86; API object 135862; JSON /data[id=135862]
Institutional evidence for an individual object from an archived multi-record API retrieval. Dating, material, provenance and inventory details follow the specific record; source attribution is not an independent scientific authenticity test.
Source location: Open Access Images; CC0 Public Domain Designation
Specific images only when accompanied by the individual is_public_domain=true and the object's image ID. Descriptive API texts separately carry CC BY4; image release is CC0.
Typhon, Osiris and Isis – Atalanta fugiens 1618, Emblem 44
Original image · source evidence
Alchemical-theosophical symbolic image
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art Oppenheim, Germany; place of printing · 1618; first publication of the work 1617
A crowned man lies in an open long chest; several people stand and sit around him. Additional scenes with figures and architecture appear in the background.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art
Region
Oppenheim, Germany; place of printing
Date of the evidence
1618; first publication of the work 1617
Type of evidence
Textual evidence
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A crowned man lies in an open long chest; several people stand and sit around him. Additional scenes with figures and architecture appear in the background.
Historically recorded use
The motto names Typhon’s killing and dismemberment of Osiris, and Isis as the gatherer of the parts. The heading mistakenly prints LXIV instead of XLIV; the epigram correctly bears XLIV. This is an early modern Egyptising depiction, not an ancient Egyptian object. Historical book illustration with epigram and associated discourse; no attested use as a pendant.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Individually located emblem in the specific Oppenheimer print of 1618; distinct from the first publication in 1617. Part of the same work and the same copy, not an independent amulet object. Individual use as a worn amulet, the ancient origin of this graphic and its efficacy are not attested. The original printing error LXIV in the image caption is retained; the epigram bears XLIV and the source explains the correction with [XLIV].
Before designing
Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view with motto, image, epigram, printed page number and side margin notes. Paper, stains, binding shadows and any coloured areas are retained. Institutional presentation resolution 2880×3442; larger master 4291×5129 documented separately. Historical image evidence without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view with motto, image, epigram, printed page number and side margin notes. Paper, stains, binding shadows and any coloured areas are retained. Institutional presentation resolution 2880×3442; larger master 4291×5129 documented separately. Historical image evidence without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view with motto, image, epigram, printed page number and side margin notes. Paper, stains, binding shadows and any coloured areas are retained. Institutional presentation resolution 2880×3442; larger master 4291×5129 documented separately. Historical image evidence without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: QD25 .M354 1618, Emblem 44, printed p. 185; institutional individual inventory 8k71nj20c; Large JPG 2880×3442
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Courtesy of Science History Institute; Michael Maier, Atalanta fugiens (Oppenheim 1618), Emblem 44, S.185; engraver Matthaeus Merian; Public Domain Mark 1.0.
Source location: QD25 .M354 1618; Oppenheim, Johann-Theodor de Bry; complete work with 50 emblems
Copy used from 1618; the work's first publication in 1617 is attested separately. Historical alchemical emblem, epigram and musical context. No evidence for 30 independent works, worn amulets or present-day claims of efficacy. Individual image rights additionally checked for each inventory item.
The motto names Typhon’s killing and dismemberment of Osiris, and Isis as the gatherer of the parts. The heading mistakenly prints LXIV instead of XLIV; the epigram correctly bears XLIV. This is an early modern Egyptianising depiction, not an ancient Egyptian object. The original title, English institutional counterpart label, date 1618 and specific PDM image release match the individual page.
Tågemosen – silver Thor's hammer with chain preserved
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Scandinavian Viking Age symbol and jewellery culture Tågemosen, Zealand · Viking Age, around 950 AD according to the specialist caption; Natmus photo dataset broadly gives the Iron Age
Silver hammer with circular stamped impressions, an incised reverse, a double hook and a fully preserved silver chain. The catalogue lists the ensemble under Dnf.17/87.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Scandinavian Viking Age symbol and jewellery culture
Region
Tågemosen, Zealand
Date of the evidence
Viking Age, around 950 AD according to the specialist caption; Natmus photo dataset broadly gives the Iron Age
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Silver hammer with circular stamped impressions, an incised reverse, a double hook and a fully preserved silver chain. The catalogue lists the ensemble under Dnf.17/87.
Historically recorded use
Historical hammer-shaped jewellery or symbolic object; its specific use and the owner’s personal intention are not recorded.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Natmus assigns the separate photographic dataset to the Iron Age; the specialist caption at Lex names the Viking Age, around 950. The museum photographs document the front and reverse; unavailable older media links are recorded separately.
Before designing
Unchanged original photographs as image reference. Individual views are shown separately alongside one another; no engraving outline has been added and no manufacturing approval has been given.
Research draft. Natmus assigns the separate photographic record to the Iron Age; the specialist caption at Lex names the Viking Age, c. 950. The museum photographs attest to front and back views; discontinued older media links are logged separately. Each photograph is complete and retains its native JPEG bytes unchanged; separate views do not constitute a historical overall form. Presentation files, not TIFF masters. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Natmus assigns the separate photographic record to the Iron Age; the specialist caption at Lex names the Viking Age, c. 950. The museum photographs attest to front and back views; discontinued older media links are logged separately. Each photograph is complete and retains its native JPEG bytes unchanged; separate views do not constitute a historical overall form. Presentation files, not TIFF masters.
Individual institutional object record. Find, registration and photography dates are not treated as manufacturing dates. Uncertain signs and functional identifications remain qualified.
Potter and wet clay – Atalanta fugiens 1618, Emblem 15
Original image · source evidence
Alchemical-theosophical symbolic image
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art Oppenheim, Germany; place of printing · 1618; specific copy used
A potter shapes a vessel on his wheel. More vessels stand in the workshop; a dog lies on the floor.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art
Region
Oppenheim, Germany; place of printing
Date of the evidence
1618; specific copy used
Type of evidence
Textual evidence
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A potter shapes a vessel on his wheel. More vessels stand in the workshop; a dog lies on the floor.
Historically recorded use
The motto contrasts dry and wet clay and refers to the potter’s work as an alchemical teaching image. Historical book illustration; actual use as a neck pendant is not attested.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Individually located historical printed component from the specific 1618 copy, not a new independent historical text and not an attested worn amulet. Effect and suitability for manufacture are not established. Work first published in 1617; the print used here is from 1618.
Before designing
Complete unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view 2880×3442px. The separately offered larger master 4291×5129px was not supplied as a downloaded file. Image, writing, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view 2880×3442px. The separately offered larger master 4291×5129px was not supplied as a downloaded file. Image, writing, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view 2880×3442px. The separately offered larger master 4291×5129px was not supplied as a downloaded file. Image, writing, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: QD25 .M354 1618; Emblem 15, printed p. 69; individual inventory wh246t04s; Large JPG 2880×3442
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Courtesy of Science History Institute; Atalanta fugiens, used edition 1618; QD25 .M354 1618; Emblem 15, gedruckte S. 69; Einzelinventar wh246t04s; Public Domain Mark 1.0.
The same specifically identified copy as for the 30 emblems already included; this batch adds only the remaining 20 individual sheets. First publication in 1617 and the edition used, 1618, are distinguished.
The motto contrasts dry and wet clay and refers to the potter’s work as an alchemical teaching image. Checked against the institution’s individual metadata with PDM.
Germanic runic script Reference: Gotland · Elder Futhark; check model dating separately
Sign t.
Research draftSource-based vector template
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Germanic runic script
Region
Reference: Gotland
Date of the evidence
Elder Futhark; check model dating separately
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Description
Sign t.
Historically recorded use
Written signs
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Historical letter; the normalised older form of the name is reconstructed. No individual amulet effect is inferred from the name.
Before designing
Unicode shows a normalised letter form. For manufacture, select a specific historical character variant and check it against the find.
Research draft. Normalised editorial letterform ᛏ (U+16CF); hand-drawn, font-free line geometry, not taken from a font file. Do not present it as a faithful Kylver facsimile or as an amulet sign individually attested in the evidence. Names are reconstructed; no specific magical effect is inferred. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Vector template: Normalised editorial letterform ᛏ (U+16CF); hand-drawn, font-free line geometry, not taken from a font file. Do not present it as a faithful Kylver facsimile or as an amulet sign individually attested in the evidence. Names are reconstructed; no specific magical effect is inferred.
Source location: G 88 / Kylver; sequence A I, sign 17; normalised Unicode letter U+16CF
Normalised editorial letterform ᛏ (U+16CF); hand-drawn, font-free line geometry, not taken from a font file. Do not present it as a faithful Kylver facsimile or as an amulet sign individually attested in the evidence. Names are reconstructed; no specific magical effect is inferred.
Niedersächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, RuneS
Source location: Signs 11458–11482; sequence A I
Scholarly names and transliterations; the names are catalogue designations, not recorded explanations of the names in the ancient incision. Kylver places p before ï and d before o.
Ulstrup – lead amulet with runes on outer surfaces
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Danish medieval writing and protective culture Ulstrup, Zealand · Medieval (catalogue attribution; no more precise date of manufacture)
A folded strip of lead bears runes on both outer sides. A museum photograph already shows both views together.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Danish medieval writing and protective culture
Region
Ulstrup, Zealand
Date of the evidence
Medieval (catalogue attribution; no more precise date of manufacture)
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A folded strip of lead bears runes on both outer sides. A museum photograph already shows both views together.
Historically recorded use
Classified by the museum as a medieval lead amulet; an individual protective intention has not been fully deciphered.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
According to the museum, the transliterated characters do not yield a securely intelligible text. The arrangement of the two views comes from the museum file, not from a historical double form.
Before designing
Unchanged original photographs as image reference. Individual views are shown separately alongside one another; no engraving outline has been added and no manufacturing approval has been given.
Research draft. According to the museum, the transliterated signs do not form a text that can be understood with certainty. The arrangement of the two views comes from the museum file, not from a historical double form. Each image is complete and retains its unchanged native JPEG bytes; the separate views do not constitute a historical complete form. Presentation files, not TIFF masters. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: According to the museum, the transliterated signs do not form a text that can be understood with certainty. The arrangement of the two views comes from the museum file, not from a historical double form. Each image is complete and retains its unchanged native JPEG bytes; the separate views do not constitute a historical complete form. Presentation files, not TIFF masters.
Individual institutional object record. Find, registration and photography dates are not treated as manufacturing dates. Uncertain signs and functional identifications remain qualified.
Early medieval Scandinavian pictorial and jewellery tradition Sweden; find context according to the individual catalogue: Place: Bromma, Ulvsunda, Kvarteret Järnsvampen, Property: Kvarteret Järnsvampen no. 1, Parish: Stockholm stad(0091), Municipality: Stockholm Municipality, Province: Uppland, Country: Sweden · 400–550 AD according to the current SHM individual object page; Folkvandringstid
Small figure panel in a large gold disc with several concentric geometrically stamped zones. Missing areas at the edge are not filled in.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early medieval Scandinavian pictorial and jewellery tradition
Region
Sweden; find context according to the individual catalogue: Place: Bromma, Ulvsunda, Kvarteret Järnsvampen, Property: Kvarteret Järnsvampen no. 1, Parish: Stockholm stad(0091), Municipality: Stockholm Municipality, Province: Uppland, Country: Sweden
Date of the evidence
400–550 AD according to the current SHM individual object page; Folkvandringstid
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Small figure panel in a large gold disc with several concentric geometrically stamped zones. Missing areas at the edge are not filled in.
Historically recorded use
Individually inventoried historical gold pendant with a stamped image field. The museum catalogue lists the piece as a bracteate; a specific protective formula, deity or individual amulet practice is not securely attested in this single source.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Specific SHM individual inventory number 108908_HST. The current museum dating of 400–550 (Migration Period) is separate from the modern acquisition registration. Erroneous date values in the older K-samsök search metadata are archived only as discovery data and are not used as the manufacturing date. A historical gold pendant with an image field is not proof of personal magical use. No attribution to deities or free translation of the runes.
Before designing
Unaltered complete capture of the surviving object surface as a historical image reference. Wear, breakage, original photographic background, inventory writing and scale are retained. Not a reconstructed complete state and not an engraving-ready design vector.
Research draft. Complete, unaltered institutional presentation photograph of the surviving original object; no camera master is claimed and no local raster transformation has been made. Small figure field within a large gold disc with several concentric geometrically stamped zones. Missing sections at the edge have not been supplemented. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete, unaltered institutional presentation photograph of the surviving original object; no camera master is claimed and no local raster transformation has been made. Small figure field within a large gold disc with several concentric geometrically stamped zones. Missing sections at the edge have not been supplemented.
Source location: 108908_HST; acquisition number 23374
Current individual object identity, period of manufacture, material and find context; the linked individual media page attests to the photographer and CC BY 4.0. The modern acquisition year is not transferred to the date of manufacture.
Invisibility pentacle with downward-pointing triangle – Penn f.63r (= 64r)
Original image · source evidence
Historical grimoire pentacle
Latin Clavicula Salomonis manuscript; transmission of the Keys of Solomon European manuscript; place of manufacture unknown; present collection in Philadelphia · 1750–1799; second half of the 18th century, dating of the specific example
A downward-pointing triangle contains a stepped, bent central character. Small crosses stand near its corners; a star-like sign lies beneath it. The accompanying text claims invisibility. What is evidenced is this historical textual claim, not an actual ability. This is the statement of a historical ritual text; no actual effect is evidenced.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Latin Clavicula Salomonis manuscript; transmission of the Keys of Solomon
Region
European manuscript; place of manufacture unknown; present collection in Philadelphia
Date of the evidence
1750–1799; second half of the 18th century, dating of the specific example
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A downward-pointing triangle contains a stepped, bent central character. Small crosses stand near its corners; a star-like sign lies beneath it. The accompanying text claims invisibility. What is evidenced is this historical textual claim, not an actual ability. This is the statement of a historical ritual text; no actual effect is evidenced.
Historically recorded use
The accompanying text claims invisibility. What is evidenced is this historical textual claim, not an actual ability. This is a claim made by a historical ritual text; no actual effect is evidenced.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Dating of this specific Latin copy: 1750–1799. The catalogue attribution to Abraham Colorni does not confirm that he personally produced this later manuscript. The drawing is a localised component of 43 surviving pentacles in the same copy, not a new tradition or a separately surviving worn amulet. Written and corrected foliation differ by one leaf. The changing historical internal numbering is not unified into an invented continuous sequence of 1–43.
Before designing
The completely preserved individual pentacle remains embedded as an unaltered native OPenn web JPEG; only the SVG viewport limits the visible area of the leaf. The separately offered TIFF master was not used. The accompanying text can be read in full on the archived full leaf, although it is partly cut off in the viewport. No addition of lines or letters, outline transcription or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Dating of this specific Latin copy: 1750–1799. The catalogue attribution to Abraham Colorni does not confirm that he personally made this later manuscript. The drawing is a localised component of 43 surviving pentacles in the same copy, not a new tradition or a separately surviving worn amulet. Written and corrected foliation differ by one leaf. The changing historical internal numbering is not standardised into an invented continuous sequence from 1 to 43. The single, fully preserved pentacle is embedded as an unaltered native OPenn web JPEG in the SVG; only the SVG viewport limits the visible area of the leaf. The separately offered TIFF master was not used. The accompanying text can be read in full on the archived full leaf, though it is partly cut off in the viewport. No lines or letters have been added, no outline transcription has been made, and no manufacturing approval is implied. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Dating of this specific Latin copy: 1750–1799. The catalogue attribution to Abraham Colorni does not confirm that he personally made this later manuscript. The drawing is a localised component of 43 surviving pentacles in the same copy, not a new tradition or a separately surviving worn amulet. Written and corrected foliation differ by one leaf. The changing historical internal numbering is not standardised into an invented continuous sequence from 1 to 43. The single, fully preserved pentacle is embedded as an unaltered native OPenn web JPEG in the SVG; only the SVG viewport limits the visible area of the leaf. The separately offered TIFF master was not used. The accompanying text can be read in full on the archived full leaf, though it is partly cut off in the viewport. No lines or letters have been added, no outline transcription has been made, and no manufacturing approval is implied.
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Unsichtbarkeitspentakel mit abwärts gerichtetem Dreieck – Penn f.63r (= 64r). Ms. Codex 1673, 1750–1799. University of Pennsylvania, Kislak Center. Public Domain Mark. Katalogmetadaten separat CC BY 4.0.
Specific manuscript witness, second half of the 18th century. Earlier textual transmission and author attribution are not the date when this copy was made.
Text links the figure with incantation, hail and storms.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The statement of purpose is a historical attribution. The German short name is editorial; it is not a claim of efficacy.
Before designing
Check the source drawing and inscription in full before creating a motif drawing; an image link is not a finished engraving template.
Research draft. Visually checked single-figure detail from the historical original. Raster facsimile in an SVG viewport; original JPEG embedded unchanged. Paper/parchment, printing irregularities and show-through are retained. No engraving-ready vector paths; manufacturing requires separately checked vectorisation. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Visually checked single-figure detail from the historical original. Raster facsimile in an SVG viewport; original JPEG embedded unchanged. Paper/parchment, printing irregularities and show-through are retained. No engraving-ready vector paths; manufacturing requires separately checked vectorisation.
Source location: Second numbered pentacle section, handwritten p.20; IIIF canvas position 194, image 0205
Source location: Work hwqdep8w; MS. 4659; La Clavicule…; mid-18th century; French
Institutional catalogue: French manuscript from the mid-18th century, with numerous pentacles, sigils and inserted parchment leaves. The claim of a translation from Hebrew belongs to the work’s title and is not adopted as a proven source text. Place of manufacture unknown. Twelve selected drawings from the second numbered pentacle section have been individually located visually; statements of purpose are historical attributions made by the manuscript.
Institutional manifest obtained directly; twelve complete, distinguishable drawings viewed in the browser. Page 15 was initially obscured by the loose slip; the complete image is in Canvas 189/Image 0200. Canvas here is a 1-based image position. Page 21 was set aside because its internal drawing is faded/unclear. The German titles are descriptive catalogue labels, not asserted traditional proper names.
Germanic runic script Reference: Gotland · Elder Futhark; check model dating separately
Signs etc.
Research draftSource-based vector template
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Germanic runic script
Region
Reference: Gotland
Date of the evidence
Elder Futhark; check model dating separately
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Description
Signs etc.
Historically recorded use
Written signs
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Historical letter; the normalised older form of the name is reconstructed. No individual amulet effect is inferred from the name.
Before designing
Unicode shows a normalised letter form. For manufacture, select a specific historical character variant and check it against the find.
Research draft. Normalised editorial letter form ᚢ (U+16A2); hand-set font-free line geometry, with no font file used. Do not present as an object-faithful Kylver facsimile or as an individually attested amulet sign. Names are reconstructed; no individual magical effect is inferred. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Vector template: Normalised editorial letter form ᚢ (U+16A2); hand-set font-free line geometry, with no font file used. Do not present as an object-faithful Kylver facsimile or as an individually attested amulet sign. Names are reconstructed; no individual magical effect is inferred.
Source location: G 88 / Kylver; Sequence A I, sign 2; normalised Unicode letter U+16A2
Normalised editorial letter form ᚢ (U+16A2); hand-set font-free line geometry, with no font file used. Do not present as an object-faithful Kylver facsimile or as an individually attested amulet sign. Names are reconstructed; no individual magical effect is inferred.
Niedersächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, RuneS
Source location: Signs 11458–11482; sequence A I
Scholarly names and transliterations; the names are catalogue designations, not recorded explanations of the names in the ancient incision. Kylver places p before ï and d before o.
Ancient Egyptian amulet and image tradition Egypt; specific findspot not established here · Egyptian Late Period, c. 712–332 BCE
Faience, 3.9 × 2.4 × 1.0 cm. The image shows a laterally raised serpent shape on a narrow base, openwork areas on the body and a round upper loop; the light glaze has dark spots.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Ancient Egyptian amulet and image tradition
Region
Egypt; specific findspot not established here
Date of the evidence
Egyptian Late Period, c. 712–332 BCE
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Faience, 3.9 × 2.4 × 1.0 cm. The image shows a laterally raised serpent shape on a narrow base, openwork areas on the body and a round upper loop; the light glaze has dark spots.
Historically recorded use
The museum describes the piece as a uraeus amulet and outlines the general historical protective use of Egyptian amulets. No specific wearer or individual purpose is documented.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Dating follows the matching object display and API. The museum’s general explanation of amulets does not replace evidence of a find or use for this individual piece. No specific effect is attributed.
Before designing
Complete native museum photographs as historical image references; no reconstructed outline and no manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Dating follows the matching object display and API. The general museum explanation of amulets does not replace evidence of a find or use for this individual object. No specific attribution of an effect. Native JPEG bytes unchanged; no local raster editing, tracing or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Dating follows the matching object display and API. The general museum explanation of amulets does not replace evidence of a find or use for this individual object. No specific attribution of an effect. Native JPEG bytes unchanged; no local raster editing, tracing or manufacturing approval.
Late Antique Mediterranean gem magic Eastern Mediterranean region according to the museum catalogue · Evidence: 3rd century AD; Late Roman
Incomplete partial outline; the complete image source remains undisclosed. Uterus with a seven-toothed key; above it, the Chnoubis serpent. Only an incomplete historical partial outline is available: the surviving central vessel outline and key frame with the separately visible teeth; no Chnoubis head, no serpent’s upper body and no damaged characters. The complete image source remains undisclosed.
Research draftSource-based vector template
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Late Antique Mediterranean gem magic
Region
Eastern Mediterranean region according to the museum catalogue
Date of the evidence
Evidence: 3rd century AD; Late Roman
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Description
Incomplete partial outline; the complete image source remains undisclosed. Uterus with a seven-toothed key; above it, the Chnoubis serpent. Only an incomplete historical partial outline is available: the surviving central vessel outline and key frame with the separately visible teeth; no Chnoubis head, no serpent’s upper body and no damaged characters. The complete image source remains undisclosed.
Historically recorded use
Attested as an image motif on a magical gem; no precise individual use is specified in the accessible catalogue text.
Surviving central vessel outline and key frame with the prongs visibly separated; no Chnoubis head, no snake body and no damaged characters. Snake, surrounding or reverse inscriptions, damage; no healing claim or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Surviving central vessel outline and key frame with the prongs visibly separate; no Chnoubis head, no snake torso and no damaged characters. Snake, circumferential or reverse inscriptions, damage; no healing claim or manufacturing approval. An original font-free line transfer of an old form; no modern photograph used. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Vector template: Surviving central vessel outline and key frame with the prongs visibly separate; no Chnoubis head, no snake torso and no damaged characters. Snake, circumferential or reverse inscriptions, damage; no healing claim or manufacturing approval. An original font-free line transfer of an old form; no modern photograph used.
Source location: CBd734, photograph7492, sideA, central uterus and key
Surviving central vessel outline and key frame with the prongs visibly separate; no Chnoubis head, no snake torso and no damaged characters. Snake, circumferential or reverse inscriptions, damage; no healing claim or manufacturing approval. An original font-free line transfer of an old form; no modern photograph used.
Uterus, key and Chnoubis within an ouroboros – Getty 83.AN.437.59
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Roman Mediterranean region; magical gems Roman Mediterranean; specific ancient findspot not stated · 100–250 AD
Hematite gem with several figures, a uterine vessel/key-shaped motif and an encircling snake.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Roman Mediterranean region; magical gems
Region
Roman Mediterranean; specific ancient findspot not stated
Date of the evidence
100–250 AD
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Hematite gem with several figures, a uterine vessel/key-shaped motif and an encircling snake.
Historically recorded use
Described as a magical gem in the Getty catalogue; a specific ancient owner and a complete individual use history are lacking.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The Getty JSON-LD identifies Chnoubis with seven rays, Isis, Nephthys, Ouroboros and diva Matrix, together with a seven-toothed key. The specific reading of a reverse formula is documented only as a museum statement; the photograph view selected here shows the image side. This is not automatic evidence of individual gynaecological use or actual healing effect.
Before designing
Unchanged original photograph as the source image. Surface wear, missing strokes and broken edges remain visible; no generative completion and no approval for engraving.
Research draft. The Getty JSON-LD identifies Chnoubis with seven rays, Isis, Nephthys, Ouroboros and diva Matrix with a seven-toothed key. The specific reading of a formula on the reverse is documented only as a museum statement; the photograph selected here shows the image side. This does not automatically attest to individual gynaecological use or actual healing efficacy. Complete original JPEG bytes; no redrawn inscription or form. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The Getty JSON-LD identifies Chnoubis with seven rays, Isis, Nephthys, Ouroboros and diva Matrix with a seven-toothed key. The specific reading of a formula on the reverse is documented only as a museum statement; the photograph selected here shows the image side. This does not automatically attest to individual gynaecological use or actual healing efficacy. Complete original JPEG bytes; no redrawn inscription or form.
Source location: 83.AN.437.59; complete image page, native IIIF max JPEG
The current HTML retrieval contains the institutional JSON-LD object description, inventory number, dating, specific image UUID and CC0. No retrieval of a rendered JavaScript object page is claimed; a supplementary institutional search index/Getty partner cross-check confirms the identity.
Utterslev – folded lead amulet with traces of letters
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Danish medieval writing and protective culture Utterslev, Lolland · Medieval (catalogue attribution; no more precise date of manufacture)
A small folded lead sheet has letters on both outer surfaces.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Danish medieval writing and protective culture
Region
Utterslev, Lolland
Date of the evidence
Medieval (catalogue attribution; no more precise date of manufacture)
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A small folded lead sheet has letters on both outer surfaces.
Historically recorded use
Classified by the museum as a medieval lead amulet; an individual protective intention has not been fully deciphered.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The letters have not been read with certainty; the inner text is unknown. The historical photographs attest to the form and state of preservation, not to any recoverable wish formula.
Before designing
Unchanged original photographs as image reference. Individual views are shown separately alongside one another; no engraving outline has been added and no manufacturing approval has been given.
Research draft. The letters have not been read with certainty; the inner text is unknown. The historical photographs attest to form and condition, not to a wish-formula that could be supplied. Each image is complete and retains its unchanged native JPEG bytes; separate views do not constitute a historical overall form. Presentation files, not TIFF masters. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The letters have not been read with certainty; the inner text is unknown. The historical photographs attest to form and condition, not to a wish-formula that could be supplied. Each image is complete and retains its unchanged native JPEG bytes; separate views do not constitute a historical overall form. Presentation files, not TIFF masters.
Source location: D 399/2022; DMR-235050, DMR-235051
Use of the template: CC BY-SA 4.0 with attribution and share-alike
Rasmus Bak Meng / Nationalmuseet, Danmark; D 399/2022; DMR-235050; CC BY-SA 4.0. Rasmus Bak Meng / Nationalmuseet, Danmark; D 399/2022; DMR-235051; CC BY-SA 4.0.
Individual institutional object record. Find, registration and photography dates are not treated as manufacturing dates. Uncertain signs and functional identifications remain qualified.
Utukku lemnutu, Tablet 3 – catalogued fragment group
Original image · source evidence
Religious text
Late Babylonian incantation series in Seleucid transmission Mesopotamia, Babylon according to the catalogue; probably Babylon according to the Met · Late 1st millennium BC; probable Hellenistic copy
Unaltered native black-and-white photograph of a group catalogued together, consisting of inscribed clay fragments; some are joined in the photograph, while others are arranged separately. Damaged cuneiform has not been supplemented.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Late Babylonian incantation series in Seleucid transmission
Region
Mesopotamia, Babylon according to the catalogue; probably Babylon according to the Met
Date of the evidence
Late 1st millennium BC; probable Hellenistic copy
Type of evidence
Textual evidence
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Unaltered native black-and-white photograph of a group catalogued together, consisting of inscribed clay fragments; some are joined in the photograph, while others are arranged separately. Damaged cuneiform has not been supplemented.
Historically recorded use
According to the museum catalogue, tablet 3 of the incantation series Utukku lemnutu contains protective incantations for the incantation priest during his visit to a sick person. The surviving clay tablet text is evidence of a historical ritual/text; the ensemble is not attested as a portable amulet.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Association as a catalogued ensemble is attested by CTMMA II No. 25 and CDLI P412198. The separate inventories 86.11.379a,c–f and 86.11.468 remain distinct object/fragment identities. The unlabelled overall photograph does not allow each image fragment to be assigned securely to an inventory number. Met 321991 is only a text reference from Plate 12 and is not further object evidence for Plate 3. CDLI dates it to the Hellenistic period, 323–63 BC; Met 321620 gives the numerical date 300–100 BC, whereas Met 321841 gives 500–1 BC; both object pages describe the late 1st millennium BC. Modern critical textual/drawing additions are not transferred.
Before designing
Complete historical ensemble photograph as reference; no new sigil, no attribution to an individual item, no approval for manufacture.
Research draft. Association as a catalogued ensemble is attested by CTMMA II No. 25 and CDLI P412198. The separate inventories 86.11.379a,c–f and 86.11.468 remain distinct object/fragment identities. The unlabelled overall photograph does not allow each image fragment to be assigned securely to an inventory number. Met 321991 is only a text reference from Plate 12 and is not further object evidence for Plate 3. CDLI dates it to the Hellenistic period, 323–63 BC; Met 321620 gives the numerical date 300–100 BC, whereas Met 321841 gives 500–1 BC; both object pages describe the late 1st millennium BC. Modern critical textual/drawing additions are not transferred. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Association as a catalogued ensemble is attested by CTMMA II No. 25 and CDLI P412198. The separate inventories 86.11.379a,c–f and 86.11.468 remain distinct object/fragment identities. The unlabelled overall photograph does not allow each image fragment to be assigned securely to an inventory number. Met 321991 is only a text reference from Plate 12 and is not further object evidence for Plate 3. CDLI dates it to the Hellenistic period, 323–63 BC; Met 321620 gives the numerical date 300–100 BC, whereas Met 321841 gives 500–1 BC; both object pages describe the late 1st millennium BC. Modern critical textual/drawing additions are not transferred.
Source location: CTMMA II no. 25; 86.11.379a,c–f+86.11.468; P412198
Privately archived modern scholarly catalogue; literal inventories and text function directly examined. Its drawings have not been adopted, nor has damaged writing been supplemented.
Maya Southern Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras or Belize · 7th–9th century AD
Bird-like divine face with forehead mark and vegetal side elements; green jade or omphacite with iron ochre.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Maya
Region
Southern Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras or Belize
Date of the evidence
7th–9th century AD
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Bird-like divine face with forehead mark and vegetal side elements; green jade or omphacite with iron ochre.
Historically recorded use
Lucia Henderson’s curatorial study interprets the face as Ux Yop Hu’n, the personification of the royal paper headband; probably a headband jewel.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
“Jester God” is an older designation and a modern research name. The API returns 0/0 as the date: not a manufacture in year zero; the century comes from the visible catalogue text. No freely invented missing pendant parts.
Before designing
Native museum captures as source references; independent views without additions or new symbolic interpretations.
Research draft. The older designation “Jester God” is a modern research name. The API provides 0/0 as the date: not made in year zero; the century comes from the visible catalogue text. No freely invented missing pendant parts. JPEG renditions unchanged in their native bytes; no local raster editing or approval for manufacture. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The older designation “Jester God” is a modern research name. The API provides 0/0 as the date: not made in year zero; the century comes from the visible catalogue text. No freely invented missing pendant parts. JPEG renditions unchanged in their native bytes; no local raster editing or approval for manufacture.
Source location: 2007.134; complete native museum images
Nordic Migration Period Vadstena area, Östergötland, Sweden · 440–560 CE (iconographic dating in RuneS)
C-bracteate with head, animal, bird and encircling Elder Futhark.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Nordic Migration Period
Region
Vadstena area, Östergötland, Sweden
Date of the evidence
440–560 CE (iconographic dating in RuneS)
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
C-bracteate with head, animal, bird and encircling Elder Futhark.
Historically recorded use
Gold pendant with a sequence of runes and a further sequence of signs that has not been fully deciphered.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
RuneS marks the inscription as partially impaired; a general protective or luck-bringing purpose for each individual rune is not evidenced. Photograph 4906 is explicitly PD, but the date of the photograph and whether it shows the original or a copy are not clarified there.
Before designing
Complete documentary form reference from RuneS 4906. Worn, bent and obscured runes remain unchanged; none have been supplied according to a modern standard futhark. The photograph is not described as a verified new original photograph.
Research draft. Complete documentary form reference from RuneS 4906. Abraded, bent and obscured runes remain unchanged; no additions based on a modern standard futhark. The photograph is not described as a verified new original photograph. Unchanged JPEG bytes; only the SVG viewport limits the image crop. No manufacturing pathway. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete documentary form reference from RuneS 4906. Abraded, bent and obscured runes remain unchanged; no additions based on a modern standard futhark. The photograph is not described as a verified new original photograph. Unchanged JPEG bytes; only the SVG viewport limits the image crop. No manufacturing pathway.
RuneS / Niedersächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen
Source location: IK 377,1 / KJ2 / Ög178; image 4906; dating 440–560
Documents the rune sequence and image type of the historical gold pendant. RuneS specifically marks image 4906 as public domain and links Riksantikvarieämbetet as the image source. Photographer unknown; the image record does not clarify whether the photograph shows the original stolen in 1938 or the museum copy. It is therefore presented as a documentary form reference, not as a verified new photograph of the original.
Vairocana panel from a Tibetan ritual crown (Met 1997.152)
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Tibetan Buddhism Tibet · Late 13th to early 14th century
Tapered wooden panel with Vairocana, a multi-tiered crown, lions beneath the throne and lateral attachment holes. Front and back are fully photographed; the back bears visible traces of later labels and seals.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Tibetan Buddhism
Region
Tibet
Date of the evidence
Late 13th to early 14th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Tapered wooden panel with Vairocana, a multi-tiered crown, lions beneath the throne and lateral attachment holes. Front and back are fully photographed; the back bears visible traces of later labels and seals.
Historically recorded use
According to the museum, the painted wooden panel is a surviving component of a Buddhist ritual crown. It depicts Vairocana with a vajra and the gesture described as bodhyagri. The specific ritual crown context is evidenced, but individual pendant or amulet use is not.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Only the surviving individual panel is described as fully photographed, not the lost complete crown. No additional missing crown panels are supplied. No historical or magical interpretation is assigned to the later marks on the reverse. The API search interval 1267–1333 is retained alongside the century dating.
Before designing
Unaltered native original photographs as historical reference; no new engraving outline and no manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Tapered wooden panel with Vairocana, a multi-tiered crown, lions beneath the throne and lateral attachment holes. The front and back are fully photographed; the back bears visible later label and seal traces. Only the surviving individual panel is described as fully photographed, not the lost complete crown. No further missing crown panels are added. The later marks on the back are not given a historical or magical interpretation. The API search interval 1267–1333 is retained alongside the century dating. Native raster files are unchanged; no manufacturing outlines. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Tapered wooden panel with Vairocana, a multi-tiered crown, lions beneath the throne and lateral attachment holes. The front and back are fully photographed; the back bears visible later label and seal traces. Only the surviving individual panel is described as fully photographed, not the lost complete crown. No further missing crown panels are added. The later marks on the back are not given a historical or magical interpretation. The API search interval 1267–1333 is retained alongside the century dating. Native raster files are unchanged; no manufacturing outlines.
Source location: 1997.152; 2 complete native original photographs
Tibetan Buddhism / Lokapāla and Dharmapāla Tibet · 15th century
Yellow-faced armoured king on a blue lion, with a banner and a small animal in his hand; numerous mounted attendants on coloured clouds in the surrounding pictorial field.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Tibetan Buddhism / Lokapāla and Dharmapāla
Region
Tibet
Date of the evidence
15th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Yellow-faced armoured king on a blue lion, with a banner and a small animal in his hand; numerous mounted attendants on coloured clouds in the surrounding pictorial field.
Historically recorded use
The museum explains Vaiśravaṇa as guardian of the northern direction and protector of Buddhist teaching. The image shows him as an armoured king on the snow lion, surrounded by the eight Lords of Horses. The institutional title additionally names his association with wealth.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 2021.290, Met object 854908. Complete historical textile image; no money-amulet ritual or personal promise of success. The specific role description follows the museum, without independently assigning unsupported names to the eight attendants.
Before designing
Complete, unaltered native museum photograph; no restoration of historical damage and no manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete native museum photograph; no raster transformation, drawing additions or manufacturing approval. Complete historical cloth image; no money-amulet ritual or personal promise of success. The specific role description follows the museum, without independently assigning unsupported names to the eight attendants. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete native museum photograph; no raster transformation, drawing additions or manufacturing approval. Complete historical cloth image; no money-amulet ritual or personal promise of success. The specific role description follows the museum, without independently assigning unsupported names to the eight attendants.
Source location: The Metropolitan Museum of Art; 2021.290; complete individual photograph
Vajra with wrathful heads and makara prongs – Tang dynasty
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Chinese tantric Buddhism China · Tang dynasty, 618–907
Gilt bronze with lotus motifs, bands of wrathful faces and curved prongs emerging from Makara mouths.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Chinese tantric Buddhism
Region
China
Date of the evidence
Tang dynasty, 618–907
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Gilt bronze with lotus motifs, bands of wrathful faces and curved prongs emerging from Makara mouths.
Historically recorded use
The museum interprets the five-pointed form as a centre and four directions; the ritual implement symbolises the diamond-like power of enlightenment.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
A tantric function is inferred from the iconography; no named individual rite or mode of wearing is documented.
Before designing
Native institutional original photograph embedded unchanged; complete view or precisely localised component of a scroll. No new isolated signs, no local upscaling and no missing strokes added. A raster facsimile is not an engraving-ready outline.
Research draft. A tantric function is inferred from the iconography; no named individual rite or manner of wearing is documented. Unaltered original JPEG bytes and a documented pixel viewport. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: A tantric function is inferred from the iconography; no named individual rite or manner of wearing is documented. Unaltered original JPEG bytes and a documented pixel viewport.
Source location: Met 1994.605.43; complete current primary view of the original
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Vajra with Angry Heads and Makara Prongs, 1994.605.43; Charlotte C. and John C. Weber Collection, Gift of Charlotte C. and John C. Weber, 1994; Open Access.
Source location: Met 1994.605.43; object 44344; current object description and specific native original capture
The current object page was read via web access, the Met object API was fully archived, and the individual original photograph was visually checked. Unattested ways of wearing the object or private protective effects have not been added. Text and API dating remain separate where they differ.
Source location: Open Access images under CC0; the specific isPublicDomain status is given in the individual object metadata
For each image, the release is combined with the current object API and the Public-Domain designation on the specific object page. Open metadata alone does not imply rights to third-party photographs.
Indonesia, Java, 10th century Java, Indonesia · 900s
Tantric Buddhist ritual bell; the museum description links the bell and vajra with wisdom and method. Ritual meaning is a historical religious attribution. This does not evidence a physical protective effect or use as a wearable amulet.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Indonesia, Java, 10th century
Region
Java, Indonesia
Date of the evidence
900s
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Tantric Buddhist ritual bell; the museum description links the bell and vajra with wisdom and method. Ritual meaning is a historical religious attribution. This does not evidence a physical protective effect or use as a wearable amulet.
Historically recorded use
Tantric Buddhist ritual bell; the museum description associates the bell and vajra with wisdom and method.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Ritual significance is a historical religious attribution. This does not demonstrate a physical protective effect or use as a wearable amulet.
Before designing
Dark bronze bell with a rounded bell body and a long, segmented handle ending in a vajra form. Original capture as a complete facsimile; no manufacturing approval and no added outlines.
Research draft. Ritual significance is a historical religious attribution. This does not evidence a physical protective effect or use as a portable amulet. All native JPEG bytes and the full image area remain unchanged. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Ritual significance is a historical religious attribution. This does not evidence a physical protective effect or use as a portable amulet. All native JPEG bytes and the full image area remain unchanged.
Source location: 1989.355; complete actually photographed main image view
Japanese esoteric Buddhism; possible Shingon context Japanese · Blade late 12th–early 13th century; mounting 14th century
Straight double-edged blade with a gilt three-pronged vajra hilt; the entire blade remains visible in the reference.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Japanese esoteric Buddhism; possible Shingon context
Region
Japanese
Date of the evidence
Blade late 12th–early 13th century; mounting 14th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Straight double-edged blade with a gilt three-pronged vajra hilt; the entire blade remains visible in the reference.
Historically recorded use
The museum identifies the rare Ken as a Buddhist ritual implement and the Vajra handle as an attribute of Fudō Myōō. A specific Shingon rite is considered only as a possibility.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The blade and mounting are dated differently. The possible Fudō rite is not asserted as certain; this is not a worn miniature pendant.
Before designing
Native institutional original photograph embedded unchanged; complete view or precisely localised component of a scroll. No new isolated signs, no local upscaling and no missing strokes added. A raster facsimile is not an engraving-ready outline.
Research draft. Blade and mounting are dated differently. The possible Fudō rite is not asserted as certain; not a worn miniature pendant. Unaltered original JPEG bytes and documented pixel viewport. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Blade and mounting are dated differently. The possible Fudō rite is not asserted as certain; not a worn miniature pendant. Unaltered original JPEG bytes and documented pixel viewport.
Source location: Met 29.100.1369a–c; complete current primary original view
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Blade and Mounting for a Double-Edged Dagger (Ken), 29.100.1369a–c; H. O. Havemeyer Collection, Bequest of Mrs. H. O. Havemeyer, 1929; Open Access.
Source location: Met 29.100.1369a–c; object 23064; current object description and specific native original photograph
The current object page was read via web access, the Met object API was fully archived, and the individual original photograph was visually checked. Unattested ways of wearing the object or private protective effects have not been added. Text and API dating remain separate where they differ.
Source location: Open Access images under CC0; the specific isPublicDomain status is given in the individual object metadata
For each image, the release is combined with the current object API and the Public-Domain designation on the specific object page. Open metadata alone does not imply rights to third-party photographs.
Buddhist architecture in Ming China China · Early 15th century; Yongle period 1403–1424
Glazed green-yellow stoneware tile with a raised, symmetrical Vajra relief that appears gilded.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Buddhist architecture in Ming China
Region
China
Date of the evidence
Early 15th century; Yongle period 1403–1424
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Glazed green-yellow stoneware tile with a raised, symmetrical Vajra relief that appears gilded.
Historically recorded use
Architectural evidence of a vajra sign from the Porcelain Pagoda; the museum catalogue does not document use as a worn amulet.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Surviving losses and side contours remain visible. Architectural ornament is not an evidenced portable protective mark.
Before designing
Native institutional original photograph embedded unchanged; complete view or precisely localised component of a scroll. No new isolated signs, no local upscaling and no missing strokes added. A raster facsimile is not an engraving-ready outline.
Research draft. Surviving losses and side contours remain visible. Architectural ornament is not an attested portable protective mark. Unchanged original JPEG bytes and documented pixel viewport. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Surviving losses and side contours remain visible. Architectural ornament is not an attested portable protective mark. Unchanged original JPEG bytes and documented pixel viewport.
Source location: Met 89.7a; complete current primary original view
Source location: Met 89.7a; object 51212; current object description and specific native original photograph
The current object page was read via web access, the Met object API was fully archived, and the individual original photograph was visually checked. Unattested ways of wearing the object or private protective effects have not been added. Text and API dating remain separate where they differ.
Source location: Open Access images under CC0; the specific isPublicDomain status is given in the individual object metadata
For each image, the release is combined with the current object API and the Public-Domain designation on the specific object page. Open metadata alone does not imply rights to third-party photographs.
Blue main figure with a buffalo head, many arms and legs, a close embrace with the consort and an orange flame halo; smaller deities above and below, full view with blue mounting.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Tibetan tantric Buddhism
Region
Tibet
Date of the evidence
18th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Blue main figure with a buffalo head, many arms and legs, a close embrace with the consort and an orange flame halo; smaller deities above and below, full view with blue mounting.
Historically recorded use
The museum describes Vajrabhairava as a guardian and conqueror of death within tantric meditation. The connection with Vajravetālī is depicted as yab-yum. The many arms and legs, and the surrounding figures, belong to this specifically attested meditation image.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 31.128.3, Met object 37834. The museum text gives 34 arms and 16 legs; this is an institutional iconographic statement, not an independent count of all overlapping limbs. Historical religious image, not evidence of wearing or of an individually effective guarantee of protection.
Before designing
Complete, unaltered native museum photograph; no restoration of historical damage and no manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete native museum image; no raster transformation, drawn additions or manufacturing approval. The museum text names 34 arms and 16 legs; this is an institutional iconographic statement, not an independent count of all overlapping limbs. Historical religious image, not evidence of wearing or of an individually effective guarantee of protection. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete native museum image; no raster transformation, drawn additions or manufacturing approval. The museum text names 34 arms and 16 legs; this is an institutional iconographic statement, not an independent count of all overlapping limbs. Historical religious image, not evidence of wearing or of an individually effective guarantee of protection.
Source location: The Metropolitan Museum of Art; 31.128.3; complete individual photograph
Tibetan Buddhism in Yuan China China · c. 1330–1332
Blue buffalo-headed central deity Vajrabhairava; specific Kesi embroidery. Inventory 1992.54.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Tibetan Buddhism in Yuan China
Region
China
Date of the evidence
c. 1330–1332
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Blue buffalo-headed central deity Vajrabhairava; specific Kesi embroidery. Inventory 1992.54.
Historically recorded use
Devotional mandala associated with the Yuan rulers.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Object dated to around 1330–1332; the god who overcomes death is explained iconographically. No evidence of use as a wearable amulet.
Before designing
Check only the variant of inventory 1992.54 as the model. Compare image details and outline with the museum image before drawing; not a modern composite motif.
Research draft. Complete, visually checked museum photograph of the specific linked historical object. Unaltered original JPEG bytes are embedded in the SVG as a raster facsimile; this is neither a cropped individual glyph nor a redrawn sigil. The object context and all visible image details are retained. No vector paths suitable for manufacture; engraving or CNC manufacture requires separate assessment. The specific mandala/ritual-object variant remains visible with all its image figures, edge areas and material details; no schematic modern substitute drawing. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete, visually checked museum photograph of the specific linked historical object. Unaltered original JPEG bytes are embedded in the SVG as a raster facsimile; this is neither a cropped individual glyph nor a redrawn sigil. The object context and all visible image details are retained. No vector paths suitable for manufacture; engraving or CNC manufacture requires separate assessment. The specific mandala/ritual-object variant remains visible with all its image figures, edge areas and material details; no schematic modern substitute drawing.
Source location: Met object 37614; inventory 1992.54; complete main image from the current institutional API, uncropped; original 3157 × 4000 px
Blue vessel with a broad body, lid and crowning flame-shaped form. A separate lotus base and parts of the connecting tendrils remain visible in the localised image window.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Buddhist visual tradition
Region
China
Date of the evidence
18th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Blue vessel with a broad body, lid and crowning flame-shaped form. A separate lotus base and parts of the connecting tendrils remain visible in the localised image window.
Historically recorded use
Religious good-luck sign on a sutra cover; no documented use of this textile image detail as a worn amulet.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 2012.559, Met object 78284. The museum and surviving photograph identify this component as one of the eight Buddhist auspicious symbols. Only the named textile component is shown; no universal modern symbol form is supplied, and the image gap at Seattle, attested elsewhere, is not filled.
Before designing
Unaltered native museum photograph with an exactly documented image window.
Research draft. Named image section of the sutra cover, with lotus base and partially cropped surrounding decoration; the complete JPEG witness is embedded unaltered. No character reconstruction and no manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Named image section of the sutra cover, with lotus base and partially cropped surrounding decoration; the complete JPEG witness is embedded unaltered. No character reconstruction and no manufacturing approval.
Source location: The Metropolitan Museum of Art; 2012.559; Sutra cover 2012.559; central sign, 3rd from left; sutra vase
Source location: CC0 for individually designated public-domain collection images
Institutional CC0 policy read in the web tool on 10 October. The direct native website response was HTTP429 and is not treated as text of a rights notice that was read.
Vase and lotus as a jointly composed pair above a lotus flower; the context of the textile ornament is retained.
Historically recorded use
Buddhist auspicious signs in the brocade of an imperial textile workshop.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The museum text identifies exactly four pairs of signs on this example. Historical evidence of a symbol; no evidence of an individually worn amulet. The pair is a component of the textile already recorded and not a new basic motif or a new museum object.
Before designing
Named historical pair of signs, vase and lotus, on Met 2001.471. Unaltered original JPEG bytes, cropped image area with the textile ground retained. The two interlaced components are shown together; no claim is made that they are fully isolated individual signs or Seattle inventory items. No documented amulet use and no manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Named historical pair of signs, vase and lotus, on Met 2001.471. Unaltered original JPEG bytes, cropped image area with the textile ground retained. The two interlaced components are shown together; no claim is made that they are fully isolated individual signs or Seattle inventory items. No documented amulet use and no manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Named historical pair of signs, vase and lotus, on Met 2001.471. Unaltered original JPEG bytes, cropped image area with the textile ground retained. The two interlaced components are shown together; no claim is made that they are fully isolated individual signs or Seattle inventory items. No documented amulet use and no manufacturing approval.
Source location: Met 2001.471 /62477; DP158225; Vase and Lotus in the Textile
Source location: 2001.471 / Object62477; original photograph DP158225; object description and APIisPublicDomain=true
Independent Chinese object from the 15th century. The museum text names the eight characters in four pairs; the original image and the specific API CC0 release have been visually and institutionally checked.
SAM 33.124.6 (vase): A targeted current inventory search for 33.124.6 found no new individual museum image link; the existing identification remains an older catalogue record. Current museum policy requires publication permission; there is no individual PDM/CC0/CC-BY(SA) clearance. No exact image was actually viewed in this round; no vector outline of this textile has been invented.
Buddhist auspicious signs
Buddhism China · 17th century
Inventory 33.124.6: Vase.
Research draftSpecific model required
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Buddhism
Region
China
Date of the evidence
17th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Individually inventoried; wearing is not evidenced.
Before designing
SAM 33.124.6 (vase): A targeted current inventory search for 33.124.6 found no new individual museum image link; the existing identification remains an older catalogue record. Current museum policy requires publication permission; there is no individual PDM/CC0/CC-BY(SA) clearance. No exact image was actually viewed in this round; no vector outline of this textile has been invented.
Research draft. SAM 33.124.6 (vase): A targeted current inventory search for 33.124.6 found no new individual museum image link; the existing identification remains an older catalogue record. Current museum policy requires publication permission; there is no individual PDM/CC0/CC-BY(SA) clearance. No exact image was actually viewed in this round; no vector outline of this textile has been invented. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Source location: Image rights; Available photography; Terms; Copyright restrictions
The current museum policy does not provide general open image permission. Publication and reproduction require written permission; low-resolution images for research do not permit publication. Therefore the eight specific textiles 33.124.1–8 remain without publishable images and are not replaced by other ensembles.
Search index evidence – complete source page not yet checked · Checked on:
Source location: Fair use is permitted; Commercial use is prohibited without prior written consent
The museum explicitly distinguishes personal research and non-commercial viewing from use without the relevant permission. No CC0/Public Domain image licence for the product database is inferred from this.
Search index evidence – complete source page not yet checked · Checked on:
Current indexed policy text read; direct retrieval returned 403 or timed out. A personal research view does not constitute open commercial reproduction permission. Specific image permission remains individually unresolved for each inventory number from 33.124.1 to .8.
Search index evidence – complete source page not yet checked · Checked on:
Source location: Reproduction, permission and commercial use
Current indexed text read; direct retrieval returned 403 or timed out. No PDM/CC0/CC-BY(SA) licence for individual images was found, and no permission was requested. No general modern graphic of the Eight Auspicious Symbols used as a substitute.
Search index evidence – complete source page not yet checked · Checked on:
Father and Son in the Throne Room – Lambspring, figure 13, Musaeum 1678
Original image · source evidence
Alchemical-theosophical symbolic image
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art Frankfurt am Main, Germany; place of printing · 1678; specific copy used; partial imprint 1677
A crowned man embraces a younger man on his throne. A winged figure stands beside them at an open building.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art
Region
Frankfurt am Main, Germany; place of printing
Date of the evidence
1678; specific copy used; partial imprint 1677
Type of evidence
Textual evidence
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A crowned man embraces a younger man on his throne. A winged figure stands beside them at an open building.
Historically recorded use
The text describes allegorically the father devouring the son, and the emergence of soul and spirit from the body; the visible scene is preserved unchanged. Historical book illustration; actual use as a neck pendant is not evidenced.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Individually localised historical printed component of the specific 1678 copy, not a new independent historical text and not an attested worn amulet. Efficacy and suitability for manufacture have not been demonstrated. Visible partial imprint 1677, distinct from the year of the complete volume, 1678; not to be equated with the first creation of the image form. The transmitted author’s name is given as an attribution in the title; no identity as a medieval monk or dating of this image to the 15th century is confirmed.
Before designing
Complete, unaltered institutional full-page JPEG view, 2880×3151px. The separately offered larger master, 4701×5143px, was not provided as the downloaded file. Image, writing, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile, not a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete, unaltered institutional full-page JPEG view, 2880×3151px. The separately offered larger master, 4701×5143px, was not provided as the downloaded file. Image, writing, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile, not a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete, unaltered institutional full-page JPEG view, 2880×3151px. The separately offered larger master, 4701×5143px, was not provided as the downloaded file. Image, writing, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile, not a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: QD25 .M87315 1678; Lambsprinck De Lapide Philosophico, Figure 13, p. 367; Viewer index 40, Asset 4j03d070d; Large JPG 2880×3151
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Courtesy of Science History Institute; Musaeum Hermeticum Reformatum et Amplificatum, used edition 1678; QD25 .M87315 1678; Lambsprinck De Lapide Philosophico, Figur 13, S. 367; Viewerindex 40, Asset 4j03d070d; Public Domain Mark 1.0.
Source location: QD25 .M87315 1678; Frankfurt am Main, Hermann à Sande
Specific complete volume with 70 institutional digital images. Main title and catalogue date 1678; several bound component titles bear 1677. The 30 images captured are components of this single volume. The transmitted author names are attributions in the printed work; no confirmed biography of a medieval monk.
Source location: QD25 .M87315 1678; Lambsprinck De Lapide Philosophico, Figure 13, p. 367; Viewerindex 40, Asset 4j03d070d
The text allegorically describes the father who devours the son, and the emergence of soul and spirit from the body; the visible scene is preserved unchanged. Specific image file of the identified PDM volume; viewer entry, own download and individual PDM download display checked. No non-existent individual catalogue page invented.
Father, Son and winged guide – Lambspring, Figure 11, Musaeum 1678
Original image · source evidence
Alchemical-theosophical symbolic image
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art Frankfurt am Main, Germany; place of printing · 1678; specific copy used; partial imprint 1677
A crowned, bearded man, a younger armoured man and an older winged figure stand in a landscape and clasp hands.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art
Region
Frankfurt am Main, Germany; place of printing
Date of the evidence
1678; specific copy used; partial imprint 1677
Type of evidence
Textual evidence
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A crowned, bearded man, a younger armoured man and an older winged figure stand in a landscape and clasp hands.
Historically recorded use
The printed text names Father, Son and Guide and relates them to body, spirit and soul. Historical book illustration; actual use as a neck pendant is not documented.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Individually localised historical printed component of the specific 1678 copy, not a new independent historical text and not an attested worn amulet. Efficacy and suitability for manufacture have not been demonstrated. Visible partial imprint 1677, distinct from the year of the complete volume, 1678; not to be equated with the first creation of the image form. The transmitted author’s name is given as an attribution in the title; no identity as a medieval monk or dating of this image to the 15th century is confirmed.
Before designing
Complete, unaltered institutional full-page JPEG view, 2880×3151px. The separately offered larger master, 4701×5143px, was not provided as the downloaded file. Image, writing, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile, not a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete, unaltered institutional full-page JPEG view, 2880×3151px. The separately offered larger master, 4701×5143px, was not provided as the downloaded file. Image, writing, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile, not a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete, unaltered institutional full-page JPEG view, 2880×3151px. The separately offered larger master, 4701×5143px, was not provided as the downloaded file. Image, writing, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile, not a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: QD25 .M87315 1678; Lambsprinck De Lapide Philosophico, Figure 11, p. 363; Viewerindex 38, Asset xs55mc96x; Large JPG 2880×3151
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Courtesy of Science History Institute; Musaeum Hermeticum Reformatum et Amplificatum, used edition 1678; QD25 .M87315 1678; Lambsprinck De Lapide Philosophico, Figur 11, S. 363; Viewerindex 38, Asset xs55mc96x; Public Domain Mark 1.0.
Source location: QD25 .M87315 1678; Frankfurt am Main, Hermann à Sande
Specific complete volume with 70 institutional digital images. Main title and catalogue date 1678; several bound component titles bear 1677. The 30 images captured are components of this single volume. The transmitted author names are attributions in the printed work; no confirmed biography of a medieval monk.
Source location: QD25 .M87315 1678; Lambsprinck De Lapide Philosophico, figure 11, p. 363; viewer index 38, asset xs55mc96x
The printed text names Father, Son and Guide and relates them to body, spirit and soul. Specific image file for the identified PDM volume; viewer membership, own download and individual PDM download display checked. No non-existent individual catalogue page invented.
Vendsyssel?: A-bracteate with broad ornamental border
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Early Nordic visual and written tradition Vendsyssel area?, North Jutland, Denmark; precise findspot uncertain · Early Germanic Iron Age; museum term 375–540 CE
A-bracteate with a left-facing head, inscription band and broad geometric border. The source is the lower object in the same photograph of two objects, inventory 1356/75.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early Nordic visual and written tradition
Region
Vendsyssel area?, North Jutland, Denmark; precise findspot uncertain
Date of the evidence
Early Germanic Iron Age; museum term 375–540 CE
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A-bracteate with a left-facing head, inscription band and broad geometric border. The source is the lower object in the same photograph of two objects, inventory 1356/75.
Historically recorded use
Historically documented gold pendant with a stamped image field. A specific protective effect or particular ritual is not demonstrated for this individual piece by the cited object records.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The museum explicitly describes the findspot as uncertain. RuneS documents model identity of IK 312,1 with IK 312,2 in the Vendsyssel area (?); the historical object is recorded separately under its own museum inventory number, not by an invented meaning.
Before designing
The model is the surviving museum photograph, including wear and damage. No modern addition of missing lines, and no conversion of unclear runes or letter imitations into an invented readable formula.
Research draft. Byte-identical institutional JPEG view of the geometrically bounded lower section; the upper pendant and side film borders are excluded. Position below = inventory 1356/75 is explicitly documented; the findspot Vendsyssel remains uncertain. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Byte-identical institutional JPEG view of the geometrically bounded lower section; the upper pendant and side film borders are excluded. Position below = inventory 1356/75 is explicitly documented; the findspot Vendsyssel remains uncertain.
Source location: DO-718, lower object only according to the caption, inventory 1356/75
The caption explicitly assigns inventory 9877 to the top and inventory 1356/75 to the bottom. The two clearly separated photographic areas are the only two variants in this capture; the findspot of the lower item remains uncertain. The image record and image-specific JSON-LD refer to CC BY-SA 4.0. The photographer and actual JPEG resolution are recorded in the symbol manifest; TIFF metadata describes a different original file.
RuneS / Niedersächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen
Source location: IK 312,1 / KJ 129 / DR BR21; 440–560
Hoard find 1848, identical in model to IK 312,2, Vendsyssel area (?). The border inscription has no established translation. The RuneS data licence CC BY-SA 4.0 does not replace an image licence; the separately checked museum photograph is used.
Jewish protective amulets Venice, Italy · Late 17th/early 18th century
Partly gilded silver case with Shaddai on both sides; the Tablets of the Law and a High Priest's headdress on the front, a menorah and an incense vessel on the back. A bunch of grapes forms the lower finial.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Jewish protective amulets
Region
Venice, Italy
Date of the evidence
Late 17th/early 18th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Partly gilded silver case with Shaddai on both sides; the Tablets of the Law and a High Priest's headdress on the front, a menorah and an incense vessel on the back. A bunch of grapes forms the lower finial.
Historically recorded use
According to the museum, the container was attached to the cot.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The two original photographs actually examined show the container, not a complete surviving text filling. The older private reference entry is retained as an earlier state of cataloguing and is explicitly linked.
Before designing
Two complete native original photographs in one SVG view; no raster alteration or traced inscription, no manufacturing approval.
Research draft. The two original photographs actually examined show the container, not a complete text filling that has survived. The older private reference entry is retained as an earlier cataloguing state and is explicitly linked. Both native WebP files are embedded in full and unaltered; no local raster conversion. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The two original photographs actually examined show the container, not a complete text filling that has survived. The older private reference entry is retained as an earlier cataloguing state and is explicitly linked. Both native WebP files are embedded in full and unaltered; no local raster conversion.
Short original summary of specifically located objects. Inventories, dates, source uncertainties and individual image rights are kept separate. Native institutional source archived.
French-language Clavicles of Solomon tradition French-language manuscript; place of production unknown; current holding in London · [1725?]; IIIF digitisation c.1725; dating of the specific manuscript is uncertain
A red sequence comprises angular, crossing and curved signs, an eight-like character and tall letter forms. The French manuscript explicitly labels this individual sequence of signs as characters of Venus for Friday. This documents a historical attribution within a grimoire text; it does not provide evidence for a specific worn neck amulet or for an effect.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French-language Clavicles of Solomon tradition
Region
French-language manuscript; place of production unknown; current holding in London
Date of the evidence
[1725?]; IIIF digitisation c.1725; dating of the specific manuscript is uncertain
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A red sequence comprises angular, crossing and curved signs, an eight-like character and tall letter forms. The French manuscript explicitly labels this individual sequence of signs as characters of Venus for Friday. This documents a historical attribution within a grimoire text; it does not provide evidence for a specific worn neck amulet or for an effect.
Historically recorded use
The French manuscript explicitly identifies this individual sequence of signs as Characters of Venus for Friday. This attests to a historical attribution within a grimoire text; it does not attest to a specific worn neck amulet or any effect.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Specific manuscript according to the current API [1725?], c.1725 in the IIIF digitisation; the uncertain dating is not stored as an exact year. The seven planetary weekday lines are disjoint components of the same original page. Each complete red string is retained; its handwritten heading above it can be read in the archived full folio. Individual characters are not extracted as further motifs or normalised as readable modern alphabets.
Before designing
Unchanged native full-page JPEG in the SVG; only a disjoint SVG viewport selects the complete, labelled red planetary-tag character sequence. The associated heading lies outside the viewport and remains in the archived full sheet. No local raster editing, character repair, contour transcription or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Specific manuscript dated [1725?] according to the current API, c.1725 in the IIIF digital facsimile; the uncertain date is not stored as an exact year. The seven planetary-day rows are disjoint components of the same original page. Each complete red sequence of characters is retained; its handwritten heading above can be read in the archived full sheet. Individual characters are not extracted as further motifs or normalised as readable modern alphabets. Unaltered native full-page JPEG in the SVG; a disjoint SVG viewport alone selects the complete labelled red planetary-day sequence. The associated heading lies outside the viewport and is retained in the archived full sheet. No local raster editing, character repair, outline transcription or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Specific manuscript dated [1725?] according to the current API, c.1725 in the IIIF digital facsimile; the uncertain date is not stored as an exact year. The seven planetary-day rows are disjoint components of the same original page. Each complete red sequence of characters is retained; its handwritten heading above can be read in the archived full sheet. Individual characters are not extracted as further motifs or normalised as readable modern alphabets. Unaltered native full-page JPEG in the SVG; a disjoint SVG viewport alone selects the complete labelled red planetary-day sequence. The associated heading lies outside the viewport and is retained in the archived full sheet. No local raster editing, character repair, outline transcription or manufacturing approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.4656, Clavicules de Salomon; manuscript p. 156; canvas position 160/260; own Venus/Friday line; visible heading: Caractères de venus au vendredy
Late medieval German astronomical-astrological manuscript illustration Ulm or Augsburg, Germany; institutional attribution · Shortly after 1464
A crowned winged woman in a light-coloured garment sits on a deer. She holds a bird in her hand and a long arrow; a bright star is in the upper right corner panel. Handwritten verses and prose appear beneath the image.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Late medieval German astronomical-astrological manuscript illustration
Region
Ulm or Augsburg, Germany; institutional attribution
Date of the evidence
Shortly after 1464
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A crowned winged woman in a light-coloured garment sits on a deer. She holds a bird in her hand and a long arrow; a bright star is in the upper right corner panel. Handwritten verses and prose appear beneath the image.
Historically recorded use
Planetary depiction in a medical-astronomical miscellany manuscript containing astrological and divinatory material. Individual amulet use is not documented.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Getty identifies the figure as Venus. The depiction is a specific variant in this codex; the stag, wings and bird do not, without further sources, justify an additional attribution to a deity or to a universal power animal. The planetary group belongs to one codex; six photographed pages are on four leaves. Saturn remains outside the import because of the fragmentary image view.
Before designing
Complete, unaltered institutional page capture with image, text and margin as a raster facsimile in the SVG. No local cropping, new outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. A crowned, winged woman in a light-coloured robe sits on a stag. She holds a bird in her hand and a long arrow; a bright star is in the upper right corner panel. Handwritten verses and prose appear beneath the image. Getty identifies the figure as Venus. The depiction is a particular variant in this codex; the stag, wings and bird do not justify any additional identification as a deity or universal power animal without further sources. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: A crowned, winged woman in a light-coloured robe sits on a stag. She holds a bird in her hand and a long arrow; a bright star is in the upper right corner panel. Handwritten verses and prose appear beneath the image. Getty identifies the figure as Venus. The depiction is a particular variant in this codex; the stag, wings and bird do not justify any additional identification as a deity or universal power animal without further sources.
Source location: Getty Ms. Ludwig XII 8, fol. 50v; complete institutional page image
Source location: Ms. Ludwig XII 8 (83.MO.137), fol. 50v
Directly retrieved HTML/JSON-LD: page inventory, folio side, material and date. The web reader returned only the JavaScript shell; no rendered portal visit is claimed.
Angular stroke with a long diagonal return and two small upper end circles.
Historically recorded use
Independently labelled printed sign in the context of historical planetary talismanic practice. The sign form in this edition is attested; no individual surviving amulet and no modern effect are attested.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The specific Latin inscription was read on the original page. The magic square, planetary seal, intelligence and spirit signs are separate printed figures. No present-day normal forms or modernly completed lines are used. Labelled as a spirit sign in its own right; not the adjacent magic square and not the two separate intelligence signs.
Before designing
Historically documented individual figure, checked against the image. The complete native institutional IIIF JPEG file remains embedded byte-for-byte in the SVG; only the named original viewport is visible. No local scaling, re-encoding, tracing or additions. Paper, gaps in the printing, ink traces and show-through of writing on the reverse remain unchanged. The facsimile is a historical image reference, not a tool or engraving path; manufacture requires separately checked contour preparation. Labelled as a distinct spirit sign; it is not the adjacent printed numerical square or the two separate intelligence signs.
Research draft. Historically documented individual figure, checked against the image. The complete native institutional IIIF JPEG file remains embedded byte-for-byte in the SVG; only the named original viewport is visible. No local scaling, re-encoding, tracing or additions. Paper, gaps in the printing, ink traces and show-through of writing on the reverse remain unchanged. The facsimile is a historical image reference, not a tool or engraving path; manufacture requires separately checked contour preparation. Labelled as a distinct spirit sign; it is not the adjacent printed numerical square or the two separate intelligence signs. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historically documented individual figure, checked against the image. The complete native institutional IIIF JPEG file remains embedded byte-for-byte in the SVG; only the named original viewport is visible. No local scaling, re-encoding, tracing or additions. Paper, gaps in the printing, ink traces and show-through of writing on the reverse remain unchanged. The facsimile is a historical image reference, not a tool or engraving path; manufacture requires separately checked contour preparation. Labelled as a distinct spirit sign; it is not the adjacent printed numerical square or the two separate intelligence signs.
Source location: Liber II, Chapter XXII, printed p. CLI: Dæmonij Veneris.
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa, De occulta philosophia libri tres, Köln [Johannes Soter], 1533, Liber II, Kapitel XXII. Stiftung der Werke von C. G. Jung, Zürich / e-rara. DOI 10.3931/e-rara-4309. Public Domain Mark.
Stiftung der Werke von C. G. Jung, Zürich / e-rara
Source location: VD16 ZV 269; DOI 10.3931/e-rara-4309; Liber II, chapter XXII
The current institutional record was read directly and archived. It confirms the specific historical work, its classification and the Public Domain Mark; no modern redrawing.
Stiftung der Werke von C. G. Jung, Zürich / e-rara
Source location: VD16 ZV 269; DOI 10.3931/e-rara-4309; Liber II, chapter XXII
Manifest retrieved directly and archived. The specific canvas identities, native image dimensions and PDM image rights were checked against unchanged full/full JPEGs. Printed Roman page numbers are taken from the images actually viewed, not from a modern pentacle numbering system.
Stiftung der Werke von C. G. Jung, Zürich / e-rara
Source location: Liber II, Chapter XXII; printed p. CLI; Canvas 1343364
The specific original page was viewed as a complete native institutional JPEG; the image file was archived unchanged. Attribution and crop were also checked visually.
Stiftung der Werke von C. G. Jung, Zürich / e-rara
Source location: Liber II, Chapter XXII; printed p. CXLVIII; Canvas 1343361
Original page with historical planetary name and ritual correspondences. It serves as textual evidence; the individual signs appear on the following pages. No confirmed modern effect.
A long diagonal line and a narrow vertical stroke, curved twice at the top, with circles at both ends.
Historically recorded use
Printed sign in the context of historical planetary talismanism; no single museum amulet is attested.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The associated Latin inscription is visible on the specific original page. The number square, planet, intelligence and spirit are separate printed figures. What is evidenced is a specific historical sign form, not a surviving amulet with individually verified use. The crop follows the 1533 print and does not adopt modern completed lines. This is the individually labelled Intelligentia Veneris; the additional Intelligentiarium-Veneris sign shown further below is not included.
Before designing
Visually checked specific individual figure from the original 1533 print. The institutional JPEG rendition, 2000 pixels wide, is embedded byte-for-byte unchanged in the SVG; only the named original viewport is visible. Native IIIF canvas size 2550×3675, presentation image 2000×2882. Gaps in the print, paper, stains and show-through of writing on the reverse remain unchanged. No additions based on modern editions and no manufacturing approval; engraving requires separately reviewed outline preparation.
Research draft. Visually checked individual figure from the original 1533 print. The institution’s 2000-pixel-wide JPEG rendition is embedded byte-for-byte in the SVG; only the specified original viewport is visible. Native IIIF canvas size 2550×3675, presentation image 2000×2882. Printing gaps, paper, stains and show-through writing on the reverse remain unchanged. No additions based on modern editions and no manufacturing approval; engraving requires separately checked contour preparation. This is the individually labelled Intelligentia Veneris; the additional Intelligentiarium Veneris sign shown further below is not included. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Visually checked individual figure from the original 1533 print. The institution’s 2000-pixel-wide JPEG rendition is embedded byte-for-byte in the SVG; only the specified original viewport is visible. Native IIIF canvas size 2550×3675, presentation image 2000×2882. Printing gaps, paper, stains and show-through writing on the reverse remain unchanged. No additions based on modern editions and no manufacturing approval; engraving requires separately checked contour preparation. This is the individually labelled Intelligentia Veneris; the additional Intelligentiarium Veneris sign shown further below is not included.
Source location: Liber II, Chapter XXII, printed p. CLI: Intelligentia Veneris.
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa, De occulta philosophia libri tres, Köln [Johannes Soter], 1533, Liber II, Kapitel XXII. Stiftung der Werke von C. G. Jung, Zürich / e-rara. DOI 10.3931/e-rara-4309. Public Domain Mark.
Stiftung der Werke von C. G. Jung, Zürich / e-rara
Source location: VD16 ZV 269; DOI 10.3931/e-rara-4309; Cologne [Soter] 1533
Current institutional catalogue page read directly and archived: printing year 1533, C. G. Jung collection and Public Domain Mark. Not to be conflated with the English printing of 1651 or a modern redrawing.
Stiftung der Werke von C. G. Jung, Zürich / e-rara
Source location: Liber II, Chapter XXII; printed p. CLI; Canvas 1343364
The specific original page was viewed directly as an unaltered institutional JPEG. The caption, attribution and complete figure were checked separately; reverse-side writing and printing defects remain visible.
Stiftung der Werke von C. G. Jung, Zürich / e-rara
Source location: Liber II, Chapter XXII; printed p. CXLVIII; Canvas 1343361
Original page concluding the historical planetary talismanic art and giving separate name attributions to planet, intelligence and spirit. The passage reports historical attributions; it is not evidence of modern efficacy or of a surviving individual amulet.
Editorial textual evidence; claims of efficacy are historical attributions. Compare the print variant and corrections before design.
Before designing
Square: Fig. 2-47; planetary seal: Fig. 2-49. Keep the signs of the Intelligence and the Spirit separate.
Research draft. Numerical arrangement in Fig. 2-47 read visually and checked against the transmitted row and column sums. Number-square component of the catalogue profile; the separate planetary seal and intelligence and spirit signs are not included. Numbers set editorially using bespoke line geometry without fonts; not a print facsimile. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Vector template: Numerical arrangement in Fig. 2-47 read visually and checked against the transmitted row and column sums. Number-square component of the catalogue profile; the separate planetary seal and intelligence and spirit signs are not included. Numbers set editorially using bespoke line geometry without fonts; not a print facsimile.
Source location: Book II, Chapter xxii; Fig. 2-47; only the 7×7 magic square
Numerical arrangement in Fig. 2-47 read visually and checked against the transmitted row and column sums. Number-square component of the catalogue profile; the separate planetary seal and intelligence and spirit signs are not included. Numbers set editorially using bespoke line geometry without fonts; not a print facsimile.
Source location: Book II, chap. xxii; figures 2-27 to 2-63
Documents seven planetary squares and associated planetary seals. The planet, intelligence and spirit have distinct signs; they are not freely interchangeable.
Source location: Editorial introduction before Book I
Text follows the 1651 English edition; according to the editor, drawings follow Cologne 1533, with some Hebrew letters corrected according to the critical edition. Not an unaltered facsimile.
Diagonal cross with central circle and end circles, upper radiating element, arcs and lower circle.
Historically recorded use
Printed sign in the context of historical planetary talismanism; no single museum amulet is attested.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The associated Latin caption is visible on the specific original page. The number square, planet, intelligence and spirit are separate printed figures. What is evidenced is a specific historical sign form, not a surviving amulet with individually verified use. The crop follows the 1533 print and does not adopt lines completed in modern times. The left-hand number-square frame is not part of the sign and is excluded from the viewport.
Before designing
Visually checked specific individual figure from the original 1533 print. The institutional JPEG rendition, 2000 pixels wide, is embedded byte-for-byte unchanged in the SVG; only the named original viewport is visible. Native IIIF canvas size 2550×3675, presentation image 2000×2882. Gaps in the print, paper, stains and show-through of writing on the reverse remain unchanged. No additions based on modern editions and no manufacturing approval; engraving requires separately reviewed outline preparation.
Research draft. Visually checked individual figure from the original 1533 print. The institutional JPEG rendition, 2000 pixels wide, remains embedded byte-for-byte in the SVG; only the named original viewport is visible. Native IIIF canvas size 2550×3675, presentation image 2000×2882. Print gaps, paper, stains and show-through of the reverse-side writing remain unchanged. No additions based on modern editions and no manufacturing approval; engraving requires separately checked outline preparation. The left-hand frame of the number square is not part of the sign and is excluded from the viewport. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Visually checked individual figure from the original 1533 print. The institutional JPEG rendition, 2000 pixels wide, remains embedded byte-for-byte in the SVG; only the named original viewport is visible. Native IIIF canvas size 2550×3675, presentation image 2000×2882. Print gaps, paper, stains and show-through of the reverse-side writing remain unchanged. No additions based on modern editions and no manufacturing approval; engraving requires separately checked outline preparation. The left-hand frame of the number square is not part of the sign and is excluded from the viewport.
Source location: Liber II, Chapter XXII, printed p. CLI: Veneris.
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa, De occulta philosophia libri tres, Köln [Johannes Soter], 1533, Liber II, Kapitel XXII. Stiftung der Werke von C. G. Jung, Zürich / e-rara. DOI 10.3931/e-rara-4309. Public Domain Mark.
Stiftung der Werke von C. G. Jung, Zürich / e-rara
Source location: VD16 ZV 269; DOI 10.3931/e-rara-4309; Cologne [Soter] 1533
Current institutional catalogue page read directly and archived: printing year 1533, C. G. Jung collection and Public Domain Mark. Not to be conflated with the English printing of 1651 or a modern redrawing.
Stiftung der Werke von C. G. Jung, Zürich / e-rara
Source location: Liber II, Chapter XXII; printed p. CLI; Canvas 1343364
The specific original page was viewed directly as an unaltered institutional JPEG. The caption, attribution and complete figure were checked separately; reverse-side writing and printing defects remain visible.
Stiftung der Werke von C. G. Jung, Zürich / e-rara
Source location: Liber II, Chapter XXII; printed p. CXLVIII; Canvas 1343361
Original page concluding the historical planetary talismanic art and giving separate name attributions to planet, intelligence and spirit. The passage reports historical attributions; it is not evidence of modern efficacy or of a surviving individual amulet.
Two offset triangular strokes, a diagonal cross-stroke and two small end-circles.
Historically recorded use
Independently labelled printed sign in the context of historical planetary talismanic practice. The sign form in this edition is attested; no individual surviving amulet and no modern effect are attested.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The specific Latin inscription was read on the original page. The number square, planetary seal, intelligence and spirit signs are separate printed figures. No modern standard forms or lines completed in modern times have been adopted. The printed inscription reads Intelligentiarium Veneris; this additional figure is not combined with the single Intelligentia-Veneris sign above it.
Before designing
Historically documented individual figure, verified visually. The complete native institutional IIIF JPEG file remains embedded byte-for-byte in the SVG; only the named original viewport is visible. No local scaling, re-encoding, tracing or additions. Paper, gaps in the print, ink traces and show-through of writing on the reverse remain unchanged. The facsimile is a historical image source, not a tool or engraving path; manufacture requires separately checked contour preparation. The printed caption reads Intelligentiarium Veneris; this additional figure is not conflated with the single Intelligentia Veneris sign above it.
Research draft. Historically documented individual figure, verified visually. The complete native institutional IIIF JPEG file remains embedded byte-for-byte in the SVG; only the named original viewport is visible. No local scaling, re-encoding, tracing or additions. Paper, gaps in the print, ink traces and show-through of writing on the reverse remain unchanged. The facsimile is a historical image source, not a tool or engraving path; manufacture requires separately checked contour preparation. The printed caption reads Intelligentiarium Veneris; this additional figure is not conflated with the single Intelligentia Veneris sign above it. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historically documented individual figure, verified visually. The complete native institutional IIIF JPEG file remains embedded byte-for-byte in the SVG; only the named original viewport is visible. No local scaling, re-encoding, tracing or additions. Paper, gaps in the print, ink traces and show-through of writing on the reverse remain unchanged. The facsimile is a historical image source, not a tool or engraving path; manufacture requires separately checked contour preparation. The printed caption reads Intelligentiarium Veneris; this additional figure is not conflated with the single Intelligentia Veneris sign above it.
Source location: Liber II, chapter XXII, printed p. CLI: Intelligentiarium Veneris.
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa, De occulta philosophia libri tres, Köln [Johannes Soter], 1533, Liber II, Kapitel XXII. Stiftung der Werke von C. G. Jung, Zürich / e-rara. DOI 10.3931/e-rara-4309. Public Domain Mark.
Stiftung der Werke von C. G. Jung, Zürich / e-rara
Source location: VD16 ZV 269; DOI 10.3931/e-rara-4309; Liber II, chapter XXII
The current institutional record was read directly and archived. It confirms the specific historical work, its classification and the Public Domain Mark; no modern redrawing.
Stiftung der Werke von C. G. Jung, Zürich / e-rara
Source location: VD16 ZV 269; DOI 10.3931/e-rara-4309; Liber II, chapter XXII
Manifest retrieved directly and archived. The specific canvas identities, native image dimensions and PDM image rights were checked against unchanged full/full JPEGs. Printed Roman page numbers are taken from the images actually viewed, not from a modern pentacle numbering system.
Stiftung der Werke von C. G. Jung, Zürich / e-rara
Source location: Liber II, Chapter XXII; printed p. CLI; Canvas 1343364
The specific original page was viewed as a complete native institutional JPEG; the image file was archived unchanged. Attribution and crop were also checked visually.
Stiftung der Werke von C. G. Jung, Zürich / e-rara
Source location: Liber II, Chapter XXII; printed p. CXLVIII; Canvas 1343361
Original page with historical planetary name and ritual correspondences. It serves as textual evidence; the individual signs appear on the following pages. No confirmed modern effect.
Early modern English-Latin ritual magic English-Latin manuscript; present-day holding in London · Late 16th century (institutional dating of the manuscript)
A vertical staff has a central crossbar and curved upper and lower ends. The directly inscribed Latin designation Venus establishes the historical identification with Venus. The seven separate rows on the same page are kept spatially disjoint; individual amulet efficacy or wearing use is not attested.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern English-Latin ritual magic
Region
English-Latin manuscript; present-day holding in London
Date of the evidence
Late 16th century (institutional dating of the manuscript)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A vertical staff has a central crossbar and curved upper and lower ends. The directly inscribed Latin designation Venus establishes the historical identification with Venus. The seven separate rows on the same page are kept spatially disjoint; individual amulet efficacy or wearing use is not attested.
Historically recorded use
The Latin name Venus, written directly on it, establishes the historical identification with Venus. The seven separate lines on the same page are retained as spatially distinct; individual amulet efficacy or wearing use is not attested.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Specific manuscript witness MS.110, institutionally dated to the late 16th century. Pseudo-Bacon and Pseudo-Solomon are attributions, not securely established medieval authorship. The modern blue folio numbers are distinguished from the age of the text; verso references follow the adjacent visible recto foliation and the IIIF page sequence. Irregular lines, show-through, losses and original variations in the signs are retained. The complete selected group is a component of this one copy and not a new abstract type of tradition.
Before designing
Unaltered native full-page JPEG within the SVG; only the documented viewport selects the complete historical figure. No added lines, modern replacement glyphs, raster conversion, vector transcription or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Specific manuscript witness MS.110, institutionally dated to the late 16th century. Pseudo-Bacon and Pseudo-Solomon are attributions, not securely established medieval authorship. The modern blue folio numbers are distinguished from the age of the text; verso references follow the adjacent visible recto foliation and the IIIF page sequence. Irregular lines, show-through, losses and original variations in the signs are retained. The complete selected group is a component of this one copy, not a new abstract type of tradition. Unaltered native full-page JPEG in the SVG; only the documented viewport selects the complete historical figure. No added lines, modern substitute glyphs, raster conversion, vector transcription or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Specific manuscript witness MS.110, institutionally dated to the late 16th century. Pseudo-Bacon and Pseudo-Solomon are attributions, not securely established medieval authorship. The modern blue folio numbers are distinguished from the age of the text; verso references follow the adjacent visible recto foliation and the IIIF page sequence. Irregular lines, show-through, losses and original variations in the signs are retained. The complete selected group is a component of this one copy, not a new abstract type of tradition. Unaltered native full-page JPEG in the SVG; only the documented viewport selects the complete historical figure. No added lines, modern substitute glyphs, raster conversion, vector transcription or manufacturing approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.110, f.30r; canvas position 73/256; labelled line Venus
Source location: MS.110; current API p8bhyjys; old ID afsfdgzh (HTTP 410)
Dating and exact Digital Location. Roger Bacon is a pseudo-author attribution; the present binding, early 19th century, is not the date of the writing. Rights: Individual Digital Location links b18937135 with PDM.
Source location: 256 Canvases; historical folio numbers in the image
Images, sequence, dimensions and institutional descriptions of the five component texts. Folios 36–38 incorrectly bound according to the catalogue. Rights: the specific digital surrogate as a whole carries the Public Domain Mark; no transfer of rights from other images.
Unaltered complete institutional JPEG page; historical individual sign located by visible evidence. Rights: PDM for the exactly corresponding IIIF digital surrogate b18937135.
English-Latin Balemyn seal tradition Manuscript from the Lightfoot Collection; held today in London · Mid-17th century (institutional dating)
A Venus sign is in the inner circle; bold letter, staff and loop forms lie in the outer ring. A historical group of planetary seals, associated with the Balemyn text on the sheet itself. The following text discusses drawing and engraving planetary seals; this does not establish an individually worn museum amulet.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
English-Latin Balemyn seal tradition
Region
Manuscript from the Lightfoot Collection; held today in London
Date of the evidence
Mid-17th century (institutional dating)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A Venus sign is in the inner circle; bold letter, staff and loop forms lie in the outer ring. A historical group of planetary seals, associated with the Balemyn text on the sheet itself. The following text discusses drawing and engraving planetary seals; this does not establish an individually worn museum amulet.
Historically recorded use
Historical group of planetary seals, attributed on the sheet itself to the Balemyn text. The following text discusses drawing and engraving planetary seals; this does not establish that an individual museum amulet was actually worn.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Specific new manuscript witness MS.426, institutionally dated to the mid-17th century. Lightfoot is probably the compiler; Balemyn remains a transmitted spelling of a name, without an invented author identification. Drawing leaf visibly marked in pencil p. 24, followed by text p. 33; Canvas17/89 is not a folio number. The differing pagination transition is retained. Seven localised circles in this one ensemble are distinct image variants, not seven newly arisen traditions. The central circle-and-cross sign attests to the Venus attribution in this group of planetary seals.
Before designing
Complete selected circle in the unaltered native full-page JPEG. Rectangular viewports may retain small margins of neighbouring circles in their corners; these are not masked or painted over. The circular figures are neither moved nor supplemented. No raster re-encoding, new outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Specific new manuscript witness MS.426, institutionally dated to the mid-17th century. Lightfoot is presumably the compiler; Balemyn remains a transmitted spelling of a name, with no invented author identification. The drawing leaf visibly bears pencil page number 24, followed by text page 33; Canvas17/89 is not a folio number. The differing pagination transition is retained. The seven localised circles of this single ensemble are distinct image variants, not seven newly arising traditions. The central circle-cross sign evidences the Venus attribution within this planetary seal group. Complete selected circle in the unaltered native full-page JPEG. Rectangular viewports may retain small margins of adjacent circles in their corners; these are not masked or painted over. The circular figures are neither moved nor supplemented. No raster re-encoding, new outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Specific new manuscript witness MS.426, institutionally dated to the mid-17th century. Lightfoot is presumably the compiler; Balemyn remains a transmitted spelling of a name, with no invented author identification. The drawing leaf visibly bears pencil page number 24, followed by text page 33; Canvas17/89 is not a folio number. The differing pagination transition is retained. The seven localised circles of this single ensemble are distinct image variants, not seven newly arising traditions. The central circle-cross sign evidences the Venus attribution within this planetary seal group. Complete selected circle in the unaltered native full-page JPEG. Rectangular viewports may retain small margins of adjacent circles in their corners; these are not masked or painted over. The circular figures are neither moved nor supplemented. No raster re-encoding, new outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.426; drawing sheet, visible p. 24 in pencil; canvas position 17/89; Venus circular seal; next text visible p. 33.
Early modern astral magic; reception of the Picatrix Object region not determined in the excerpt consulted · 16th–18th century
Incomplete partial outline; the complete image source remains unavailable. Silver pendant with Venus figure and Venus square. The only material available is an incomplete historical partial outline: two securely identifiable outer contour arcs of the seated Venus figure’s right foot/lower-leg area in the image. The ends remain open; no number or shape of damaged claws is added. Only a limited part of the figure, not a normal Venus glyph and not a complete lamina facsimile. The complete image source remains unavailable.
Research draftSource-based vector template
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern astral magic; reception of the Picatrix
Region
Object region not determined in the excerpt consulted
Date of the evidence
16th–18th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Description
Incomplete partial outline; the complete image source remains unavailable. Silver pendant with Venus figure and Venus square. The only material available is an incomplete historical partial outline: two securely identifiable outer contour arcs of the seated Venus figure’s right foot/lower-leg area in the image. The ends remain open; no number or shape of damaged claws is added. Only a limited part of the figure, not a normal Venus glyph and not a complete lamina facsimile. The complete image source remains unavailable.
Historically recorded use
The Latin inscription asks God for the conception of a son and refers to Rachel. It documents a historical petition, not a proven effect.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Sophie Page describes BM OA.1361.b on p. 4 and clarifies the inscription and broad dating in footnote 31. The consulted manuscript PDF contains insertion notes for Figures 2 and 3; these are not accessible original illustrations. 2026-10-09: Two clearly recognisable outer outline arcs of the foot/lower-leg area on the right of the image of the seated Venus figure. The ends remain open; no number or shape of damaged claws has been added. Only a limited figure component, not a regular Venus glyph and not a complete lamina facsimile. The rest of the figure, bird-like claw tips, throne, animals, lateral sigils, Latinum, reverse square and photographic surface. The modern capture remains private; the only public source is an original limited line transfer, not an open photographic release and not manufacturing approval. OA.1361.b: UCLp4/footnote31 and secondary photographic witness with OA1361/Caption; broad 16th–18th century dating retained. UCL-Figure placeholders contain no photographs. Pilcher1906 catalogueV identifies the matching composition, not his Nash plate illustrations.
Before designing
Two securely identifiable outer contour arcs in the foot/lower-leg area on the image-right of the seated Venus figure. The ends remain open; no number or shape of damaged claws has been added. Only a limited figure component, not a normal Venus glyph and not a complete lamina facsimile. Remaining figure, bird-like claw tips, throne, animals, lateral sigils, Latinum, reverse square and photographic surface.
Research draft. Two clearly identifiable outer contour arcs in the foot/lower-leg area on the image’s right of the seated Venus figure. Ends remain open; no number or shape of damaged claws is added. Only a limited figure component, not a normal Venus glyph and not a complete Lamina facsimile. The remainder of the figure, bird-like claw tips, throne, animals, lateral sigils, Latinum, reverse square and photographic surface. Original form transferred in lines without a font of one’s own; no modern capture used. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Vector template: Two clearly identifiable outer contour arcs in the foot/lower-leg area on the image’s right of the seated Venus figure. Ends remain open; no number or shape of damaged claws is added. Only a limited figure component, not a normal Venus glyph and not a complete Lamina facsimile. The remainder of the figure, bird-like claw tips, throne, animals, lateral sigils, Latinum, reverse square and photographic surface. Original form transferred in lines without a font of one’s own; no modern capture used.
Source location: OA.1361.b; UCL manuscript p4/footnote31 plus caption/visible OA1361 on private secondary photo550408001; image-right lower figure contour
Two clearly identifiable outer contour arcs in the foot/lower-leg area on the image’s right of the seated Venus figure. Ends remain open; no number or shape of damaged claws is added. Only a limited figure component, not a normal Venus glyph and not a complete Lamina facsimile. The remainder of the figure, bird-like claw tips, throne, animals, lateral sigils, Latinum, reverse square and photographic surface. Original form transferred in lines without a font of one’s own; no modern capture used.
Printed1906 year observed. Archive metadata1878 is the series start. The article’s photographic plates are Nash collection objects, not these BM objects. Textual correspondence only.
Venus talisman with flaming hearts – MS.4670,S.184
Original image · source evidence
Historical pentacle
French Clavicula and pseudo-Solomon tradition French-language volume; now at Wellcome Collection, London · 1796; dating of the specific Wellcome volume MS.4670
Red double circle with a green Latin inscription and green pentagram; inside are six flaming heart shapes and small gold-coloured signs. The heading associates this figure with love affairs and Friday under Venus. The hearts and other signs are transmitted as a historical composition; their attribution is not evidence of an effect.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French Clavicula and pseudo-Solomon tradition
Region
French-language volume; now at Wellcome Collection, London
Date of the evidence
1796; dating of the specific Wellcome volume MS.4670
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Red double circle with a green Latin inscription and green pentagram; inside are six flaming heart shapes and small gold-coloured signs. The heading associates this figure with love affairs and Friday under Venus. The hearts and other signs are transmitted as a historical composition; their attribution is not evidence of an effect.
Historically recorded use
The heading links this figure with affairs of the heart and Friday under Venus. The hearts and other signs are transmitted as a historical whole figure; their attribution is not evidence of an effect.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The individual Miro image number and CC-BY-DigitalLocation are institutionally linked to MS4670. The page number and individual heading have been checked against the unaltered full image. The figure is a single located component of the same volume, not another surviving amulet object. The specific manuscript is dated to 1796 in the institutional volume catalogue. Pseudo-Solomon and the claimed translation from Hebrew are transmitted attributions; no ancient authorship or surviving Hebrew original is claimed. Historical statements of purpose are not evidence of efficacy.
Before designing
Unchanged native full-page JPEG embedded in the SVG; only the visible figure area is bounded by the viewport. Paper, colours, show-through writing and existing traces are retained. No outline transcription, added lines or approval for engraving.
Research draft. The individual Miro image number and CC-BY-DigitalLocation are institutionally linked to MS4670. The page number and individual heading have been checked against the unaltered full image. The figure is a single, located component of the same volume, not another surviving amulet object. Unaltered native full-page JPEG embedded in the SVG; only the visible figure area is bounded by the viewport. The paper, colours, show-through text and existing traces are retained. No outline transcription, line additions or engraving approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The individual Miro image number and CC-BY-DigitalLocation are institutionally linked to MS4670. The page number and individual heading have been checked against the unaltered full image. The figure is a single, located component of the same volume, not another surviving amulet object. Unaltered native full-page JPEG embedded in the SVG; only the visible figure area is bounded by the viewport. The paper, colours, show-through text and existing traces are retained. No outline transcription, line additions or engraving approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.4670,1796; manuscript p.184;Pour les intrigues amoureuses, Le Vendredi sous Venus;Original photograph L0073120
Institutional volume catalogue with a specific shelfmark and year date, 1796. The attribution J. S. Fyot, 1796 is recorded in Volume I; there is no secure individual attribution of the drawings for every sheet of the second volume.
Source location: MS4670; institutional Miro image number L0073120
CC BY 4.0 expressly applies to the individual IIIF image digital item; the catalogue prose describes the volume as a whole, while specific pages/figures are identified from the visible original.
Unaltered full/full JPEG; the individual work metadata explicitly links this image to MS4670. Viewports from different pages are separate and do not overlap.
French Clavicula and pseudo-Solomon tradition French-language volume; now at Wellcome Collection, London · 1796; dating of the specific Wellcome volume MS.4670
Green concentric name circles with gold-coloured and red lettering, a four-part centre, Alpha and Omega; the name sequences differ from those on the summer side. This side itself identifies the Friday pentacle under Venus in autumn. The image remains tied to this side and to the copy dated 1796.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French Clavicula and pseudo-Solomon tradition
Region
French-language volume; now at Wellcome Collection, London
Date of the evidence
1796; dating of the specific Wellcome volume MS.4670
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Green concentric name circles with gold-coloured and red lettering, a four-part centre, Alpha and Omega; the name sequences differ from those on the summer side. This side itself identifies the Friday pentacle under Venus in autumn. The image remains tied to this side and to the copy dated 1796.
Historically recorded use
The page itself identifies the Friday pentacle under Venus in autumn. The image remains tied to this page and the copy dated 1796.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The individual Miro image number and CC-BY-DigitalLocation are institutionally linked to MS4670. The page number and individual heading have been checked against the unaltered full image. The figure is a single located component of the same volume, not another surviving amulet object. The specific manuscript is dated to 1796 in the institutional volume catalogue. Pseudo-Solomon and the claimed translation from Hebrew are transmitted attributions; no ancient authorship or surviving Hebrew original is claimed. Historical statements of purpose are not evidence of efficacy.
Before designing
Unchanged native full-page JPEG embedded in the SVG; only the visible figure area is bounded by the viewport. Paper, colours, show-through writing and existing traces are retained. No outline transcription, added lines or approval for engraving.
Research draft. The individual Miro image number and CC-BY-DigitalLocation are institutionally linked to MS4670. The page number and individual heading have been checked against the unaltered full image. The figure is a single, located component of the same volume, not another surviving amulet object. Unaltered native full-page JPEG embedded in the SVG; only the visible figure area is bounded by the viewport. The paper, colours, show-through text and existing traces are retained. No outline transcription, line additions or engraving approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The individual Miro image number and CC-BY-DigitalLocation are institutionally linked to MS4670. The page number and individual heading have been checked against the unaltered full image. The figure is a single, located component of the same volume, not another surviving amulet object. Unaltered native full-page JPEG embedded in the SVG; only the visible figure area is bounded by the viewport. The paper, colours, show-through text and existing traces are retained. No outline transcription, line additions or engraving approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.4670,1796; handwritten p.253;Pentacule du Vendredi Sous Venus en Automne;original photograph L0073160
Venuspentakel für den Herbst – MS.4670,S.253. 1796; Datierung des konkreten Wellcome-Bands MS.4670. Source: Wellcome Collection. CC BY 4.0; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Darstellungsänderung: begrenzter SVG-Viewport; JPEG unverändert.
Institutional volume catalogue with a specific shelfmark and year date, 1796. The attribution J. S. Fyot, 1796 is recorded in Volume I; there is no secure individual attribution of the drawings for every sheet of the second volume.
Source location: MS4670; institutional Miro image number L0073160
CC BY 4.0 expressly applies to the individual IIIF image digital item; the catalogue prose describes the volume as a whole, while specific pages/figures are identified from the visible original.
Unaltered full/full JPEG; the individual work metadata explicitly links this image to MS4670. Viewports from different pages are separate and do not overlap.
French Clavicula and pseudo-Solomon tradition French-language volume; now at Wellcome Collection, London · 1796; dating of the specific Wellcome volume MS.4670
Green concentric name circles with red and gold-coloured lettering and signs; the inner cross-field contains Alpha and Omega. The heading names the Friday pentacle under Venus in summer. The figure is a seasonal historical manuscript variant, not a general modern Venus logo.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French Clavicula and pseudo-Solomon tradition
Region
French-language volume; now at Wellcome Collection, London
Date of the evidence
1796; dating of the specific Wellcome volume MS.4670
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Green concentric name circles with red and gold-coloured lettering and signs; the inner cross-field contains Alpha and Omega. The heading names the Friday pentacle under Venus in summer. The figure is a seasonal historical manuscript variant, not a general modern Venus logo.
Historically recorded use
The heading identifies the Friday pentacle under Venus in summer. The figure is a seasonal historical manuscript variant, not a general modern Venus logo.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The individual Miro image number and CC-BY-DigitalLocation are institutionally linked to MS4670. The page number and individual heading have been checked against the unaltered full image. The figure is a single located component of the same volume, not another surviving amulet object. The specific manuscript is dated to 1796 in the institutional volume catalogue. Pseudo-Solomon and the claimed translation from Hebrew are transmitted attributions; no ancient authorship or surviving Hebrew original is claimed. Historical statements of purpose are not evidence of efficacy.
Before designing
Unchanged native full-page JPEG embedded in the SVG; only the visible figure area is bounded by the viewport. Paper, colours, show-through writing and existing traces are retained. No outline transcription, added lines or approval for engraving.
Research draft. The individual Miro image number and CC-BY-DigitalLocation are institutionally linked to MS4670. The page number and individual heading have been checked against the unaltered full image. The figure is a single, located component of the same volume, not another surviving amulet object. Unaltered native full-page JPEG embedded in the SVG; only the visible figure area is bounded by the viewport. The paper, colours, show-through text and existing traces are retained. No outline transcription, line additions or engraving approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The individual Miro image number and CC-BY-DigitalLocation are institutionally linked to MS4670. The page number and individual heading have been checked against the unaltered full image. The figure is a single, located component of the same volume, not another surviving amulet object. Unaltered native full-page JPEG embedded in the SVG; only the visible figure area is bounded by the viewport. The paper, colours, show-through text and existing traces are retained. No outline transcription, line additions or engraving approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.4670,1796; handwritten p.252;Pentacule du Vendredi Sous Venus en Eté;original capture L0073160
Venuspentakel für den Sommer – MS.4670,S.252. 1796; Datierung des konkreten Wellcome-Bands MS.4670. Source: Wellcome Collection. CC BY 4.0; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Darstellungsänderung: begrenzter SVG-Viewport; JPEG unverändert.
Institutional volume catalogue with a specific shelfmark and year date, 1796. The attribution J. S. Fyot, 1796 is recorded in Volume I; there is no secure individual attribution of the drawings for every sheet of the second volume.
Source location: MS4670; institutional Miro image number L0073160
CC BY 4.0 expressly applies to the individual IIIF image digital item; the catalogue prose describes the volume as a whole, while specific pages/figures are identified from the visible original.
Unaltered full/full JPEG; the individual work metadata explicitly links this image to MS4670. Viewports from different pages are separate and do not overlap.
Venus pentacle with eight radiating arms – Penn f.66r (= 67r)
Original image · source evidence
Historical grimoire pentacle
Latin Clavicula Salomonis manuscript; transmission of the Keys of Solomon European manuscript; place of manufacture unknown; present collection in Philadelphia · 1750–1799; second half of the 18th century, dating of the specific example
Four intersecting diameters produce eight ray-like arms with differently designed ends: ring, crescent, cross, angle and multi-pointed forms. The accompanying text connects the figure with Venus, favour and love. No relationship to modern Nordic compass signs is claimed. This is the statement of a historical ritual text; no actual effect is evidenced.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Latin Clavicula Salomonis manuscript; transmission of the Keys of Solomon
Region
European manuscript; place of manufacture unknown; present collection in Philadelphia
Date of the evidence
1750–1799; second half of the 18th century, dating of the specific example
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Four intersecting diameters produce eight ray-like arms with differently designed ends: ring, crescent, cross, angle and multi-pointed forms. The accompanying text connects the figure with Venus, favour and love. No relationship to modern Nordic compass signs is claimed. This is the statement of a historical ritual text; no actual effect is evidenced.
Historically recorded use
The accompanying text associates the figure with Venus, favour and love. No connection with modern Nordic compass signs is asserted. This is the statement of a historical ritual text; no actual effect is evidenced.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Dating of this specific Latin copy: 1750–1799. The catalogue attribution to Abraham Colorni does not confirm that he personally produced this later manuscript. The drawing is a localised component of 43 surviving pentacles in the same copy, not a new tradition or a separately surviving worn amulet. Written and corrected foliation differ by one leaf. The changing historical internal numbering is not unified into an invented continuous sequence of 1–43.
Before designing
The completely preserved individual pentacle remains embedded as an unaltered native OPenn web JPEG; only the SVG viewport limits the visible area of the leaf. The separately offered TIFF master was not used. The accompanying text can be read in full on the archived full leaf, although it is partly cut off in the viewport. No addition of lines or letters, outline transcription or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Dating of this specific Latin copy: 1750–1799. The catalogue attribution to Abraham Colorni does not confirm that he personally made this later manuscript. The drawing is a localised component of 43 surviving pentacles in the same copy, not a new tradition or a separately surviving worn amulet. Written and corrected foliation differ by one leaf. The changing historical internal numbering is not standardised into an invented continuous sequence from 1 to 43. The single, fully preserved pentacle is embedded as an unaltered native OPenn web JPEG in the SVG; only the SVG viewport limits the visible area of the leaf. The separately offered TIFF master was not used. The accompanying text can be read in full on the archived full leaf, though it is partly cut off in the viewport. No lines or letters have been added, no outline transcription has been made, and no manufacturing approval is implied. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Dating of this specific Latin copy: 1750–1799. The catalogue attribution to Abraham Colorni does not confirm that he personally made this later manuscript. The drawing is a localised component of 43 surviving pentacles in the same copy, not a new tradition or a separately surviving worn amulet. Written and corrected foliation differ by one leaf. The changing historical internal numbering is not standardised into an invented continuous sequence from 1 to 43. The single, fully preserved pentacle is embedded as an unaltered native OPenn web JPEG in the SVG; only the SVG viewport limits the visible area of the leaf. The separately offered TIFF master was not used. The accompanying text can be read in full on the archived full leaf, though it is partly cut off in the viewport. No lines or letters have been added, no outline transcription has been made, and no manufacturing approval is implied.
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Venuspentakel mit acht Strahlenarmen – Penn f.66r (= 67r). Ms. Codex 1673, 1750–1799. University of Pennsylvania, Kislak Center. Public Domain Mark. Katalogmetadaten separat CC BY 4.0.
Specific manuscript witness, second half of the 18th century. Earlier textual transmission and author attribution are not the date when this copy was made.
Venus pentacle with eye and arc of stars – Penn f.65r (= 66r)
Original image · source evidence
Historical grimoire pentacle
Latin Clavicula Salomonis manuscript; transmission of the Keys of Solomon European manuscript; place of manufacture unknown; present collection in Philadelphia · 1750–1799; second half of the 18th century, dating of the specific example
A small eye, a crescent and a profile face appear in the upper area. An arc of star-like signs runs below through the word circle. The accompanying text assigns the figure to the spirits of Venus and their control. This is the statement of a historical ritual text; an actual effect is not evidenced.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Latin Clavicula Salomonis manuscript; transmission of the Keys of Solomon
Region
European manuscript; place of manufacture unknown; present collection in Philadelphia
Date of the evidence
1750–1799; second half of the 18th century, dating of the specific example
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A small eye, a crescent and a profile face appear in the upper area. An arc of star-like signs runs below through the word circle. The accompanying text assigns the figure to the spirits of Venus and their control. This is the statement of a historical ritual text; an actual effect is not evidenced.
Historically recorded use
The accompanying text assigns the figure to the spirits of Venus and their subjugation. This is the statement of a historical ritual text; no actual effect is evidenced.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Dating of this specific Latin copy: 1750–1799. The catalogue attribution to Abraham Colorni does not confirm that he personally produced this later manuscript. The drawing is a localised component of 43 surviving pentacles in the same copy, not a new tradition or a separately surviving worn amulet. Written and corrected foliation differ by one leaf. The changing historical internal numbering is not unified into an invented continuous sequence of 1–43.
Before designing
The completely preserved individual pentacle remains embedded as an unaltered native OPenn web JPEG; only the SVG viewport limits the visible area of the leaf. The separately offered TIFF master was not used. The accompanying text can be read in full on the archived full leaf, although it is partly cut off in the viewport. No addition of lines or letters, outline transcription or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Dating of this specific Latin copy: 1750–1799. The catalogue attribution to Abraham Colorni does not confirm that he personally made this later manuscript. The drawing is a localised component of 43 surviving pentacles in the same copy, not a new tradition or a separately surviving worn amulet. Written and corrected foliation differ by one leaf. The changing historical internal numbering is not standardised into an invented continuous sequence from 1 to 43. The single, fully preserved pentacle is embedded as an unaltered native OPenn web JPEG in the SVG; only the SVG viewport limits the visible area of the leaf. The separately offered TIFF master was not used. The accompanying text can be read in full on the archived full leaf, though it is partly cut off in the viewport. No lines or letters have been added, no outline transcription has been made, and no manufacturing approval is implied. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Dating of this specific Latin copy: 1750–1799. The catalogue attribution to Abraham Colorni does not confirm that he personally made this later manuscript. The drawing is a localised component of 43 surviving pentacles in the same copy, not a new tradition or a separately surviving worn amulet. Written and corrected foliation differ by one leaf. The changing historical internal numbering is not standardised into an invented continuous sequence from 1 to 43. The single, fully preserved pentacle is embedded as an unaltered native OPenn web JPEG in the SVG; only the SVG viewport limits the visible area of the leaf. The separately offered TIFF master was not used. The accompanying text can be read in full on the archived full leaf, though it is partly cut off in the viewport. No lines or letters have been added, no outline transcription has been made, and no manufacturing approval is implied.
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Venuspentakel mit Auge und Sternenbogen – Penn f.65r (= 66r). Ms. Codex 1673, 1750–1799. University of Pennsylvania, Kislak Center. Public Domain Mark. Katalogmetadaten separat CC BY 4.0.
Specific manuscript witness, second half of the 18th century. Earlier textual transmission and author attribution are not the date when this copy was made.
Venus pentacle with winged quadruped – Penn f.68r (= 69r)
Original image · source evidence
Historical grimoire pentacle
Latin Clavicula Salomonis manuscript; transmission of the Keys of Solomon European manuscript; place of manufacture unknown; present collection in Philadelphia · 1750–1799; second half of the 18th century, dating of the specific example
A winged four-legged creature with a human-like face stands above a crescent. Beside it are a small finial and other free characters. The accompanying text discusses the subjugation of Venus spirits and love compulsion as historical ritual intentions. No recommendation for present-day use is inferred from this. This is the statement of a historical ritual text; an actual effect is not evidenced.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Latin Clavicula Salomonis manuscript; transmission of the Keys of Solomon
Region
European manuscript; place of manufacture unknown; present collection in Philadelphia
Date of the evidence
1750–1799; second half of the 18th century, dating of the specific example
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A winged four-legged creature with a human-like face stands above a crescent. Beside it are a small finial and other free characters. The accompanying text discusses the subjugation of Venus spirits and love compulsion as historical ritual intentions. No recommendation for present-day use is inferred from this. This is the statement of a historical ritual text; an actual effect is not evidenced.
Historically recorded use
The accompanying text discusses the subjugation of Venus spirits and love coercion as historical ritual aims. No recommendation for present-day use is derived from this. This is the statement of a historical ritual text; an actual effect is not evidenced.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Dating of this specific Latin copy: 1750–1799. The catalogue attribution to Abraham Colorni does not confirm that he personally produced this later manuscript. The drawing is a localised component of 43 surviving pentacles in the same copy, not a new tradition or a separately surviving worn amulet. Written and corrected foliation differ by one leaf. The changing historical internal numbering is not unified into an invented continuous sequence of 1–43.
Before designing
The completely preserved individual pentacle remains embedded as an unaltered native OPenn web JPEG; only the SVG viewport limits the visible area of the leaf. The separately offered TIFF master was not used. The accompanying text can be read in full on the archived full leaf, although it is partly cut off in the viewport. No addition of lines or letters, outline transcription or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Dating of this specific Latin copy: 1750–1799. The catalogue attribution to Abraham Colorni does not confirm that he personally made this later manuscript. The drawing is a localised component of 43 surviving pentacles in the same copy, not a new tradition or a separately surviving worn amulet. Written and corrected foliation differ by one leaf. The changing historical internal numbering is not standardised into an invented continuous sequence from 1 to 43. The single, fully preserved pentacle is embedded as an unaltered native OPenn web JPEG in the SVG; only the SVG viewport limits the visible area of the leaf. The separately offered TIFF master was not used. The accompanying text can be read in full on the archived full leaf, though it is partly cut off in the viewport. No lines or letters have been added, no outline transcription has been made, and no manufacturing approval is implied. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Dating of this specific Latin copy: 1750–1799. The catalogue attribution to Abraham Colorni does not confirm that he personally made this later manuscript. The drawing is a localised component of 43 surviving pentacles in the same copy, not a new tradition or a separately surviving worn amulet. Written and corrected foliation differ by one leaf. The changing historical internal numbering is not standardised into an invented continuous sequence from 1 to 43. The single, fully preserved pentacle is embedded as an unaltered native OPenn web JPEG in the SVG; only the SVG viewport limits the visible area of the leaf. The separately offered TIFF master was not used. The accompanying text can be read in full on the archived full leaf, though it is partly cut off in the viewport. No lines or letters have been added, no outline transcription has been made, and no manufacturing approval is implied.
Source location: Penn Ms. Codex 1673, Clavicula Salomonis Regis; written folio 68r, corrected OPenn foliation 69r (TEI: 68r =69r); single image 5170_0146_web.jpg; surface surface-ms-codex-1673-147
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Venuspentakel mit geflügeltem Vierfüßer – Penn f.68r (= 69r). Ms. Codex 1673, 1750–1799. University of Pennsylvania, Kislak Center. Public Domain Mark. Katalogmetadaten separat CC BY 4.0.
Specific manuscript witness, second half of the 18th century. Earlier textual transmission and author attribution are not the date when this copy was made.
Connected circular diagram with two large text circles – Clm 30010, f.13r
Original image · source evidence
Historical knowledge-ritual figure
Latin Ars notoria tradition in the broader sense; BSB catalogue title Place of manufacture unknown; current collection in Munich · 14th century; dating of the specific parchment codex, not an exact year of 1301
A diagonally running chain of red double circles has several small side circles. On the right are a large crossed double circle and another large circle with a rectangular text field. The sheet belongs to the institutionally described complex of the Artes liberales and their magical prayers. Uncertain individual words are not treated as secure names for a planet or angel. Historical practice associated prayers and the contemplation of such figures with the pursuit of knowledge. No actual effect or surviving worn amulet is evidenced.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Latin Ars notoria tradition in the broader sense; BSB catalogue title
Region
Place of manufacture unknown; current collection in Munich
Date of the evidence
14th century; dating of the specific parchment codex, not an exact year of 1301
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A diagonally running chain of red double circles has several small side circles. On the right are a large crossed double circle and another large circle with a rectangular text field. The sheet belongs to the institutionally described complex of the Artes liberales and their magical prayers. Uncertain individual words are not treated as secure names for a planet or angel. Historical practice associated prayers and the contemplation of such figures with the pursuit of knowledge. No actual effect or surviving worn amulet is evidenced.
Historically recorded use
The sheet belongs to the institutionally described complex of the Artes liberales and their magical prayers. Uncertain individual words are not turned into a definitive designation of a planet or angel. Historical practice connected prayers and contemplation of such figures with the pursuit of knowledge. No actual effect or surviving worn amulet is attested.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
A specific Latin parchment codex of the 14th century, now Clm 30010; catalogue title Ars notoria. The BSB identifies depictions of the Artes liberales except music, together with magical prayers and explanatory text on f.15v–16r. No narrower textual recension or historical author is specified here. The modern navigation metadata and MARC data contain 1301 as a technical value, whereas the visible catalogue dating gives only 14th century; therefore no exact year is stated. Seven localised figure/sign ensembles from the same copy are source variants, not seven new traditions.
Before designing
Unaltered native full-page JPEG bytes from the institutional IIIF service are embedded in the SVG. Only the SVG viewport limits the visible area of the leaf. This is the supplied JPEG presentation, not a verified TIFF master. Faint writing, irregular geometry and existing ageing are retained. No raster repair, line completion, outline transcription or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. A specific 14th-century Latin parchment codex, now Clm 30010; catalogue title Ars notoria. The BSB names depictions of the Artes liberales except music, with magical prayers and explanatory text on f.15v–16r. No narrower textual recension or historical author is specified here. The modern navigation metadata and MARC data contain 1301 as a technical value, whereas the visible catalogue dating gives only 14th century; therefore no exact year is given. Seven localised figure/sign ensembles from the same copy are source variants, not seven new traditions. Unaltered native full-page JPEG bytes from the institutional IIIF service are embedded in the SVG. Only the SVG viewport limits the visible page area. This is the supplied JPEG presentation, not a verified TIFF master. Faint writing, irregular geometry and existing ageing are retained. No raster repair, line additions, outline transcription or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: A specific 14th-century Latin parchment codex, now Clm 30010; catalogue title Ars notoria. The BSB names depictions of the Artes liberales except music, with magical prayers and explanatory text on f.15v–16r. No narrower textual recension or historical author is specified here. The modern navigation metadata and MARC data contain 1301 as a technical value, whereas the visible catalogue dating gives only 14th century; therefore no exact year is given. Seven localised figure/sign ensembles from the same copy are source variants, not seven new traditions. Unaltered native full-page JPEG bytes from the institutional IIIF service are embedded in the SVG. Only the SVG viewport limits the visible page area. This is the supplied JPEG presentation, not a verified TIFF master. Faint writing, irregular geometry and existing ageing are retained. No raster repair, line additions, outline transcription or manufacturing approval.
Source location: Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Clm 30010, catalogue title Ars notoria; folio 13r; Canvas position 31/53, institutional Canvas label (0031); image bsb00137282_00031. Folio numbering follows visible recto numerals and the folio sequence; the IIIF label itself gives only the image position.
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Verbundenes Kreisdiagramm mit zwei großen Textkreisen – Clm 30010, f.13r. Clm 30010, 14. Jahrhundert. München, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek. Public Domain Mark; moderne Metadaten separat CC0.
Source location: BV035952023; BSB 991019740539707356; MARC 264/300/500/990
The written-out dating of the 14th century remains authoritative; the technical figure 1301 is not adopted as the exact year of creation. Formerly in the Phillipps Collection; modern half-leather binding.
Additional explicit CC0 evidence for catalogue metadata. The individual PDM declaration for the specific digitisation remains the separate basis for the image.
Heads facing one another in the dark-toned impression. The female veiling and male facial features are partly rubbed away.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Roman
Region
Roman Empire
Date of the evidence
1st century CE
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Heads facing one another in the dark-toned impression. The female veiling and male facial features are partly rubbed away.
Historically recorded use
According to Getty, the ancient clay seal depicts a veiled woman and a bearded man. Zeus and Hera are mentioned as possible identifications. The seal image form is securely evidenced, but not a particular worn amulet or protective ritual.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 83.AN.437.62. The identification as Zeus and Hera remains expressly uncertain; the historical motif profile therefore uses a neutral image title.
Before designing
Native museum photograph as a historical reference; damage, writing and present-day photographic condition unaltered. No manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete native JPEG photograph without cropping, resampling, retouching or added glyphs. Heads face one another in the dark-toned impression. The female veil and male facial features are partly worn away. No manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete native JPEG photograph without cropping, resampling, retouching or added glyphs. Heads face one another in the dark-toned impression. The female veil and male facial features are partly worn away. No manufacturing approval.
Source location: 83.AN.437.62; fully attributed museum photograph
Islamic divination and the transmission of Arabic diagrams Egypt? · Probably 1767; institutional reading of the colophon: 4 Ṣafar 1181 AH, 2 July 1767
Branched green and yellow lines with curved ends within a green frame; no free interpretation of individual branches.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Islamic divination and the transmission of Arabic diagrams
Region
Egypt?
Date of the evidence
Probably 1767; institutional reading of the colophon: 4 Ṣafar 1181 AH, 2 July 1767
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Branched green and yellow lines with curved ends within a green frame; no free interpretation of individual branches.
Historically recorded use
Specific diagram in an Arabic divination work concerning events and people, with letters, horoscopes and planetary references. Portable amulet use of this page is not evidenced.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Ms. Codex 1898; attributed to Kurdī Sayyidī Maḥmūd ʻAjamī. The catalogue calculates the probable year of copying from the 309th year since Qāʾitbāy’s accession in 872 AH. The provenance and this dating derivation are recorded as uncertain. The inscription is taken from the institution’s decorative-arts inventory.
Before designing
A precisely localised historical diagram, not a newly generated universal protective sigil. The similarly labelled second body image 22r remains a private comparison.
Research draft. Unaltered native institutional web JPEG file in an SVG viewport; no new interpretation of the writing, addition of lost ink or modern replacement form. The larger TIFF masters offered separately are not archived locally for these Penn pages. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Unaltered native institutional web JPEG file in an SVG viewport; no new interpretation of the writing, addition of lost ink or modern replacement form. The larger TIFF masters offered separately are not archived locally for these Penn pages.
Many-armed wrathful figure on a round votive plaque
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Buddhist visual tradition Tibet · About 1368–1643
Round dark clay plaque with a many-armed figure, a dynamic leg position and an upright headdress. The lotus base and abraded details are retained in the native black-and-white photograph.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Buddhist visual tradition
Region
Tibet
Date of the evidence
About 1368–1643
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Round dark clay plaque with a many-armed figure, a dynamic leg position and an upright headdress. The lotus base and abraded details are retained in the native black-and-white photograph.
Historically recorded use
The clay plaque is evidence of Tibetan religious votive practice. The wrathful figure is part of the surviving imagery; the general museum title does not permit secure identification of a specific deity or attribution to a personal protective rite.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 30.76.150, Met object 38838. No specific name such as Yamāntaka is inferred from the form alone. The number of arms, attributes held and indistinct details are not standardised or supplemented.
Before designing
Unchanged complete native museum image; no reconstruction of damaged details. No manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete native museum photograph, with no raster transformation or reconstruction of old forms. Historical religious image evidence; not approved for manufacture. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete native museum photograph, with no raster transformation or reconstruction of old forms. Historical religious image evidence; not approved for manufacture.
Source location: The Metropolitan Museum of Art; 30.76.150; complete selected individual photograph
Four diagrams with the five transcendent Buddhas. Inventory 1989.236.8.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Vajrayana
Region
Tibet
Date of the evidence
16th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Four diagrams with the five transcendent Buddhas. Inventory 1989.236.8.
Historically recorded use
Meditative depiction of the Buddhist cosmos.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
One complete object; not divided into unspecified individual motifs. No evidence of wearable amulet use.
Before designing
Examine only the variant of inventory 1989.236.8 as the model. Compare image details and outline with the museum image before drawing; not a modern composite motif.
Research draft. Complete, visually checked museum photograph of the specific linked historical object. Unaltered original JPEG bytes are embedded in the SVG as a raster facsimile; this is neither a cropped individual glyph nor a redrawn sigil. The object context and all visible image details are retained. No vector paths suitable for manufacture; engraving or CNC manufacture requires separate assessment. The specific mandala/ritual-object variant remains visible with all its image figures, edge areas and material details; no schematic modern substitute drawing. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete, visually checked museum photograph of the specific linked historical object. Unaltered original JPEG bytes are embedded in the SVG as a raster facsimile; this is neither a cropped individual glyph nor a redrawn sigil. The object context and all visible image details are retained. No vector paths suitable for manufacture; engraving or CNC manufacture requires separate assessment. The specific mandala/ritual-object variant remains visible with all its image figures, edge areas and material details; no schematic modern substitute drawing.
Source location: Met object 37814; Inventory 1989.236.8; complete main photograph from the current institutional API, uncropped; original 1630 × 1835 px
BM 1867,0709.5 remains the broken square plate with eight lines on each side. A broken first line of text is lost. Schrire plate 44 shows a different round example; Budge/Raziel show other compositions. A modern book illustration index names the exact plate, but does not establish a free image licence or an exact usable inscription outline.
Text amulet
Jewish amulet culture Provenance not determined in the catalogue · 18th century (?)
Pishon, Gihon, Chidekel and Perat in rows and anagrams on both sides.
Research draftSpecific model required
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Jewish amulet culture
Region
Provenance not determined in the catalogue
Date of the evidence
18th century (?)
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Description
Pishon, Gihon, Chidekel and Perat in rows and anagrams on both sides.
Historically recorded use
Silver amulet with the names of the four rivers of the Garden of Eden arranged several times.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Dating uncertain; an interpretation involving life extension is discussed by comparison with another object and is not established for this piece.
Before designing
Check 1867,0709.5 directly and epigraphically before tracing; do not invent the missing upper line.
Research draft. BM 1867,0709.5 remains the broken square plate with eight lines on each side. A broken first line of text is lost. Schrire plate 44 shows a different round example; Budge/Raziel show other compositions. A modern book illustration index names the exact plate, but does not establish a free image licence or an exact usable inscription outline. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Source location: 1867,0709.5; Description, Production date, Curator's comments
18th century with a question mark. Complete indexed catalogue text accessible; direct retrieval HTTP 403. The comparative interpretation of long life concerns another example.
Search index evidence – complete source page not yet checked · Checked on:
Four pentacles with lunar and Martian associations – Wellcome MS.4657, p. 50
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
French-language Clavicles tradition, Pseudo-Solomon French-language transmission; exact place of origin not established here · Mid-18th century (institutionally: mid-18th century)
Four closed circular figures: rays, triangles, distributed signs and a grid. Complete native page photograph at 5082 × 6173 pixels; the book gutter, paper condition and visible edges of neighbouring pages are retained.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
French-language transmission; exact place of origin not established here
Date of the evidence
Mid-18th century (institutionally: mid-18th century)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Four closed circular figures: rays, triangles, distributed signs and a grid. Complete native page photograph at 5082 × 6173 pixels; the book gutter, paper condition and visible edges of neighbouring pages are retained.
Historically recorded use
The French captions refer to earthquakes, dangers on land and sea, and military use; these are historical magical attributions, not protective or operational instructions.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Six specifically located complete pages from the same inventory, not six physical objects or newly claimed traditions. The French functional descriptions are historical attributions. There is no evidence of an actually worn amulet form. Unclear characters are not transcribed; unfinished figures on other pages are not added. Pseudo-Solomon is the catalogue designation, not historical authorship by Solomon. Wellcome mentions the connection between the back inscription St. Germain and the Comte de Saint Germain only as a possibility.
Before designing
Unchanged native complete manuscript page as a reference facsimile. No isolated glyph cut-out, script reconstruction, normalised sequence of numerals or engraving outline; no manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Unaltered native whole-manuscript-page reference facsimile. No isolated glyph cut-out, script reconstruction, normalised sequence of numbers or engraving outline; no manufacturing approval. The French captions refer to earthquakes, dangers on land and sea, and military use; historical magical attributions, not instructions for protection or action. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Unaltered native whole-manuscript-page reference facsimile. No isolated glyph cut-out, script reconstruction, normalised sequence of numbers or engraving outline; no manufacturing approval. The French captions refer to earthquakes, dangers on land and sea, and military use; historical magical attributions, not instructions for protection or action.
Source location: MS.4657; work mykxff67; bibliographic b19695494
Identity, signature, current physical access status and explicitly open digital IIIF location with Public Domain Mark. The physical note item missing does not constitute a digital rights withdrawal; the possible connection to Saint Germain remains unverified.
Institutional original dating mid-18th century, shelfmark, Public Domain Mark, 299 Canvases and specific image identification. The six complete pages actually viewed attest to their signs and labelled historical purposes; no reading of unclear signs or completion of unfinished figures.
Four pentacles with star, ray, cross and square figures – Wellcome MS.4657, p. 112
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
French-language Clavicles tradition, Pseudo-Solomon French-language transmission; exact place of origin not established here · Mid-18th century (institutionally: mid-18th century)
Four complete circles in a 2×2 arrangement; Hebrew-like characters are retained visually and are not independently transcribed. Complete native page capture at 5209 × 6170 pixels; the gutter, condition of the paper and visible edges of neighbouring pages are retained.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
French-language transmission; exact place of origin not established here
Date of the evidence
Mid-18th century (institutionally: mid-18th century)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Four complete circles in a 2×2 arrangement; Hebrew-like characters are retained visually and are not independently transcribed. Complete native page capture at 5209 × 6170 pixels; the gutter, condition of the paper and visible edges of neighbouring pages are retained.
Historically recorded use
The French accompanying texts mention, among other things, visions, poverty, dangers and good fortune in games/trade. The specific historical sheet variant is recorded; it is not equated with other editions or new promises of protection.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Six specifically located complete pages from the same inventory, not six physical objects or newly claimed traditions. The French functional descriptions are historical attributions. There is no evidence of an actually worn amulet form. Unclear characters are not transcribed; unfinished figures on other pages are not added. Pseudo-Solomon is the catalogue designation, not historical authorship by Solomon. Wellcome mentions the connection between the back inscription St. Germain and the Comte de Saint Germain only as a possibility.
Before designing
Unchanged native complete manuscript page as a reference facsimile. No isolated glyph cut-out, script reconstruction, normalised sequence of numerals or engraving outline; no manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Unaltered native full manuscript page as a reference facsimile. No cropped individual glyph, reconstructed writing, normalised number sequence or engraving outline; no manufacturing approval. The accompanying French texts mention, among other things, visions, poverty, dangers and luck in gaming/trade. The specific historical leaf variant is recorded; it is not equated with other editions or new promises of protection. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Unaltered native full manuscript page as a reference facsimile. No cropped individual glyph, reconstructed writing, normalised number sequence or engraving outline; no manufacturing approval. The accompanying French texts mention, among other things, visions, poverty, dangers and luck in gaming/trade. The specific historical leaf variant is recorded; it is not equated with other editions or new promises of protection.
Source location: MS.4657; work mykxff67; bibliographic b19695494
Identity, signature, current physical access status and explicitly open digital IIIF location with Public Domain Mark. The physical note item missing does not constitute a digital rights withdrawal; the possible connection to Saint Germain remains unverified.
Institutional original dating mid-18th century, shelfmark, Public Domain Mark, 299 Canvases and specific image identification. The six complete pages actually viewed attest to their signs and labelled historical purposes; no reading of unclear signs or completion of unfinished figures.
Four connected figures and a club-bearer – Atalanta fugiens 1618, Emblem 19
Original image · source evidence
Alchemical-theosophical symbolic image
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art Oppenheim, Germany; place of printing · 1618; first publication of the work 1617
Four nearly naked male figures stand close together. A fifth man raises a large club to strike at the group; a cityscape stretches out behind them.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art
Region
Oppenheim, Germany; place of printing
Date of the evidence
1618; first publication of the work 1617
Type of evidence
Textual evidence
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Four nearly naked male figures stand close together. A fifth man raises a large club to strike at the group; a cityscape stretches out behind them.
Historically recorded use
The motto links the death of one of the four with the death of all. The historical image metaphor is described without any additional modern binding or protective effect. Historical book illustration with epigram and associated discourse; no documented neck pendant.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
An individually located emblem in the specific 1618 Oppenheimer print; the first publication in 1617 is distinct from this. Part of the same work and the same copy, not an independent amulet object. Individual use as a worn amulet, ancient origin of this graphic and efficacy are not evidenced.
Before designing
Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view with motto, image, epigram, printed page number and side margin notes. Paper, stains, binding shadows and any coloured areas are retained. Institutional presentation resolution 2880×3442; larger master 4291×5129 documented separately. Historical image evidence without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view with motto, image, epigram, printed page number and side margin notes. Paper, stains, binding shadows and any coloured areas are retained. Institutional presentation resolution 2880×3442; larger master 4291×5129 documented separately. Historical image evidence without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view with motto, image, epigram, printed page number and side margin notes. Paper, stains, binding shadows and any coloured areas are retained. Institutional presentation resolution 2880×3442; larger master 4291×5129 documented separately. Historical image evidence without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: QD25 .M354 1618, Emblem 19, printed p. 85; institutional individual inventory cf95jc43q; Large JPG 2880×3442
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Courtesy of Science History Institute; Michael Maier, Atalanta fugiens (Oppenheim 1618), Emblem 19, S.85; engraver Matthaeus Merian; Public Domain Mark 1.0.
Source location: QD25 .M354 1618; Oppenheim, Johann-Theodor de Bry; complete work with 50 emblems
Copy used from 1618; the work's first publication in 1617 is attested separately. Historical alchemical emblem, epigram and musical context. No evidence for 30 independent works, worn amulets or present-day claims of efficacy. Individual image rights additionally checked for each inventory item.
The motto links the death of one of the four with the death of all. The historical visual metaphor is described without adding any modern binding or protective effect. The original title, English institutional counter-label, dating 1618 and specific PDM image release correspond to the individual page.
Four fire circles standing one above another – Atalanta fugiens 1618, Emblem 17
Original image · source evidence
Alchemical-theosophical symbolic image
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art Oppenheim, Germany; place of printing · 1618; first publication of the work 1617
Four spherical circles filled with a flame pattern are arranged vertically above a river landscape with houses and boats.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art
Region
Oppenheim, Germany; place of printing
Date of the evidence
1618; first publication of the work 1617
Type of evidence
Textual evidence
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Four spherical circles filled with a flame pattern are arranged vertically above a river landscape with houses and boats.
Historically recorded use
The title refers to a fourfold course of fireworks. The specific visible arrangement is retained and is not redrawn as a modern four-element sigil. Historical book illustration with epigram and associated discourse; no attested neck pendant.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
An individually located emblem in the specific 1618 Oppenheimer print; the first publication in 1617 is distinct from this. Part of the same work and the same copy, not an independent amulet object. Individual use as a worn amulet, ancient origin of this graphic and efficacy are not evidenced.
Before designing
Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view with motto, image, epigram, printed page number and side margin notes. Paper, stains, binding shadows and any coloured areas are retained. Institutional presentation resolution 2880×3442; larger master 4291×5129 documented separately. Historical image evidence without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view with motto, image, epigram, printed page number and side margin notes. Paper, stains, binding shadows and any coloured areas are retained. Institutional presentation resolution 2880×3442; larger master 4291×5129 documented separately. Historical image evidence without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view with motto, image, epigram, printed page number and side margin notes. Paper, stains, binding shadows and any coloured areas are retained. Institutional presentation resolution 2880×3442; larger master 4291×5129 documented separately. Historical image evidence without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: QD25 .M354 1618, Emblem 17, printed p. 77; institutional individual inventory cr56n175s; Large JPG 2880×3442
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Courtesy of Science History Institute; Michael Maier, Atalanta fugiens (Oppenheim 1618), Emblem 17, S.77; engraver Matthaeus Merian; Public Domain Mark 1.0.
Source location: QD25 .M354 1618; Oppenheim, Johann-Theodor de Bry; complete work with 50 emblems
Copy used from 1618; the work's first publication in 1617 is attested separately. Historical alchemical emblem, epigram and musical context. No evidence for 30 independent works, worn amulets or present-day claims of efficacy. Individual image rights additionally checked for each inventory item.
The title refers to a fourfold course of fireworks. The specific visible arrangement is retained and not redrawn as a modern four-element sigil. The original title, English institutional counter-label, dating 1618 and specific PDM image licence match the individual page.
Four Archangels parchment amulet – Asch Collection
Original image · source evidence
Historical protective amulet
Jewish Hebrew amulet tradition Origin unknown; current holdings Yale, USA · c. 18th century; institutional dating
Square parchment sheet with circular bands of writing, four small corner grids and Hebrew text around the margin. The four archangel names are identified by the exhibition catalogue, not by a new reading.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Jewish Hebrew amulet tradition
Region
Origin unknown; current holdings Yale, USA
Date of the evidence
c. 18th century; institutional dating
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Square parchment sheet with circular bands of writing, four small corner grids and Hebrew text around the margin. The four archangel names are identified by the exhibition catalogue, not by a new reading.
Historically recorded use
The catalogue assigns protective functions to Michael, Gabriel, Raphael and Uriel; use in the home is only conjectured.
Complete native original capture as a source facsimile; no reconstruction, modernised reading or automatic engraving approval.
Research draft. Complete native original capture as a source facsimile; no reconstruction, modernised reading or automatic engraving approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete native original capture as a source facsimile; no reconstruction, modernised reading or automatic engraving approval.
Central Javanese Buddhist visual tradition Indonesia, Java · Second half of the 9th to early 10th century
Black-and-white museum photograph of a seated four-armed bronze with a pointed back arch and a broad ornamented base. The museum mentions silver inlays; the photograph does not allow comprehensive differentiation of materials.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Central Javanese Buddhist visual tradition
Region
Indonesia, Java
Date of the evidence
Second half of the 9th to early 10th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Black-and-white museum photograph of a seated four-armed bronze with a pointed back arch and a broad ornamented base. The museum mentions silver inlays; the photograph does not allow comprehensive differentiation of materials.
Historically recorded use
The museum title identifies the four-armed seated figure as Jambhala, the Buddhist god of wealth. The evidence supports this visual identification, without demonstrating a specific private protective rite or amulet use.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The native original offered by the institution is only 506×700 pixels. No upscaling, added attributes or claim that details are fully legible. API 850–933 is a catalogue interval, not an exact year of manufacture.
Before designing
Unaltered native museum photographs as reference; no sign reconstruction, no engraving-ready outline.
Research draft. Black-and-white museum photograph of a seated four-armed bronze figure with a pointed back arch and a broad ornamented base. The museum names silver inlays; the photograph does not allow comprehensive material differentiation. The native original offered by the institution is only 506×700 pixels. No upscaling, added attributes or claim that details are fully legible. API 850–933 is a catalogue range, not an exact year of manufacture. Native raster files unchanged, no manufacturing contours. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Black-and-white museum photograph of a seated four-armed bronze figure with a pointed back arch and a broad ornamented base. The museum names silver inlays; the photograph does not allow comprehensive material differentiation. The native original offered by the institution is only 506×700 pixels. No upscaling, added attributes or claim that details are fully legible. API 850–933 is a catalogue range, not an exact year of manufacture. Native raster files unchanged, no manufacturing contours.
Source location: 1987.142.301; 1 complete native museum photograph(s)
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Seated Four Armed Jambhala, the Buddhist God of Wealth, 1987.142.301. Samuel Eilenberg Collection, Gift of Samuel Eilenberg, 1987
Group of four love-magic signs – Stockholm-Galdrabók, scan 44
Original image · source evidence
Historical handwritten magical sign
Early modern Icelandic Galdrabók tradition Icelandic manuscript; current holding in Stockholm · Late 16th to 17th century; dating of the codex, not a more precise year for the figure
Four different figures: a circle with a continuous axis, a comb-like angular sign, a small circle with arms, and an asymmetrical bow-shaped sign with inner angles. The group is preserved together.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern Icelandic Galdrabók tradition
Region
Icelandic manuscript; current holding in Stockholm
Date of the evidence
Late 16th to 17th century; dating of the codex, not a more precise year for the figure
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Four different figures: a circle with a continuous axis, a comb-like angular sign, a small circle with arms, and an asymmetrical bow-shaped sign with inner angles. The group is preserved together.
Historically recorded use
The four forms correspond to the drawing identified on the left in Pagani fig. 5 as a love-magic group. The interpretation of use follows the research; no new complete translation of the text has been made.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Anonymous multi-hand Icelandic magical manuscript, oldest parts from the end of the 16th century, additions in the 17th century; not evidence for the Viking Age. The title is a modern factual description of the figures, not an invented old proper name. No linkage as a substitute for Lbs 143 or for the two Solomon seals. The four-figure group shown is unequivocally scan 44. Based on the adjacent leaves actually viewed, 43/45 with numbers 21/22, this is 21v. Pagani 2025 gives 22v; a different folio numbering or locator error remains unresolved. The modern drawing was only compared, not adopted as an image asset.
Before designing
Complete native JPEG embedded unchanged; the checked viewport shows the entire selected figure or group of four. No tracing, filled-in ink losses or engraving approval.
Research draft. Complete native JPEG embedded unchanged; the checked viewport shows the entire selected figure or group of four. No tracing, filling in ink losses or approval for engraving. Anonymous multi-armed Icelandic magical manuscript, oldest parts from the end of the 16th century, additions in the 17th century; not evidence for the Viking Age. The title is a modern factual description of the figure, not an invented old proper name. No link as a substitute for Lbs 143 or for the two Solomon seals. The group of four shown is unequivocally Scan 44. Based on the adjacent folios actually viewed, 43/45, with numbers 21/22, this is 21v. Pagani 2025 gives 22v; a different foliation or locator error has not been resolved. The modern drawing was compared only, not used as an image asset. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete native JPEG embedded unchanged; the checked viewport shows the entire selected figure or group of four. No tracing, filling in ink losses or approval for engraving. Anonymous multi-armed Icelandic magical manuscript, oldest parts from the end of the 16th century, additions in the 17th century; not evidence for the Viking Age. The title is a modern factual description of the figure, not an invented old proper name. No link as a substitute for Lbs 143 or for the two Solomon seals. The group of four shown is unequivocally Scan 44. Based on the adjacent folios actually viewed, 43/45, with numbers 21/22, this is 21v. Pagani 2025 gives 22v; a different foliation or locator error has not been resolved. The modern drawing was compared only, not used as an image asset.
Source location: ATTACHMENT-0044; 21v according to visible original foliation; research reference differs, 22v; scan44-four-figures
73 digitised items; oldest parts from the late 16th century, additions in the 17th century; acquired in Copenhagen in 1682. PDM expressly applies to the specific catalogue object.
Source location: SHM 21284; ATA F16:26; ATTACHMENT-0044
Unaltered institutional JPEG at full JP2 resolution; specific signs and context actually viewed on the native sheet. PDM comes from the exact Alvin catalogue object, not the modern research graphic.
Source location: Scan 44 between the original pages with visible folio numbers 21 and 22
Exact institutional locator for the group of four. Pagani fig. 5 instead gives 22v; a possible different numbering or error remains unresolved. No silent standardisation.
Early modern English-Latin ritual magic English-Latin manuscript; present-day holding in London · Late 16th century (institutional dating of the manuscript)
A rectangular frame is divided into four fields by one horizontal and one vertical line; the fields contain names and small signs. The figure appears in the Thesaurus-spirituum section of the collection. The writing is retained without normalising unclear proper names.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern English-Latin ritual magic
Region
English-Latin manuscript; present-day holding in London
Date of the evidence
Late 16th century (institutional dating of the manuscript)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A rectangular frame is divided into four fields by one horizontal and one vertical line; the fields contain names and small signs. The figure appears in the Thesaurus-spirituum section of the collection. The writing is retained without normalising unclear proper names.
Historically recorded use
The figure appears in the Thesaurus-spirituum section of the collection. The writing is retained without normalising unclear proper names.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Specific manuscript witness MS.110, institutionally dated to the late 16th century. Pseudo-Bacon and Pseudo-Solomon are attributions, not securely established medieval authorship. The modern blue folio numbers are distinguished from the age of the text; verso references follow the adjacent visible recto foliation and the IIIF page sequence. Irregular lines, show-through, losses and original variations in the signs are retained. The complete selected group is a component of this one copy and not a new abstract type of tradition.
Before designing
Unaltered native full-page JPEG within the SVG; only the documented viewport selects the complete historical figure. No added lines, modern replacement glyphs, raster conversion, vector transcription or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Specific manuscript witness MS.110, institutionally dated to the late 16th century. Pseudo-Bacon and Pseudo-Solomon are attributions, not securely established medieval authorship. The modern blue folio numbers are distinguished from the age of the text; verso references follow the adjacent visible recto foliation and the IIIF page sequence. Irregular lines, show-through, losses and original variations in the signs are retained. The complete selected group is a component of this one copy, not a new abstract type of tradition. Unaltered native full-page JPEG in the SVG; only the documented viewport selects the complete historical figure. No added lines, modern substitute glyphs, raster conversion, vector transcription or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Specific manuscript witness MS.110, institutionally dated to the late 16th century. Pseudo-Bacon and Pseudo-Solomon are attributions, not securely established medieval authorship. The modern blue folio numbers are distinguished from the age of the text; verso references follow the adjacent visible recto foliation and the IIIF page sequence. Irregular lines, show-through, losses and original variations in the signs are retained. The complete selected group is a component of this one copy, not a new abstract type of tradition. Unaltered native full-page JPEG in the SVG; only the documented viewport selects the complete historical figure. No added lines, modern substitute glyphs, raster conversion, vector transcription or manufacturing approval.
Source location: MS.110; current API p8bhyjys; old ID afsfdgzh (HTTP 410)
Dating and exact Digital Location. Roger Bacon is a pseudo-author attribution; the present binding, early 19th century, is not the date of the writing. Rights: Individual Digital Location links b18937135 with PDM.
Source location: 256 Canvases; historical folio numbers in the image
Images, sequence, dimensions and institutional descriptions of the five component texts. Folios 36–38 incorrectly bound according to the catalogue. Rights: the specific digital surrogate as a whole carries the Public Domain Mark; no transfer of rights from other images.
Unaltered complete institutional JPEG page; historical individual sign located by visible evidence. Rights: PDM for the exactly corresponding IIIF digital surrogate b18937135.
Nordic historical amulet and image traditions Vindeby, Lolland, Denmark · Viking Age according to the individual museum classification
Bronze fragment with handle, distinct pommel, crossguard and short surviving blade section.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Nordic historical amulet and image traditions
Region
Vindeby, Lolland, Denmark
Date of the evidence
Viking Age according to the individual museum classification
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Bronze fragment with handle, distinct pommel, crossguard and short surviving blade section.
Historically recorded use
The museum describes it as an amulet or amulet candidate. The surviving form is historically attested; specific spiritual use and efficacy are described only to the extent supported by the individual evidence.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The museum classifies it as a sword-shaped amulet miniature. The missing blade tip and additional length are not reconstructed; no specific protective effect in warfare is attested.
Before designing
Unaltered historical museum views with surviving damage, corrosion and any scales. No retouching, and no additions to missing writing or lines. The facsimile provides a source reference and requires a separate manufacturing outline.
Research draft. Bronze fragment with a handle, pronounced pommel, crossguard and short surviving section of blade. The museum classifies it as a sword-shaped miniature amulet. The missing blade tip and any further length are not reconstructed; a specific protective effect in combat is not evidenced. The named object views are shown side by side; this does not claim that they formed a historical arrangement of signs. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Bronze fragment with a handle, pronounced pommel, crossguard and short surviving section of blade. The museum classifies it as a sword-shaped miniature amulet. The missing blade tip and any further length are not reconstructed; a specific protective effect in combat is not evidenced. The named object views are shown side by side; this does not claim that they formed a historical arrangement of signs.
The museum classifies this as a sword-shaped miniature amulet. The missing blade tip and additional length are not reconstructed; no specific protective effect in warfare is attested. Individual object classification, material, find events and images are taken from the museum’s raw data block.
The individual ImageObject in the museum JSON-LD names this JPEG URL and CC BY-SA 4.0. Image credit: Nationalmuseet, Danmark; photographer not named according to the media catalogue. The actual JPEG pixel dimensions are checked; larger TIFF catalogue dimensions are not transferred to the JPEG used.
The individual ImageObject in the museum JSON-LD names this JPEG URL and CC BY-SA 4.0. Image credit: Nationalmuseet, Danmark; photographer not named according to the media catalogue. The actual JPEG pixel dimensions are checked; larger TIFF catalogue dimensions are not transferred to the JPEG used.
Vindelev: A-bracteate with T-sign, runes and triskelion
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Early Nordic visual and written tradition Vindelev, Jelling Parish, South Jutland, Denmark · Ca. 450–490 AD; iconographically according to RuneS
A-bracteate with a male head, a T-shaped sign with a circle at its lower end, t- and a-runes and a triskele. All elements belong to the surviving stamped image of this inventory item.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early Nordic visual and written tradition
Region
Vindelev, Jelling Parish, South Jutland, Denmark
Date of the evidence
Ca. 450–490 AD; iconographically according to RuneS
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A-bracteate with a male head, a T-shaped sign with a circle at its lower end, t- and a-runes and a triskele. All elements belong to the surviving stamped image of this inventory item.
Historically recorded use
Historically documented gold pendant with a stamped image field. A specific protective effect or particular ritual is not demonstrated for this individual piece by the cited object records.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The combination is attested as a historical die impression. It is not turned into a freely assembled modern bind-rune. RuneS records a and t as well as uncertain rune elements, and dates it to 450–490.
Before designing
The model is the surviving museum photograph, including wear and damage. No modern addition of missing lines, and no conversion of unclear runes or letter imitations into an invented readable formula.
Research draft. Two byte-identical institutional JPEG views of the same inventory item side by side: image side and reverse. Preserved folds, abrasion and obscured image areas remain visible; no modernised reconstruction. Each image file has its own CC BY-SA 4.0 attribution in the object JSON-LD. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Two byte-identical institutional JPEG views of the same inventory item side by side: image side and reverse. Preserved folds, abrasion and obscured image areas remain visible; no modernised reconstruction. Each image file has its own CC BY-SA 4.0 attribution in the object JSON-LD.
Source location: Object 583602; C 63597; obverse and reverse DO-140844/DO-140845
IK 735; specific object description and photographs by Arnold Mikkelsen. Folded objects are not flattened. Latin-letter imitations are not readily legible rune inscriptions. Recording, find and access dates from 2020–2023 are not dates for the historical motif. The specific JPEG file is listed separately in the image-specific JSON-LD licence list.
RuneS / Niedersächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen
Source location: IK 735; 450–490, iconographic
The date refers to the historical stamp; philological uncertainties and individually attested signs have not been normalised. The RuneS data licence CC BY-SA 4.0 does not replace an image licence; the museum photograph separately reviewed for use is used.
Vindelev: C-bracteate with an early mention of Odin
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Early Nordic visual and written tradition Vindelev, Jelling Parish, South Jutland, Denmark · Ca. 450–490 AD; iconographically according to RuneS
C-bracteate with a large head above a four-legged animal, accompanying signs and a long marginal inscription. The National Museum recognises in the ending of the Proto-Norse inscription a statement that the named person is Odin’s man.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early Nordic visual and written tradition
Region
Vindelev, Jelling Parish, South Jutland, Denmark
Date of the evidence
Ca. 450–490 AD; iconographically according to RuneS
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
C-bracteate with a large head above a four-legged animal, accompanying signs and a long marginal inscription. The National Museum recognises in the ending of the Proto-Norse inscription a statement that the named person is Odin’s man.
Historically recorded use
Historically documented gold pendant with a stamped image field. A specific protective effect or particular ritual is not demonstrated for this individual piece by the cited object records.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The mention of Odin is a philological museum interpretation of the inscription. It does not turn all the signs into a modern Odin seal. RuneS dates it iconographically to 450–490; the complete reading is uncertain.
Before designing
The model is the surviving museum photograph, including wear and damage. No modern addition of missing lines, and no conversion of unclear runes or letter imitations into an invented readable formula.
Research draft. Two byte-identical institutional JPEG views of the same inventory item side by side: image side and reverse. Preserved folds, abrasion and obscured image areas remain visible; no modernised reconstruction. Each image file has its own CC BY-SA 4.0 attribution in the object JSON-LD. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Two byte-identical institutional JPEG views of the same inventory item side by side: image side and reverse. Preserved folds, abrasion and obscured image areas remain visible; no modernised reconstruction. Each image file has its own CC BY-SA 4.0 attribution in the object JSON-LD.
Source location: Object 583600; C 63595; obverse and reverse DO-140728/DO-140729
IK 738; specific object description and photographs by Arnold Mikkelsen. Folded objects are not smoothed out. Latin-letter imitations are not readily legible runic inscriptions. Recording/find/accession dates from 2020–2023 are not dates for the historical motif. The specific JPEG file is listed separately in the image-specific JSON-LD licence list.
RuneS / Niedersächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen
Source location: IK 738; 450–490, iconographically
The date refers to the historical stamp; philological uncertainties and individually attested signs have not been normalised. The RuneS data licence CC BY-SA 4.0 does not replace an image licence; the museum photograph separately reviewed for use is used.
Early Nordic visual and written tradition Vindelev, Jelling Parish, South Jutland, Denmark · Early Germanic Iron Age; no individual numerical range in the object catalogue
Folded large A bracteate with a double bust composition, brooches, a triskelion, imitated Latin letters and a broad stamped border. The catalogue also explains the image details with reference to casts.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early Nordic visual and written tradition
Region
Vindelev, Jelling Parish, South Jutland, Denmark
Date of the evidence
Early Germanic Iron Age; no individual numerical range in the object catalogue
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Folded large A bracteate with a double bust composition, brooches, a triskelion, imitated Latin letters and a broad stamped border. The catalogue also explains the image details with reference to casts.
Historically recorded use
Historically documented gold pendant with a stamped image field. A specific protective effect or particular ritual is not demonstrated for this individual piece by the cited object records.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The museum photograph shows the actual folded original. Invisible details from cast descriptions are not invented in the photograph or in a new symbol drawing. No individual dating later than the older Germanic Iron Age is given here.
Before designing
The model is the surviving museum photograph, including wear and damage. No modern addition of missing lines, and no conversion of unclear runes or letter imitations into an invented readable formula.
Research draft. Two byte-identical institutional JPEG views of the same inventory item side by side: image side and reverse. Preserved folds, abrasion and obscured image areas remain visible; no modernised reconstruction. Each image file has its own CC BY-SA 4.0 attribution in the object JSON-LD. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Two byte-identical institutional JPEG views of the same inventory item side by side: image side and reverse. Preserved folds, abrasion and obscured image areas remain visible; no modernised reconstruction. Each image file has its own CC BY-SA 4.0 attribution in the object JSON-LD.
Source location: Object 583597; C 63592; obverse and reverse DO-140720/DO-140719
IK 733; specific object description and photographs by Arnold Mikkelsen. Folded objects are not flattened. Latin letter imitations are not readily legible runic inscriptions. Recording/find/accession dates from 2020–2023 are not dates for the historical motif. The specific JPEG file is listed separately in the image-specific JSON-LD licence list.
Vindelev: folded portrait bracteate with hands and staff
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Early Nordic visual and written tradition Vindelev, Jelling Parish, South Jutland, Denmark · Early Germanic Iron Age; no individual numerical range in the object catalogue
Partly folded A-bracteate with a male bust, raised hands and a staff with a square finial. The museum catalogue mentions a possible imitation of a Roman military standard and letter imitations.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early Nordic visual and written tradition
Region
Vindelev, Jelling Parish, South Jutland, Denmark
Date of the evidence
Early Germanic Iron Age; no individual numerical range in the object catalogue
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Partly folded A-bracteate with a male bust, raised hands and a staff with a square finial. The museum catalogue mentions a possible imitation of a Roman military standard and letter imitations.
Historically recorded use
Historically documented gold pendant with a stamped image field. A specific protective effect or particular ritual is not demonstrated for this individual piece by the cited object records.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The possible comparison with a military standard is an interpretation. The surviving fold obscures parts of the image; no complete outline is artificially reconstructed from it. The classification remains older Germanic Iron Age.
Before designing
The model is the surviving museum photograph, including wear and damage. No modern addition of missing lines, and no conversion of unclear runes or letter imitations into an invented readable formula.
Research draft. Two byte-identical institutional JPEG views of the same inventory item side by side: image side and reverse. Preserved folds, abrasion and obscured image areas remain visible; no modernised reconstruction. Each image file has its own CC BY-SA 4.0 attribution in the object JSON-LD. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Two byte-identical institutional JPEG views of the same inventory item side by side: image side and reverse. Preserved folds, abrasion and obscured image areas remain visible; no modernised reconstruction. Each image file has its own CC BY-SA 4.0 attribution in the object JSON-LD.
Source location: Object 583605; C 63600; image side and reverse DO-140856/DO-140855
IK 736; specific object description and photographs by Arnold Mikkelsen. Folded objects are not flattened. Latin-letter imitations are not readily legible runic inscriptions. The recording/discovery/accession dates of 2020–2023 are not dates for the historical motif. The specific JPEG file is listed separately in the image-specific JSON-LD licence list.
Early Nordic visual and written tradition Vindelev, Jelling Parish, South Jutland, Denmark · Early Germanic Iron Age; no individual numerical range in the object catalogue
A-bracteate with a male bust facing left, segmented garment depiction and raised hand. The museum interprets the hand as a misunderstood imitation of a Roman mappa; the border marks imitate Latin letters.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early Nordic visual and written tradition
Region
Vindelev, Jelling Parish, South Jutland, Denmark
Date of the evidence
Early Germanic Iron Age; no individual numerical range in the object catalogue
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A-bracteate with a male bust facing left, segmented garment depiction and raised hand. The museum interprets the hand as a misunderstood imitation of a Roman mappa; the border marks imitate Latin letters.
Historically recorded use
Historically documented gold pendant with a stamped image field. A specific protective effect or particular ritual is not demonstrated for this individual piece by the cited object records.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Mappa and Roman pictorial models are the catalogue’s interpretation. No magical effect of the gesture is inferred from this. The catalogue dates it only to the older Germanic Iron Age, without a specific numerical interval.
Before designing
The model is the surviving museum photograph, including wear and damage. No modern addition of missing lines, and no conversion of unclear runes or letter imitations into an invented readable formula.
Research draft. Two byte-identical institutional JPEG views of the same inventory item side by side: image side and reverse. Preserved folds, abrasion and obscured image areas remain visible; no modernised reconstruction. Each image file has its own CC BY-SA 4.0 attribution in the object JSON-LD. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Two byte-identical institutional JPEG views of the same inventory item side by side: image side and reverse. Preserved folds, abrasion and obscured image areas remain visible; no modernised reconstruction. Each image file has its own CC BY-SA 4.0 attribution in the object JSON-LD.
Source location: Object 583591; C 63586; image side and reverse DO-140636/DO-140635
IK 729; specific object description and photographs by Arnold Mikkelsen. Folded objects are not flattened. Latin-letter imitations are not readily legible runic inscriptions. Recording/find/accession dates from 2020–2023 are not dates for the historical motif. The specific JPEG file is listed separately in the image-specific JSON-LD licence list.
Vindelev: portrait bracteate with a sphere and a ring of knots
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Early Nordic visual and written tradition Vindelev, Jelling Parish, South Jutland, Denmark · Early Germanic Iron Age; no individual numerical range in the object catalogue
A-type bracteate with a bust looking left, a sphere in one hand, a knot ring in the other, a broad ornamental border and imitated Latin letters.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early Nordic visual and written tradition
Region
Vindelev, Jelling Parish, South Jutland, Denmark
Date of the evidence
Early Germanic Iron Age; no individual numerical range in the object catalogue
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A-type bracteate with a bust looking left, a sphere in one hand, a knot ring in the other, a broad ornamental border and imitated Latin letters.
Historically recorded use
Historically documented gold pendant with a stamped image field. A specific protective effect or particular ritual is not demonstrated for this individual piece by the cited object records.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The museum's own record gives IK 730; a neighbouring record refers to IK 731 for related Vindelev coin impressions. Without a clear match, no RuneS IK 731 inscription is assigned to this inventory. Letter imitations do not yield a secure formula.
Before designing
The model is the surviving museum photograph, including wear and damage. No modern addition of missing lines, and no conversion of unclear runes or letter imitations into an invented readable formula.
Research draft. Two byte-identical institutional JPEG views of the same inventory item side by side: image side and reverse. Preserved folds, abrasion and obscured image areas remain visible; no modernised reconstruction. Each image file has its own CC BY-SA 4.0 attribution in the object JSON-LD. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Two byte-identical institutional JPEG views of the same inventory item side by side: image side and reverse. Preserved folds, abrasion and obscured image areas remain visible; no modernised reconstruction. Each image file has its own CC BY-SA 4.0 attribution in the object JSON-LD.
Source location: Object 583592; C 63587; image side and reverse DO-140638/DO-140637
IK 730 according to the object catalogue; specific object description and photographs by Arnold Mikkelsen. Folded objects are not flattened. Latin letter imitations are not readily legible runic inscriptions. Recording, find and access dates from 2020–2023 are not dates for the historical motif. The specific JPEG file is listed separately in the image-specific JSON-LD licence list.
Early medieval Scandinavian pictorial and jewellery tradition Sweden; find context according to the individual catalogue: Plats: Visborgs kungsladugård, Socken: Visby socken, Kommun: Gotland kommun, Landskap: Gotland, Land: Sverige · 400–550 AD according to the current SHM individual object page; Folkvandringstid
Profile head above a stylised horned animal in a round field. Short incised or stamped signs before the face remain in the worn original state.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early medieval Scandinavian pictorial and jewellery tradition
Region
Sweden; find context according to the individual catalogue: Plats: Visborgs kungsladugård, Socken: Visby socken, Kommun: Gotland kommun, Landskap: Gotland, Land: Sverige
Date of the evidence
400–550 AD according to the current SHM individual object page; Folkvandringstid
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Profile head above a stylised horned animal in a round field. Short incised or stamped signs before the face remain in the worn original state.
Historically recorded use
Individually inventoried historical gold pendant with a stamped image field. The museum catalogue lists the piece as a bracteate; a specific protective formula, deity or individual amulet practice is not securely attested in this single source.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Specific SHM individual inventory 109459_HST. The current museum dating of 400–550 (Migration Period) is separate from the modern acquisition registration. Erroneous date values in the older K-samsök search metadata are archived only as discovery data and are not used as the date of manufacture. A historical gold pendant with an image panel is not proof of personal magical use. No deity attribution or free translation of the runes.
Before designing
Unaltered complete capture of the surviving object surface as a historical image reference. Wear, breakage, original photographic background, inventory writing and scale are retained. Not a reconstructed complete state and not an engraving-ready design vector.
Research draft. Complete, unaltered institutional presentation photograph of the surviving original object; no camera master is claimed and no local raster transformation has been made. Profile head above a stylised horned animal in a circular field. Short incised or impressed signs in front of the face remain in the worn original state. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete, unaltered institutional presentation photograph of the surviving original object; no camera master is claimed and no local raster transformation has been made. Profile head above a stylised horned animal in a circular field. Short incised or impressed signs in front of the face remain in the worn original state.
Source location: 109459_HST; SHM media ID 325C7CBF-1C2D-4435-8752-5368A78FE10B
Current individual object identity, period of manufacture, material and find context; the linked individual media page attests to the photographer and CC BY 4.0. The modern acquisition year is not transferred to the date of manufacture.
Text connects the figure with visions and Jacob’s ladder.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The statement of purpose is a historical attribution. The German short name is editorial; it is not a claim of efficacy.
Before designing
Check the source drawing and inscription in full before creating a motif drawing; an image link is not a finished engraving template.
Research draft. Visually checked single-figure detail from the historical original. Raster facsimile in an SVG viewport; original JPEG embedded unchanged. Paper/parchment, printing irregularities and show-through are retained. No engraving-ready vector paths; manufacturing requires separately checked vectorisation. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Visually checked single-figure detail from the historical original. Raster facsimile in an SVG viewport; original JPEG embedded unchanged. Paper/parchment, printing irregularities and show-through are retained. No engraving-ready vector paths; manufacturing requires separately checked vectorisation.
Source location: Second numbered pentacle section, handwritten p.12; IIIF Canvas position 183, image 0194
Source location: Work hwqdep8w; MS. 4659; La Clavicule…; mid-18th century; French
Institutional catalogue: French manuscript from the mid-18th century, with numerous pentacles, sigils and inserted parchment leaves. The claim of a translation from Hebrew belongs to the work’s title and is not adopted as a proven source text. Place of manufacture unknown. Twelve selected drawings from the second numbered pentacle section have been individually located visually; statements of purpose are historical attributions made by the manuscript.
Institutional manifest obtained directly; twelve complete, distinguishable drawings viewed in the browser. Page 15 was initially obscured by the loose slip; the complete image is in Canvas 189/Image 0200. Canvas here is a 1-based image position. Page 21 was set aside because its internal drawing is faded/unclear. The German titles are descriptive catalogue labels, not asserted traditional proper names.
Viskum: Mary with Child in a halo of rays on a lead amulet
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Christian relic and image traditions Viskum Manor, Jutland, Denmark · Late medieval, according to the individual museum title
Round lead pendant with an upper loop, lateral projections and a dotted circle. The better-preserved side shows Mary with Child in a halo of rays; the reverse has indistinct human figures.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Christian relic and image traditions
Region
Viskum Manor, Jutland, Denmark
Date of the evidence
Late medieval, according to the individual museum title
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Round lead pendant with an upper loop, lateral projections and a dotted circle. The better-preserved side shows Mary with Child in a halo of rays; the reverse has indistinct human figures.
Historically recorded use
The museum describes it as an amulet or amulet candidate. The surviving form is historically attested; specific spiritual use and efficacy are described only to the extent supported by the individual evidence.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The identification of the Marian side comes from the museum. The uncertain figures and lateral ring/cross forms are not named more precisely than the evidence allows.
Before designing
Unaltered historical museum views with surviving damage, corrosion and any scales. No retouching, and no additions to missing writing or lines. The facsimile provides a source reference and requires a separate manufacturing outline.
Research draft. Round lead pendant with an upper loop, lateral projections and a circle of dots. The better-preserved side shows Mary and Child in a halo of rays; the reverse has indistinct human figures. Identification of the Marian side comes from the museum. The uncertain figures and lateral ring/cross forms are not named more precisely than the evidence allows. The named object views are shown side by side; this does not claim a historical arrangement of the signs. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Round lead pendant with an upper loop, lateral projections and a circle of dots. The better-preserved side shows Mary and Child in a halo of rays; the reverse has indistinct human figures. Identification of the Marian side comes from the museum. The uncertain figures and lateral ring/cross forms are not named more precisely than the evidence allows. The named object views are shown side by side; this does not claim a historical arrangement of the signs.
Source location: D 309/2022; DMR-235564, DMR-235565
Identification of the Marian side comes from the museum. The uncertain figures and lateral ring/cross shapes are not named more precisely than the evidence allows. Individual object classification, material, find events and images are taken from the museum raw-data block.
The individual ImageObject in the museum JSON-LD specifies this JPEG URL and CC BY-SA 4.0. Image credit: Rasmus Bak Meng / Nationalmuseet, Danmark. The actual JPEG pixel dimensions are verified; larger TIFF catalogue dimensions are not attributed to the JPEG used.
The individual ImageObject in the museum JSON-LD specifies this JPEG URL and CC BY-SA 4.0. Image credit: Rasmus Bak Meng / Nationalmuseet, Danmark. The actual JPEG pixel dimensions are verified; larger TIFF catalogue dimensions are not attributed to the JPEG used.
Fully modelled carved lion with a worked body and head.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Archaic Italy; Etruscan, Greek and Italic visual traditions
Region
Italy
Date of the evidence
525–480 B.C.
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Fully modelled carved lion with a worked body and head.
Historically recorded use
The catalogue considers the lion pendant within the ancient tradition of powerful animal images and possible amuletic protection against danger.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Strength and protection are comparative historical interpretations. The specific piece is not assigned to any securely attested use, deity or person.
Before designing
Unmodified native institutional photographic source; no invented glyph additions, no isolated vector outline and no manufacturing approval. Historical evidence and comparative interpretation remain separate.
Research draft. Strength and protection are comparative historical interpretations. The specific object is not attributed to any securely transmitted use, deity or person. Complete original JPEG bytes; losses to the writing and material are not supplemented. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Strength and protection are comparative historical interpretations. The specific object is not attributed to any securely transmitted use, deity or person. Complete original JPEG bytes; losses to the writing and material are not supplemented.
Scholarly comparison and interpretation are presented separately from secure object form and actual use. Photograph separately from current collection metadata relation.
Front part of a resting or reclining boar with a distinctive snout.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Archaic Italy; Etruscan, Greek and Italic visual traditions
Region
Italy
Date of the evidence
525–480 B.C.
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Front part of a resting or reclining boar with a distinctive snout.
Historically recorded use
The catalogue compares the image’s form with the wild animal’s strength and possible ability to ward off danger; the object belongs to the group of figural pendants.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
An aggressive or protective effect is interpretively inferred. No individual ancient ritual text or owner is known.
Before designing
Unmodified native institutional photographic source; no invented glyph additions, no isolated vector outline and no manufacturing approval. Historical evidence and comparative interpretation remain separate.
Research draft. An aggressive or protective effect is inferred interpretively. No individual ancient ritual text or owner is known. Complete original JPEG bytes; losses to the script and material are not filled in. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: An aggressive or protective effect is inferred interpretively. No individual ancient ritual text or owner is known. Complete original JPEG bytes; losses to the script and material are not filled in.
Source location: 76.AO.84; complete, actually photographed main image view
Scholarly comparison and interpretation are presented separately from secure object form and actual use. Photograph separately from current collection metadata relation.
French Clavicula and pseudo-Solomon tradition French-language volume; now at Wellcome Collection, London · 1796; dating of the specific Wellcome volume MS.4670
Red double circle with gold-coloured Hebrew signs around the edge and a four-by-four-letter square inside. The page explicitly identifies this figure as the front of a shared talisman, whose other figure belongs on the reverse. The entry shows only this fully preserved front figure, not both sides of the intended carrier.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French Clavicula and pseudo-Solomon tradition
Region
French-language volume; now at Wellcome Collection, London
Date of the evidence
1796; dating of the specific Wellcome volume MS.4670
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Red double circle with gold-coloured Hebrew signs around the edge and a four-by-four-letter square inside. The page explicitly identifies this figure as the front of a shared talisman, whose other figure belongs on the reverse. The entry shows only this fully preserved front figure, not both sides of the intended carrier.
Historically recorded use
The page explicitly describes this figure as the front of a shared talisman, with its other figure intended for the reverse. The entry shows only this complete front figure, not both sides of the intended object.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The individual Miro image number and CC-BY-DigitalLocation are institutionally linked to MS4670. The page number and individual heading were checked against the unchanged full image. Component of a historically intended two-sided sun pentacle; the front is on p.63, and the reverse figure on p.64 is context, not a second example. The specific manuscript is dated to 1796 in the institution’s volume catalogue. Pseudo-Solomon and the claimed translation from Hebrew are transmitted attributions; neither ancient authorship nor a surviving Hebrew original is claimed. Historical statements of purpose are not evidence of efficacy.
Before designing
Unchanged native full-page JPEG embedded in the SVG; only the visible figure area is bounded by the viewport. Paper, colours, show-through writing and existing traces are retained. No outline transcription, added lines or approval for engraving.
Research draft. The individual Miro image number and CC-BY-DigitalLocation are institutionally linked to MS4670. The page number and individual heading have been checked against the unaltered full image. Component of a historically intended double-sided solar pentacle; recto p.63, reverse figure p.64 as context, not a second copy. Unaltered native full-page JPEG embedded in the SVG; only the visible figure area is bounded by the viewport. Paper, colours, show-through text and existing marks are retained. No outline transcription, line additions or engraving approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The individual Miro image number and CC-BY-DigitalLocation are institutionally linked to MS4670. The page number and individual heading have been checked against the unaltered full image. Component of a historically intended double-sided solar pentacle; recto p.63, reverse figure p.64 as context, not a second copy. Unaltered native full-page JPEG embedded in the SVG; only the visible figure area is bounded by the viewport. Paper, colours, show-through text and existing marks are retained. No outline transcription, line additions or engraving approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.4670,1796; handwritten p.63;Les deux Pentacules ou Talismans n’en font qu’un, devant être au revers l’un de l’autre. Partie anterieure;Originalaufnahme L0073059
Institutional volume catalogue with a specific shelfmark and year date, 1796. The attribution J. S. Fyot, 1796 is recorded in Volume I; there is no secure individual attribution of the drawings for every sheet of the second volume.
Source location: MS4670; institutional Miro image number L0073059
CC BY 4.0 expressly applies to the individual IIIF image digital item; the catalogue prose describes the volume as a whole, while specific pages/figures are identified from the visible original.
Unaltered full/full JPEG; the individual work metadata explicitly links this image to MS4670. Viewports from different pages are separate and do not overlap.
Source location: MS4670; institutional Miro image number L0073060
CC BY 4.0 expressly applies to the individual IIIF image digital item; the catalogue prose describes the volume as a whole, while specific pages/figures are identified from the visible original.
Unaltered full/full JPEG; the individual work metadata explicitly links this image to MS4670. Viewports from different pages are separate and do not overlap.
Votive mirror with eleven-headed Kannon (Met 1975.268.157)
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Japanese Buddhism and Shintō-Buddhism of the late Heian period Japan · 12th century; API search interval 1100–1199
Round gilded bronze mirror with a finely incised image of Kannon and two suspension loops at the top. The complete front and back are preserved as native museum photographs. The patina and low line contrast remain visible and unaltered.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Japanese Buddhism and Shintō-Buddhism of the late Heian period
Region
Japan
Date of the evidence
12th century; API search interval 1100–1199
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Round gilded bronze mirror with a finely incised image of Kannon and two suspension loops at the top. The complete front and back are preserved as native museum photographs. The patina and low line contrast remain visible and unaltered.
Historically recorded use
Met curators describe kyōzō as spiritually and ritually significant mirrors of the late Heian period. According to the museum, this particular image combines Shinto and Buddhist attributes. The two upper bronze eyelets suggest a suspension, according to the museum. The museum identifies Kannon on a lotus blossom, a prayer bead necklace, a teaching gesture and eleven small heads as expressions of his sight and care for suffering beings. These iconographic details are curatorial interpretations, not an independent reading.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Ritual and votive object; wearing this specific piece on the body is not evidenced. No independent protective effect of the reflection is claimed. Fine incised lines are only faintly visible on the patinated original; no reconstruction or contrast enhancement. The symbolic interpretations are attributed to the museum; no independent reading of the inscription, no reconstruction and no promise of an effect.
Before designing
Unaltered native original photographs as historical reference. No engraving outlines, no reconstruction of writing and no manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Round gilded bronze mirror with a finely incised image of Kannon and two suspension loops at the top. The complete front and back survive as native museum photographs. Patina and low line contrast remain visible unchanged. Ritual and votive object; wearing this specific piece on the body is not attested. No independent protective effect of the mirror image is claimed. Fine incised lines are only faintly visible on the patinated original; no reconstruction or contrast adjustment. The symbolic interpretations are attributed to the museum; no independent reading of the inscription, no reconstruction and no promise of efficacy. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Round gilded bronze mirror with a finely incised image of Kannon and two suspension loops at the top. The complete front and back survive as native museum photographs. Patina and low line contrast remain visible unchanged. Ritual and votive object; wearing this specific piece on the body is not attested. No independent protective effect of the mirror image is claimed. Fine incised lines are only faintly visible on the patinated original; no reconstruction or contrast adjustment. The symbolic interpretations are attributed to the museum; no independent reading of the inscription, no reconstruction and no promise of efficacy.
Source location: 1975.268.157; two complete native original images
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Votive Mirror with Eleven-Headed Kannon, 1975.268.157. The Harry G. C. Packard Collection of Asian Art, Gift of Harry G. C. Packard, and Purchase, Fletcher, Rogers, Harris Brisbane Dick, and Louis V. Bell Funds, Joseph Pulitzer Bequest, and The Annenberg Fund Inc. Gift, 1975
Source location: CC0 policy for public-domain artwork images
Institutional rights statement, checked alongside the individual public-domain information on the three object pages and APIs. No blanket CC0 release of curatorial descriptive texts is claimed.
Votive plaque with crowned seated figure and animals at the base
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Buddhist visual tradition Tibet · 10th–16th century
Crowned figure with hands joined in the lap, surrounded by a framed arch. Small animal forms appear on the lower base. The upper outline is damaged; the native photograph is black and white.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Buddhist visual tradition
Region
Tibet
Date of the evidence
10th–16th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Crowned figure with hands joined in the lap, surrounded by a framed arch. Small animal forms appear on the lower base. The upper outline is damaged; the native photograph is black and white.
Historically recorded use
The small clay plaque is catalogued as a Tibetan votive image. It is evidence of a religious figure within the clay plaque tradition. A specific deity, use worn on the body or an individual act of protection is not attested for this inventory item.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 30.32.75, Met object 38823. The museum title remains general. The broad dating, 10th–16th century, is not narrowed to a single date of manufacture; signs that are poorly preserved are not supplemented.
Before designing
Unchanged complete native museum image; no reconstruction of damaged details. No manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete native museum photograph, with no raster transformation or reconstruction of old forms. Historical religious image evidence; not approved for manufacture. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete native museum photograph, with no raster transformation or reconstruction of old forms. Historical religious image evidence; not approved for manufacture.
Source location: The Metropolitan Museum of Art; 30.32.75; complete selected individual photograph
Birds in an entwining image – Lambspring, figure 8, Musaeum 1678
Original image · source evidence
Alchemical-theosophical symbolic image
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art Frankfurt am Main, Germany; place of printing · 1678; specific copy used; partial imprint 1677
Two large birds face one another in a landscape; the upper one reaches with its beak towards the lower one’s neck.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art
Region
Frankfurt am Main, Germany; place of printing
Date of the evidence
1678; specific copy used; partial imprint 1677
Type of evidence
Textual evidence
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Two large birds face one another in a landscape; the upper one reaches with its beak towards the lower one’s neck.
Historically recorded use
The motto names body and spirit and the consumption of one by the other; what is transmitted is the allegorical book scene. Historical book illustration; use as an actual neck pendant is not attested.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Individually localised historical printed component of the specific 1678 copy, not a new independent historical text and not an attested worn amulet. Efficacy and suitability for manufacture have not been demonstrated. Visible partial imprint 1677, distinct from the year of the complete volume, 1678; not to be equated with the first creation of the image form. The transmitted author’s name is given as an attribution in the title; no identity as a medieval monk or dating of this image to the 15th century is confirmed.
Before designing
Complete, unaltered institutional full-page JPEG view, 2880×3151px. The separately offered larger master, 4701×5143px, was not provided as the downloaded file. Image, writing, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile, not a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete, unaltered institutional full-page JPEG view, 2880×3151px. The separately offered larger master, 4701×5143px, was not provided as the downloaded file. Image, writing, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile, not a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete, unaltered institutional full-page JPEG view, 2880×3151px. The separately offered larger master, 4701×5143px, was not provided as the downloaded file. Image, writing, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile, not a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: QD25 .M87315 1678; Lambsprinck De Lapide Philosophico, Figure 8, p. 357; viewer index 35, Asset w6634473c; Large JPG 2880×3151
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Courtesy of Science History Institute; Musaeum Hermeticum Reformatum et Amplificatum, used edition 1678; QD25 .M87315 1678; Lambsprinck De Lapide Philosophico, Figur 8, S. 357; Viewerindex 35, Asset w6634473c; Public Domain Mark 1.0.
Source location: QD25 .M87315 1678; Frankfurt am Main, Hermann à Sande
Specific complete volume with 70 institutional digital images. Main title and catalogue date 1678; several bound component titles bear 1677. The 30 images captured are components of this single volume. The transmitted author names are attributions in the printed work; no confirmed biography of a medieval monk.
Source location: QD25 .M87315 1678; Lambsprinck De Lapide Philosophico, figure 8, p. 357; viewer index 35, asset w6634473c
The motto names body and spirit and the consumption of one by the other; the allegorical book scene is what is transmitted. Specific image file of the identified PDM volume; viewer membership, own download and individual PDM download display checked. No non-existent individual catalogue page has been invented.
European zodiac; medieval Christian calendar tradition Augsburg, Germany (attested manuscript) · Late 12th to early 13th century (this image evidence)
Libra, calendar image.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
European zodiac; medieval Christian calendar tradition
Region
Augsburg, Germany (attested manuscript)
Date of the evidence
Late 12th to early 13th century (this image evidence)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Description
Libra, calendar image.
Historically recorded use
Zodiac image in the calendar of the Claricia Psalter.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The evidence concerns the zodiac motif. It does not establish a wearable amulet or the glyph form used today.
Before designing
Check the historical image variant on fol. 5v; Unicode is only a search/display aid.
Research draft. Visually checked single-figure detail from the historical original. Raster facsimile in an SVG viewport; original JPEG embedded unchanged. Paper/parchment, printing irregularities and show-through are retained. No engraving-ready vector paths; manufacturing requires separately checked vectorisation. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Visually checked single-figure detail from the historical original. Raster facsimile in an SVG viewport; original JPEG embedded unchanged. Paper/parchment, printing irregularities and show-through are retained. No engraving-ready vector paths; manufacturing requires separately checked vectorisation.
Source location: Claricia Psalter, Walters W.26, fol. 5v; zodiac image in the calendar.
Historical coin with a pictorial zodiac sign, Libra; the illustration reproduces the actual surviving side of the coin.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Mughal Empire; zodiac signs on coins
Region
India; partly Agra
Date of the evidence
1625; 1034 AH
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Historical coin with a pictorial zodiac sign, Libra; the illustration reproduces the actual surviving side of the coin.
Historically recorded use
The museum description identifies the zodiac sign as indicating the month of striking and expressly rules out original talismanic manufacture.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Historical evidence of signs only, not a worn amulet and not a prediction of personality. The written-out inscription date and, where applicable, broader numerical API limits remain documented separately.
Before designing
Native institutional object image as a historical image reference; no isolated vector glyph, added inscription or manufacturing approval. The photograph and original form remain separate from later engraving outlines.
Research draft. Historical drawing evidence only, not a worn amulet and not a personality prediction. The written-out inscription dating and any broader numerical API limits remain documented separately. Original JPEGs are embedded byte-for-byte; no lettering or lines have been added. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historical drawing evidence only, not a worn amulet and not a personality prediction. The written-out inscription dating and any broader numerical API limits remain documented separately. Original JPEGs are embedded byte-for-byte; no lettering or lines have been added.
Source location: Met 99.35.6552; complete selected original view
Title, inventory number, material and dating are checked individually; cultural-historical use is included only to the extent stated in the object description. The linked web text snapshots document the independent, current review of the object pages.
Cypro-Phoenician Cyprus / Phoenician Mediterranean · 7th–2nd century BC
Golden tube with a central suspension loop and granulated triangular panels at the ends. The wall is deformed and dented in places.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Cypro-Phoenician
Region
Cyprus / Phoenician Mediterranean
Date of the evidence
7th–2nd century BC
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Golden tube with a central suspension loop and granulated triangular panels at the ends. The wall is deformed and dented in places.
Historically recorded use
The museum text explains that amulet containers of this group served as cases for spells on thin gold or papyrus, to which divine protection was attributed. It describes the spread of an originally Egyptian container concept through Phoenician regions. The surviving case is evidenced on this specific object; no particular spell has been transmitted.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 74.51.3321, object 242755. The protective use is explained in the individual object text. Neither a missing inlay nor a conjectured inscription is added.
Before designing
Complete native museum photograph as a historical reference; damage and present-day photographic elements remain visible. No contour reconstruction, no production approval.
Research draft. Unchanged complete native museum image; no raster transformation or addition of old outlines. Historical reference, not manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Unchanged complete native museum image; no raster transformation or addition of old outlines. Historical reference, not manufacturing approval.
Source location: The Metropolitan Museum of Art; 74.51.3321; 242755
The actually read single-object text from the web tool on use and limits of interpretation. A separate ordinary native HTML retrieval returned 429 and is archived only as an error response.
Source location: CC0 for individually designated public-domain images
Freshly read institutional CC0 primary text from the web tool. Individual rights attribution was additionally checked in each archived individual object API record.
Ancient Egyptian religion Egypt · Evidence ca. 1550–30 BC; New Kingdom to Ptolemaic period
Papyrus column or papyrus sceptre with upper suspension.
Research draftSource-based vector template
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Ancient Egyptian religion
Region
Egypt
Date of the evidence
Evidence ca. 1550–30 BC; New Kingdom to Ptolemaic period
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Description
Papyrus column or papyrus sceptre with upper suspension.
Historically recorded use
Ideas of life, vitality and regeneration for the living and the dead.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Met 10.130.1818. The museum emphasises the difficulty of precise dating.
Before designing
Check the specific historical variant and object image against a source before using it; do not design a newly combined sigil.
Research draft. Front contour of the specific papyrus column 10.130.1818. The visible chalice form, neck rings, upper peg and selected incised leaf/stem boundaries are retained. The very broad historical dating remains unchanged; no modern lotus or tree-of-life forms have been added. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Vector template: Front contour of the specific papyrus column 10.130.1818. The visible chalice form, neck rings, upper peg and selected incised leaf/stem boundaries are retained. The very broad historical dating remains unchanged; no modern lotus or tree-of-life forms have been added.
Source location: 10.130.1818; main photograph, column end at top and pointed end at bottom
Front contour of the specific papyrus column 10.130.1818. The visible chalice form, neck rings, upper peg and selected incised leaf/stem boundaries are retained. The very broad historical dating remains unchanged; no modern lotus or tree-of-life forms have been added.
Catholic devotional and blessing culture Vienna, Karlsgasse 3; find 1938 · AD 1600–1800 (museum catalogue)
Oval medal with a cross, anchor and the Christogram IHS. The reverse shows a dove above two figures; according to the museum, one of them wears pilgrims' clothing.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Catholic devotional and blessing culture
Region
Vienna, Karlsgasse 3; find 1938
Date of the evidence
AD 1600–1800 (museum catalogue)
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Oval medal with a cross, anchor and the Christogram IHS. The reverse shows a dove above two figures; according to the museum, one of them wears pilgrims' clothing.
Historically recorded use
Catholic devotional pendant with Christian pictorial and textual motifs. No individual use is recorded.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The damaged inscription and the second figure have not been fully identified. No specific pilgrimage site or identity for either figure is added.
Before designing
Unaltered, complete museum photographs of two sides, shown separately. No reconstructed writing, engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. The damaged inscription and the second figure have not been fully identified. No specific pilgrimage site or identity for either figure is added. Both complete Full-JPEGs provided by the institution remain unchanged in their native bytes. No local cropping, straightening or additions. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The damaged inscription and the second figure have not been fully identified. No specific pilgrimage site or identity for either figure is added. Both complete Full-JPEGs provided by the institution remain unchanged in their native bytes. No local cropping, straightening or additions.
Source location: Wien Museum MV 46926; two original photographs
Unbekannt, Anhänger in Form einer Wallfahrtsmedaille, 1600–1800, Wien Museum Inv.-Nr. MV 46926, CC BY 4.0, Foto: TimTom, Wien Museum (https://sammlung.wienmuseum.at/objekt/2507628/)
Own concise description of a specific historical object. Date of manufacture, year of discovery and present-day photography remain distinct. Individual CC-BY-4.0 image rights, including the institution’s suggested citation, archived.
Washerwoman at the tub – Atalanta fugiens 1618, Emblem 3
Original image · source evidence
Alchemical-theosophical symbolic image
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art Oppenheim, Germany; place of printing · 1618; specific copy used
A woman works at a large wooden washing tub. A hearth, hanging cloths and vessels form the domestic setting.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art
Region
Oppenheim, Germany; place of printing
Date of the evidence
1618; specific copy used
Type of evidence
Textual evidence
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A woman works at a large wooden washing tub. A hearth, hanging cloths and vessels form the domestic setting.
Historically recorded use
The motto calls for imitation of a woman washing cloths; the specific book scene is an alchemical metaphor for work. Historical book illustration; actual use as a pendant is not attested.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Individually located historical print component of the specific 1618 copy, not a new independent historical text and not an attested worn amulet. Effects and suitability for manufacture are not established. Work first published in 1617; the print used here is from 1618. Visible areas of colour belong to the present condition of this copy; their separate date of colouring is not attested.
Before designing
Complete unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view 2880×3442px. The separately offered larger master 4291×5129px was not supplied as a downloaded file. Image, writing, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view 2880×3442px. The separately offered larger master 4291×5129px was not supplied as a downloaded file. Image, writing, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view 2880×3442px. The separately offered larger master 4291×5129px was not supplied as a downloaded file. Image, writing, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: QD25 .M354 1618; Emblem 3, printed p. 21; individual inventory m326m2613; Large JPG 2880×3442
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Courtesy of Science History Institute; Atalanta fugiens, used edition 1618; QD25 .M354 1618; Emblem 3, gedruckte S. 21; Einzelinventar m326m2613; Public Domain Mark 1.0.
The same specifically identified copy as for the 30 emblems already included; this batch adds only the remaining 20 individual sheets. First publication in 1617 and the edition used, 1618, are distinguished.
The motto calls for imitation of a woman washing cloth; the specific book scene is an alchemical working metaphor. Individual institutional metadata checked against PDM.
European zodiac; medieval Christian calendar tradition Augsburg, Germany (attested manuscript) · Late 12th to early 13th century (this image evidence)
Aquarius, calendar image.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
European zodiac; medieval Christian calendar tradition
Region
Augsburg, Germany (attested manuscript)
Date of the evidence
Late 12th to early 13th century (this image evidence)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Description
Aquarius, calendar image.
Historically recorded use
Zodiac image in the calendar of the Claricia Psalter.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The evidence concerns the zodiac motif. It does not establish a wearable amulet or the glyph form used today.
Before designing
Check the historical image variant on fol. 1v; Unicode is only a search/display aid.
Research draft. Visually checked single-figure crop from the historical original. Raster facsimile in the SVG viewport; original JPEG embedded unchanged. Paper/parchment, printing irregularities and show-through ink are retained. No engraving-ready vector paths; production requires a separately checked vectorisation. Multiple adjacent original viewports exclude unrelated neighbouring marks or calendar text; the complete selected figure is retained. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Visually checked single-figure crop from the historical original. Raster facsimile in the SVG viewport; original JPEG embedded unchanged. Paper/parchment, printing irregularities and show-through ink are retained. No engraving-ready vector paths; production requires a separately checked vectorisation. Multiple adjacent original viewports exclude unrelated neighbouring marks or calendar text; the complete selected figure is retained.
Source location: Claricia Psalter, Walters W.26, fol. 1v; zodiac image in the calendar.
Dropsical figure by the Jordan – Atalanta fugiens 1618, Emblem 13
Original image · source evidence
Alchemical-theosophical symbolic image
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art Oppenheim, Germany; place of printing · 1618; specific copy used
A naked male figure with a strongly arched belly sits on a rock beside a river. Bridges, houses and trees fill the background.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art
Region
Oppenheim, Germany; place of printing
Date of the evidence
1618; specific copy used
Type of evidence
Textual evidence
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A naked male figure with a strongly arched belly sits on a rock beside a river. Bridges, houses and trees fill the background.
Historically recorded use
The motto compares the philosophers’ ore with a dropsical figure and Naaman at the Jordan; it documents a historical metaphor without making a claim of medical efficacy. Historical book illustration; actual use as a neck pendant is not attested.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Individually located historical printed component from the specific 1618 copy, not a new independent historical text and not an attested worn amulet. Effect and suitability for manufacture are not established. Work first published in 1617; the print used here is from 1618.
Before designing
Complete unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view 2880×3442px. The separately offered larger master 4291×5129px was not supplied as a downloaded file. Image, writing, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view 2880×3442px. The separately offered larger master 4291×5129px was not supplied as a downloaded file. Image, writing, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view 2880×3442px. The separately offered larger master 4291×5129px was not supplied as a downloaded file. Image, writing, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: QD25 .M354 1618; Emblem 13, printed p. 61; individual inventory 5t34sk45h; Large JPG 2880×3442
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Courtesy of Science History Institute; Atalanta fugiens, used edition 1618; QD25 .M354 1618; Emblem 13, gedruckte S. 61; Einzelinventar 5t34sk45h; Public Domain Mark 1.0.
The same specifically identified copy as for the 30 emblems already included; this batch adds only the remaining 20 individual sheets. First publication in 1617 and the edition used, 1618, are distinguished.
The motto compares the philosophers’ ore with a dropsical figure and Naaman at the Jordan; it documents a historical metaphor without making a medical efficacy claim. Specific institutional metadata checked against PDM.
Evidence c. 1080–664 BC; Third Intermediate Period or later
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Description
Eye sign with human and falcon-like features.
Historically recorded use
The amulet was placed with the living and the dead in the hope of protection and regeneration.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The original evidence remains Met 08.205.14j / 561713 from Memphis. The explicitly named additional type view is the faience Wedjat Met 09.180.2507 / 553572 from Lisht South, ca. 1080–664 BC; its existing individual profile is neither replaced nor duplicated. Healing and rebirth are reported Egyptian beliefs.
Before designing
The additional open reference view is specifically Met 09.180.2507 from South Lisht. It is not presented as a photograph of the original Memphis example 08.205.14j. No damaged contour has been filled in and no sigil newly combined.
Research draft. Named additional type view from South Lisht. The original source specimen 08.205.14j from Memphis remains a separate, differently identified piece of evidence; the existing individual variant Met 09.180.2507 is not created anew. The damaged historical outline is not filled in. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Named additional type view from South Lisht. The original source specimen 08.205.14j from Memphis remains a separate, differently identified piece of evidence; the existing individual variant Met 09.180.2507 is not created anew. The damaged historical outline is not filled in.
Source location: Met 09.180.2507 / 553572, photographed surviving front view
Faience Wedjat from South Lisht, c. 1080–664 BC. Additional explicitly identified typological example; not the original Memphis object 08.205.14j. The existing individual-profile record remains unchanged. The current API states isPublicDomain=true and gives the specific original image URL; images so marked are covered by the institutional CC0 Open Access Policy.
Wedjat eye – faience amulet Met 09.180.2507 (South Lisht)
Vector rendering · symbol source
Symbol amulet
Ancient Egyptian amulet tradition; specific Wedjat object variant Egypt, Memphite region, South Lisht; MMA excavations 1908–09 · c. 1080–664 BC; Third Intermediate Period or later, Dynasty 21–25 (current Met catalogue)
Specific front view of Met 09.180.2507: turquoise faience, dark eyebrow, black pupil, a rolled-under element on the left and a vertical projection on the right. Length 2.8 cm, width 2.3 cm, depth 0.6 cm according to the catalogue. The reverse image shows the modern inventory inscription and is used only for object verification.
Research draftSource-based vector template
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Ancient Egyptian amulet tradition; specific Wedjat object variant
Region
Egypt, Memphite region, South Lisht; MMA excavations 1908–09
Date of the evidence
c. 1080–664 BC; Third Intermediate Period or later, Dynasty 21–25 (current Met catalogue)
Specific front view of Met 09.180.2507: turquoise faience, dark eyebrow, black pupil, a rolled-under element on the left and a vertical projection on the right. Length 2.8 cm, width 2.3 cm, depth 0.6 cm according to the catalogue. The reverse image shows the modern inventory inscription and is used only for object verification.
Historically recorded use
The institutional museum catalogue identifies this specific find as a Wedjat amulet. No particular effect or individual wearing history is additionally claimed for inventory 09.180.2507.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Distinct historical object variant within the Wedjat motif family. Current object page, live API and both original photographs checked. The catalogue gives c. 1080–664 BCE, while both API date fields contain -1070; the displayed time range is explicitly retained as the catalogue’s entry. This variant does not replace canonical source object 08.205.14j/561713. No invented restoration of lost surface or claim of a universally applicable glyph form.
Before designing
Use only the upright front view EGDP021692 as evidence for the form: eye on the right, curled lower stroke on the left, without mirroring. The source-based editorial front outline must be checked against this view for the outer form, eyelid, pupil and lower stroke; damaged glaze is not an additional sigil line. The image reference and editorial vector form remain separately verifiable.
Research draft. Source-based editorial outline of the upright frontal photograph EGDP021692 of the specific faience Wedjat amulet Met 09.180.2507. The preserved outer shape, eyelid, pupil, brow band, curled lower line and lower-right extension are reproduced without mirroring. Losses to the glaze, surface colour and minor damage are simplified; no additions are made to create an idealised modern eye shape. The graphic is not a pixel-faithful reproduction and belongs exclusively to this object variant, not to the other Wedjat object 08.205.14j. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Vector template: Source-based editorial outline of the upright frontal photograph EGDP021692 of the specific faience Wedjat amulet Met 09.180.2507. The preserved outer shape, eyelid, pupil, brow band, curled lower line and lower-right extension are reproduced without mirroring. Losses to the glaze, surface colour and minor damage are simplified; no additions are made to create an idealised modern eye shape. The graphic is not a pixel-faithful reproduction and belongs exclusively to this object variant, not to the other Wedjat object 08.205.14j.
Source-based editorial outline of the upright frontal photograph EGDP021692 of the specific faience Wedjat amulet Met 09.180.2507. The preserved outer shape, eyelid, pupil, brow band, curled lower line and lower-right extension are reproduced without mirroring. Losses to the glaze, surface colour and minor damage are simplified; no additions are made to create an idealised modern eye shape. The graphic is not a pixel-faithful reproduction and belongs exclusively to this object variant, not to the other Wedjat object 08.205.14j.
Source location: Object 553572; Inventory 09.180.2507; front photograph 09.180.2507_EGDP021692.jpg
Current institutional object page consulted: faience Wedjat amulet from Egypt, Memphite Region, Lisht South, MMA excavations 1908–09. Dated c. 1080–664 BCE, Third Intermediate Period or later, Dynasty 21–25. The original’s front and back photographs were visually checked; the selected image EGDP021692 shows the complete front, already upright. The object page explicitly designates the images as Public Domain. No transfer of identity to the other Wedjat object 08.205.14j/561713.
Live JSON retrieved directly from the institutional API endpoint. objectID, accessionNumber, faience, Lisht South, excavation, original image URLs and isPublicDomain=true confirmed. objectDate is ca. 1080–664 BCE; the separate API numerical fields objectBeginDate and objectEndDate are both -1070. The profile therefore explicitly adopts the displayed date range and documents the discrepant API numerical values, rather than claiming a precise single date. Image-use rights were additionally checked against the specific object page and image policy.
Source location: Open Access Initiative; CC0 for images of public-domain artworks; Art Search / API
Institutional image policy reviewed: Open Access images of public-domain artworks are provided under CC0, including for commercial use. For variant 553572, the specific Public-Domain marking on the object page and the live API flag were also checked. The general CC0 release of metadata alone was not treated as image permission.
Ancient Egyptian amulet and image tradition Egypt; specific findspot not established here · Egyptian Late Period, c. 712–332 BCE
Blue-glazed faience, 3.7 × 3.5 × 1.7 cm. The image shows a darkly outlined eye with a brow, lower projection and curled side element; surface abrasion remains visible.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Ancient Egyptian amulet and image tradition
Region
Egypt; specific findspot not established here
Date of the evidence
Egyptian Late Period, c. 712–332 BCE
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Blue-glazed faience, 3.7 × 3.5 × 1.7 cm. The image shows a darkly outlined eye with a brow, lower projection and curled side element; surface abrasion remains visible.
Historically recorded use
The museum lists the piece as an eye amulet and explains the historical protective use of Egyptian amulets. No specific wearer or find context is evidenced here.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Dating follows the object display and matching API year fields. The much broader cultural period in the IIIF title is not an additional object dating. Protection refers to historical use, not a claimed effect.
Before designing
Complete native museum photographs as historical image references; no reconstructed outline and no manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Dating follows the object page and matching API year fields. The much broader cultural period in the IIIF title is not an additional object date. Protection refers to historical use, not to a claimed effect. Native JPEG bytes unchanged; no local raster editing, tracing or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Dating follows the object page and matching API year fields. The much broader cultural period in the IIIF title is not an additional object date. Protection refers to historical use, not to a claimed effect. Native JPEG bytes unchanged; no local raster editing, tracing or manufacturing approval.
Christian Kabbalistic theosophy and early modern alchemy Hanau, Germany; place of printing · 1609; title page states 1602
Mountain landscape with working, reading and praying figures and paths leading to the inscribed mountain gate; divine light is part of the historical image.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Christian Kabbalistic theosophy and early modern alchemy
Region
Hanau, Germany; place of printing
Date of the evidence
1609; title page states 1602
Type of evidence
Textual evidence
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Mountain landscape with working, reading and praying figures and paths leading to the inscribed mountain gate; divine light is part of the historical image.
Historically recorded use
Symbolic illustration in an alchemical-theosophical book. Individual use of the book illustration as an amulet is not attested.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Specific engraving of the 1609 print. The date 1602 on the title is not accepted as the actual year of publication. No universal protective effect, ancient origin or association with a modern standard seal form is claimed.
Before designing
Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG view of the opened historical print. Fold lines, paper, shadows and all original inscriptions are preserved. The resolution of the presentation view limits the legibility of fine text; larger institutional masters exist separately. Historical image evidence, not a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG view of the opened historical print. Fold lines, paper, shadows and all original inscriptions are preserved. The resolution of the presentation view limits the legibility of fine text; larger institutional masters exist separately. Historical image evidence, not a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG view of the opened historical print. Fold lines, paper, shadows and all original inscriptions are preserved. The resolution of the presentation view limits the legibility of fine text; larger institutional masters exist separately. Historical image evidence, not a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: Hanau 1609; shelfmark QD25 .K486 1609; title gives 1602, actual publication 1609
Historical Christian Kabbalistic and alchemical print with individually catalogued engravings. No source attests to wearing these complete book images as amulets. Specific image rights: Public Domain Mark 1.0.
Source location: Amphitheatrum 1609, plate 2; Member cv43nw865
Individual image witness and institutional description; specific PDM release. Unaltered institutional Large-JPEG presentation (2880 pixels wide), distinct from the considerably larger TIFF/Full-sized-JPEG master. The plate number identifies this institutional copy.
Triangularly framed female head in left profile, with a projecting nose, head covering and prominent drill holes. Losses and fine cracks remain part of the original photograph.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Etruscan
Region
Italy
Date of the evidence
c. 525–480 BC
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Triangularly framed female head in left profile, with a projecting nose, head covering and prominent drill holes. Losses and fine cracks remain part of the original photograph.
Historically recorded use
Faya Causey’s Getty catalogue discusses this profile form in connection with female deities and life, light and birth. Its precise identification remains open; several identifications are compared. The amuletic function considered there is an art-historical interpretation, not a surviving personal protective text.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 77.AO.81.4; catalogue no. 14, object 103TE3. The short text mentions a Phrygian headdress; the full catalogue considers several associations with goddesses. None of the proposed identifications is adopted as certain.
Before designing
Complete native museum photograph as a historical reference; damage and present-day photographic elements remain visible. No contour reconstruction, no production approval.
Research draft. Unchanged complete native museum image; no raster transformation or addition of old outlines. Historical reference, not manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Unchanged complete native museum image; no raster transformation or addition of old outlines. Historical reference, not manufacturing approval.
Source location: J. Paul Getty Museum; 77.AO.81.4; 103TE3
Current Native individual object page with specific CC0 photo attribution and text separately identified as CC BY 4.0. JSON-LD extracted unchanged from this HTML.
Complete institutional specialist catalogue: dating, condition, provenance and explicitly weighed interpretations of the image and function. The catalogue text is scholarly commentary; no original excavation documentation is claimed.
Wisdom and the Tree of Life – Atalanta fugiens 1618, Emblem 26
Original image · source evidence
Alchemical-theosophical symbolic image
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art Oppenheim, Germany; place of printing · 1618; first publication of the work 1617
A crowned female figure holds inscribed bands in front of a landscape. A leafy tree stands to her right; rays of sunlight fall from a cloud.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art
Region
Oppenheim, Germany; place of printing
Date of the evidence
1618; first publication of the work 1617
Type of evidence
Textual evidence
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A crowned female figure holds inscribed bands in front of a landscape. A leafy tree stands to her right; rays of sunlight fall from a cloud.
Historically recorded use
The title describes the tree of life as the fruit of human wisdom. The bands and their historical writing are preserved in full. Historical book illustration with epigram and associated discourse; not an evidenced neck pendant.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
An individually located emblem in the specific 1618 Oppenheimer print; the first publication in 1617 is distinct from this. Part of the same work and the same copy, not an independent amulet object. Individual use as a worn amulet, ancient origin of this graphic and efficacy are not evidenced.
Before designing
Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view with motto, image, epigram, printed page number and side margin notes. Paper, stains, binding shadows and any coloured areas are retained. Institutional presentation resolution 2880×3442; larger master 4291×5129 documented separately. Historical image evidence without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view with motto, image, epigram, printed page number and side margin notes. Paper, stains, binding shadows and any coloured areas are retained. Institutional presentation resolution 2880×3442; larger master 4291×5129 documented separately. Historical image evidence without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view with motto, image, epigram, printed page number and side margin notes. Paper, stains, binding shadows and any coloured areas are retained. Institutional presentation resolution 2880×3442; larger master 4291×5129 documented separately. Historical image evidence without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: QD25 .M354 1618, Emblem 26, printed p. 113; institutional individual inventory p2676w40s; Large JPG 2880×3442
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Courtesy of Science History Institute; Michael Maier, Atalanta fugiens (Oppenheim 1618), Emblem 26, S.113; engraver Matthaeus Merian; Public Domain Mark 1.0.
Source location: QD25 .M354 1618; Oppenheim, Johann-Theodor de Bry; complete work with 50 emblems
Copy used from 1618; the work's first publication in 1617 is attested separately. Historical alchemical emblem, epigram and musical context. No evidence for 30 independent works, worn amulets or present-day claims of efficacy. Individual image rights additionally checked for each inventory item.
The title describes the tree of life as the fruit of human wisdom. The bands and their historical inscription are preserved in full. The original title, English institutional counter-label, dating of 1618 and specific PDM image release correspond to the individual page.
Another Saturn figure for treasure hunting – MS.4670,S.209
Original image · source evidence
Historical pentacle
French Clavicula and pseudo-Solomon tradition French-language volume; now at Wellcome Collection, London · 1796; dating of the specific Wellcome volume MS.4670
Brown labelled double circle with a hexagram, small crosses and several forms of writing; the large central form is W-like. The heading describes the figure as another variant for the same purpose as p. 208, Saturday under Saturn. It is catalogued as a specific second figure in the manuscript, without evidence of a treasure find.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French Clavicula and pseudo-Solomon tradition
Region
French-language volume; now at Wellcome Collection, London
Date of the evidence
1796; dating of the specific Wellcome volume MS.4670
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Brown labelled double circle with a hexagram, small crosses and several forms of writing; the large central form is W-like. The heading describes the figure as another variant for the same purpose as p. 208, Saturday under Saturn. It is catalogued as a specific second figure in the manuscript, without evidence of a treasure find.
Historically recorded use
The heading describes the figure as a further variant for the same purpose as p.208, Saturday under Saturn. It is recorded as a specific second figure in the manuscript, without evidence of a treasure find.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The individual Miro image number and CC-BY-DigitalLocation are institutionally linked to MS4670. The page number and individual heading have been checked against the unaltered full image. The figure is a single located component of the same volume, not another surviving amulet object. The specific manuscript is dated to 1796 in the institutional volume catalogue. Pseudo-Solomon and the claimed translation from Hebrew are transmitted attributions; no ancient authorship or surviving Hebrew original is claimed. Historical statements of purpose are not evidence of efficacy.
Before designing
Unchanged native full-page JPEG embedded in the SVG; only the visible figure area is bounded by the viewport. Paper, colours, show-through writing and existing traces are retained. No outline transcription, added lines or approval for engraving.
Research draft. The individual Miro image number and CC-BY-DigitalLocation are institutionally linked to MS4670. The page number and individual heading have been checked against the unaltered full image. The figure is a single, located component of the same volume, not another surviving amulet object. Unaltered native full-page JPEG embedded in the SVG; only the visible figure area is bounded by the viewport. The paper, colours, show-through text and existing traces are retained. No outline transcription, line additions or engraving approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The individual Miro image number and CC-BY-DigitalLocation are institutionally linked to MS4670. The page number and individual heading have been checked against the unaltered full image. The figure is a single, located component of the same volume, not another surviving amulet object. Unaltered native full-page JPEG embedded in the SVG; only the visible figure area is bounded by the viewport. The paper, colours, show-through text and existing traces are retained. No outline transcription, line additions or engraving approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.4670,1796; handwritten p.209;Autre Talisman à même intention. Le Samedi sous Saturne;original image L0073132
Weitere Saturn-Figur für die Schatzsuche – MS.4670,S.209. 1796; Datierung des konkreten Wellcome-Bands MS.4670. Source: Wellcome Collection. CC BY 4.0; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Darstellungsänderung: begrenzter SVG-Viewport; JPEG unverändert.
Institutional volume catalogue with a specific shelfmark and year date, 1796. The attribution J. S. Fyot, 1796 is recorded in Volume I; there is no secure individual attribution of the drawings for every sheet of the second volume.
Source location: MS4670; institutional Miro image number L0073132
CC BY 4.0 expressly applies to the individual IIIF image digital item; the catalogue prose describes the volume as a whole, while specific pages/figures are identified from the visible original.
Unaltered full/full JPEG; the individual work metadata explicitly links this image to MS4670. Viewports from different pages are separate and do not overlap.
Further Jupiter talisman with eight rays – MS.4670, p.164
Original image · source evidence
Historical pentacle
French Clavicula and pseudo-Solomon tradition French-language volume; now at Wellcome Collection, London · 1796; dating of the specific Wellcome volume MS.4670
Blue inscribed circle with eight blue and gold-coloured rays radiating from the centre; their ends bear circles, open frames and other individual signs. The heading names a further talisman for Thursday under Jupiter. This is a historical manuscript variant; the eight rays are preserved as a single coherent figure.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French Clavicula and pseudo-Solomon tradition
Region
French-language volume; now at Wellcome Collection, London
Date of the evidence
1796; dating of the specific Wellcome volume MS.4670
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Blue inscribed circle with eight blue and gold-coloured rays radiating from the centre; their ends bear circles, open frames and other individual signs. The heading names a further talisman for Thursday under Jupiter. This is a historical manuscript variant; the eight rays are preserved as a single coherent figure.
Historically recorded use
The heading names a further talisman for Thursday under Jupiter. This is a historical manuscript variant; the eight rays are retained as a unified figure.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The individual Miro image number and CC-BY-DigitalLocation are institutionally linked to MS4670. The page number and individual heading have been checked against the unaltered full image. The figure is a single located component of the same volume, not another surviving amulet object. The specific manuscript is dated to 1796 in the institutional volume catalogue. Pseudo-Solomon and the claimed translation from Hebrew are transmitted attributions; no ancient authorship or surviving Hebrew original is claimed. Historical statements of purpose are not evidence of efficacy.
Before designing
Unchanged native full-page JPEG embedded in the SVG; only the visible figure area is bounded by the viewport. Paper, colours, show-through writing and existing traces are retained. No outline transcription, added lines or approval for engraving.
Research draft. The individual Miro image number and CC-BY-DigitalLocation are institutionally linked to MS4670. The page number and individual heading have been checked against the unaltered full image. The figure is a single, located component of the same volume, not another surviving amulet object. Unaltered native full-page JPEG embedded in the SVG; only the visible figure area is bounded by the viewport. The paper, colours, show-through text and existing traces are retained. No outline transcription, line additions or engraving approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The individual Miro image number and CC-BY-DigitalLocation are institutionally linked to MS4670. The page number and individual heading have been checked against the unaltered full image. The figure is a single, located component of the same volume, not another surviving amulet object. Unaltered native full-page JPEG embedded in the SVG; only the visible figure area is bounded by the viewport. The paper, colours, show-through text and existing traces are retained. No outline transcription, line additions or engraving approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.4670,1796;manuscript p.164;Autre Talisman à même intention. Le Jeudi sous Jupiter;original capture L0073110
Weiterer Jupiter-Talisman mit acht Strahlen – MS.4670,S.164. 1796; Datierung des konkreten Wellcome-Bands MS.4670. Source: Wellcome Collection. CC BY 4.0; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Darstellungsänderung: begrenzter SVG-Viewport; JPEG unverändert.
Institutional volume catalogue with a specific shelfmark and year date, 1796. The attribution J. S. Fyot, 1796 is recorded in Volume I; there is no secure individual attribution of the drawings for every sheet of the second volume.
Source location: MS4670; institutional Miro image number L0073110
CC BY 4.0 expressly applies to the individual IIIF image digital item; the catalogue prose describes the volume as a whole, while specific pages/figures are identified from the visible original.
Unaltered full/full JPEG; the individual work metadata explicitly links this image to MS4670. Viewports from different pages are separate and do not overlap.
Further Mercury talisman with cross panels – MS.4670, p.144
Original image · source evidence
Historical pentacle
French Clavicula and pseudo-Solomon tradition French-language volume; now at Wellcome Collection, London · 1796; dating of the specific Wellcome volume MS.4670
Red circular border with green Latin lettering around it; a broad gold-coloured cross divides four fields containing triangular characters and bears a sequence of small letter forms. The heading names a further talisman for Wednesday under Mercury. The form shown is catalogued as a distinct, localised variant of the specific 1796 volume.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French Clavicula and pseudo-Solomon tradition
Region
French-language volume; now at Wellcome Collection, London
Date of the evidence
1796; dating of the specific Wellcome volume MS.4670
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Red circular border with green Latin lettering around it; a broad gold-coloured cross divides four fields containing triangular characters and bears a sequence of small letter forms. The heading names a further talisman for Wednesday under Mercury. The form shown is catalogued as a distinct, localised variant of the specific 1796 volume.
Historically recorded use
The heading names a further talisman for Wednesday under Mercury. The depicted form is treated as a distinct localised variant in the specific 1796 volume.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The individual Miro image number and CC-BY-DigitalLocation are institutionally linked to MS4670. The page number and individual heading have been checked against the unaltered full image. The figure is a single located component of the same volume, not another surviving amulet object. The specific manuscript is dated to 1796 in the institutional volume catalogue. Pseudo-Solomon and the claimed translation from Hebrew are transmitted attributions; no ancient authorship or surviving Hebrew original is claimed. Historical statements of purpose are not evidence of efficacy.
Before designing
Unchanged native full-page JPEG embedded in the SVG; only the visible figure area is bounded by the viewport. Paper, colours, show-through writing and existing traces are retained. No outline transcription, added lines or approval for engraving.
Research draft. The individual Miro image number and CC-BY-DigitalLocation are institutionally linked to MS4670. The page number and individual heading have been checked against the unaltered full image. The figure is a single, located component of the same volume, not another surviving amulet object. Unaltered native full-page JPEG embedded in the SVG; only the visible figure area is bounded by the viewport. The paper, colours, show-through text and existing traces are retained. No outline transcription, line additions or engraving approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The individual Miro image number and CC-BY-DigitalLocation are institutionally linked to MS4670. The page number and individual heading have been checked against the unaltered full image. The figure is a single, located component of the same volume, not another surviving amulet object. Unaltered native full-page JPEG embedded in the SVG; only the visible figure area is bounded by the viewport. The paper, colours, show-through text and existing traces are retained. No outline transcription, line additions or engraving approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.4670,1796;manuscript p.144;Autre Talisman à même intention. Le Mercredi sous Mercure;original image L0073100
Institutional volume catalogue with a specific shelfmark and year date, 1796. The attribution J. S. Fyot, 1796 is recorded in Volume I; there is no secure individual attribution of the drawings for every sheet of the second volume.
Source location: MS4670; institutional Miro image number L0073100
CC BY 4.0 expressly applies to the individual IIIF image digital item; the catalogue prose describes the volume as a whole, while specific pages/figures are identified from the visible original.
Unaltered full/full JPEG; the individual work metadata explicitly links this image to MS4670. Viewports from different pages are separate and do not overlap.
Further Venus Talisman with Eight Rays – MS.4670,p.185
Original image · source evidence
Historical pentacle
French Clavicula and pseudo-Solomon tradition French-language volume; now at Wellcome Collection, London · 1796; dating of the specific Wellcome volume MS.4670
Red circle with green inscription and eight gold-coloured rays; the rays end in various open squares, diamonds, triangles and curved signs. Listed as a further figure for the same purpose of love, this talisman appears under the explicit heading Friday under Venus. It is presented as a specific second variant of this band.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French Clavicula and pseudo-Solomon tradition
Region
French-language volume; now at Wellcome Collection, London
Date of the evidence
1796; dating of the specific Wellcome volume MS.4670
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Red circle with green inscription and eight gold-coloured rays; the rays end in various open squares, diamonds, triangles and curved signs. Listed as a further figure for the same purpose of love, this talisman appears under the explicit heading Friday under Venus. It is presented as a specific second variant of this band.
Historically recorded use
As a further figure for the same purpose of love, this talisman appears under the explicit heading Friday under Venus. It is listed as a specific second variant in this series.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The individual Miro image number and CC-BY-DigitalLocation are institutionally linked to MS4670. The page number and individual heading have been checked against the unaltered full image. The figure is a single located component of the same volume, not another surviving amulet object. The specific manuscript is dated to 1796 in the institutional volume catalogue. Pseudo-Solomon and the claimed translation from Hebrew are transmitted attributions; no ancient authorship or surviving Hebrew original is claimed. Historical statements of purpose are not evidence of efficacy.
Before designing
Unchanged native full-page JPEG embedded in the SVG; only the visible figure area is bounded by the viewport. Paper, colours, show-through writing and existing traces are retained. No outline transcription, added lines or approval for engraving.
Research draft. The individual Miro image number and CC-BY-DigitalLocation are institutionally linked to MS4670. The page number and individual heading have been checked against the unaltered full image. The figure is a single, located component of the same volume, not another surviving amulet object. Unaltered native full-page JPEG embedded in the SVG; only the visible figure area is bounded by the viewport. The paper, colours, show-through text and existing traces are retained. No outline transcription, line additions or engraving approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The individual Miro image number and CC-BY-DigitalLocation are institutionally linked to MS4670. The page number and individual heading have been checked against the unaltered full image. The figure is a single, located component of the same volume, not another surviving amulet object. Unaltered native full-page JPEG embedded in the SVG; only the visible figure area is bounded by the viewport. The paper, colours, show-through text and existing traces are retained. No outline transcription, line additions or engraving approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.4670,1796; manuscript p.185; Autre Talisman à même intention. Le Vendredi sous Venus; original photograph L0073120
Weiterer Venus-Talisman mit acht Strahlen – MS.4670,S.185. 1796; Datierung des konkreten Wellcome-Bands MS.4670. Source: Wellcome Collection. CC BY 4.0; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Darstellungsänderung: begrenzter SVG-Viewport; JPEG unverändert.
Institutional volume catalogue with a specific shelfmark and year date, 1796. The attribution J. S. Fyot, 1796 is recorded in Volume I; there is no secure individual attribution of the drawings for every sheet of the second volume.
Source location: MS4670; institutional Miro image number L0073120
CC BY 4.0 expressly applies to the individual IIIF image digital item; the catalogue prose describes the volume as a whole, while specific pages/figures are identified from the visible original.
Unaltered full/full JPEG; the individual work metadata explicitly links this image to MS4670. Viewports from different pages are separate and do not overlap.
Weituo/Skanda as a Buddhist guardian (Met 2002.254)
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Chinese Buddhism China · Early 17th century, Ming dynasty
Gilded figure in richly articulated armour, with a broad stance, raised headdress and flowing bands. The complete frontal view also includes the present-day rectangular display plinth.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Chinese Buddhism
Region
China
Date of the evidence
Early 17th century, Ming dynasty
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Gilded figure in richly articulated armour, with a broad stance, raised headdress and flowing bands. The complete frontal view also includes the present-day rectangular display plinth.
Historically recorded use
The museum describes Weituo as a protector of Buddhist teachings and monasteries. The figure documents this guardian iconography; no use of this example as a worn amulet is demonstrated.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The Vajra club mentioned by the museum is missing from the surviving object and is not added. The visible display plinth is not dated as a historical component.
Before designing
Unaltered native museum photographs as reference; no sign reconstruction, no engraving-ready outline.
Research draft. Gilded figure in richly articulated armour, with a wide stance, raised headdress and flowing bands. The complete frontal view also includes the present-day rectangular display plinth. The Vajra club named by the museum is missing from the surviving object and is not added. The visible display plinth is not dated as a historical component. Native raster files unaltered; no manufacturing outlines. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Gilded figure in richly articulated armour, with a wide stance, raised headdress and flowing bands. The complete frontal view also includes the present-day rectangular display plinth. The Vajra club named by the museum is missing from the surviving object and is not added. The visible display plinth is not dated as a historical component. Native raster files unaltered; no manufacturing outlines.
Source location: 2002.254; 1 complete native museum image(s)
White Tara votive plaque with surrounding characters
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Buddhist visual tradition Tibet · About 1368–1643
Seated figure on a lotus base with lateral plant forms and a row of surrounding signs. The head, garment and surface are abraded in several places.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Buddhist visual tradition
Region
Tibet
Date of the evidence
About 1368–1643
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Seated figure on a lotus base with lateral plant forms and a row of surrounding signs. The head, garment and surface are abraded in several places.
Historically recorded use
The museum identifies the round votive plaque in the title as White Taras. It evidences a historical depiction of Tara on a small religious clay image. No specific medical effect or worn protective amulet is claimed for this example.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 30.76.147, Met object 38837. The museum designation White Taras is retained as an attribution in the source record; the selected view shows a central figure. The writing is not presented as a fully read or supplemented mantra form.
Before designing
Unchanged complete native museum image; no reconstruction of damaged details. No manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete native museum photograph, with no raster transformation or reconstruction of old forms. Historical religious image evidence; not approved for manufacture. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete native museum photograph, with no raster transformation or reconstruction of old forms. Historical religious image evidence; not approved for manufacture.
Source location: The Metropolitan Museum of Art; 30.76.147; complete selected individual photograph
3rd–mid-1st century BCE according to specialist catalogue; portal: 5th–4th century BCE
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Small pale head with large dark eyes, a prominent nose, dark mouth and surviving upper loop. Pores and minor surface damage are visible.
Historically recorded use
The Getty specialist catalogue attributes an apotropaic, that is, harm-averting character to the group of Punic glass pendants. An individual wearer or specific protective formula is unknown.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The specialist catalogue classifies the beardless motif as a female head. No particular goddess or individual protective function is attested. The catalogue table gives the 3rd century, while the types commentary specifies its middle as the beginning. Four related individual objects, not four independent traditions. The dating, culture and other variations are retained below.
Before designing
Unaltered institutional photographs as an SVG raster facsimile; no lost details restored and not approved for manufacture. One verified main view; not a complete all-round reconstruction.
Research draft. Small pale head with large dark eyes, a prominent nose, dark mouth and surviving upper loop. Pores and minor surface damage are visible. The specialist catalogue classifies the beardless motif as a female head. No specific goddess or individual protective function is attested. The catalogue table gives the 3rd century; the type commentary more precisely gives its middle as the beginning. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Small pale head with large dark eyes, a prominent nose, dark mouth and surviving upper loop. Pores and minor surface damage are visible. The specialist catalogue classifies the beardless motif as a female head. No specific goddess or individual protective function is attested. The catalogue table gives the 3rd century; the type commentary more precisely gives its middle as the beginning.
Source location: Getty 2003.205; complete primary image of an individual object
Source location: Ancient Glass, cat. 544, Comments and Comparanda
Apotropaic use of the pendant group; no precise attribution to a deity or individual healing purpose. The example object 2003.206 is not newly profiled.
European, Italian (?) Europe, possibly Italy · 1475–1550
Branch-shaped white coral with a gilded silver mount and joined suspension rings. Natural holes and irregularities remain visible in the photograph.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
European, Italian (?)
Region
Europe, possibly Italy
Date of the evidence
1475–1550
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Branch-shaped white coral with a gilded silver mount and joined suspension rings. Natural holes and irregularities remain visible in the photograph.
Historically recorded use
The Walters catalogue explains that coral was historically believed to protect children and mentions its use during teething. A similar supposed protective power to that of red coral is noted for white coral. This documents the interpretation of the object group, not a known individual owner.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 57.1992. The Italian origin is uncertain. Historically attributed effects are not presented as medically confirmed properties.
Before designing
Native museum photograph as a historical reference; damage, writing and present-day photographic condition unaltered. No manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete native JPEG image without cropping, resampling, retouching or added glyphs. Branching white coral with a gilt silver setting and connected suspension rings. Natural holes and irregularities remain visible in the photograph. Not approved for manufacture. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete native JPEG image without cropping, resampling, retouching or added glyphs. Branching white coral with a gilt silver setting and connected suspension rings. Natural holes and irregularities remain visible in the photograph. Not approved for manufacture.
Source location: 57.1992; fully matched museum image
Ancient Egyptian amulets and historical symbol forms Egypt; Abydos, Cemetery V, Tomb V21 · c. 1850–1775 BC
Flat canid silhouette with a long body, upright head and open spaces between the legs.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Ancient Egyptian amulets and historical symbol forms
Region
Egypt; Abydos, Cemetery V, Tomb V21
Date of the evidence
c. 1850–1775 BC
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Flat canid silhouette with a long body, upright head and open spaces between the legs.
Historically recorded use
Early electrum amulet in the form of Wepwawet, with a documented tomb find.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Explicitly described by the museum as an amulet, and thus distinguished from the later metal figurine with gold wire. Not every historical canid is automatically identified as Wepwawet. The date range follows the legible catalogue dating; the divergent numerical API values are preserved separately in the evidence record.
Before designing
Unmodified historical museum photograph of the electrum silhouette. CC0 raster reference; not a verified manufacturing file. Engraving or casting requires separately checked contour preparation.
Research draft. Unmodified historical museum image of the electrum silhouette. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Unmodified historical museum image of the electrum silhouette.
Source location: Met 04.18.12; selected original photograph
Source location: Met 04.18.12; Object 555802; API title, objectDate, medium, geography, images
Directly archived institutional object record for this exact inventory item. Image form also checked visually; named function and attribution only to the extent documented in each case.
Ancient Egyptian amulets and historical symbol forms Egypt · 664–332 BC
Slender standing canid figure made of copper-bearing metal, with gold wire around the neck.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Ancient Egyptian amulets and historical symbol forms
Region
Egypt
Date of the evidence
664–332 BC
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Slender standing canid figure made of copper-bearing metal, with gold wire around the neck.
Historically recorded use
Historical metal figure of Wepwawet; the catalogue used does not indicate any specific amulet use or wearing practice.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The current museum title is Figurine of Wepwawet. The figure is catalogued as a historical symbolic form, separate from the early electrum amulet of Wepwawet.
Before designing
Original image; the modern museum stand is a display aid and not part of the historical sign. CC0 raster reference; not a verified manufacturing file. Engraving or casting requires a separately verified outline preparation.
Research draft. Original image; the modern museum stand is a display aid and not part of the historical object. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Original image; the modern museum stand is a display aid and not part of the historical object.
Source location: Met 10.130.1324; selected original photograph
Source location: Met 10.130.1324; object 545362; API title, objectDate, medium, geography, images
Directly archived institutional object record for this exact inventory item. Image form also checked visually; named function and attribution only to the extent documented in each case.
West Asian goddess pendant – Astarte/Ishtar attribution
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
West Asian figurative glass pendants West Asia; probably northern Syria · Mid-2nd millennium BCE; publication catalogue: late 16th–15th century BCE
Weathered glass figure with necklace and arms brought to the chest; lateral perforations are interpreted as evidence of a pendant function.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
West Asian figurative glass pendants
Region
West Asia; probably northern Syria
Date of the evidence
Mid-2nd millennium BCE; publication catalogue: late 16th–15th century BCE
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Weathered glass figure with necklace and arms brought to the chest; lateral perforations are interpreted as evidence of a pendant function.
Historically recorded use
Probable figural pendant. The object page names Astarte; the publication catalogue formulates the identification as probably Ishtar.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The differing museum names remain visible as attributions. The dating and northern Syrian provenance are catalogue classifications, not a secure excavation context. Sources describe damage to the head and legs differently; the visible weathering is left unchanged.
Before designing
Original front view with weathered face and lower legs. No restoration of lost outlines or treating the two goddess names as a secure individual identification. Byte-identical embedded CC0 original JPEG; not approved for manufacture; assess outline preparation separately.
Research draft. Original front view with a weathered face and lower legs. No restoration of lost contours or conflation of the two goddess names as a secure individual identification. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Original front view with a weathered face and lower legs. No restoration of lost contours or conflation of the two goddess names as a secure individual identification.
Scholarly publication catalogue for the same glass pendant: dated to the late 16th–15th century BC, probable attribution to Ishtar, and damage. No reconstruction of the findspot or lost parts.
European zodiac; medieval Christian calendar tradition Augsburg, Germany (attested manuscript) · Late 12th to early 13th century (this image evidence)
Aries, calendar image.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
European zodiac; medieval Christian calendar tradition
Region
Augsburg, Germany (attested manuscript)
Date of the evidence
Late 12th to early 13th century (this image evidence)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Description
Aries, calendar image.
Historically recorded use
Zodiac image in the calendar of the Claricia Psalter.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The evidence concerns the zodiac motif. It does not establish a wearable amulet or the glyph form used today.
Before designing
Check the historical image variant on fol. 2v; Unicode is only a search/display aid.
Research draft. Visually checked single-figure detail from the historical original. Raster facsimile in an SVG viewport; original JPEG embedded unchanged. Paper/parchment, printing irregularities and show-through are retained. No engraving-ready vector paths; manufacturing requires separately checked vectorisation. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Visually checked single-figure detail from the historical original. Raster facsimile in an SVG viewport; original JPEG embedded unchanged. Paper/parchment, printing irregularities and show-through are retained. No engraving-ready vector paths; manufacturing requires separately checked vectorisation.
Source location: Claricia Psalter, Walters W.26, fol. 2v; zodiac image in the calendar.
Ram’s head with two drilling systems – terminal fitting (?)
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Italic Italy · c. 500–400 BC
Broad amber ram’s head with curled horns, long ears and clearly visible openings at the nose and nape. Scratches, cracks and small losses are retained in the photograph.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Italic
Region
Italy
Date of the evidence
c. 500–400 BC
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Broad amber ram’s head with curled horns, long ears and clearly visible openings at the nose and nape. Scratches, cracks and small losses are retained in the photograph.
Historically recorded use
The specialist catalogue considers that it may be an end-piece of a necklace or another item of jewellery. Two different drilling systems through the nose and nape document a complex fastening. The function is explicitly uncertain; no specific protective effect is inferred from the ram’s shape alone.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 77.AO.81.12; catalogue no. 52, object 103TEB. The question mark in the catalogue title Finial(?) remains visible in the German name. No missing neck ring or associated chain is added.
Before designing
Complete native museum photograph as a historical reference; damage and present-day photographic elements remain visible. No contour reconstruction, no production approval.
Research draft. Unchanged complete native museum image; no raster transformation or addition of old outlines. Historical reference, not manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Unchanged complete native museum image; no raster transformation or addition of old outlines. Historical reference, not manufacturing approval.
Source location: J. Paul Getty Museum; 77.AO.81.12; 103TEB
Current Native individual object page with specific CC0 photo attribution and text separately identified as CC BY 4.0. JSON-LD extracted unchanged from this HTML.
Complete institutional specialist catalogue: dating, condition, provenance and explicitly weighed interpretations of the image and function. The catalogue text is scholarly commentary; no original excavation documentation is claimed.
Archaic Italy; Etruscan, Greek and Italic visual traditions
Region
Italy
Date of the evidence
525–480 B.C.
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Single ram’s head with prominent curled horns.
Historically recorded use
The catalogue treats the ram image within ancient amber pendants and discusses fertility and possible amuletic associations.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
This specimen is a single attested variant; other similar ram heads have not been included merely to increase the number. Metal attachment, specific deity and individual use are uncertain.
Before designing
Unmodified native institutional photographic source; no invented glyph additions, no isolated vector outline and no manufacturing approval. Historical evidence and comparative interpretation remain separate.
Research draft. This specimen is a single documented variant; other similar ram's heads are not simply included to increase the number. The metal fastening, specific deity and individual use are uncertain. Complete original JPEG bytes; losses of inscription and material are not filled in. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: This specimen is a single documented variant; other similar ram's heads are not simply included to increase the number. The metal fastening, specific deity and individual use are uncertain. Complete original JPEG bytes; losses of inscription and material are not filled in.
Source location: 76.AO.82; complete actually photographed main image view
Scholarly comparison and interpretation are presented separately from secure object form and actual use. Photograph separately from current collection metadata relation.
Japanese Buddhism / repeated image devotion Japan · 14th–15th century
Complete mounted paper sheet with many rows of seated Wisdom Kings in printed black outlines. Abrasion, losses and uneven impressions are visible.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Japanese Buddhism / repeated image devotion
Region
Japan
Date of the evidence
14th–15th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Complete mounted paper sheet with many rows of seated Wisdom Kings in printed black outlines. Abrasion, losses and uneven impressions are visible.
Historically recorded use
The museum description places the repeated image of the king of wisdom in the context of Buddhist devotion: repeated names, inscriptions and depictions could be donated by worshippers. A grid-like sequence of Fudō images appears on the historical paper sheet.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 2020.396.5, Met object 845126. A historical printed sheet is catalogued as one variant; its numerous repeated figures are not counted as additional motifs. No evidence that this mounted sheet itself was worn. Visible damage is not filled in.
Before designing
Complete, unaltered native museum photograph; no restoration of historical damage and no manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete native museum photograph; no raster transformation, drawing additions or manufacturing approval. A historical printed sheet is treated as one variant; its many repeated figures are not counted as additional motifs. No evidence that this mounted sheet itself was worn. Visible damaged areas are not supplemented. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete native museum photograph; no raster transformation, drawing additions or manufacturing approval. A historical printed sheet is treated as one variant; its many repeated figures are not counted as additional motifs. No evidence that this mounted sheet itself was worn. Visible damaged areas are not supplemented.
Source location: The Metropolitan Museum of Art; 2020.396.5; complete individual photograph
Wind figure with child in its belly – Atalanta fugiens 1618, Emblem 1
Original image · source evidence
Alchemical-theosophical symbolic image
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art Oppenheim, Germany; place of printing · 1618; first publication of the work 1617
A bearded male wind figure stands in a landscape, with hair blowing and swirling clouds. A child is shown inside its open abdomen.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art
Region
Oppenheim, Germany; place of printing
Date of the evidence
1618; first publication of the work 1617
Type of evidence
Textual evidence
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A bearded male wind figure stands in a landscape, with hair blowing and swirling clouds. A child is shown inside its open abdomen.
Historically recorded use
The historical motto names the wind as the child’s bearer; the scene is an alchemical visual metaphor. Historical book illustration with epigram and associated discourse; no documented pendant.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
An individually located emblem in the specific Oppenheimer printing of 1618; the first publication in 1617 is distinct from it. Part of the same work and the same copy, not an independent amulet object. Individual use as a worn amulet, the ancient origin of this graphic and efficacy are not evidenced. Visible coloured areas belong to the present condition of this copy; a separate age for the colouring is not documented.
Before designing
Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view with motto, image, epigram, printed page number and side margin notes. Paper, stains, binding shadows and any coloured areas are retained. Institutional presentation resolution 2880×3442; larger master 4291×5129 documented separately. Historical image evidence without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view with motto, image, epigram, printed page number and side margin notes. Paper, stains, binding shadows and any coloured areas are retained. Institutional presentation resolution 2880×3442; larger master 4291×5129 documented separately. Historical image evidence without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view with motto, image, epigram, printed page number and side margin notes. Paper, stains, binding shadows and any coloured areas are retained. Institutional presentation resolution 2880×3442; larger master 4291×5129 documented separately. Historical image evidence without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: QD25 .M354 1618, Emblem 1, printed p. 13; institutional individual inventory br86b456x; Large JPG 2880×3442
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Courtesy of Science History Institute; Michael Maier, Atalanta fugiens (Oppenheim 1618), Emblem 1, S.13; engraver Matthaeus Merian; Public Domain Mark 1.0.
Source location: QD25 .M354 1618; Oppenheim, Johann-Theodor de Bry; complete work with 50 emblems
Copy used from 1618; the work's first publication in 1617 is attested separately. Historical alchemical emblem, epigram and musical context. No evidence for 30 independent works, worn amulets or present-day claims of efficacy. Individual image rights additionally checked for each inventory item.
The historical motto identifies the wind as the bearer of the child; the scene is an alchemical visual metaphor. The original title, English institutional counter-label, dating 1618 and specific PDM image release correspond to the individual page.
Wolf and Dog Fighting – Atalanta fugiens 1618, Emblem 47
Original image · source evidence
Alchemical-theosophical symbolic image
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art Oppenheim, Germany; place of printing · 1618; specific copy used
A wolf and a dog bite one another in an open landscape.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art
Region
Oppenheim, Germany; place of printing
Date of the evidence
1618; specific copy used
Type of evidence
Textual evidence
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A wolf and a dog bite one another in an open landscape.
Historically recorded use
The motto names a wolf from the east and a dog from the west; these directions come from the historical text, not from a modern standardised image. Historical book illustration; actual use as a neck pendant is not attested.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Individually located historical printed component from the specific 1618 copy, not a new independent historical text and not an attested worn amulet. Effect and suitability for manufacture are not established. Work first published in 1617; the print used here is from 1618.
Before designing
Complete unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view 2880×3442px. The separately offered larger master 4291×5129px was not supplied as a downloaded file. Image, writing, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view 2880×3442px. The separately offered larger master 4291×5129px was not supplied as a downloaded file. Image, writing, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view 2880×3442px. The separately offered larger master 4291×5129px was not supplied as a downloaded file. Image, writing, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: QD25 .M354 1618; Emblem 47, printed p. 197; individual inventory d217qq47g; Large JPG 2880×3442
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Courtesy of Science History Institute; Atalanta fugiens, used edition 1618; QD25 .M354 1618; Emblem 47, gedruckte S. 197; Einzelinventar d217qq47g; Public Domain Mark 1.0.
The same specifically identified copy as for the 30 emblems already included; this batch adds only the remaining 20 individual sheets. First publication in 1617 and the edition used, 1618, are distinguished.
The motto names a wolf from the east and a dog from the west; these directions come from the historical text, not a modern standard diagram. Checked against the institution’s own individual metadata with PDM.
Wolf and dog in a landscape – Lambspring, figure 5, Musaeum 1678
Original image · source evidence
Alchemical-theosophical symbolic image
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art Frankfurt am Main, Germany; place of printing · 1678; specific copy used; partial imprint 1677
Two dog-like animals bite one another in front of a river, a bridge and a city.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art
Region
Frankfurt am Main, Germany; place of printing
Date of the evidence
1678; specific copy used; partial imprint 1677
Type of evidence
Textual evidence
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Two dog-like animals bite one another in front of a river, a bridge and a city.
Historically recorded use
The motto names wolf and dog; the caption contains the historical terms Mortificatio and Albificatio. Historical book illustration; actual use as a neck pendant is not evidenced.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Individually localised historical printed component of the specific 1678 copy, not a new independent historical text and not an attested worn amulet. Efficacy and suitability for manufacture have not been demonstrated. Visible partial imprint 1677, distinct from the year of the complete volume, 1678; not to be equated with the first creation of the image form. The transmitted author’s name is given as an attribution in the title; no identity as a medieval monk or dating of this image to the 15th century is confirmed.
Before designing
Complete, unaltered institutional full-page JPEG view, 2880×3151px. The separately offered larger master, 4701×5143px, was not provided as the downloaded file. Image, writing, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile, not a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete, unaltered institutional full-page JPEG view, 2880×3151px. The separately offered larger master, 4701×5143px, was not provided as the downloaded file. Image, writing, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile, not a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete, unaltered institutional full-page JPEG view, 2880×3151px. The separately offered larger master, 4701×5143px, was not provided as the downloaded file. Image, writing, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile, not a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: QD25 .M87315 1678; Lambsprinck De Lapide Philosophico, figure 5, p. 351; viewer index 32, asset fq977v77s; Large JPG 2880×3151
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Courtesy of Science History Institute; Musaeum Hermeticum Reformatum et Amplificatum, used edition 1678; QD25 .M87315 1678; Lambsprinck De Lapide Philosophico, Figur 5, S. 351; Viewerindex 32, Asset fq977v77s; Public Domain Mark 1.0.
Source location: QD25 .M87315 1678; Frankfurt am Main, Hermann à Sande
Specific complete volume with 70 institutional digital images. Main title and catalogue date 1678; several bound component titles bear 1677. The 30 images captured are components of this single volume. The transmitted author names are attributions in the printed work; no confirmed biography of a medieval monk.
Source location: QD25 .M87315 1678; Lambsprinck De Lapide Philosophico, Figure 5, p. 351; viewer index 32, asset fq977v77s
The motto names wolf and dog; the image caption contains the historical terms Mortificatio and Albificatio. Specific image file of the identified PDM volume; viewer membership, own download and individual PDM download display checked. No nonexistent individual catalogue page invented.
Wolf, King and Fire – Atalanta fugiens 1618, Emblem 24
Original image · source evidence
Alchemical-theosophical symbolic image
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art Oppenheim, Germany; place of printing · 1618; first publication of the work 1617
A wolf stands over a crowned man lying on the ground. In the background are another animal in the fire and an upright male figure.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art
Region
Oppenheim, Germany; place of printing
Date of the evidence
1618; first publication of the work 1617
Type of evidence
Textual evidence
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A wolf stands over a crowned man lying on the ground. In the background are another animal in the fire and an upright male figure.
Historically recorded use
The motto recounts the king being swallowed by the wolf and brought back to life through its incineration. This is the allegorical narrative of the print. Historical book illustration with epigram and accompanying discourse; not an evidenced neck pendant.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
An individually located emblem in the specific 1618 Oppenheimer print; the first publication in 1617 is distinct from this. Part of the same work and the same copy, not an independent amulet object. Individual use as a worn amulet, ancient origin of this graphic and efficacy are not evidenced.
Before designing
Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view with motto, image, epigram, printed page number and side margin notes. Paper, stains, binding shadows and any coloured areas are retained. Institutional presentation resolution 2880×3442; larger master 4291×5129 documented separately. Historical image evidence without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view with motto, image, epigram, printed page number and side margin notes. Paper, stains, binding shadows and any coloured areas are retained. Institutional presentation resolution 2880×3442; larger master 4291×5129 documented separately. Historical image evidence without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view with motto, image, epigram, printed page number and side margin notes. Paper, stains, binding shadows and any coloured areas are retained. Institutional presentation resolution 2880×3442; larger master 4291×5129 documented separately. Historical image evidence without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: QD25 .M354 1618, Emblem 24, printed p. 105; institutional individual inventory m326m262c; Large JPG 2880×3442
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Courtesy of Science History Institute; Michael Maier, Atalanta fugiens (Oppenheim 1618), Emblem 24, S.105; engraver Matthaeus Merian; Public Domain Mark 1.0.
Source location: QD25 .M354 1618; Oppenheim, Johann-Theodor de Bry; complete work with 50 emblems
Copy used from 1618; the work's first publication in 1617 is attested separately. Historical alchemical emblem, epigram and musical context. No evidence for 30 independent works, worn amulets or present-day claims of efficacy. Individual image rights additionally checked for each inventory item.
The motto depicts the king being swallowed by the wolf and brought back to life by its burning. This is the allegorical narrative of the print. The original title, English institutional counterpart title, date 1618 and specific PDM image release all match the individual page.
Group attested; mountain attributions vary. No five unchecked individual outlines. Dating uncertain.
Before designing
Check only the lettering and arrangement of 36.25.10a–c against the image.
Research draft. Two unchanged CC0 original views show the stamped mountain signs in the object’s context on the front/back and helmet. No new five-sign arrangement, and no attribution of individual outlines to compass directions; select the specific sign before using it in isolation. Raster reference. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Two unchanged CC0 original views show the stamped mountain signs in the object’s context on the front/back and helmet. No new five-sign arrangement, and no attribution of individual outlines to compass directions; select the specific sign before using it in isolation. Raster reference.
Source location: Met 36.25.10a–c; DT11934.jpg/DT11935.jpg, front and back views of the armour
Germanic runic script Reference: Gotland · Elder Futhark; check model dating separately
Sign w.
Research draftSource-based vector template
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Germanic runic script
Region
Reference: Gotland
Date of the evidence
Elder Futhark; check model dating separately
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Description
Sign w.
Historically recorded use
Written signs
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Historical letter; the normalised older form of the name is reconstructed. No individual amulet effect is inferred from the name.
Before designing
Unicode shows a normalised letter form. For manufacture, select a specific historical character variant and check it against the find.
Research draft. Normalised editorial letterform ᚹ (U+16B9); hand-set font-free line geometry, not taken from a font file. Do not present as an object-faithful Kylver facsimile or as an individually attested amulet sign. The names are reconstructed; no individual magical effect is inferred. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Vector template: Normalised editorial letterform ᚹ (U+16B9); hand-set font-free line geometry, not taken from a font file. Do not present as an object-faithful Kylver facsimile or as an individually attested amulet sign. The names are reconstructed; no individual magical effect is inferred.
Source location: G 88 / Kylver; sequence A I, character 8; normalised Unicode letter U+16B9
Normalised editorial letterform ᚹ (U+16B9); hand-set font-free line geometry, not taken from a font file. Do not present as an object-faithful Kylver facsimile or as an individually attested amulet sign. The names are reconstructed; no individual magical effect is inferred.
Niedersächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, RuneS
Source location: Signs 11458–11482; sequence A I
Scholarly names and transliterations; the names are catalogue designations, not recorded explanations of the names in the ancient incision. Kylver places p before ï and d before o.
Chinese historical amulet culture China · Song period, 960–1279
Round disc of cast copper alloy with a square central hole and a figural obverse; the reverse shows two elongated inscribed panels. Diameter 7.1 cm.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Chinese historical amulet culture
Region
China
Date of the evidence
Song period, 960–1279
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Round disc of cast copper alloy with a square central hole and a figural obverse; the reverse shows two elongated inscribed panels. Diameter 7.1 cm.
Historically recorded use
Institutionally designated as an amulet of Xuanwudi 玄武帝.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The name follows the specific museum catalogue. No retrospective attribution to personal characteristics or modern normalisation of the characters.
Before designing
Unchanged complete museum photographs in separate views; no drawn additions, normalisation or approval for manufacture.
Research draft. The designation follows the specific museum catalogue. No retrospective attribution to personal qualities or modern normalisation of the characters. The 4k JPEG renderings supplied by the museum remain fully intact in their native bytes; no local image editing and no claimed camera master. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The designation follows the specific museum catalogue. No retrospective attribution to personal qualities or modern normalisation of the characters. The 4k JPEG renderings supplied by the museum remain fully intact in their native bytes; no local image editing and no claimed camera master.
Yantra of the goddess Pratyangira – LACMA M.91.128.1
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Indian religious diagram tradition India, Gujarat, Kachchh/Kutch · c. 1700–1750
Central multi-armed figure within a star shape and several labelled circular bands; further small figures appear at the outer edge. The current title also mentions a verso, whose image is not available here.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Indian religious diagram tradition
Region
India, Gujarat, Kachchh/Kutch
Date of the evidence
c. 1700–1750
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Central multi-armed figure within a star shape and several labelled circular bands; further small figures appear at the outer edge. The current title also mentions a verso, whose image is not available here.
Historically recorded use
A historically named Yantra as a religious diagram; no specific personal protective intention or use of this object as a wearable amulet is indicated.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Individually catalogued historical object M.91.128.1. The source basis is the institutional object fields and the original image actually viewed; no new Sanskrit reading and no adoption of the modern AI description.
Before designing
Native complete image view as a facsimile, not simplified reconstructed geometry. Manufacturing and legibility checks are still required separately.
Research draft. Unaltered native LACMA desktop JPEG; separately offered TIFF master also archived unaltered. Title, image, inventory and individual Public Domain designation linked. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Unaltered native LACMA desktop JPEG; separately offered TIFF master also archived unaltered. Title, image, inventory and individual Public Domain designation linked.
Curated base fields: title, dating, place of manufacture, material and inventory, together with individual publicDomain=1 image linkage. The 2026 descriptions explicitly marked as AI results are not adopted as historical sources.
Source location: Terms of Use §1a: Public Domain Images
Applies only in conjunction with the individual publicDomain=1 designation. Other protected content and mere availability on a website are not treated as permission.
Indian religious diagram tradition India, Rajasthan, Dilwara (?) · Around 1425
Central multi-armed figure in a six-pointed star form, concentric inscription circles and figurative corner fields. Signs of use and the visible fold in the fabric are retained.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Indian religious diagram tradition
Region
India, Rajasthan, Dilwara (?)
Date of the evidence
Around 1425
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Central multi-armed figure in a six-pointed star form, concentric inscription circles and figurative corner fields. Signs of use and the visible fold in the fabric are retained.
Historically recorded use
A historically named Yantra; no freely invented attribution to universal success, healing or personal use as jewellery.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Individually catalogued historical object M.82.164. The source basis is the institutional object fields and the original image actually examined; no new Sanskrit reading and no adoption of the modern AI description.
Before designing
Native complete image view as a facsimile, not simplified reconstructed geometry. Manufacturing and legibility checks are still required separately.
Research draft. Unaltered native LACMA desktop JPEG; separately offered TIFF master also archived unaltered. Title, image, inventory and individual Public Domain designation linked. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Unaltered native LACMA desktop JPEG; separately offered TIFF master also archived unaltered. Title, image, inventory and individual Public Domain designation linked.
Curated base fields: title, dating, place of manufacture, material and inventory, together with individual publicDomain=1 image linkage. The 2026 descriptions explicitly marked as AI results are not adopted as historical sources.
Source location: Terms of Use §1a: Public Domain Images
Applies only in conjunction with the individual publicDomain=1 designation. Other protected content and mere availability on a website are not treated as permission.
Bronze mirror with Buddhist lotus ornamentation and Sanskrit characters; the museum associates the characters with Om mani padme hum in an incorrect form. The mantra attribution is the museum’s reading. The historical characters are not silently corrected, retransliterated or replaced with a modern mantra graphic. No evidence that it was a worn amulet.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
China, Yuan dynasty (1271–1368)
Region
China
Date of the evidence
1271–1368
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Bronze mirror with Buddhist lotus ornamentation and Sanskrit characters; the museum associates the characters with Om mani padme hum in an incorrect form. The mantra attribution is the museum’s reading. The historical characters are not silently corrected, retransliterated or replaced with a modern mantra graphic. No evidence that it was a worn amulet.
Historically recorded use
Bronze mirror with Buddhist lotus ornament and Sanskrit characters; the museum associates the characters with Om mani padme hum in an incorrect form.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The mantra attribution is the museum’s reading. The historical signs are not silently corrected, retransliterated or replaced with a modern mantra graphic. No worn amulet is evidenced.
Before designing
Round bronze plate with central boss, concentric beaded rings and eight large lotus petals with visible sign fields. Original photograph as a complete facsimile; no manufacturing approval and no added outlines.
Research draft. The mantra attribution is the museum’s reading. The historical signs are not silently corrected, retransliterated or replaced with a modern mantra graphic. No worn amulet is attested. All native JPEG bytes and the full image frame remain unchanged. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The mantra attribution is the museum’s reading. The historical signs are not silently corrected, retransliterated or replaced with a modern mantra graphic. No worn amulet is attested. All native JPEG bytes and the full image frame remain unchanged.
Source location: Individual inventory 1999.221; object ID 160954; title, dating, culture, material and image link
The mantra attribution is the museum’s reading. The historical signs are not silently corrected, retransliterated or replaced with a modern mantra graphic. No worn amulet is evidenced.
French early modern grimoire tradition; Traitté des Esprits du petit payzan Reformée French-speaking; place of manufacture unknown; current location London · Mid-18th century; dating of the specific Wellcome manuscript
Broad upper sequence of curved and jagged signs, with an additional connected angular form below. The French Jupiter section explicitly assigns this sequence of signs, described as a character, to a named spirit and a ritual carrier. Such attributions are historical usage texts, not confirmed effects.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French early modern grimoire tradition; Traitté des Esprits du petit payzan Reformée
Region
French-speaking; place of manufacture unknown; current location London
Date of the evidence
Mid-18th century; dating of the specific Wellcome manuscript
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Broad upper sequence of curved and jagged signs, with an additional connected angular form below. The French Jupiter section explicitly assigns this sequence of signs, described as a character, to a named spirit and a ritual carrier. Such attributions are historical usage texts, not confirmed effects.
Historically recorded use
The French Jupiter section assigns this sequence of signs, expressly called a character, to a named spirit and a ritual wearer. Such attributions are historical usage texts, not confirmed effects.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Page 279 explicitly reads Le Caractere de Zadkiel. The associated Jupiter section begins on p. 278. The anonymous French manuscript is institutionally dated to the mid-18th century. Pseudo-Solomon denotes an attribution, not authorship by the ancient Solomon. The sequence of signs attests to a historical ritual instruction; actual efficacy or use as a worn neck amulet is not attested.
Before designing
Unaltered native full-page JPEG embedded in its entirety in the SVG; only the verified figure viewport is visible. Paper, show-through of writing on the reverse and ink traces are retained. No tracing, restored ink losses or engraving approval.
Research draft. Page 279 explicitly reads Le Caractere de Zadkiel. The associated Jupiter section begins on page 278. The unaltered native full-page JPEG is embedded in full in the SVG; only the verified figure viewport is visible. Paper, show-through from writing on the reverse, and traces of ink remain. No tracing, ink losses filled in, or approval for engraving. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Page 279 explicitly reads Le Caractere de Zadkiel. The associated Jupiter section begins on page 278. The unaltered native full-page JPEG is embedded in full in the SVG; only the verified figure viewport is visible. Paper, show-through from writing on the reverse, and traces of ink remain. No tracing, ink losses filled in, or approval for engraving.
Source location: Wellcome MS.4667, Traitté des Esprits du petit payzan Reformée, manuscript p. 279; Canvas position 295/465; Zadkiel; Jupiter section
Source location: MS.4667; current work cs5fybkx; Sierra b19145111; second treatise pp. 272–295
Current API record with shelfmark, dating, 21 sigils and PDM link successfully archived with HTTP 200. The old identifier kdp43rqm returned HTTP 404 and is archived only as a failure finding.
The twelve figures used are individually linked to their Canvas, image service and native full-page JPEG. The small presentation preview, 1024 pixels high, is not the full/full image file used here.
Source location: MS.4667; handwritten p. 272; Canvas position 288; image suffix 0288
The complete native original page was actually viewed visually; the handwritten page number and individual name/figure attribution were read from the image.
Source location: MS.4667; manuscript p. 274; Canvas position 290; image suffix 0290
The complete native original page was actually viewed visually; the handwritten page number and individual name/figure attribution were read from the image.
Source location: MS.4667; manuscript p. 279; canvas position 295; image suffix 0295
The complete native original page was actually viewed visually; the handwritten page number and individual name/figure attribution were read from the image.
Source location: MS.4667; manuscript p. 278; canvas position 294; image suffix 0294
The complete native original page was actually viewed visually; the handwritten page number and individual name/figure attribution were read from the image.
French early modern grimoire tradition; Traitté des Esprits du petit payzan Reformée French-speaking; place of manufacture unknown; current location London · Mid-18th century; dating of the specific Wellcome manuscript
Two-line sequence of angular, looped and dotted signs, including a small open quadrilateral. The French Saturn section explicitly assigns this sequence of signs, described as a character, to a named spirit and a ritual practitioner. Such attributions are historical texts about use, not confirmed effects.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
French early modern grimoire tradition; Traitté des Esprits du petit payzan Reformée
Region
French-speaking; place of manufacture unknown; current location London
Date of the evidence
Mid-18th century; dating of the specific Wellcome manuscript
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Two-line sequence of angular, looped and dotted signs, including a small open quadrilateral. The French Saturn section explicitly assigns this sequence of signs, described as a character, to a named spirit and a ritual practitioner. Such attributions are historical texts about use, not confirmed effects.
Historically recorded use
The French Saturn section assigns this sequence of signs, explicitly called a character, to a named spirit and a ritual bearer. Such attributions are historical usage texts, not evidence of a confirmed effect.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The name appears at the end of p. 275; the continuation and the sequence of signs explicitly described as a character appear on p. 276. The anonymous French manuscript is institutionally dated to the mid-18th century. Pseudo-Solomon denotes an attribution, not authorship by the ancient Solomon. The sequence of signs evidences a historical ritual instruction; actual efficacy or use as a worn neck amulet is not evidenced.
Before designing
Unaltered native full-page JPEG embedded in its entirety in the SVG; only the verified figure viewport is visible. Paper, show-through of writing on the reverse and ink traces are retained. No tracing, restored ink losses or engraving approval.
Research draft. The name appears at the end of p. 275; the continuation and the sequence of signs explicitly called a character appear on p. 276. Unmodified native full-page JPEG fully embedded in the SVG; only the examined figure viewport is visible. The paper, show-through writing on the reverse and traces of ink are retained. No tracing, supplemented ink losses or approval for engraving. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The name appears at the end of p. 275; the continuation and the sequence of signs explicitly called a character appear on p. 276. Unmodified native full-page JPEG fully embedded in the SVG; only the examined figure viewport is visible. The paper, show-through writing on the reverse and traces of ink are retained. No tracing, supplemented ink losses or approval for engraving.
Source location: Wellcome MS.4667, Traitté des Esprits du petit payzan Reformée, manuscript p. 276; canvas position 292/465; Zapkiel; Saturn section
Source location: MS.4667; current work cs5fybkx; Sierra b19145111; second treatise pp. 272–295
Current API record with shelfmark, dating, 21 sigils and PDM link successfully archived with HTTP 200. The old identifier kdp43rqm returned HTTP 404 and is archived only as a failure finding.
The twelve figures used are individually linked to their Canvas, image service and native full-page JPEG. The small presentation preview, 1024 pixels high, is not the full/full image file used here.
Source location: MS.4667; handwritten p. 272; Canvas position 288; image suffix 0288
The complete native original page was actually viewed visually; the handwritten page number and individual name/figure attribution were read from the image.
Source location: MS.4667; manuscript p. 274; Canvas position 290; image suffix 0290
The complete native original page was actually viewed visually; the handwritten page number and individual name/figure attribution were read from the image.
Source location: MS.4667; manuscript p. 276; Canvas position 292; image suffix 0292
The complete native original page was actually viewed visually; the handwritten page number and individual name/figure attribution were read from the image.
Source location: MS.4667; handwritten p. 275; Canvas position 291; image suffix 0291
The complete native original page was actually viewed visually; the handwritten page number and individual name/figure attribution were read from the image.
Buddhist visual tradition Japan / Yoshino according to transmitted provenance · 11th century
Dark bronze plaque cut into a flame shape, with an engraved figure on rocky ground. The raised leg and attributes are only faintly visible in places in the low-contrast historical image.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Buddhist visual tradition
Region
Japan / Yoshino according to transmitted provenance
Date of the evidence
11th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Dark bronze plaque cut into a flame shape, with an engraved figure on rocky ground. The raised leg and attributes are only faintly visible in places in the low-contrast historical image.
Historically recorded use
The engraved bronze depicts Zaō Gongen, a figure of Shūgendō. The museum explicitly reports the provenance from a sutra mound at Kimpusenji in Yoshino as a tradition. The religious votive context must be distinguished from evidence of a worn amulet.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 22.29.2, Met object 59978. The three-pointed vajra and sword gesture are named by the museum. The reported find provenance is not an excavation independently verified here; faint lines have not been supplemented.
Before designing
Unchanged complete native museum image; no reconstruction of damaged details. No manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete native museum photograph, with no raster transformation or reconstruction of old forms. Historical religious image evidence; not approved for manufacture. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete native museum photograph, with no raster transformation or reconstruction of old forms. Historical religious image evidence; not approved for manufacture.
Source location: The Metropolitan Museum of Art; 22.29.2; complete selected individual image
Source location: CC0 for individually designated public-domain collection images
Institutional CC0 policy read in the web tool on 10 October. The direct native website response was HTTP429 and is not treated as text of a rights notice that was read.
Japanese Shinto-Buddhist mountain veneration / Shugendō Japan, pictorial tradition of the Yoshino Mountains · 14th century; Nanbokuchō or Muromachi attribution
Fierce-looking standing wooden figure with a raised fist and lifted leg on a rocky base; crystal eyes, metal ornaments and surviving traces of settings. The vajra once held is missing.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Japanese Shinto-Buddhist mountain veneration / Shugendō
Region
Japan, pictorial tradition of the Yoshino Mountains
Date of the evidence
14th century; Nanbokuchō or Muromachi attribution
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Fierce-looking standing wooden figure with a raised fist and lifted leg on a rocky base; crystal eyes, metal ornaments and surviving traces of settings. The vajra once held is missing.
Historically recorded use
The museum text connects Zaō Gongen with the tutelary spirit of Mount Kimpu and with Shinto-Buddhist worship. It explicitly refers to a text from 1337 that links the mountain spirit with Buddhist saviour figures. The specific sculpture preserves this historical image tradition.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 2002.446a–c, Met object 52701. The missing vajra is not newly added. The iconography developed historically; it is not a modern invention; the specific piece is a cult image and not an evidenced wearable amulet. The cultural location assigned to the image tradition is not a claim about a documented place of manufacture.
Before designing
Complete, unaltered native museum photograph; no restoration of historical damage and no manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete native museum image; no raster transformation, additions to the drawing or manufacturing approval. The missing vajra is not added anew. The iconography has developed historically; it is not a modern invention. The specific object is a cult figure, not an evidenced wearable amulet. The cultural attribution of the image tradition to a place is not a claim about a documented place of manufacture. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete native museum image; no raster transformation, additions to the drawing or manufacturing approval. The missing vajra is not added anew. The iconography has developed historically; it is not a modern invention. The specific object is a cult figure, not an evidenced wearable amulet. The cultural attribution of the image tradition to a place is not a claim about a documented place of manufacture.
Source location: The Metropolitan Museum of Art; 2002.446a–c; complete individual photograph
Central Asia; Tibetan Empire period Xinjiang / Central Asia · 7th–9th century
Golden cylindrical container with a three-dimensional ram on the lid and a foliate ornament.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Central Asia; Tibetan Empire period
Region
Xinjiang / Central Asia
Date of the evidence
7th–9th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Golden cylindrical container with a three-dimensional ram on the lid and a foliate ornament.
Historically recorded use
The current object page links such wearable goldwork with clothing, horse equipment, status and possibly burials too; it does not identify a specific content or text for this container.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Title and dating refer to the specific museum object. No claimed Japanese origin, no invented internal spell formula and no automatic religious attribution of the ram.
Before designing
The complete institutional object image remains an image reference. No isolated historical SVG glyph or approved engraving path; form, inscription and material require their own manufacturing assessment.
Research draft. The title and date refer to the specific museum object. No claim of Japanese origin, no invented inner magical formula and no automatic religious attribution of the ram. Unaltered original JPEG bytes; complete view, no newly drawn lines. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The title and date refer to the specific museum object. No claim of Japanese origin, no invented inner magical formula and no automatic religious attribution of the ram. Unaltered original JPEG bytes; complete view, no newly drawn lines.
Source location: Met 2002.556.5a–d; current primary object view
Source location: Met 2002.556.5a–d; object 65163; Artwork Details
The current object page and archived live API evidence the title, provenance, material and dating of this example. Image rights have also been checked individually.
Early modern transmission of magical gem images Antwerp; current collection at Museum Plantin-Moretus · 1657 (printing date of the image witness)
A running composite figure stands between a scorpion, snake, bird and star; another running animal is depicted below. The CBd describes two dog heads and gives Gayomard as an iconographic identification. This is a catalogue interpretation, not evidence of Persian origin for the printed sheet.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern transmission of magical gem images
Region
Antwerp; current collection at Museum Plantin-Moretus
Date of the evidence
1657 (printing date of the image witness)
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A running composite figure stands between a scorpion, snake, bird and star; another running animal is depicted below. The CBd describes two dog heads and gives Gayomard as an iconographic identification. This is a catalogue interpretation, not evidence of Persian origin for the printed sheet.
Historically recorded use
Antiquarian documentation of an image transmitted as a gem motif. No evidence that this paper sheet itself served as a worn amulet.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Historical printed witness from 1657, recorded in the scholarly gem catalogue as a transmitted drawing. The printing date confirms the historical transmission of the image; it does not independently prove the depicted stone’s age, authenticity or personal use as an amulet. The designation as a gem motif does not attribute a guaranteed effect.
Before designing
Unaltered native museum JPEG in SVG with a documented crop of the complete numbered image group. Related pages remain visible together. No added lines or substitute letters; historical image reference without vector transcription and without manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Historical printed witness of 1657, recorded in the scholarly gem catalogue as a transmitted drawing. The print date confirms the historical transmission of the image; it does not independently prove the age or authenticity of the stone depicted, or its personal use as an amulet. Calling it a gem motif does not attribute a guaranteed effect. Unaltered native museum JPEG embedded in the SVG, with a documented crop of the complete numbered image group. Related pages remain visible together. No added lines or substitute letters; historical image reference without vector transcription and without manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historical printed witness of 1657, recorded in the scholarly gem catalogue as a transmitted drawing. The print date confirms the historical transmission of the image; it does not independently prove the age or authenticity of the stone depicted, or its personal use as an amulet. Calling it a gem motif does not attribute a guaranteed effect. Unaltered native museum JPEG embedded in the SVG, with a documented crop of the complete numbered image group. Related pages remain visible together. No added lines or substitute letters; historical image reference without vector transcription and without manufacturing approval.
Source location: Museum Plantin-Moretus, PK.OP.07415; Tabula VI, Figure 27; CBd-2797
Two eagles beside the crowned man – Atalanta fugiens 1618, Emblem 46
Original image · source evidence
Alchemical-theosophical symbolic image
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art Oppenheim, Germany; place of printing · 1618; first publication of the work 1617
A crowned, bearded man stands in a landscape with his arms held apart. Two large eagles fly towards one another from opposite sides above his hands.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art
Region
Oppenheim, Germany; place of printing
Date of the evidence
1618; first publication of the work 1617
Type of evidence
Textual evidence
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A crowned, bearded man stands in a landscape with his arms held apart. Two large eagles fly towards one another from opposite sides above his hands.
Historically recorded use
The motto names two eagles, one from the east and one from the west. The directions are reported as a historical textual statement and are not supplemented from a modern seal standard. Historical book illustration with epigram and associated discourse; no attested neck pendant.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
An individually located emblem in the specific 1618 Oppenheimer print; the first publication in 1617 is distinct from this. Part of the same work and the same copy, not an independent amulet object. Individual use as a worn amulet, ancient origin of this graphic and efficacy are not evidenced.
Before designing
Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view with motto, image, epigram, printed page number and side margin notes. Paper, stains, binding shadows and any coloured areas are retained. Institutional presentation resolution 2880×3442; larger master 4291×5129 documented separately. Historical image evidence without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view with motto, image, epigram, printed page number and side margin notes. Paper, stains, binding shadows and any coloured areas are retained. Institutional presentation resolution 2880×3442; larger master 4291×5129 documented separately. Historical image evidence without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete, unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view with motto, image, epigram, printed page number and side margin notes. Paper, stains, binding shadows and any coloured areas are retained. Institutional presentation resolution 2880×3442; larger master 4291×5129 documented separately. Historical image evidence without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: QD25 .M354 1618, Emblem 46, printed p. 193; individual institutional inventory 4x51hj910; Large JPG 2880×3442
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Courtesy of Science History Institute; Michael Maier, Atalanta fugiens (Oppenheim 1618), Emblem 46, S.193; engraver Matthaeus Merian; Public Domain Mark 1.0.
Source location: QD25 .M354 1618; Oppenheim, Johann-Theodor de Bry; complete work with 50 emblems
Copy used from 1618; the work's first publication in 1617 is attested separately. Historical alchemical emblem, epigram and musical context. No evidence for 30 independent works, worn amulets or present-day claims of efficacy. Individual image rights additionally checked for each inventory item.
The motto names two eagles, one from the East and one from the West. The directions are reported as a historical textual statement and are not supplemented from a modern seal convention. The original title, English institutional counter-label, dating to 1618 and specific PDM image release correspond to the individual page.
Two fish in the sea – Lambspring, Figure 1, Musaeum 1678
Original image · source evidence
Alchemical-theosophical symbolic image
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art Frankfurt am Main, Germany; place of printing · 1678; specific copy used; partial imprint 1677
Two large fish lie facing opposite directions in the water in front of a sailing boat and a town.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art
Region
Frankfurt am Main, Germany; place of printing
Date of the evidence
1678; specific copy used; partial imprint 1677
Type of evidence
Textual evidence
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Two large fish lie facing opposite directions in the water in front of a sailing boat and a town.
Historically recorded use
The caption relates the sea to the body and the two fish to the spirit and soul. Historical book illustration; actual use as a neck pendant is not attested.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Individually localised historical printed component of the specific 1678 copy, not a new independent historical text and not an attested worn amulet. Efficacy and suitability for manufacture have not been demonstrated. Visible partial imprint 1677, distinct from the year of the complete volume, 1678; not to be equated with the first creation of the image form. The transmitted author’s name is given as an attribution in the title; no identity as a medieval monk or dating of this image to the 15th century is confirmed.
Before designing
Complete, unaltered institutional full-page JPEG view, 2880×3151px. The separately offered larger master, 4701×5143px, was not provided as the downloaded file. Image, writing, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile, not a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete, unaltered institutional full-page JPEG view, 2880×3151px. The separately offered larger master, 4701×5143px, was not provided as the downloaded file. Image, writing, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile, not a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete, unaltered institutional full-page JPEG view, 2880×3151px. The separately offered larger master, 4701×5143px, was not provided as the downloaded file. Image, writing, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile, not a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: QD25 .M87315 1678; Lambsprinck De Lapide Philosophico, figure 1, p. 343; viewer index 28, asset 3197xn16j; Large JPG 2880×3151
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Courtesy of Science History Institute; Musaeum Hermeticum Reformatum et Amplificatum, used edition 1678; QD25 .M87315 1678; Lambsprinck De Lapide Philosophico, Figur 1, S. 343; Viewerindex 28, Asset 3197xn16j; Public Domain Mark 1.0.
Source location: QD25 .M87315 1678; Frankfurt am Main, Hermann à Sande
Specific complete volume with 70 institutional digital images. Main title and catalogue date 1678; several bound component titles bear 1677. The 30 images captured are components of this single volume. The transmitted author names are attributions in the printed work; no confirmed biography of a medieval monk.
Source location: QD25 .M87315 1678; Lambsprinck De Lapide Philosophico, Figure 1, p. 343; Viewer index 28, Asset 3197xn16j
The caption relates the sea to the body and the two fish to spirit and soul. Specific image file from the identified PDM volume; viewer membership, individual download and individual PDM download display checked. No non-existent individual catalogue page has been invented.
Two female figures are combined into an amber pendant facing in opposite directions.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Archaic Italy; Etruscan, Greek and Italic visual traditions
Region
Italy
Date of the evidence
600–550 B.C.
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Two female figures are combined into an amber pendant facing in opposite directions.
Historically recorded use
The catalogue treats the doubling of the female figure as a possible intensification of an amuletic image; associations with female deities and fertility are discussed.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The exact identity and function are uncertain. The figures are not completed with modern names or additional signs.
Before designing
Unmodified native institutional photographic source; no invented glyph additions, no isolated vector outline and no manufacturing approval. Historical evidence and comparative interpretation remain separate.
Research draft. The precise identity and function are not established. The figures are not completed with modern names or additional signs. Complete original JPEG bytes; losses of writing and material are not filled in. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The precise identity and function are not established. The figures are not completed with modern names or additional signs. Complete original JPEG bytes; losses of writing and material are not filled in.
Scholarly comparison and interpretation are presented separately from secure object form and actual use. Photograph separately from current collection metadata relation.
Two lions in the forest – Lambspring, figure 4, Musaeum 1678
Original image · source evidence
Alchemical-theosophical symbolic image
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art Frankfurt am Main, Germany; place of printing · 1678; specific copy used; partial imprint 1677
Two lions stand close together in a wooded landscape.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art
Region
Frankfurt am Main, Germany; place of printing
Date of the evidence
1678; specific copy used; partial imprint 1677
Type of evidence
Textual evidence
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Two lions stand close together in a wooded landscape.
Historically recorded use
The accompanying text connects spirit and soul and their return to one body; a specific alchemical lion variant. Historical book illustration; actual use as a pendant is not attested.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Individually localised historical printed component of the specific 1678 copy, not a new independent historical text and not an attested worn amulet. Efficacy and suitability for manufacture have not been demonstrated. Visible partial imprint 1677, distinct from the year of the complete volume, 1678; not to be equated with the first creation of the image form. The transmitted author’s name is given as an attribution in the title; no identity as a medieval monk or dating of this image to the 15th century is confirmed.
Before designing
Complete, unaltered institutional full-page JPEG view, 2880×3151px. The separately offered larger master, 4701×5143px, was not provided as the downloaded file. Image, writing, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile, not a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete, unaltered institutional full-page JPEG view, 2880×3151px. The separately offered larger master, 4701×5143px, was not provided as the downloaded file. Image, writing, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile, not a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete, unaltered institutional full-page JPEG view, 2880×3151px. The separately offered larger master, 4701×5143px, was not provided as the downloaded file. Image, writing, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile, not a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: QD25 .M87315 1678; Lambsprinck De Lapide Philosophico, Figure 4, p. 349; viewer index 31, asset 7h149q83k; Large JPG 2880×3151
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Courtesy of Science History Institute; Musaeum Hermeticum Reformatum et Amplificatum, used edition 1678; QD25 .M87315 1678; Lambsprinck De Lapide Philosophico, Figur 4, S. 349; Viewerindex 31, Asset 7h149q83k; Public Domain Mark 1.0.
Source location: QD25 .M87315 1678; Frankfurt am Main, Hermann à Sande
Specific complete volume with 70 institutional digital images. Main title and catalogue date 1678; several bound component titles bear 1677. The 30 images captured are components of this single volume. The transmitted author names are attributions in the printed work; no confirmed biography of a medieval monk.
Source location: QD25 .M87315 1678; Lambsprinck De Lapide Philosophico, figure 4, p. 349; viewer index 31, asset 7h149q83k
The accompanying text connects spirit and soul and their return to a body; a specific alchemical lion variant. Specific image file of the identified PDM volume; viewer membership, own download and individual PDM download display checked. No nonexistent individual catalogue page invented.
Two pentacles A/B for honour and wealth – Wellcome MS.4657, p. 46
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
French-language Clavicles tradition, Pseudo-Solomon French-language transmission; exact place of origin not established here · Mid-18th century (institutionally: mid-18th century)
Two fully visible circular figures labelled A and B in red/blue; axis with crossbars on the left, eight-rayed figure on the right. Complete native page photograph at 5098 × 6164 pixels; the book gutter, condition of the paper and visible edges of adjacent pages are retained.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
French-language transmission; exact place of origin not established here
Date of the evidence
Mid-18th century (institutionally: mid-18th century)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Two fully visible circular figures labelled A and B in red/blue; axis with crossbars on the left, eight-rayed figure on the right. Complete native page photograph at 5098 × 6164 pixels; the book gutter, condition of the paper and visible edges of adjacent pages are retained.
Historically recorded use
The French page heading and explanatory text mention honours, offices and wealth; documented as the claim of this manuscript, without confirmation of efficacy.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Six specifically located complete pages from the same inventory, not six physical objects or newly claimed traditions. The French functional descriptions are historical attributions. There is no evidence of an actually worn amulet form. Unclear characters are not transcribed; unfinished figures on other pages are not added. Pseudo-Solomon is the catalogue designation, not historical authorship by Solomon. Wellcome mentions the connection between the back inscription St. Germain and the Comte de Saint Germain only as a possibility.
Before designing
Unchanged native complete manuscript page as a reference facsimile. No isolated glyph cut-out, script reconstruction, normalised sequence of numerals or engraving outline; no manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Unaltered native whole-manuscript-page reference facsimile. No isolated glyph cut-out, script reconstruction, normalised sequence of numbers or engraving outline; no manufacturing approval. The French page heading and explanatory text mention honours, dignities and wealth; documented as this manuscript’s claim, without confirmation of efficacy. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Unaltered native whole-manuscript-page reference facsimile. No isolated glyph cut-out, script reconstruction, normalised sequence of numbers or engraving outline; no manufacturing approval. The French page heading and explanatory text mention honours, dignities and wealth; documented as this manuscript’s claim, without confirmation of efficacy.
Source location: MS.4657; work mykxff67; bibliographic b19695494
Identity, signature, current physical access status and explicitly open digital IIIF location with Public Domain Mark. The physical note item missing does not constitute a digital rights withdrawal; the possible connection to Saint Germain remains unverified.
Institutional original dating mid-18th century, shelfmark, Public Domain Mark, 299 Canvases and specific image identification. The six complete pages actually viewed attest to their signs and labelled historical purposes; no reading of unclear signs or completion of unfinished figures.
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art Oppenheim, Germany; place of printing · 1618; specific copy used
A group of male figures stands around two wells. A naked male figure stands on the left well and a naked female figure on the right; water flows from both.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art
Region
Oppenheim, Germany; place of printing
Date of the evidence
1618; specific copy used
Type of evidence
Textual evidence
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A group of male figures stands around two wells. A naked male figure stands on the left well and a naked female figure on the right; water flows from both.
Historically recorded use
The motto calls for the joining of two spring waters; the depiction is a specific alchemical allegory of union. Historical book illustration; use as an actual neck pendant is not attested.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Individually located historical printed component from the specific 1618 copy, not a new independent historical text and not an attested worn amulet. Effect and suitability for manufacture are not established. Work first published in 1617; the print used here is from 1618.
Before designing
Complete unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view 2880×3442px. The separately offered larger master 4291×5129px was not supplied as a downloaded file. Image, writing, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view 2880×3442px. The separately offered larger master 4291×5129px was not supplied as a downloaded file. Image, writing, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete unaltered institutional Large-JPEG page view 2880×3442px. The separately offered larger master 4291×5129px was not supplied as a downloaded file. Image, writing, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile without a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: QD25 .M354 1618; Emblem 40, printed p. 169; individual inventory 3b591957q; Large JPG 2880×3442
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Courtesy of Science History Institute; Atalanta fugiens, used edition 1618; QD25 .M354 1618; Emblem 40, gedruckte S. 169; Einzelinventar 3b591957q; Public Domain Mark 1.0.
The same specifically identified copy as for the 30 emblems already included; this batch adds only the remaining 20 individual sheets. First publication in 1617 and the edition used, 1618, are distinguished.
The motto calls for the union of two spring waters; the depiction is a specific allegory of alchemical union. Checked against the institution’s own individual metadata with PDM.
Medieval Islamic protective images and metal mirrors Attributed to Iran or Turkey · 12th–13th century
Round bronze mirror back with two symmetrically arranged sphinxes; according to the museum’s interpretation, the shape of their tails recalls scorpion tails.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Medieval Islamic protective images and metal mirrors
Region
Attributed to Iran or Turkey
Date of the evidence
12th–13th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Round bronze mirror back with two symmetrically arranged sphinxes; according to the museum’s interpretation, the shape of their tails recalls scorpion tails.
Historically recorded use
The museum description also treats decorated bronze mirrors of this group as talismans. Individual divinatory practice involving this example is not attested.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Practical mirror function and possible protective/astral significance remain distinguishable. A connection with the zodiac sign Scorpio and later-added magical inscriptions are typological interpretations, not a securely established original ritual instruction for this piece.
Before designing
Unaltered complete institutional image; material losses, inscriptions and present-day object condition are retained. No formula added, sigil redrawn or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Practical mirror function and possible protective/astral significance remain distinguishable. A connection to the zodiac sign Scorpio and magical inscriptions added later are typological interpretations, not a securely established original ritual instruction for this piece. Complete original JPEG bytes; losses of writing and material are not supplemented. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Practical mirror function and possible protective/astral significance remain distinguishable. A connection to the zodiac sign Scorpio and magical inscriptions added later are typological interpretations, not a securely established original ritual instruction for this piece. Complete original JPEG bytes; losses of writing and material are not supplemented.
Source location: Object ID 445360; Inventory 08.208.1; current API item record and institutional page text
Current API attribution, inventory number, material, date and specifically linked CC0 images; curatorial statements additionally checked against the institutional web page text. Direct native HTML retrieval returns 429 and is not presented as archived HTML.
Source location: Specific image/metadata permission additionally checked for each object
The general institutional CC0 rule can be used only together with an individual object/image relation; the failed image retrieval remains visible in the retrieval report.
Two mirrored birds made of shell – Chicago 1894.837
Original image · source evidence
Animal amulet
Egyptian Egypt · Byzantine period, 4th–7th century CE
Flat, hollow shell shape with two facing bird heads, a shared central body area and a round perforation at the bottom. Small perforations mark the head areas.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Egyptian
Region
Egypt
Date of the evidence
Byzantine period, 4th–7th century CE
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Flat, hollow shell shape with two facing bird heads, a shared central body area and a round perforation at the bottom. Small perforations mark the head areas.
Historically recorded use
The Egyptian museum object is catalogued as an amulet with two mirrored birds. No specific denomination or ritual act is stated.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The Byzantine dating does not in itself prove any particular Christian or magical textual tradition. No identification of the bird species and no unsupported interpretation as doves. Object, inventory, material and dating are tied to the archived API record.
Before designing
Actually seen: two symmetrical bird necks and heads, a shared white area and three round openings. Unaltered institutional JPEG presentation photograph in the full image frame; no isolated engraving outline and no manufacturing approval.
Research draft. The Byzantine dating does not in itself prove any particular Christian or magical textual tradition. No species identification of the birds and no unsupported interpretation as doves. Complete institutional presentation image, 1686 pixels wide; larger IIIF master dimensions of 2298×3000 documented separately. No local scaling or re-encoding of the embedded JPEG bytes. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The Byzantine dating does not in itself prove any particular Christian or magical textual tradition. No species identification of the birds and no unsupported interpretation as doves. Complete institutional presentation image, 1686 pixels wide; larger IIIF master dimensions of 2298×3000 documented separately. No local scaling or re-encoding of the embedded JPEG bytes.
Source location: Inventory 1894.837; institutional main view 85214762-7795-e3d8-892f-48aef3f3078e
Art Institute of Chicago. Amulet in the Shape of Two Mirror-Imaged Birds, Byzantine Period (4th–7th century), 1894.837. Gift of Henry H. Getty and Charles L. Hutchinson
Source location: Inventory 1894.837; API object 140815; JSON /data[id=140815]
Institutional evidence for an individual object from an archived multi-record API retrieval. Dating, material, provenance and inventory details follow the specific record; source attribution is not an independent scientific authenticity test.
Source location: Open Access Images; CC0 Public Domain Designation
Specific images only when accompanied by the individual is_public_domain=true and the object's image ID. Descriptive API texts separately carry CC BY4; image release is CC0.
Two birds on a tree – Lambspring, Figure 7, Musaeum 1678
Original image · source evidence
Alchemical-theosophical symbolic image
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art Frankfurt am Main, Germany; place of printing · 1678; specific copy used; partial imprint 1677
Two birds sit on the branches of a large tree; the upper one spreads its wings. A snail lies on the ground.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern alchemy and Hermetic emblematic art
Region
Frankfurt am Main, Germany; place of printing
Date of the evidence
1678; specific copy used; partial imprint 1677
Type of evidence
Textual evidence
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Two birds sit on the branches of a large tree; the upper one spreads its wings. A snail lies on the ground.
Historically recorded use
The text names two birds and describes Mercury, as well as repeated sublimation and fixation, in the historical language of alchemy. Historical book illustration; actual use as a neck pendant is not evidenced.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Individually localised historical printed component of the specific 1678 copy, not a new independent historical text and not an attested worn amulet. Efficacy and suitability for manufacture have not been demonstrated. Visible partial imprint 1677, distinct from the year of the complete volume, 1678; not to be equated with the first creation of the image form. The transmitted author’s name is given as an attribution in the title; no identity as a medieval monk or dating of this image to the 15th century is confirmed.
Before designing
Complete, unaltered institutional full-page JPEG view, 2880×3151px. The separately offered larger master, 4701×5143px, was not provided as the downloaded file. Image, writing, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile, not a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Complete, unaltered institutional full-page JPEG view, 2880×3151px. The separately offered larger master, 4701×5143px, was not provided as the downloaded file. Image, writing, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile, not a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Complete, unaltered institutional full-page JPEG view, 2880×3151px. The separately offered larger master, 4701×5143px, was not provided as the downloaded file. Image, writing, printed page, paper condition and binding shadows are retained. Source facsimile, not a finished engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: QD25 .M87315 1678; Lambsprinck De Lapide Philosophico, Figure 7, p. 355; Viewer index 34, Asset rf55z8808; Large JPG 2880×3151
Use of the template: Public-domain original source (Public Domain Mark)
Courtesy of Science History Institute; Musaeum Hermeticum Reformatum et Amplificatum, used edition 1678; QD25 .M87315 1678; Lambsprinck De Lapide Philosophico, Figur 7, S. 355; Viewerindex 34, Asset rf55z8808; Public Domain Mark 1.0.
Source location: QD25 .M87315 1678; Frankfurt am Main, Hermann à Sande
Specific complete volume with 70 institutional digital images. Main title and catalogue date 1678; several bound component titles bear 1677. The 30 images captured are components of this single volume. The transmitted author names are attributions in the printed work; no confirmed biography of a medieval monk.
Source location: QD25 .M87315 1678; Lambsprinck De Lapide Philosophico, figure 7, p. 355; viewer index 34, asset rf55z8808
The text names two birds and describes Mercury and repeated sublimation and fixation in the historical language of alchemy. Concrete image file of the identified PDM volume; viewer membership, own download and individual PDM download display checked. No non-existent individual catalogue page has been invented.
Two stylised human fingers, approximately life-sized.
Historically recorded use
Exclusively funerary: according to the belief at the time, it was intended to heal the opening made during mummification on the left lower abdomen.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Met 66.99.182, made of dark glass, with traces of gilding; type dated by the museum to the 26th Dynasty or later.
Before designing
Check the specific historical variant and object image against a source before using it; do not design a newly combined sigil.
Research draft. Outline of the specific two-finger amulet 66.99.182, based on the museum’s main photograph; the unequal finger lengths, central groove and visible nails have been retained. No hand gesture with additional fingers has been added. Research documents this type exclusively in a funerary mummification context. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Vector template: Outline of the specific two-finger amulet 66.99.182, based on the museum’s main photograph; the unequal finger lengths, central groove and visible nails have been retained. No hand gesture with additional fingers has been added. Research documents this type exclusively in a funerary mummification context.
Source location: 66.99.182; near-frontal main image, shorter finger on the left and longer finger on the right
Outline of the specific two-finger amulet 66.99.182, based on the museum’s main photograph; the unequal finger lengths, central groove and visible nails have been retained. No hand gesture with additional fingers has been added. Research documents this type exclusively in a funerary mummification context.
Dark obsidian amulet in the form of two fingers lying side by side. Incised transverse lines and the uneven heights of the fingertips remain visible in the original photograph.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Egyptian
Region
Egypt
Date of the evidence
Late Period, 664–332 BC
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Dark obsidian amulet in the form of two fingers lying side by side. Incised transverse lines and the uneven heights of the fingertips remain visible in the original photograph.
Historically recorded use
The museum text explicitly describes two-finger amulets as funerary. They were usually placed near the incision made during mummification; the connection with the embalmer's fingers remains an interpretation.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
No attested use of this type as an everyday neck pendant. The contemporary belief in restoration of the body is not a medical claim of efficacy. The object, inventory, material and dating are tied to the archived API record.
Before designing
Actually viewed: two fingers of different lengths with transverse lines, a closed lower outline and a polished black surface. Unaltered institutional JPEG presentation photograph in the full image frame; no isolated engraving outline and no manufacturing approval.
Research draft. No attested use of this type as an everyday neck pendant. The contemporary belief in restoration of the body is not a claim of medical efficacy. Complete institutional presentation image, 1686 pixels wide; larger IIIF master dimensions 3160×3950 documented separately. No local scaling or re-encoding of the embedded JPEG bytes. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: No attested use of this type as an everyday neck pendant. The contemporary belief in restoration of the body is not a claim of medical efficacy. Complete institutional presentation image, 1686 pixels wide; larger IIIF master dimensions 3160×3950 documented separately. No local scaling or re-encoding of the embedded JPEG bytes.
Source location: Inventory 1894.247; institutional main view 594982df-05ff-f660-0845-b3615605bf74
Art Institute of Chicago. Amulet of Two Fingers, Late Period (664–332 BCE), 1894.247. Gift of Henry H. Getty, Charles L. Hutchinson, and Robert H. Fleming
Source location: Inventory 1894.247; API object 140449; JSON /data[id=140449]
Institutional evidence for an individual object from an archived multi-record API retrieval. Dating, material, provenance and inventory details follow the specific record; source attribution is not an independent scientific authenticity test.
Source location: Open Access Images; CC0 Public Domain Designation
Specific images only when accompanied by the individual is_public_domain=true and the object's image ID. Descriptive API texts separately carry CC BY4; image release is CC0.
Two adjacent dark fingers with clearly visible nail areas.
Historically recorded use
Funerary two-finger amulet type; according to the catalogue, this specific variant is made of slate.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The classification of the type as funerary follows the curatorial amulet essay. The position on a particular mummy is not stated for this individual object. The numerical range follows the legible catalogue dating; the divergent numerical API values are preserved separately in the evidence record.
Before designing
Distinct slate variant with unchanged surfaces; not a replacement for the already evidenced glass variant. CC0 raster reference; not a checked production file. Engraving or casting requires separately checked contour preparation.
Research draft. Independent slate variant with unchanged surfaces; not a replacement for the already attested glass variant. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Independent slate variant with unchanged surfaces; not a replacement for the already attested glass variant.
Source location: Met 10.130.1811; selected original photograph
Source location: Met 10.130.1811; object 545365; API title, objectDate, medium, geography, images
Directly archived institutional object record for this exact inventory item. Image form also checked visually; named function and attribution only to the extent documented in each case.
Source location: Funerary amulets; selected object: Fish Pendant 09.180.1182
Type-based funerary classification of the two-finger amulets and additional amulet indexing of the fish pendant selected in the essay; no reconstruction of an individual owner or ritual.
Ancient Egyptian Egypt; precise findspot not documented · Late Period, 664–332 BC
Two fingers joined at the base, with incised nails and joint creases. The complete frontal view includes the red museum label; the original horizontal photographic orientation is retained.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Ancient Egyptian
Region
Egypt; precise findspot not documented
Date of the evidence
Late Period, 664–332 BC
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Two fingers joined at the base, with incised nails and joint creases. The complete frontal view includes the red museum label; the original horizontal photographic orientation is retained.
Historically recorded use
Object catalogued as a two-finger amulet. The specific object page evidences its form and classification, but does not mention any individual way of wearing it or ritual action.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The basalt material attribution remains questionable. No particular hand side, deity or individual funerary use is inferred from the image alone. The other already identified two-finger object is not replaced. The existing private reference remains linked unchanged.
Before designing
Complete native museum view as source evidence; not an isolated or production-ready engraving outline.
Research draft. Unaltered complete original JPEG; one view, not a view from all sides. No addition of lost forms, outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Unaltered complete original JPEG; one view, not a view from all sides. No addition of lost forms, outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: 10.130.1807; complete native primary view from the museum
Two-headed animal form in lapis lazuli – Met 55.65.9
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Mesopotamia; early amulet forms Mesopotamia · 4th millennium BC
Blue lapis lazuli with shell inlays: two outward-facing animal-like heads, a central body and an indented upper outline.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Mesopotamia; early amulet forms
Region
Mesopotamia
Date of the evidence
4th millennium BC
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Blue lapis lazuli with shell inlays: two outward-facing animal-like heads, a central body and an indented upper outline.
Historically recorded use
The museum catalogues the piece as an amulet; no specific power, animal species or wearing ceremony is recorded.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Two heads and inlays are visual observations, not a securely identified mythological double deity. Material and dating come from the individual catalogue.
Before designing
Native institutional object image as a historical image reference; no isolated vector glyph, added inscription or manufacturing approval. The photograph and original form remain separate from later engraving outlines.
Research draft. Two heads and inlays are visual observations, not a securely identified mythological double deity. Material and dating are from the individual catalogue. Original JPEGs are embedded byte-for-byte; no writing or lines have been added. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Two heads and inlays are visual observations, not a securely identified mythological double deity. Material and dating are from the individual catalogue. Original JPEGs are embedded byte-for-byte; no writing or lines have been added.
Source location: Met 55.65.9; complete selected original view
Title, inventory number, material and dating are checked individually; cultural-historical use is included only to the extent stated in the object description. The linked web text snapshots document the independent, current review of the object pages.
Two-sided icon pendant with Michael and Daniel in the lions’ den
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Byzantine personal veneration of icons Byzantine region; probably Constantinople · 1200 or later
Two complete views of the same serpentine pendant: winged Michael with a staff, and Daniel between lions. Worn faces, edge losses and damaged inscription sections remain unchanged.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Byzantine personal veneration of icons
Region
Byzantine region; probably Constantinople
Date of the evidence
1200 or later
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Two complete views of the same serpentine pendant: winged Michael with a staff, and Daniel between lions. Worn faces, edge losses and damaged inscription sections remain unchanged.
Historically recorded use
According to the museum, the personal icon depicts the Archangel Michael and, on the reverse, Daniel. Daniel was understood as an image of the salvation promised to believers.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Met object 466155, accession 1987.442.4. The dating has no specified upper limit. The API date limit of 1500 is preserved only in the original museum metadata and is not adopted as a confirmed end year. Two sides of the same object form one profile; no individually attested amulet function.
Before designing
Complete native original capture(s), embedded unchanged in the SVG. The facsimile is not an engraving outline; it is not approved for manufacture.
Research draft. Two complete views of the same serpentinite pendant: the winged Michael with a staff, and Daniel among lions. Abraded faces, losses at the edges and damaged inscription areas remain unchanged. The dating remains open-ended. The API upper date limit of 1500 is retained only in the original museum metadata and is not adopted as a confirmed end date. Two sides of the same object make one profile; no individual amulet function is established. Original bytes unchanged, no raster transformation or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Two complete views of the same serpentinite pendant: the winged Michael with a staff, and Daniel among lions. Abraded faces, losses at the edges and damaged inscription areas remain unchanged. The dating remains open-ended. The API upper date limit of 1500 is retained only in the original museum metadata and is not adopted as a confirmed end date. Two sides of the same object make one profile; no individual amulet function is established. Original bytes unchanged, no raster transformation or manufacturing approval.
Source location: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1987.442.4; two complete institutional views of the same object
Fresh native API response: object identity, raw dating, dimensions, material, specific image URLs and isPublicDomain. Editorial reading additionally checked against the object page.
Institutional object page retained today via the web reader; text and public-domain evidence. The web reader’s crawl age is visible in the archived extract.
Two-line character sequence in the incantation text – MS.110, f.98v
Original image · source evidence
Historical ritual and planetary figure
Early modern English-Latin ritual magic English-Latin manuscript; present-day holding in London · Late 16th century (institutional dating of the manuscript)
Two lines of free-form rod, ring, angle and loop signs appear between Latin text paragraphs. The sequence belongs to the following incantation texts. Its heading, which cannot be read reliably, is not normalised into a modern alphabet or a definite personal name.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Early modern English-Latin ritual magic
Region
English-Latin manuscript; present-day holding in London
Date of the evidence
Late 16th century (institutional dating of the manuscript)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Two lines of free-form rod, ring, angle and loop signs appear between Latin text paragraphs. The sequence belongs to the following incantation texts. Its heading, which cannot be read reliably, is not normalised into a modern alphabet or a definite personal name.
Historically recorded use
The sequence belongs to the ensuing incantation texts. Its heading, which cannot be read reliably, has not been normalised into a modern alphabet or a securely identified personal name.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Specific manuscript witness MS.110, institutionally dated to the late 16th century. Pseudo-Bacon and Pseudo-Solomon are attributions, not securely established medieval authorship. The modern blue folio numbers are distinguished from the age of the text; verso references follow the adjacent visible recto foliation and the IIIF page sequence. Irregular lines, show-through, losses and original variations in the signs are retained. The complete selected group is a component of this one copy and not a new abstract type of tradition.
Before designing
Unaltered native full-page JPEG within the SVG; only the documented viewport selects the complete historical figure. No added lines, modern replacement glyphs, raster conversion, vector transcription or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Specific manuscript witness MS.110, institutionally dated to the late 16th century. Pseudo-Bacon and Pseudo-Solomon are attributions, not securely established medieval authorship. The modern blue folio numbers are distinguished from the age of the text; verso references follow the adjacent visible recto foliation and the IIIF page sequence. Irregular lines, show-through, losses and original variations in the signs are retained. The complete selected group is a component of this one copy, not a new abstract type of tradition. Unaltered native full-page JPEG in the SVG; only the documented viewport selects the complete historical figure. No added lines, modern substitute glyphs, raster conversion, vector transcription or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Specific manuscript witness MS.110, institutionally dated to the late 16th century. Pseudo-Bacon and Pseudo-Solomon are attributions, not securely established medieval authorship. The modern blue folio numbers are distinguished from the age of the text; verso references follow the adjacent visible recto foliation and the IIIF page sequence. Irregular lines, show-through, losses and original variations in the signs are retained. The complete selected group is a component of this one copy, not a new abstract type of tradition. Unaltered native full-page JPEG in the SVG; only the documented viewport selects the complete historical figure. No added lines, modern substitute glyphs, raster conversion, vector transcription or manufacturing approval.
Source location: Wellcome MS.110, f.98v; canvas position 210/256; two-line sequence of characters in the invocation text
Source location: MS.110; current API p8bhyjys; old ID afsfdgzh (HTTP 410)
Dating and exact Digital Location. Roger Bacon is a pseudo-author attribution; the present binding, early 19th century, is not the date of the writing. Rights: Individual Digital Location links b18937135 with PDM.
Source location: 256 Canvases; historical folio numbers in the image
Images, sequence, dimensions and institutional descriptions of the five component texts. Folios 36–38 incorrectly bound according to the catalogue. Rights: the specific digital surrogate as a whole carries the Public Domain Mark; no transfer of rights from other images.
Unaltered complete institutional JPEG page; historical individual sign located by visible evidence. Rights: PDM for the exactly corresponding IIIF digital surrogate b18937135.
Two-pronged vajra with rope from the Myōō-bu shoson
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Japanese esoteric Buddhism; Zuzō-shō image tradition Japan · 12th century
Vertical vajra with curved open ends and a hanging rope-like form beside it, on the scroll paper below the deity figures.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Japanese esoteric Buddhism; Zuzō-shō image tradition
Region
Japan
Date of the evidence
12th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Vertical vajra with curved open ends and a hanging rope-like form beside it, on the scroll paper below the deity figures.
Historically recorded use
An attribute drawing of the Wisdom Kings, explicitly described by the museum as a vajra with a rope.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The catalogued two-pronged form is not adapted to a modern three-pronged vajra. A detail from the same scroll painting, not another independent find.
Before designing
Native institutional original photograph embedded unchanged; complete view or precisely localised component of a scroll. No new isolated signs, no local upscaling and no missing strokes added. A raster facsimile is not an engraving-ready outline.
Research draft. The catalogued two-pronged form is not adapted to a modern three-pronged vajra. One drawing detail from the same scroll painting, not another independent find object. Unchanged original JPEG bytes and documented pixel viewport. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The catalogued two-pronged form is not adapted to a modern three-pronged vajra. One drawing detail from the same scroll painting, not another independent find object. Unchanged original JPEG bytes and documented pixel viewport.
Source location: Met 1975.268.6; second digital roll section DP234965_CRD; myoo-vajra-rope
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Iconographic Drawings of the Five Kings of Wisdom (Myōō-bu shoson), 1975.268.6; The Harry G. C. Packard Collection of Asian Art, Gift of Harry G. C. Packard, and Purchase, Fletcher, Rogers, Harris Brisbane Dick, and Louis V. Bell Funds, Joseph Pulitzer Bequest, and The Annenberg Fund Inc. Gift, 1975; Open Access.
Source location: Met 1975.268.6; object 44911; current object description and specific native original image
The current object page was read via web access, the Met object API was fully archived, and the individual original photograph was visually checked. Unattested ways of wearing the object or private protective effects have not been added. Text and API dating remain separate where they differ.
Source location: Open Access images under CC0; the specific isPublicDomain status is given in the individual object metadata
For each image, the release is combined with the current object API and the Public-Domain designation on the specific object page. Open metadata alone does not imply rights to third-party photographs.
European zodiac; medieval Christian calendar tradition Augsburg, Germany (attested manuscript) · Late 12th to early 13th century (this image evidence)
Gemini, calendar image.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
European zodiac; medieval Christian calendar tradition
Region
Augsburg, Germany (attested manuscript)
Date of the evidence
Late 12th to early 13th century (this image evidence)
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Description
Gemini, calendar image.
Historically recorded use
Zodiac image in the calendar of the Claricia Psalter.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The evidence concerns the zodiac motif. It does not establish a wearable amulet or the glyph form used today.
Before designing
Check historical image variant on fol. 3v; Unicode is only a search/display aid.
Research draft. Visually checked single-figure detail from the historical original. Raster facsimile in an SVG viewport; original JPEG embedded unchanged. Paper/parchment, printing irregularities and show-through are retained. No engraving-ready vector paths; manufacturing requires separately checked vectorisation. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Visually checked single-figure detail from the historical original. Raster facsimile in an SVG viewport; original JPEG embedded unchanged. Paper/parchment, printing irregularities and show-through are retained. No engraving-ready vector paths; manufacturing requires separately checked vectorisation.
Source location: Claricia Psalter, Walters W.26, fol. 3v; zodiac image in the calendar.
Historical coin with a pictorial zodiac sign, Gemini; the image reproduces the coin face that has actually survived.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Mughal Empire; zodiac signs on coins
Region
India; partly Agra
Date of the evidence
1618; 1027 AH
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Historical coin with a pictorial zodiac sign, Gemini; the image reproduces the coin face that has actually survived.
Historically recorded use
The museum description identifies the zodiac sign as indicating the month of striking and expressly rules out original talismanic manufacture.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Historical evidence of signs only, not a worn amulet and not a prediction of personality. The written-out inscription date and, where applicable, broader numerical API limits remain documented separately.
Before designing
Native institutional object image as a historical image reference; no isolated vector glyph, added inscription or manufacturing approval. The photograph and original form remain separate from later engraving outlines.
Research draft. Historical drawing evidence only, not a worn amulet and not a personality prediction. The written-out inscription dating and any broader numerical API limits remain documented separately. Original JPEGs are embedded byte-for-byte; no lettering or lines have been added. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Historical drawing evidence only, not a worn amulet and not a personality prediction. The written-out inscription dating and any broader numerical API limits remain documented separately. Original JPEGs are embedded byte-for-byte; no lettering or lines have been added.
Source location: Met 99.35.2394; complete selected original view
Title, inventory number, material and dating are checked individually; cultural-historical use is included only to the extent stated in the object description. The linked web text snapshots document the independent, current review of the object pages.
Egyptian talismanic scroll of the 10th century – 1978.546.38
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Islamic Egypt; medieval Arabic script tradition Egypt · 10th century
Elongated paper scroll with Arabic writing and spatially separated text areas.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Islamic Egypt; medieval Arabic script tradition
Region
Egypt
Date of the evidence
10th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Elongated paper scroll with Arabic writing and spatially separated text areas.
Historically recorded use
The museum describes the object as a talisman roll and dates it to the 10th century; it is a separate, specific attestation of a written amulet.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The present scroll is not merely a date or colour imitation of another entry. Illegible passages, missing edges and personal circumstances of use remain unknown.
Before designing
Unmodified native institutional photographic source; no invented glyph additions, no isolated vector outline and no manufacturing approval. Historical evidence and comparative interpretation remain separate.
Research draft. This roll is not merely a date or colour copy of another entry. Illegible passages, missing edges and personal circumstances of use remain unknown. Complete original JPEG bytes; losses of writing and material are not supplemented. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: This roll is not merely a date or colour copy of another entry. Illegible passages, missing edges and personal circumstances of use remain unknown. Complete original JPEG bytes; losses of writing and material are not supplemented.
Source location: 1978.546.38; complete main image view as actually photographed
Egypt, Late period (715–332 BCE) Egypt · 715–332 BC; Late Period
Small hand shown horizontally, with ridged fingers, a short projecting thumb and a round opening in the broader part of the hand. The light turquoise-green surface and irregular fingertips remain visible and unchanged.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Egypt, Late period (715–332 BCE)
Region
Egypt
Date of the evidence
715–332 BC; Late Period
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Small hand shown horizontally, with ridged fingers, a short projecting thumb and a round opening in the broader part of the hand. The light turquoise-green surface and irregular fingertips remain visible and unchanged.
Historically recorded use
The individual institutional catalogue explicitly lists the piece as a hand amulet. It mentions no specific bodily healing, use in childbirth or identification with later hand signs; these applications are therefore not added.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Inventory 1914.793.5, overall measurement 1.1 cm. The individual photograph is associated with this inventory number, not a group photograph of the set of ten. The catalogue refers to Berman/Bohač 1999, p.515; the complete volume was not read in this small supplementary round. No identification as a Hamsa, Figa or modern protective logo.
Before designing
Complete native museum photograph as a historical reference; no retouching, glyph additions or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Small hand shown horizontally, with grooved fingers, a short projecting thumb and a round opening in the wider part of the hand. The bright turquoise-green surface and irregular fingertips remain visible unchanged. Native photographic bytes entirely unaltered. No manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Small hand shown horizontally, with grooved fingers, a short projecting thumb and a round opening in the wider part of the hand. The bright turquoise-green surface and irregular fingertips remain visible unchanged. Native photographic bytes entirely unaltered. No manufacturing approval.
Ancient Egyptian Egyptian cultural attribution; exact findspot unknown · 664–525 BC according to the object text; differing API figures −672/−525
Complete side view of a sow with teats, a perforated dorsal loop and a shared base. Abrasion and surface discolouration remain unchanged.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Ancient Egyptian
Region
Egyptian cultural attribution; exact findspot unknown
Date of the evidence
664–525 BC according to the object text; differing API figures −672/−525
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Complete side view of a sow with teats, a perforated dorsal loop and a shared base. Abrasion and surface discolouration remain unchanged.
Historically recorded use
The museum identifies the object as a Sau amulet of the 26th Dynasty. The specific page contains no additional interpretation concerning deities, fertility or protection.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Text dating 664–525 BC, API start date 672 BC and broader period date 688–525 BC are different catalogue fields. Do not standardise them into an allegedly certain manufacturing year; do not freely add an attribution to a groove.
Before designing
Native, complete museum view as a source reference; no reconstructed engraving outline or manufacturing approval.
Research draft. Unchanged complete native JPEG file. The text dating 664–525 BC, the API beginning 672 BC and the broader period designation 688–525 BC are different catalogue fields. They have not been consolidated into an allegedly certain year of manufacture; no groove attribution has been added freely. No outline or manufacturing approval. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Unchanged complete native JPEG file. The text dating 664–525 BC, the API beginning 672 BC and the broader period designation 688–525 BC are different catalogue fields. They have not been consolidated into an allegedly certain year of manufacture; no groove attribution has been added freely. No outline or manufacturing approval.
Source location: y1946-214; complete native museum view
Egyptian inscription amulet – block-print fragment with circular diagram
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Islamic written and printed amulets Egypt · 11th–12th century
Surviving upper-left section with black folioed Kufic block print, red cursive writing and a circular inscription panel.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Islamic written and printed amulets
Region
Egypt
Date of the evidence
11th–12th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Surviving upper-left section with black folioed Kufic block print, red cursive writing and a circular inscription panel.
Historically recorded use
Fragment of a talismanic scroll; the museum interprets the fold marks and text content as indications that it was carried in an amulet case.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Only a fragment survives. The manner of wearing it is a museum interpretation. No missing inscription, complete scroll format or unseen Seal of Solomon is reconstructed.
Before designing
The entire surviving fragment remains visible. Unchanged museum JPEG; damaged edges and incomplete inscription are not supplied. CC0 raster reference; not a verified manufacturing file. Engraving or casting requires separately checked outline preparation.
Research draft. The entire surviving fragment remains visible. Unaltered museum JPEG; damaged edges and incomplete inscription are not filled in. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The entire surviving fragment remains visible. Unaltered museum JPEG; damaged edges and incomplete inscription are not filled in.
Source location: Met 1975.192.21; primary object photograph
Egyptian seal amulet with six interlocking spirals
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Egyptian seal and amulet practices of the Middle Kingdom Egypt; Lisht North, burial pit 736 · c. 2030–1850 BC; late 11th to early 12th Dynasty
The seal face bears six interlocking spirals arranged radially. Only this underside is shown here.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Egyptian seal and amulet practices of the Middle Kingdom
Region
Egypt; Lisht North, burial pit 736
Date of the evidence
c. 2030–1850 BC; late 11th to early 12th Dynasty
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
The seal face bears six interlocking spirals arranged radially. Only this underside is shown here.
Historically recorded use
Pierced seal amulet; found during excavation with a surviving fragment of cord.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The catalogue documents the findspot and describes both sides. The numerical Met API gives the start as 2035 BC, while the visible dating is approximately 2030 BC. No equation with Celtic triskele designs or modern sun mandalas is evidenced.
Before designing
Underside with complete six-spiral pattern; unchanged original museum JPEG in the SVG viewport. The differently designed reverse is not conflated with this underside. CC0 raster reference; not a verified manufacturing file. Engraving or casting requires separately checked contour preparation.
Research draft. Underside with complete six-spiral pattern; unmodified original museum JPEG in the SVG viewport. The differently designed reverse is not conflated with this underside. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Underside with complete six-spiral pattern; unmodified original museum JPEG in the SVG viewport. The differently designed reverse is not conflated with this underside.
Source location: Met 09.180.767b; primary object photograph
Åløkke: runic amulet without a secure linguistic reading
Original image · source evidence
Runic amulet
Nordic medieval written amulets Åløkke, Funen, Denmark · Early Middle Ages according to the museum catalogue; no individual year dating given
Inscribed lead plaque measuring 4.1×2.8 cm. Two lines each of rune-like signs survive on both photographed sides.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Nordic medieval written amulets
Region
Åløkke, Funen, Denmark
Date of the evidence
Early Middle Ages according to the museum catalogue; no individual year dating given
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Inscribed lead plaque measuring 4.1×2.8 cm. Two lines each of rune-like signs survive on both photographed sides.
Historically recorded use
Historical lead amulet with two lines of text on each side. According to the museum, the runes have no linguistic meaning; no specific prayer formula or invocation is attested.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The object catalogue's explicit statement that the runes have no linguistic meaning limits the findings. No retrospective translation, no standard Futhark normalisation and no invented protective formula.
Before designing
Photographed surviving original form with wear, folds, perforation and any broken edges. No addition of invisible parts of lettering and no invented geometric reconstruction. The source-based photographic view is a checked reference, not yet a manufacturing outline.
Research draft. The two designated views of the same historical find are shown with unaltered JPEG bytes. The object catalogue’s explicit statement that the runes have no linguistic meaning limits what can be concluded. No later translation, no standardised Futhark normalisation and no invented protective formula. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The two designated views of the same historical find are shown with unaltered JPEG bytes. The object catalogue’s explicit statement that the runes have no linguistic meaning limits what can be concluded. No later translation, no standardised Futhark normalisation and no invented protective formula.
Source location: D 834/2019; DMR-226927, DMR-226928
The object catalogue’s explicit statement that the runes have no linguistic meaning limits what can be established. No retrospective translation, no standard Futhark normalisation and no invented protective formula. Specific material, find and object details come from the institutional raw dataset for this object page.
Source location: DMR-226927; D 834/2019; front/exterior side a
Image-specific JSON-LD names the actual JPEG URL and CC BY-SA 4.0. Søren Greve / Nationalmuseet, Danmark. The original file and its native pixel dimensions are retained separately; the TIFF resolution stated in the catalogue is not applied to the supplied JPEG. The image is recorded on the object page of this inventory.
Source location: DMR-226928; D 834/2019; reverse/exterior side b
Image-specific JSON-LD names the actual JPEG URL and CC BY-SA 4.0. Søren Greve / Nationalmuseet, Danmark. The original file and its native pixel dimensions are retained separately; the TIFF resolution stated in the catalogue is not applied to the supplied JPEG. The image is recorded on the object page of this inventory.
Icelandic early modern manuscript magic Iceland · 17th century
Ægishjálmur with associated text in the parchment manuscript.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Icelandic early modern manuscript magic
Region
Iceland
Date of the evidence
17th century
Type of evidence
Manuscript
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Description
Ægishjálmur with associated text in the parchment manuscript.
Historically recorded use
Protective signs in a collection of magical texts.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Lbs 143 8vo is attested; this siglum does not mean Lbs 1438. There is no evidence for the form now widely known already in the Viking Age.
Before designing
Check precisely the Lbs-143 variant against the library facsimile; do not use the modern eight-armed standard graphic without checking it.
Research draft. Precisely the early modern manuscript form: eight irregularly rendered arms, each with three crossbars, varying terminal hooks and the drawn central ring. Unaltered NorseMap original photograph; image rights are explicitly stated as PDM 1.0 in its own media record. The SVG viewport covers the complete large stave between the usage text and the dividing line; the small signs that follow do not belong to this excerpt. Not a Huld or Viking Age sign; not a manufacturing-ready vector drawing. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Precisely the early modern manuscript form: eight irregularly rendered arms, each with three crossbars, varying terminal hooks and the drawn central ring. Unaltered NorseMap original photograph; image rights are explicitly stated as PDM 1.0 in its own media record. The SVG viewport covers the complete large stave between the usage text and the dividing line; the small signs that follow do not belong to this excerpt. Not a Huld or Viking Age sign; not a manufacturing-ready vector drawing.
Source location: Lbs 143 8vo, fol. 11r; NorseMap Media 958 / NM-00093-IMG001. Visually confirmed against Handrit-TEI-Surface 26.
Lbs 143: 17th century, Ægishjálmur and two Christian-Solomonic seals. Huld here gives 1847, differing from the library catalogue’s 1860; the conflict remains unresolved.
Official Surface sequence and original scans visually cross-checked: Ægishjálmur11r, Sanctus Spiritus Sigillum13v, Salomonis Sigillum14r. Library images are not claimed to be openly licensed; TEI availability is restricted, with access for scholarly purposes. For the public Ægishjálmur facsimile, the NorseMap image of the same page, independently designated PDM, is used instead.
Ørsted By – narrow folded lead amulet with letters
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Danish medieval writing and protective culture Ørsted By, Zealand · Medieval (catalogue attribution; no more precise date of manufacture)
Narrow, folded lead strip with incised writing on several visible surfaces. Four separate original photographs document the different views.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Danish medieval writing and protective culture
Region
Ørsted By, Zealand
Date of the evidence
Medieval (catalogue attribution; no more precise date of manufacture)
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Narrow, folded lead strip with incised writing on several visible surfaces. Four separate original photographs document the different views.
Historically recorded use
Classified by the museum as a medieval lead amulet; an individual protective intention has not been fully deciphered.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The museum considers AGLA and other formula fragments, among others, only as uncertain readings. No complete sequence of words or assignment of meaning is produced from them.
Before designing
Unchanged original photographs as image reference. Individual views are shown separately alongside one another; no engraving outline has been added and no manufacturing approval has been given.
Research draft. The museum considers AGLA and other formula remnants only as uncertain readings, among other possibilities. No complete sequence of words or assignment of meaning is produced from this. Each image is complete and retains its unaltered native JPEG bytes; separate views are not a historical overall form. Presentation files, not TIFF masters. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The museum considers AGLA and other formula remnants only as uncertain readings, among other possibilities. No complete sequence of words or assignment of meaning is produced from this. Each image is complete and retains its unaltered native JPEG bytes; separate views are not a historical overall form. Presentation files, not TIFF masters.
Source location: D 1562/2022; DMR-243672, DMR-243673, DMR-243674, DMR-243675
Use of the template: CC BY-SA 4.0 with attribution and share-alike
Rasmus Bak Meng / Nationalmuseet, Danmark; D 1562/2022; DMR-243672; CC BY-SA 4.0. Rasmus Bak Meng / Nationalmuseet, Danmark; D 1562/2022; DMR-243673; CC BY-SA 4.0. Rasmus Bak Meng / Nationalmuseet, Danmark; D 1562/2022; DMR-243674; CC BY-SA 4.0. Rasmus Bak Meng / Nationalmuseet, Danmark; D 1562/2022; DMR-243675; CC BY-SA 4.0.
Individual institutional object record. Find, registration and photography dates are not treated as manufacturing dates. Uncertain signs and functional identifications remain qualified.
Danish medieval writing and protective culture Øskendrup North West, Funen · Medieval (catalogue attribution; no more precise date of manufacture)
The ends of the lead strip are folded in towards the centre. The catalogue describes cross signs on both outer surfaces.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Danish medieval writing and protective culture
Region
Øskendrup North West, Funen
Date of the evidence
Medieval (catalogue attribution; no more precise date of manufacture)
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
The ends of the lead strip are folded in towards the centre. The catalogue describes cross signs on both outer surfaces.
Historically recorded use
Classified by the museum as a medieval lead amulet; an individual protective intention has not been fully deciphered.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The inner surfaces have not been examined. Damage and corrosion limit legibility; no hidden inscription is supplied.
Before designing
Unchanged original photographs as image reference. Individual views are shown separately alongside one another; no engraving outline has been added and no manufacturing approval has been given.
Research draft. The inner surfaces have not been examined. Damage and corrosion limit legibility; no hidden inscription is supplied. Each image is complete and retains its unchanged native JPEG bytes; separate views do not constitute a historical whole form. Presentation files, not TIFF masters. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The inner surfaces have not been examined. Damage and corrosion limit legibility; no hidden inscription is supplied. Each image is complete and retains its unchanged native JPEG bytes; separate views do not constitute a historical whole form. Presentation files, not TIFF masters.
Source location: D 656/2021; DMR-230943, DMR-230944
Use of the template: CC BY-SA 4.0 with attribution and share-alike
Rasmus Bak Meng / Nationalmuseet, Danmark; D 656/2021; DMR-230943; CC BY-SA 4.0. Rasmus Bak Meng / Nationalmuseet, Danmark; D 656/2021; DMR-230944; CC BY-SA 4.0.
Individual institutional object record. Find, registration and photography dates are not treated as manufacturing dates. Uncertain signs and functional identifications remain qualified.
Østenkær: Mesolithic teardrop-shaped amber pendant
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Nordic historical amulet and image traditions Østenkær, North Jutland, Denmark · Mesolithic according to individual museum classification; no more precise date in years
Large teardrop-shaped amber pendant with a broken hourglass-shaped perforation. The cracked surface preserves no securely identifiable traces of manufacture or ornament.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Nordic historical amulet and image traditions
Region
Østenkær, North Jutland, Denmark
Date of the evidence
Mesolithic according to individual museum classification; no more precise date in years
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Large teardrop-shaped amber pendant with a broken hourglass-shaped perforation. The cracked surface preserves no securely identifiable traces of manufacture or ornament.
Historically recorded use
The museum describes it as an amulet or amulet candidate. The surviving form is historically attested; specific spiritual use and efficacy are described only to the extent supported by the individual evidence.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The museum identifies the object as a pendant/amulet. No specific Mesolithic spiritual meaning or incised symbolism has been established, and none is invented here.
Before designing
Unaltered historical museum views with surviving damage, corrosion and any scales. No retouching, and no additions to missing writing or lines. The facsimile provides a source reference and requires a separate manufacturing outline.
Research draft. Large teardrop-shaped amber pendant with a broken, hourglass-shaped perforation. The cracked surface preserves no securely identifiable traces of manufacture or ornament. The museum describes the object as a pendant/amulet. No specific Mesolithic spiritual meaning or incised symbolism has been demonstrated, and none is invented here. The named object views are placed side by side; this does not claim that they formed a historical arrangement of signs. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Large teardrop-shaped amber pendant with a broken, hourglass-shaped perforation. The cracked surface preserves no securely identifiable traces of manufacture or ornament. The museum describes the object as a pendant/amulet. No specific Mesolithic spiritual meaning or incised symbolism has been demonstrated, and none is invented here. The named object views are placed side by side; this does not claim that they formed a historical arrangement of signs.
The museum describes the pendant/amulet as an object. No specific Mesolithic spiritual meaning or incised symbolism is evidenced or invented. Individual object classification, material, find events and images are taken from the museum raw-data block.
The individual ImageObject in the museum's JSON-LD identifies this JPEG URL and CC BY-SA 4.0. Image credit: Liv Rosendal Nielsen / Nationalmuseet, Danmark. The actual JPEG pixel dimensions are checked; larger TIFF catalogue dimensions are not applied to the JPEG used.
The individual ImageObject in the museum's JSON-LD identifies this JPEG URL and CC BY-SA 4.0. Image credit: Liv Rosendal Nielsen / Nationalmuseet, Danmark. The actual JPEG pixel dimensions are checked; larger TIFF catalogue dimensions are not applied to the JPEG used.
Scandinavian Viking Age symbol and jewellery culture Øster Karleby, Lolland · Viking Age (catalogue attribution)
Small lead hammer classified as Viking Age, with a tapered lower edge. No suspension hole survives.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Scandinavian Viking Age symbol and jewellery culture
Region
Øster Karleby, Lolland
Date of the evidence
Viking Age (catalogue attribution)
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Small lead hammer classified as Viking Age, with a tapered lower edge. No suspension hole survives.
Historically recorded use
Historical hammer-shaped jewellery or symbolic object; its specific use and the owner’s personal intention are not recorded.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The museum suspects that a shaft has broken off. No new loop or supposedly complete historical outline has been added.
Before designing
Unchanged original photographs as image reference. Individual views are shown separately alongside one another; no engraving outline has been added and no manufacturing approval has been given.
Research draft. The museum suspects a broken shaft. No new loop or supposed complete historical outline is added. Every photograph is complete and retains its unaltered native JPEG bytes; separate views are not a historical overall form. Presentation files, not TIFF masters. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The museum suspects a broken shaft. No new loop or supposed complete historical outline is added. Every photograph is complete and retains its unaltered native JPEG bytes; separate views are not a historical overall form. Presentation files, not TIFF masters.
Individual institutional object record. Find, registration and photography dates are not treated as manufacturing dates. Uncertain signs and functional identifications remain qualified.
Danish medieval writing and protective culture Øster Kølsen, Jutland · Medieval (catalogue attribution; no more precise date of manufacture)
A folded lead sheet bears a six-armed star or cross sign and a damaged four-armed cross. The other face shows further faint incised marks.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Danish medieval writing and protective culture
Region
Øster Kølsen, Jutland
Date of the evidence
Medieval (catalogue attribution; no more precise date of manufacture)
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A folded lead sheet bears a six-armed star or cross sign and a damaged four-armed cross. The other face shows further faint incised marks.
Historically recorded use
Classified by the museum as a medieval lead amulet; an individual protective intention has not been fully deciphered.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The museum explicitly states that the runic identification of the second side is uncertain. The six-armed sign is not automatically assigned to a particular religious star tradition.
Before designing
Unchanged original photographs as image reference. Individual views are shown separately alongside one another; no engraving outline has been added and no manufacturing approval has been given.
Research draft. The museum explicitly describes the rune identification on the second side as uncertain. The six-armed sign is not automatically assigned to a particular religious star tradition. Each capture is complete and retains its original native JPEG bytes; separate views do not constitute a historical complete form. Presentation files, not TIFF masters. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The museum explicitly describes the rune identification on the second side as uncertain. The six-armed sign is not automatically assigned to a particular religious star tradition. Each capture is complete and retains its original native JPEG bytes; separate views do not constitute a historical complete form. Presentation files, not TIFF masters.
Source location: D 684/2021; DMR-230990, DMR-230991
Use of the template: CC BY-SA 4.0 with attribution and share-alike
Rasmus Bak Meng / Nationalmuseet, Danmark; D 684/2021; DMR-230990; CC BY-SA 4.0. Rasmus Bak Meng / Nationalmuseet, Danmark; D 684/2021; DMR-230991; CC BY-SA 4.0.
Individual institutional object record. Find, registration and photography dates are not treated as manufacturing dates. Uncertain signs and functional identifications remain qualified.
Øster Nordlunde – lead amulet with famula fragment
Original image · source evidence
Historical motif
Danish medieval writing and protective culture Øster Nordlunde, Lolland · Medieval (catalogue attribution; no more precise date of manufacture)
A thin folded lead strip is broken at one end. In the Latin minuscule script, the catalogue reads the word famula.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Danish medieval writing and protective culture
Region
Øster Nordlunde, Lolland
Date of the evidence
Medieval (catalogue attribution; no more precise date of manufacture)
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A thin folded lead strip is broken at one end. In the Latin minuscule script, the catalogue reads the word famula.
Historically recorded use
Fragmentarily attested Christian prayer or incantation practice on a lead amulet.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The word indicates a servant within the formula, but does not establish an identity by name. The rest of the incantation remains fragmentary.
Before designing
Unchanged original photographs as image reference. Individual views are shown separately alongside one another; no engraving outline has been added and no manufacturing approval has been given.
Research draft. The word indicates a female servant within the formula, but does not establish a named identity. The rest of the incantation remains fragmentary. Every image is complete and retains its unchanged native JPEG bytes; separate views are not a historical composite. Presentation files, not TIFF masters. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The word indicates a female servant within the formula, but does not establish a named identity. The rest of the incantation remains fragmentary. Every image is complete and retains its unchanged native JPEG bytes; separate views are not a historical composite. Presentation files, not TIFF masters.
Source location: D 308/2024; DMR-254258, DMR-254259
Use of the template: CC BY-SA 4.0 with attribution and share-alike
Nationalmuseet, Danmark (Fotograf nicht genannt) / Nationalmuseet, Danmark; D 308/2024; DMR-254258; CC BY-SA 4.0. Nationalmuseet, Danmark (Fotograf nicht genannt) / Nationalmuseet, Danmark; D 308/2024; DMR-254259; CC BY-SA 4.0.
Individual institutional object record. Find, registration and photography dates are not treated as manufacturing dates. Uncertain signs and functional identifications remain qualified.
Danish medieval writing and protective culture Øster Ørbæk Syd, Jutland · Medieval (catalogue attribution; no more precise date of manufacture)
A folded strip of lead bears strikingly tall runic signs on its outer surfaces. The photographs preserve the original edge and fold.
Research draftHistorical image source
Amulet or ritual evidence
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Danish medieval writing and protective culture
Region
Øster Ørbæk Syd, Jutland
Date of the evidence
Medieval (catalogue attribution; no more precise date of manufacture)
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Amulet or ritual evidence
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
A folded strip of lead bears strikingly tall runic signs on its outer surfaces. The photographs preserve the original edge and fold.
Historically recorded use
Classified by the museum as a medieval lead amulet; an individual protective intention has not been fully deciphered.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Several of the museum’s readings of the signs are alternatives; no certain sentence or protective formula has been established. The inside remains unknown.
Before designing
Unchanged original photographs as image reference. Individual views are shown separately alongside one another; no engraving outline has been added and no manufacturing approval has been given.
Research draft. Several of the museum’s readings of the signs are alternatives; no certain sentence or protective spell has been established. The inner side remains unknown. Each image is complete and retains its unchanged native JPEG bytes; separate views are not a historical overall form. Presentation files, not TIFF masters. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: Several of the museum’s readings of the signs are alternatives; no certain sentence or protective spell has been established. The inner side remains unknown. Each image is complete and retains its unchanged native JPEG bytes; separate views are not a historical overall form. Presentation files, not TIFF masters.
Source location: D 710/2021; DMR-231854, DMR-231855
Use of the template: CC BY-SA 4.0 with attribution and share-alike
Rasmus Bak Meng / Nationalmuseet, Danmark; D 710/2021; DMR-231854; CC BY-SA 4.0. Rasmus Bak Meng / Nationalmuseet, Danmark; D 710/2021; DMR-231855; CC BY-SA 4.0.
Individual institutional object record. Find, registration and photography dates are not treated as manufacturing dates. Uncertain signs and functional identifications remain qualified.
Germanic runic script Reference: Gotland · Elder Futhark; check model dating separately
Sign i.
Research draftSource-based vector template
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Germanic runic script
Region
Reference: Gotland
Date of the evidence
Elder Futhark; check model dating separately
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Description
Sign i.
Historically recorded use
Written signs
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Historical letter; the normalised older form of the name is reconstructed. No individual amulet effect is inferred from the name.
Before designing
Unicode shows a normalised letter form. For manufacture, select a specific historical character variant and check it against the find.
Research draft. Normalised editorial letterform ᛁ (U+16C1); hand-set line geometry without a font, not taken from a font file. Do not present it as a faithful Kylver facsimile or as an individually attested amulet sign. Names are reconstructed; no individual magical effect is inferred. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Vector template: Normalised editorial letterform ᛁ (U+16C1); hand-set line geometry without a font, not taken from a font file. Do not present it as a faithful Kylver facsimile or as an individually attested amulet sign. Names are reconstructed; no individual magical effect is inferred.
Source location: G 88 / Kylver; sequence A I, sign 11; normalised Unicode letter U+16C1
Normalised editorial letterform ᛁ (U+16C1); hand-set line geometry without a font, not taken from a font file. Do not present it as a faithful Kylver facsimile or as an individually attested amulet sign. Names are reconstructed; no individual magical effect is inferred.
Niedersächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, RuneS
Source location: Signs 11458–11482; sequence A I
Scholarly names and transliterations; the names are catalogue designations, not recorded explanations of the names in the ancient incision. Kylver places p before ï and d before o.
Germanic runic script Reference: Gotland · Elder Futhark; check model dating separately
Character ï.
Research draftSource-based vector template
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Germanic runic script
Region
Reference: Gotland
Date of the evidence
Elder Futhark; check model dating separately
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Description
Character ï.
Historically recorded use
Written signs
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Historical letter; the normalised older form of the name is reconstructed. No individual amulet effect is inferred from the name. Treat the name reconstruction or phonetic value with particular caution.
Before designing
Unicode shows a normalised letter form. For manufacture, select a specific historical character variant and check it against the find.
Research draft. Normalised editorial letter form ᛇ (U+16C7); hand-set, font-free line geometry, not taken from a font file. Do not present as an object-faithful Kylver facsimile or an individually attested amulet sign. Names are reconstructed; no individual magical effect is inferred. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Vector template: Normalised editorial letter form ᛇ (U+16C7); hand-set, font-free line geometry, not taken from a font file. Do not present as an object-faithful Kylver facsimile or an individually attested amulet sign. Names are reconstructed; no individual magical effect is inferred.
Source location: G 88 / Kylver; sequence A I, sign 14; normalised Unicode character U+16C7
Normalised editorial letter form ᛇ (U+16C7); hand-set, font-free line geometry, not taken from a font file. Do not present as an object-faithful Kylver facsimile or an individually attested amulet sign. Names are reconstructed; no individual magical effect is inferred.
Niedersächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, RuneS
Source location: Signs 11458–11482; sequence A I
Scholarly names and transliterations; the names are catalogue designations, not recorded explanations of the names in the ancient incision. Kylver places p before ï and d before o.
Japanese Buddhism; Edo period Japan · 17th century
Thirteen hierarchically arranged deities on a combined woodblock print and painted handscroll.
Research draftHistorical image source
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Japanese Buddhism; Edo period
Region
Japan
Date of the evidence
17th century
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Entry type
Historical variant
Description
Thirteen hierarchically arranged deities on a combined woodblock print and painted handscroll.
Historically recorded use
Ensemble hung for memorial observances for the deceased at recurring intervals. The museum text describes the inexpensive replacement of individual images of deities with a shared icon.
What the evidence shows – and its limits
The context is remembrance of the dead, not a universal list of protective deities and not a proven travel amulet. Reused printing plates explain similar faces; these are not freely corrected.
Before designing
Native institutional original photograph embedded unchanged; complete view or precisely localised component of a scroll. No new isolated signs, no local upscaling and no missing strokes added. A raster facsimile is not an engraving-ready outline.
Research draft. The context is funerary commemoration, not a universal list of protective deities and not a proven travel amulet. Reused printing blocks explain the similar faces; these have not been freely corrected. Unaltered original JPEG bytes and documented pixel viewport. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Facsimile source: The context is funerary commemoration, not a universal list of protective deities and not a proven travel amulet. Reused printing blocks explain the similar faces; these have not been freely corrected. Unaltered original JPEG bytes and documented pixel viewport.
Source location: Met 1975.268.143; complete current primary original view
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Ōtsu-e of Thirteen Buddhist Deities, 1975.268.143; The Harry G. C. Packard Collection of Asian Art, Gift of Harry G. C. Packard, and Purchase, Fletcher, Rogers, Harris Brisbane Dick, and Louis V. Bell Funds, Joseph Pulitzer Bequest, and The Annenberg Fund Inc. Gift, 1975; Open Access.
Source location: Met 1975.268.143; object 36112; current object description and specific native original image
The current object page was read via web access, the Met object API was fully archived, and the individual original photograph was visually checked. Unattested ways of wearing the object or private protective effects have not been added. Text and API dating remain separate where they differ.
Source location: Open Access images under CC0; the specific isPublicDomain status is given in the individual object metadata
For each image, the release is combined with the current object API and the Public-Domain designation on the specific object page. Open metadata alone does not imply rights to third-party photographs.
Germanic runic script Reference: Gotland · Elder Futhark; check model dating separately
Character o.
Research draftSource-based vector template
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Origins, evidence and sources
Tradition
Germanic runic script
Region
Reference: Gotland
Date of the evidence
Elder Futhark; check model dating separately
Type of evidence
Object attestation
Classification
Sign evidence · individual amulet use not attested
Description
Character o.
Historically recorded use
Written signs
What the evidence shows – and its limits
Historical letter; the normalised older form of the name is reconstructed. No individual amulet effect is inferred from the name.
Before designing
Unicode shows a normalised letter form. For manufacture, select a specific historical character variant and check it against the find.
Research draft. Normalised editorial letterform ᛟ (U+16DF); hand-drawn, font-free line geometry, not taken from a font file. Do not present it as an object-faithful Kylver facsimile or as an individually evidenced amulet sign. Names are reconstructed; no individual magical effect is inferred. The source image is not approval for manufacturing.
Historical source evidence
Vector template: Normalised editorial letterform ᛟ (U+16DF); hand-drawn, font-free line geometry, not taken from a font file. Do not present it as an object-faithful Kylver facsimile or as an individually evidenced amulet sign. Names are reconstructed; no individual magical effect is inferred.
Source location: G 88 / Kylver; sequence A I, sign 24; normalised Unicode letter U+16DF
Normalised editorial letterform ᛟ (U+16DF); hand-drawn, font-free line geometry, not taken from a font file. Do not present it as an object-faithful Kylver facsimile or as an individually evidenced amulet sign. Names are reconstructed; no individual magical effect is inferred.
Niedersächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, RuneS
Source location: Signs 11458–11482; sequence A I
Scholarly names and transliterations; the names are catalogue designations, not recorded explanations of the names in the ancient incision. Kylver places p before ï and d before o.
No entries match this selection. Change the collection or search term.
Evidence is a beginning.
In the studio, we use vector contours linked to their sources. Original images and historical crops document their origins in the sources section. Shape, inscription, legibility and production are reviewed before anything is made. For motif families, we choose a specific variant.
![Facsimile source: Altar amulet D 4 – printed evidence [1933]](/fileadmin/motif-symbols/cont12b-jp-d4-print1933-reference-d97e80d67e61.svg)
![Facsimile source: Menorah amulet D 2 – printed evidence [1933]](/fileadmin/motif-symbols/cont12b-jp-d2-print1933-reference-684f61f18ab7.svg)
![Facsimile source: Temple amulet D 3 – printed evidence [1933]](/fileadmin/motif-symbols/cont12b-jp-d3-print1933-reference-b24892545f75.svg)
![Facsimile source: Zodiac Man – Sciathericum microcosmicum, Miotte/Kircher [1646]](/fileadmin/motif-symbols/c16cz-wellcome-hb5gwzgg-fullpage-51fcf46a55fc.svg)
